Social division refers to the arrangement of society into hierarchies based on unequal power, property, social evaluation, and gratification. Society can be divided into classes, categories, or ranks. This leads to social inequality as resources and rewards are distributed unequally. Division of labor separates tasks between industries, firms, and worker occupations. Social status can be ascribed, such as one's family background, or achieved through one's own efforts and merits. A social class shares an economic position based on wealth and income. Mobility within or between classes can change one's status and position in society. Race is a social construct where meaning has been attached to physical and social characteristics used to categorize and group people. Ethnicity refers to belonging

1. MUHAMMAD AFZAL
MUHAMMAD SAJID
MUHAMMAD ADIL
NABEEL NAZEER

2. SOCIAL DIVISION
R. W. Murray defines social DIVISION as, “arrangement of any
social group or society into hierarchy of positions that are
unequal with regard to power, property, social evaluation
and psychic gratification ”.
The DIVISION of society into classes, categories or ranks.
DIVISION in society, leads to social inequality

3. Social division of labor, one of the two aspects of
the division of labor, is the social structural
foundation of the specialized commodity production
divided between industries, firms, and occupations
of workers, or the technical division of tasks.
(Manufacturing industry separates from the raw
materials industry)
Social division of labor

4. SOCIAL DIVISION

5. Unequal sharing of scarce resources and social rewards
Caste System:
Scarce resources and social rewards are distributed on the basis of
ascribed statuses
Class system:
Distribution of scarce resources and Rewards is determined on the
basis of achieved statuses.
SOCIAL INEQUALITY

6. The division of society is also based upon either
an open, or closed system.
 OPEN (movement =possible)
Status is achieved through merit, and effort. This is sometimes known
as a meritocracy. The UK is a relatively open society, although
disadvantaged groups within society face a glass ceiling.
 Closed (movement = impossible)
Status is ascribed, rather than achieved. Ascribed status can be based
upon several factors, such as family background (e.g. the feudal
system consists of landowners and serfs). Political factors may also
play a role (e.g. societies organized on the basis of communism), as
can ethnicity (e.g. the former apartheid regime in South Africa) and
religion.

7. Type of social status
1. Ascribed Status - The social class position
allocated to an individual by society as a result of
factors over which the individual has no control.
2. Achieved Status - The social class position
which an individual acquires as a result of his/her
own activities.
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8. CLASS
RACE
MOBILITY
ETHNICITY
GENDER

9. SOCIAL CLASS
(Newman, 2013, p.319)
A social class is a group of people who
share a similar economic position in
society based on their wealth and income.
Class is essentially, therefore, an economic
DIVISION system.

10. CLASS
 Class can change throughout your lifetime.
 It is based on achievement (social mobility)
 Exogamy
 Ownership in means of production(WHO)
 Conflict theories-Capitalist (Bourgeoisie)
and Labourer (Proletariat)

11. Three aspects to determine
social class:
WEALTH
POWER
PRESTIGE

12.  Wealth -Depending of the strata you belong to
access to materials and resources will be limited
or enhanced.
 Power – teachers have power over their students,
they help shapes the lives of children.
 Prestige- children with parents with high income
levels are viewed highly than the labour workers ,
A network of social connections.

13. Social Classes in Pakistan:
1. Upper social class
a) Upper Upper Class
b) Upper Middle Class
c) Upper Lower Class
2. Middle social class
a) Middle Upper Class
b) Middle Middle Class
c) Middle Lower Class
3. Working social class
a) Lower Upper Class
b) Lower Middle Class
c) Lower Lower Class

14. Social Classes in Pakistan
1. Upper social class:
i. They have high level of income and belong to be most high
paying profession.
ii. They live in most cleanest place of the country
iii. Their size is 2% of the total society.
They include:
a. Top management of the company
b. Big businessmen
c. High status leadership

15. Social Classes in Pakistan
2. Middle social class:
i. Social mobility is found highest in this class.
ii. They live comfortably than poor class, but are financially lower
than upper class.
iii. They all are employees.
iv. Their norms are likely to be similar to that of poor class due to
recent switching to middle class.
v. This class is the best example of DEFERRED GRATIFICATION
PATTERN.
vi. Their population is 28% out of the total population.
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16. Social Classes in Pakistan
3. Working social class:
i. Social mobility is the lowest in them.
ii. Rate of deviance is high in them.
iii. They are most likely to be drug/narcotics addicted.
iv. They lack long term planning.
v. They are either unemployed, or get employment for short
term basis.
vii. Their size is 70% out total population of Pakistan.
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17. Social Mobility
Social mobility refers to the movement
within the social structure, from one social
position to another. (Changing social
status)
Types of mobility
 Territorial Mobility
 Vertical
 Horizontal

18. Types of Social Mobility
1) Territorial Mobility – It is the change of residence from one
place to another.
2) Vertical Mobility - Refers to a major movement up or down in
social class position. (promotion, demotion)
3) Horizontal Mobility - Refers to movement within a social class.
In general, there is no overall change in the social class status of
an individual involved. For examples: teachers, nurse.

19. Consequences/Factors of social
mobility
• Although most people rate upward mobility highly, it may
have unpleasant consequences.
• Adjustment to new status may cause problems
(uncertainty, responsibilities)
• Old friends may be exchanged due to occupational
statuses.
• May cause family problems.
• Moving, travelling.
• May result in financial burdens.
• Low Motivation, Education, Industrialization.
• Stress and psychological conditions.
• Higher incidences of suicide, depression, psychosis.

20. Mobility/Transfer of employee in an
organization
Advantages:
• Improve employee skills
• Reduce monotony and boredom
• Remedy faulty placement decisions
• Prepare the employee for
challenging assignments in future
• Stabilize changing work
requirements in different departments
• Improve employee satisfaction and
morale
Disadvantages:
• Inconvenient to employees who
otherwise don’t want to move
• Employees may or may not fit in the
new location/department
• Shifting of experienced hands may
affect productivity
• Discriminatory transfers may affect
employee morale

22. RACE DEFINED:
 There are no biologically “pure” races.
 RACE- Is a category of people who share inherited
physical characteristics and whom others see as being a
distinctive group
 Racial social DIVISION is built upon idea that
social differences are linked with hereditary
characteristics which differ between races.

23. A Brief History of race
 Race did not exist until the European
expansion and exploration beginning
around 1500 until then.
 People were divided on the basis of
religion, class, language or status.

24. A Brief History of race
 Historically scholars have placed people into three
groups:
1. Caucasians-fair skin and straight or wavy hair (whites)
2. Mongoloids-yellowish or brownish skin with distinctive folds
on the eyelids (Asians)
3. Negroids-dark skin and tightly curled hair (blacks)
However, this well known classification system has difficulty
describing the complexity of race.

25. WHO AM I?

26. Social Status and Effects of
“Race”
 Life chances ( how social class, social status and ,
Schooling affect each individual's life)
 Where you live
 How you are treated
 Access to wealth, power and prestige
 Access to education, housing, and other valued
resources
 Life expectancy

27. The Social Construction of
Race
 Race is important because of the social meaning people have attached to it.
 Race is a social construct based on how people define themselves and
others on physical and social characteristics.
 Racial classifications are a function of how people define, label and
categorize themselves and others into groups.
 A majority group – is one that is culturally, economically and
politically dominant.
 A minority group – is one that is culturally, economically and
politically subordinate.

28. CHALLENGES FACED
 Equal access to health care, educational
opportunities, treatment in the criminal-
justice system, environmental racism.
 Assimilating(sentences) into a foreign
society, learning English, open
discrimination(Gender inequality in UN), hate
crimes.

29. Strategies for Ending Inequality
 Antidiscrimination laws: outlaw discrimination on the
basis of race, color, religion, sex and national origin.
 Affirmative action laws: require employers, schools
and others to increase the representation of groups
that historically have experienced discrimination.
 MAKE A DIFFERENCE AS A TEACHER!

30. Race Advantages and Disadvantages
to Organization
Advantages:
 Increased creativity (two different people are better than one)
 Increased adaptability (develop a variety of solutions)
 Melting Pot of ideas (large pool of ideas and experiences)
 Increased productivity (Globalization and internalization are two of the gifts that workforce)
 Increased range of services (people with different experiences, skills, cultural
understanding)

31. Disadvantages:
 Communication Issues ( lack of cohesiveness)
 Lack of freedom of speech (sensitive to others’ race, cultural
background, beliefs, etc)
 Increased cost of training (seminars, programs and lectures designed)
 Integration issues (groups form, informal divisions can occur)
 Increased competition ( where people prefer to work separately)
 Breeds disrespect (people who don’t accept other cultures and makes
unnecessary tension)

32. ETHNICITY

33. ETHNICITY The word “ethnicity” is of modern origin. In
America, it appears to have been used for the
first time in 1941 in W. Lloyd Warner and Paul S.
Lunt’s “The Social Life of a Modern Community”.
 Warner used ethnicity in the sense of a trait that
“separates” the individual from some classes
and identifies him with others.
 According to G .Thomas’ theory of the “definition
of the situation”
- The physical characteristics that identify the
group is not important but the feeling of belonging
to each other.

34. DEFINING ETHNICITY
 Ethnicity - belonging to a group that shares the same characteristics,
such as country of origin, language, religion, ancestry and culture.
 Ethnicity: refers to membership of in a culturally- and geographically
defined group that may share language, cultural practices, religion, or
other aspects.
 IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT…
People of the same race can be of different ethnicities. For
example, Asians can be Japanese, Korean, Thai, or many other
ethnicities.

35. IDENTIFYING ETHNICITY GROUPS
An ethnic group is a socially distinct population that shares a common
language, culture, and a way of life. These groups are committed to the
ideas, norms, and material things that constitute that way of life.
They can be identified through ‘ethnic traits’ such as:
 Diet >Burial customs
 Dance, music >Pottery forms, and styles of decoration
 Shared common history >Architecture
 Language >Clothing, hairstyles
 Religion, rituals

36. ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS
 Race and ethnicity are often incorrectly used
interchangeably due to the notion(ideas) of them being
“minority groups”.
 Minority group is a sociological term for a group that
experiences discrimination, social disadvantages and
strong self-consciousness as a result of discriminations.
 Not all minority groups are racial and ethnic groups, and
not all racial and ethnic groups are minority groups.

37. IMPLICATIONS FOR
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN
 Teaching styles should attempt to match learning styles
 Material should be culturally relevant to the learners
 Group activities
 Cultural recognition/appreciation
 Parent-teacher communication

38. Something to remember…
DIFFERENTIATING RACE AND
ETHNICITY
 People COULD adopt any culture (ethnicity) regardless of
ancestry (race), but they do not.
 People of common ancestry (race) tend to have similar
culture (ethnicity)
 Thus, it is important not to blur the lines between “race”
and “ethnicity” since they are logically different.

39. GENDER

40. GENDER
What is Gender?
 According to Mustapha (2009),gender refers to the social, cultural,
emotional and psychological construction of masculinity and
femininity.
What is Gender about?
 Social roles and relations between men and women in the society
 It affects all parts of our lives (social, economic and political)
 It changes over time and vary according to geographic location and
social content

41. GENDER
 It is what we expect men and women to do and behave
 It is about how power is used and shared
As a result there are:
 Acceptable gender roles
 Gender stereotyping for masculinity and femininity
 Gender DIVISION (DIVISION of labor)
 Gender bias
 Gender inequality

42. True or Stereotyped?
 Girls- socially aggressive, gossiping, cooperative
 Boys- problems solvers, competitive, athletes
 Girls- afraid of failure, better at Language and Literature
 Boys- risk takers, better in Math and Physics
 Girls- friendships conventional, intimate and personal
 Boys- friendship is a common activity

43. EMPLOYMENT
 Women are generally found in all the
lowest and jobs while men are often paid
higher.
 In comparable positions in the workplace,
for example, women generally receive
lower wages than men.

52. CONCLUSION:
 An organization's success (and competitiveness) depends upon its
ability to embrace diversity and realize the rewards that such a
program can bring.
 Companies that encourage diversity in the workplace inspire all of
their employees to perform to their highest ability. With a company-
wide strategy in place, organizations can reap the benefits of higher
productivity, profit, and return on investment (ROI).
 Moreover, a diversity program can enhance an organization's
responsiveness to an increasingly diverse world of customers,
increase the organization's ability to manage change, as well as
expand the creativity of the organization.

53. Thank You