The Ring programming language version 1.7 book - Part 196 of 196

Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
Scaling and Rotating Images
Graphics and Game Programming, 471
Scope Rules
Accessing the class attributes from braces inside
class methods, 740
Conflict between Class Attributes and Local Vari-
ables, 737
Conflict between Global Variables and Class At-
tributes, 736
Conflict between self inside braces and self in the
class region, 743
Creating a Class for each Window in GUI applica-
tions, 742
Defining Variables and Variables Access, 734
How Ring find the Variable?, 735
Introduction, 733
Summary of Scope Rules, 747
The Self Object, 735
Three Scopes, 734
Using Braces to access objects inside Class Methods,
738
Using braces to escape from the current object scope,
746
Using Object.Attribute, 735
Scope Rules for Functions and Methods
Calling a function sharing the name with a method in
the current class, 751
Example about Sharing Names between Functions
and Methods, 749
How Ring find a functions and methods?, 749
Introduction, 748
ScriptFunctions Class
Web Development (CGI Library), 452
Search
Lists, 219
Search of global names while defining the class attributes
Frequently Asked Questions, 867
Security and Internet Functions
Decrypt(), 298
Download(), 299
Encrypt(), 297
Example, 298
File Hash, 298
Introduction, 294
MD5(), 295
RandBytes(), 299
SendEmail(), 299
SHA1(), 296
SHA224(), 297
SHA256(), 296
SHA384(), 297
SHA512(), 296
Security Class
Stdlib Classes, 376
Send Parameters
Functions - First Style, 204
Functions - Second Style, 208
Functions - Third Style, 212
SendEmail()
Security and Internet Functions, 299
Serial Execution of Programs
Embedding Ring in Ring, 818
Server Example
RingLibuv, 484
Server Example using Classes
RingLibuv, 487
Set List Item
Lists, 218
setattribute()
Reflection and Meta-programming, 334
Setter and Getter
Object Oriented Programming, 305
SHA1()
SHA224()
SHA256()
SHA384()
SHA512()
Shared Libraries
Extension, 830
Short-circuit evaluation
Control Structures - First Style, 190
Shutdown() Function
System Functions, 266
sign()
Stdlib Functions, 343
Simple
Language Design, 28
Simple Client and Server Example
Desktop and Mobile Development, 680
Sin() Implementation
Extension, 826
Single: Desktop and Mobile Development
Introduction, 611
sleep()
Smart Garbage Collector
Language Design, 36
Sort()
Lists, 219
Sort() and List of Objects
Sound Class
Game Engine for 2D Games, 495
Index 1922

Source Code File Sections
Program Structure, 215
space()
Low Level Functions, 793
Special thanks to contributors
How to contribute?, 151
split()
splitmany()
Sprite Automatic Movement
Sprite Class
Sprite Keypress Event
Sprite Mouse Event
Sprite State Event
SQLite
Introduction, 291
sqlite_close(), 292
sqlite_execute(), 292
sqlite_init(), 292
sqlite_open(), 292
SQLite Class
Stdlib Classes, 375
sqlite_close()
SQLite, 292
sqlite_execute()
SQLite, 292
sqlite_init()
SQLite, 292
sqlite_open()
SQLite, 292
Squares Puzzle Game
Applications developed in little hours, 8
Stack Class
Stdlib Classes, 360
Stars Fighter Game
startswith()
StdBase Class
Stdlib Classes, 355
Stdlib Classes
Conversion Class, 372
DataType Class, 371
DateTime Class, 366
Debug Class, 370
File Class, 368
HashTable Class, 361
Internet Class, 377
Introduction, 354
List Class, 358
Math Class, 363
MySQL Class, 374
ODBC Class, 373
Queue Class, 360
Security Class, 376
SQLite Class, 375
Stack Class, 360
StdBase Class, 355
String Class, 356
System Class, 369
Tree Class, 362
Stdlib Functions
apppath(), 338
binarydigits(), 347
capitalized(), 341
changestring(), 350
dayofweek(), 348
direxists(), 350
endswith(), 344
EpochTime(), 352
evenorodd(), 346
factorial(), 342
factors(), 346
fibonacci(), 343
file2list(), 344
filter(), 340
FSize(), 351
gcd(), 345
getnumber(), 338
getstring(), 338
Introduction, 336
isleapyear(), 347
ismainsourcefile(), 350
isprime(), 343
isspecial(), 341
isvowel(), 342
JustFileName(), 339
JustFilePath(), 338
lcm(), 345
linecount(), 342
list2file(), 343
ListAllFiles() Function, 352
makedir(), 351
map(), 340
matrixmulti(), 347
matrixtrans(), 348
newlist(), 341
OSCopyFile() Function, 353
OSCopyFolder() Function, 353
OSCreateOpenFolder() Function, 353
OSDeleteFile() Function, 354
OSDeleteFolder() Function, 353
Index 1923

OSRenameFile() Function, 354
palindrome(), 347
permutation(), 348
print(), 337
Print2Str() Function, 337
prodlist(), 346
puts(), 337
readline(), 349
sign(), 343
sleep(), 350
split(), 340
splitmany(), 340
startswith(), 344
substring(), 349
sumlist(), 345
SystemCmd() Function, 352
SystemSilent() Function, 353
times(), 339
TrimAll(), 351
TrimLeft(), 351
TrimRight(), 352
value(), 339
StdLib functions and classes written in Ring
What is new in Ring 1.1?, 136
Step Option
Str2Hex()
Data Type, 244
str2list() and list2str()
Strings, 231
strcmp()
Strings, 231
String Class
Stdlib Classes, 356
String Literals
Strings, 227
String()
Data Type, 242
Strings
Access String Letters, 227
Convert Letters Case, 227
Copy(), 229
Find SubString, 230
Get Number of Characters from position, 230
Get String Length, 227
Get Substring from position to end, 230
Introduction, 226
Left(), 228
Lines(), 229
Right(), 228
str2list() and list2str(), 231
strcmp(), 231
String Literals, 227
Substr(), 229
Transform Substring To Another Substring, 230
Trim(), 229
StyleFunctions Class
Substr()
Strings, 229
substring()
sumlist()
Summary of Scope Rules
Scope Rules, 747
Super Man 2016 Game
Swap Items
Lists, 225
Switch Between Two Images
RingLibSDL, 476
Switch Statement
Control Structures - Second Style, 193
Control Structures - Third Style, 196
Syntax Flexibility
Change Language Keywords, 753
Change Language Operators, 754
Introduction, 752
Language Design, 34
Load Syntax Files, 754
Using ’case’ as ’on’ in switch statements, 760
Using ’def’ as ’func’ in functions/methods deﬁni-
tion, 760
Using ’end’ keyword after Pack-
ages/Classes/Functions, 761
Using ’endpackage’/’endclass’/’endfunc’ keywords
after Packages/Classes/Functions, 761
Using ’put’ and ’get’ as ’see’ and ’give’, 760
Using () around the function parameters, 754
in the start of the variable name, 757
Using braces { } in Packages/Classes/Functions, 761
Using braces to start and end different control struc-
tures, 759
Using Semi-colon after and between statements, 756
Using the ’else’ keyword as ’other’ in switch state-
ment, 757
Using the ’elseif’ keyword as ’but’ in if statement,
757
Using the ’end’ keyword in different control struc-
tures, 758
SysGet() Function
System Class
Stdlib Classes, 369
System Functions
Index 1924

ChDir() Function, 265
CurrentDir() Function, 265
Example, 262
ExeFileName() Function, 265
ExeFolder() Function, 265
Get Active Source File Name, 264
Get Command Line Arguments, 263
Introduction, 259
IsAndroid() Function, 262
IsFreeBSD() Function, 262
IsLinux() Function, 262
IsMacOSX() Function, 261
IsMSDOS() Function, 261
IsUnix() Function, 261
IsWindows() Function, 261
IsWindows64() Function, 261
PrevFileName() Function, 264
Shutdown() Function, 266
SysGet() Function, 261
System() Function, 260
Version() Function, 265
Windowsnl() Function, 263
System() Function
SystemCmd() Function
SystemSilent() Function
Tempﬁle()
Files, 254
Templates
Tempname()
Files, 254
Testing
How to contribute?, 151
Text Class
The Browser Menu
Ring Notepad, 172
The Camera
Using RingOpenGL and RingFreeGLUT for 3D
Graphics, 554
The Cards Game
Demo Programs, 702
The Designer Windows
Form Designer, 727
The Difference between Qt and RingQt
The Distribute Menu
Ring Notepad, 173
The documentation says functional programming is sup-
ported, but then this happens?
The Edit Menu
Ring Notepad, 169
The Events Loop
RingLibuv, 484
The File Menu
Ring Notepad, 169
The First GUI Application
The First Triangle
Graphics, 547
The First Window using RingFreeGLUT
Graphics, 545
The Help Menu
Ring Notepad, 173
The Main File in the Project
Ring Notepad, 168
The Natural Library
The Program Menu
Ring Notepad, 172
The Properties
Form Designer, 727
The Self Object
Scope Rules, 735
The Tools Menu
Ring Notepad, 173
The Trace Library and the Interactive Debugger
BreakPoint, 815
Disable BreakPoints, 815
Execute Program Line by Line, 814
Interactive Debugger, 814
Introduction, 812
Loading the Trace library, 813
Pass Error, 814
Trace All Events, 813
Trace control ﬂow between functions, 813
Using the Interactive Debugger, 815
The Type Hints Library
Example, 763
Introduction to the Type Hints Library, 762
Rules, 764
User Types, 763
Using Types inside Code, 764
Why Type Hints?, 763
The View Menu
Ring Notepad, 170
Threads
Threads Example
Index 1925

RingLibuv, 489
Threads Example - Using Classes
RingLibuv, 490
Threads Support
Code Generator, 842
Three Scopes
Scope Rules, 734
TicTacToe 3D Game
Using RingOpenGL and RingAllegro for 3D Graph-
ics, 601
TicTacToe Game
Time()
Date and Time, 233
TimeList()
Date and Time, 234
times()
Trace All Events
The Trace Library and the Interactive Debugger, 813
Trace control ﬂow between functions
Trace Library and Interactive Debugger
Transaction Example
MySQL Functions, 290
Transactions and Using Commit and Rollback
ODBC Functions, 280
Transform Substring To Another Substring
Strings, 230
Transparent Image
Transparent Implementation
Language Design, 34
Tree Class
Stdlib Classes, 362
Triangle Rotation
Graphics, 550
Trim()
Strings, 229
TrimAll()
TrimLeft()
TrimRight()
TrueType Fonts
Try/Carch/Done
Eval() and Debugging, 267
Trying to be natural
Language Design, 29
Type Hints Library
Type()
Data Type, 238
Ungetc()
Files, 256
Unsigned()
Mathematical Functions, 248
Update the Android SDK
Building RingQt Applications for Mobile, 717
Upload Files
URL Encode
Use TTF Fonts
RingLibSDL, 478
User Types
The Type Hints Library, 763
Users registration and Login
Using ’<’ and ’:’ operators as ’from’ keyword
Using ’case’ as ’on’ in switch statements
Syntax Flexibility, 760
Using ’def’ as ’func’ in functions/methods deﬁnition
Using ’end’ keyword after Packages/Classes/Functions
Using ’endpackage’/’endclass’/’endfunc’ keywords after
Packages/Classes/Functions
Using ’put’ and ’get’ as ’see’ and ’give’
Using () around the function parameters
Using ? to print expression then new line
Getting Started - First Style, 154
in the start of the variable name
Using && and || operators
Using _ in numbers
Using Atom
Using Other Code Editors, 177
Using Bootstrap Library using Functions
Using Bootstrap Library using Objects
Using braces { } in Packages/Classes/Functions
Using Braces to access objects inside Class Methods
Scope Rules, 738
Index 1926

Using braces to escape from the current object scope
Scope Rules, 746
Using braces to start and end different control structures
Using C/C++ Compiler and Linker
Distributing Ring Application, 782
Using configuration file that wrap C++ library
Code Generator, 844
Using CR as Carriage return
Using Emacs Editor
Using Eval() with our Natural Code
Natural Language Programming, 388
Using f after numbers
Using Fonts
Graphics, 571
Using Geany
Using Layout
Using Layouts
Form Designer, 733
Using Lists during definition
Lists, 222
Using Many Source Code Files
Program Structure, 215
Using Notepad++
Using NULL instead of NULLPointer()
Using Object.Attribute
Scope Rules, 735
Using Other Code Editors
Introduction, 174
Using Atom, 177
Using Emacs Editor, 179
Using Geany, 176
Using Notepad++, 175
Using Sublime Text 2, 178
Using Visual Studio IDE, 179
Using QCheckBox
Using QComboBox Class
Using QDateEdit
Using QDesktopWidget Class
Using QDial
Using QDockWidget
Using QFrame
Using QInputDialog Class
Using qLCDNumber
Using QProgressBar
Using QProgressBar and Timer
Using QRadioButton and QButtonGroup
Using QSlider
Using QSpinBox
Using QTableWidget
Using QTabWidget
Using QTreeView and QFileSystemModel
Using QTreeWidget and QTreeWidgetItem
Using QWebView
Using Ring2EXE
Building RingQt Applications for Mobile, 720
Distributing Ring Application using Ring2EXE, 783
Using RingOpenGL and RingAllegro for 3D Graphics
3D Cube and Texture, 592
Introduction, 591
Many Cubes, 596
TicTacToe 3D Game, 601
Using RingOpenGL and RingFreeGLUT for 3D Graphics
Drawing using RingOpenGL, 546
Frames Per Second, 579
Introduction, 543
Keyboard Events and Colors, 551
Make a Cube using RingOpenGL and RingFreeG-
LUT, 588
Menu Events, 564
Mouse Events, 560
Samples Source (Authors), 544
The Camera, 554
The First Triangle, 547
The First Window using RingFreeGLUT, 545
Triangle Rotation, 550
Using Fonts, 571
What is RingFreeGLUT?, 545
What is RingOpenGL?, 544
Window Resize Event, 548
Using RingZip Classes
Index 1927

RingZip, 459
Using Self.Attribute
Using Self.Attribute in the Class Region to define new at-
tributes
Using Semi-colon after and between statements
Using Sublime Text 2
Using Tab instead of char(9)
Using the
operator as not
Using the ’else’ keyword as ’other’ in switch statement
Using the ’elseif’ keyword as ’but’ in if statement
Using the ’end’ keyword in different control structures
Using the Interactive Debugger
Using the Natural Library
Defining Commands, 396
Defining commands using classes, 399
Introduction, 393
Natural Library - Demo Program, 394
Operators, 398
Using the QColorDialog Class
Using the QFileDialog Class
Using the QListWidget Class
Using the QTextEdit Class
Using the QTimer Class
Using the tool
Code Generator, 835
Using This.Attribute in nested Braces inside the Class
Methods
Using Types inside Code
Using Visual Studio IDE
value()
Variables
Deep Copy, 181
Dynamic Typing, 181
Introduction, 180
Weakly Typed, 182
Variables Scope
Functions - First Style, 205
Functions - Second Style, 209
Functions - Third Style, 213
varptr()
Low Level Functions, 793
Version() Function
Video-Music-Player Application
Virtual Machine Instructions
Reference, 893
Visual Implementation
Language Design, 35
Weakly Typed
Variables, 182
Web Development (CGI Library)
Application Class, 449
Configure the Apache web server, 401
Cookies, 413
CRUD Example using MVC, 435
Database, ModelBase & ControllerBase classes, 443
Generating Pages using Objects, 425
Gradient, 424
Hash Functions, 419
Hello World Program using the Web Library, 402
HTML Lists, 422
HTML Special Characters, 418
HTML Tables, 423
HtmlPage Class, 430, 454
HTTP Get Example, 403
HTTP POST Example, 408
Introduction, 400
Page Class, 450
Random Image, 421
Ring CGI Hello World Program, 402
ScriptFunctions Class, 452
StyleFunctions Class, 452
Templates, 416
Upload Files, 410
URL Encode, 415
Users registration and Login, 437
Using Bootstrap Library using Functions, 431
Using Bootstrap Library using Objects, 432
Web Library Features, 403
WebLib API, 448
WebPage Class, 453
Web Library Features
WebLib API
Index 1928

WebPage Class
Weight History Application
Werdy Application
What about predeﬁned parameters or optional parameters
in functions?
What about the Boolean values in Ring?
What are the advantages of using Ring over native C or
C++?
What are the advantages to using Ring over C# or Java?
What are the advantages to using Ring over Lisp or
Smalltalk?
What are the advantages to using Ring over Python and
Ruby?
What are the advantages to using Ring over Tcl and Lua?
What happens when we create a new object?
What is new in Ring 1.1?
Better Code Generator for Extensions, 140
Better Documentation, 140
Better Natural Language Programming Support, 132
Generate/Execute Ring Object Files (*.ringo), 133
Introduction, 131
List of changes and new features, 132
New Functions and Changes, 135
RingLibSDL, 138
RingSQLite, 139
StdLib functions and classes written in Ring, 136
Using Self.Attribute in the Class Region to deﬁne
new attributes, 140
Using This.Attribute in nested Braces inside the
Class Methods, 140
Better Call Command, 130
Better Functions, 127
Better Quality, 130
Better Ring Notepad, 127
Better RingQt, 127
Display Warnings Option, 130
Introduction, 125
New Functions, 126
Objects Library for RingQt, 128
RingLibCurl, 129
Using NULL instead of NULLPointer(), 130
Better Loop|Exit Command, 121
Better RingQt, 113
Better StdLib, 121
Embedding Ring in Ring without sharing the State,
123
Form Designer, 124
Introduction, 112
New Functions, 122
Return Self by Reference, 122
Ring mode for Emacs Editor, 120
RingZip Library, 123
Using ’<’ and ’:’ operators as ’from’ keyword, 122
What is new in Ring 1.4.1?
Better RingQt, 108
Better StdLib, 106
Better WebLib, 106
Change: Basic Extensions are separated from
RingVM, 101
Convert between Numbers and Bytes, 105
Introduction, 100
New Style to Ring Notepad, 104
Qt Class Convertor, 108
RingREPL, 104
The Natural Library, 102
What is new in Ring 1.4.1?, 109
Better Code Generator for Extensions, 81
Better Documentation Generator for Extensions, 82
Better Objects Library, 68
Better Quality, 90
Better RingQt, 66
Better StdLib, 62
Better WebLib, 63
Calculator Application, 58
Introduction, 56
Index 1929

More Syntax Flexibility, 88
Ring VM - Tracing Functions, 82
RingFreeGLUT Extension, 68
RingOpenGL Extension, 77
Trace Library and Interactive Debugger, 86
Type Hints Library, 89
Video-Music-Player Application, 57
Windows StartUp Manager Application, 58
Better Ring For Android, 47
Better RingQt, 52
Better RingREPL, 53
Better RingVM, 53
Better Scripts for building Ring, 49
Better StdLib, 53
Employee Application, 46
Introduction, 45
New Tool: Folder2qrc, 48
New Tool: Ring2EXE, 47
RingConsoleColors Extension, 49
RingMurmurHash Extension, 49
Using ? to print expression then new line, 55
Using && and || operators, 54
Using CR as Carriage return, 54
Using Tab instead of char(9), 53
Using the
operator as not, 54
Better Documentation, 42
Better Ring VM, 42
Better Ring2EXE, 42
Better RingQt, 41
Better RingZip, 42
Better Trace Library, 40
Introduction, 37
New Command: Load Package, 38
ring_state_new() and ring_state_mainfile() func-
tions, 40
RingLibuv Extension, 43
ringvm_see() and ringvm_give() functions, 39
What is RingFreeGLUT?
Graphics, 545
What is RingOpenGL?
Graphics, 544
What is the difference between Ring and Python? And is
Ring Open Source?
Where can I write a program and execute it?
Which of 3 coding styles are commonly used or recom-
mended by the community?
While Loop
Control Structures - Third Style, 197
Why do we need Yet Another Programming Language
(YAPL)?
Why I get a strange result when printing nl with lists?
Why I get Calling Function without definition Error?
Why is Ring largely focussed on UI creation?
Why is Ring weakly typed?
Why Ring is not case-sensitive
Why Ring uses ’See’, ’Give’, ’But’ and ’Ok’ Keywords?
Why Ring?
Language Design, 28
Why setClickEvent() doesn’t see the object methods di-
rectly?
Why the ability to define your own languages Instead of
just handing over the syntax so you can parse it
using whatever code you like?
Why the Assignment operator uses Deep copy?
Why the window title bar is going outside the screen?
Why this example use the GetChar() twice?
Why Type Hints?
Why we don’t use () after the qApp class name?
Why you can specify the number of loops you want to
break out of?
Window Flags
Form Designer, 732
Window Resize Event
Graphics, 548
Windows StartUp Manager Application
Index 1930

Windowsnl() Function
Wrap structures
Code Generator, 837
Wrapping C++ Classes
Code Generator, 843
Write ﬁle using Write()
Files, 251
Writing Comments
Getting Started - First Style, 155
Getting Started - Second Style, 157
Getting Started - Third Style, 159
Zip Class Reference
RingZip, 461
ZipEntry Class Reference
RingZip, 461
Index 1931

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The Ring programming language version 1.7 book - Part 196 of 196