The Ring programming language version 1.8 book - Part 199 of 202

Ring Documentation, Release 1.8
CGI Support, 803
Generate Object File, 804
Introduction, 789
No Run, 803
Performance, 803
Printing Final Intermediate Code, 798
Printing Instruction Operation Code, 803
Printing Intermediate Code, 796
Printing Rules, 792
Printing Tokens, 790
Comments about developing for Android using RingQt
Building RingQt Applications for Mobile, 738
Comments about evaluation
Control Structures - First Style, 205
Comments in configuration file
Code Generator, 869
Compact Syntax
Language Design, 31
Compiler and Virtual Machine (VM)
How to contribute?, 166
Compiler Errors
Reference, 921
Compiling on Manjaro Linux
What is new in Ring 1.8?, 44
Composition
Object Oriented Programming, 319
Configuration file
Code Generator, 865
Configuration file for the Allegro library
Code Generator, 870
Configuration Files Examples
Code Generator, 884
Configure the Apache web server
Web Development (CGI Library), 418
Conflict between Class Attributes and Local Variables
Scope Rules, 760
Conflict between Global Variables and Class Attributes
Frequently Asked Questions, 900
Scope Rules, 759
Conflict between self inside braces and self in the class
region
Scope Rules, 766
Constants Type
Code Generator, 870
Constructor methods in Ring
Contact the Authors
Resources, 1946
Context Menu
Desktop and Mobile Development, 644
Control Structures
Branching, 200
Looping, 211
Control Structures - First Style
Comments about evaluation, 205
Do Again Loop, 203
Exit, 203
Exit from two loops, 203
Exit/Loop inside sub functions, 204
For In Loop, 202
for in to modify lists, 202
For Loop, 201
Introduction, 199
Loop Command, 204
Looping, 201
Short-circuit evaluation, 204
Step Option, 202
Switch Statement, 200
While Loop, 201
Control Structures - Second Style
Branching, 207
Exceptions, 209
For In Loop, 209
For Loop, 208
If Statement, 207
Introduction, 206
Looping, 208
Control Structures - Third Style
Branching, 210
Exceptions, 213
For In Loop, 213
For Loop, 212
If Statement, 210
Introduction, 209
While Loop, 211
Conversion
Data Type, 257
Conversion Class
Stdlib Classes, 389
Convert between Numbers and Bytes
Convert Letters Case
Strings, 241
Cookies
Copy Lists
Lists, 235
Copy()
Strings, 243
Could you explain the output of the StrCmp() function?
Create Database
MySQL Functions, 299
Create Executable File
Getting Started - First Style, 167
Getting Started - Second Style, 170
Index 1951

Getting Started - Third Style, 172
Create Lists
Lists, 231
Create Multi Dimension Array Using List and Recursion
Lists, 238
Create Table and Insert Data
MySQL Functions, 300
Create Window
RingLibSDL, 493
Create your ﬁrst extension
Introduction, 884
Location, 885
Steps to create the extension, 885
Testing the extension, 886
Create Zip File
RingZip, 476
Creating a Class for each Window in GUI applications
Scope Rules, 765
Creating Lists
Performance Tips, 807
Creating Menubar
Creating more than one window
Creating Reports using the WebLib and the GUILib
Creating StatusBar
Creating the Game Window
Game Engine for 2D Games, 512
Creating the Qt resource ﬁle using Folder2qrc
Distributing Ring Application using Ring2EXE, 820
Creating Toolbar
Creating Windows Installer
Distributing Ring Application, 812
CRUD Example using MVC
CurrentDir() Function
System Functions, 280
Data Type
Ascii(), 258
Char(), 258
Check Character, 253
Check Data Type, 252
Conversion, 257
Dec(), 258
Hex(), 258
Hex2str(), 259
Introduction, 251
IsAlNum(), 254
IsAlpha(), 254
IsCntrl(), 254
IsDigit(), 255
IsGraph(), 255
IsList(), 253
IsLower(), 255
IsNULL(), 253
IsNumber(), 252
IsPrint(), 255
IsPunct(), 256
IsSpace(), 256
IsString(), 252
IsUpper(), 256
IsXdigit(), 256
Number(), 257
Str2Hex(), 259
String(), 257
Type(), 253
Database, ModelBase & ControllerBase classes
DataType Class
Stdlib Classes, 388
Date and Time
AddDays(), 250
clock(), 248
ClosPerSecond(), 248
Date(), 248
DiffDays(), 250
EpochTime(), 250
Introduction, 247
Time(), 248
TimeList(), 249
Date()
Date and Time, 248
DateTime Class
Stdlib Classes, 383
dayofweek()
Stdlib Functions, 365
Debug Class
Stdlib Classes, 387
Dec()
Data Type, 258
Decimals()
Mathematical Functions, 263
Declarative Programming
Declarative programming on the top of Object-
Oriented, 398
executing code after the end of object access, 398
Introduction, 394
More Beatiful Code, 399
Objects inside lists, 395
Return object by reference, 396
Declarative programming on the top of Object-Oriented
Declarative Programming, 398
Declare parameters
Functions - First Style, 218
Index 1952

Functions - Second Style, 222
Functions - Third Style, 226
Decrypt()
Security and Internet Functions, 313
Deep Copy
Variables, 195
Default value for object attributes
Default value for object attributes is NULL
Define Declarative Languages
Language Design, 34
Define Functions
Functions - First Style, 217
Functions - Second Style, 221
Functions - Third Style, 225
Define Natural Statements
Language Design, 32
Defining Commands
Using the Natural Library, 413
Defining commands using classes
Using the Natural Library, 416
Defining Constants
Code Generator, 868
Defining Variables and Variables Access
Scope Rules, 757
Delete Item From List
Lists, 232
Demo Programs
Introduction, 284
Language Shell, 285
Main Menu, 285
The Cards Game, 721
Designed for a clear goal
Language Design, 29
Desktop and Mobile Development
Adding Hyperlink to QLabel, 662
Change Focus, 697
Classes and their Methods to use the default events,
727
Context Menu, 644
Creating Menubar, 641
Creating more than one window, 680
Creating Reports using the WebLib and the GUILib,
732
Creating StatusBar, 646
Creating Toolbar, 645
Dialog Functions, 687
Display Image using QLabel, 666
Display Scaled Image using QLabel, 675
Drawing using QPainter, 677
Dynamic Objects, 701
Inheritance from GUI Classes, 693
KeyPress and Mouse Move Events, 687
Menubar and StyleSheet Example, 667
Methods to use Events with Events Filter, 730
Movable Label Example, 683
Moving Objects using the Mouse, 689
New Classes names - Index Start from 1, 732
Notepad Application, 706
Other Widgets Events, 671
Playing Sound, 681
Printing using QPrinter, 679
QLineEdit Events and QMessageBox, 669
QMessagebox Example, 684
QVideoWidget and QMediaPlayer, 663
Regular Expressions, 698
RingQt Classes and their Qt Documentation, 732
Rotate Text, 695
Simple Client and Server Example, 699
The Cards Game, 721
The Difference between Qt and RingQt, 731
The First GUI Application, 631
Using Layout, 632
Using QCheckBox, 659
Using QComboBox Class, 640
Using QDateEdit, 654
Using QDesktopWidget Class, 694
Using QDial, 655
Using QDockWidget, 647
Using QFrame, 664
Using QInputDialog Class, 685
Using qLCDNumber, 682
Using QProgressBar, 651
Using QProgressBar and Timer, 674
Using QRadioButton and QButtonGroup, 660
Using QSlider, 652
Using QSpinBox, 652
Using QTableWidget, 650
Using QTabWidget, 648
Using QTreeView and QFileSystemModel, 638
Using QTreeWidget and QTreeWidgetItem, 639
Using QWebView, 658
Using the QColorDialog Class, 681
Using the QFileDialog Class, 676
Using the QListWidget Class, 635
Using the QTextEdit Class, 634
Using the QTimer Class, 673
Weight History Application, 702
Determine Structure Members Types
Code Generator, 868
Dialog Functions
DiffDays()
Date and Time, 250
Dir()
Files, 266
direxists()
Index 1953

Disable BreakPoints
The Trace Library and the Interactive Debugger, 845
Display Error Message
Extension, 855
Display Image
RingLibSDL, 493
Display Image using QLabel
Display PNG Images
RingLibSDL, 494
Display Scaled Image using QLabel
Display Transparent Images
RingLibSDL, 495
Display Warnings Option
Distributing Applications and Games for Mobile
Distributing Applications for Microsoft Windows
Distributing Applications for Mobile using RingQt
Distributing Ring Application
Creating Windows Installer, 812
Distributing Applications and Games for Mobile,
812
Distributing Applications for Microsoft Windows,
811
Introduction, 810
Protecting the Source Code, 811
Using C/C++ Compiler and Linker, 812
Distributing Ring Application using Ring2EXE
Building standalone console application, 814
Building the Cards Game for Mobile using RingQt,
816
Building the Form Designer for Mobile using
RingQt, 818
Building the Weight History Application for Mobile
using RingQt, 817
Creating the Qt resource ﬁle using Folder2qrc, 820
Distributing Applications for Mobile using RingQt,
816
Distributing RingAllegro Applications, 815
Example, 813
How Ring2EXE works?, 813
Important Information about Ring2EXE, 820
Introduction, 812
Options, 814
Using Ring2EXE, 813
Distributing RingAllegro Applications
Do Again Loop
Documentation
Download Requirements
Building RingQt Applications for Mobile, 736
Download Requirements and Update the Android SDK
Building Games For Android, 558
Download()
Draw Rectangle
RingLibSDL, 494
Drawing Text
Drawing using QPainter
Drawing using RingOpenGL
Using RingOpenGL and RingFreeGLUT for 3D
Graphics, 563
Drawing, Animation and Input
Graphics and Game Programming, 479
Dynamic Attributes
Dynamic Objects
Dynamic Typing
Variables, 195
Editors Support
Embedding Ring in Ring
Embedding Ring in Ring, 847
Embedding Ring in Ring without sharing the State,
848
ring_state_new() and ring_state_mainﬁle(), 850
ring_state_setvar(), 849
Runtime Errors when Embedding Ring in Ring, 851
Serial Execution of Programs, 848
Embedding Ring in Ring without sharing the State
Embedding Ring in Ring, 848
Embedding Ring Language in C/C++ Programs
Introduction, 861
Ring State, 862
Ring State Functions, 862
Ring State Variables, 863
Employee Application
Encourage Organization
Language Design, 31
Encrypt()
endswith()
Entering Items
Form Designer, 751
Index 1954

Enum and Numbers
Code Generator, 869
Environment Errors
Reference, 923
EpochTime()
Date and Time, 250
Equality of functions
Functional Programming, 334
Eval()
Eval() and Debugging, 282
Eval() and Debugging
Assert(), 284
Eval(), 282
Introduction, 281
Raise(), 283
Try/Carch/Done, 282
evenorodd()
Events Code
Form Designer, 747
Example
Files, 272
FoxRing Functions Reference, 1139
Mathematical Functions, 260
Natural Language Programming, 401
Objects Library for RingQt Application, 740
RingMurmurHash Functions Reference, 1125
The Type Hints Library, 787
Example - The Trace Library
Low Level Functions, 838
Example - Using the Trace Functions
Low Level Functions, 834
Example about Sharing Names between Functions and
Methods
Scope Rules for Functions and Methods, 773
Exceptions
Control Structures - Second Style, 209
Control Structures - Third Style, 213
Execute Program Line by Line
The Trace Library and the Interactive Debugger, 844
Execute Query and Print Result
ODBC Functions, 293
executing code after the end of object access
Declarative Programming, 398
Executing code during code generation
Code Generator, 869
ExeFileName() Function
ExeFolder() Function
Exit
Exit from two loops
Exit/Loop inside sub functions
Extension
Check Parameters Count, 854
Check Parameters Type, 855
Display Error Message, 855
Fopen() and Fclose() Implementation, 856
Function Prototype, 856
Function Structure, 854
Get Parameters Values, 855
Introduction, 851
Module Organization, 853
MySQL_Columns() Implementation, 859
Return Value, 855
RING API - list Functions, 857
RING API - String Functions, 859
ring_ext.c, 852
ring_ext.h, 852
Shared Libraries, 860
Sin() Implementation, 856
Extensions in C/C++
Extract Zip File
RingZip, 476
Facebook Login
RingLibCurl, 472
factorial()
factors()
Fast Enough For Many Applications
Language Design, 38
Fclose()
Files, 267
Features
Introduction, 25
Feof()
Files, 270
Ferror()
Files, 270
FetchStockData Application
Applications developed in little hours, 4
Fexists()
Files, 272
Fﬂush()
Files, 268
Fgetc()
Files, 271
Fgetpos()
Index 1955

Files, 270
Fgets()
Files, 271
fibonacci()
Fifteen Puzzle Game 2
File Class
Stdlib Classes, 385
File Hash
file2list()
Files
Clearerr(), 270
Dir(), 266
Example, 272
Fclose(), 267
Feof(), 270
Ferror(), 270
Fexists(), 272
Fflush(), 268
Fgetc(), 271
Fgetpos(), 270
Fgets(), 271
Fopen(), 267
Fputc(), 271
Fputs(), 271
Fread(), 272
Freopen(), 268
Fseek(), 269
Fsetpos(), 270
Ftell(), 269
Fwrite(), 272
Introduction, 264
Numbers and Bytes, 274
Perror(), 270
Read File using Read(), 266
Remove(), 267
Rename(), 267
Rewind(), 269
Tempfile(), 269
Tempname(), 269
Ungetc(), 271
Write file using Write(), 266
filter()
Filtering using Expressions
Code Generator, 869
Find in files Application
Find SubString
Strings, 244
Find() and List of Objects
First Application using RingLibuv
RingLibuv, 500
First-Class Functions
First-Class Lists
Lists, 236
Flappy Bird 3000 Game
Fopen()
Files, 267
Fopen() and Fclose() Implementation
Extension, 856
For In Loop
for in to modify lists
For Loop
Form Designer
Entering Items, 751
Events Code, 747
Introduction, 744
Keyboard Shortcuts, 750
Menubar Designer, 750
More Samples and Tests, 752
Running Forms, 747
The Designer Windows, 746
The Properties, 746
Using Layouts, 752
Window Flags, 751
Form Designer Translation
Multi-language applications, 754
Forms Translation
Multi-language applications, 755
FoxRing functions
FoxRing Functions Reference
Example, 1139
FoxRing functions, 1127
frAbs() function, 1128
frAddBs() function, 1129
frALines() function, 1135
frAllTrim() function, 1133
frAsc() function, 1128
frAt() function, 1129
frAtC() function, 1129
frBetween() function, 1137
frChr() function, 1130
Index 1956

frEmpty() function, 1130
frFile() function, 1131
frFileToStr() function, 1131
frForceExt() function, 1135
frForcePath() function, 1133
frIIf() function, 1137
frInList() function, 1133
frInt() function, 1136
frJustDrive() function, 1134
frJustExt() function, 1134
frJustFName() function, 1135
frJustPath() function, 1134
frJustStem() function, 1134
frLen() function, 1135
frListToString() function, 1136
frLTrim() function, 1133
frPadL() function, 1135
frPadR() function, 1135
frProper() function, 1135
frReplicate() function, 1135
frRTrim() function, 1134
frSetIfEmpty() function, 1132
frSetSeparatorTo() function, 1138
frSpace() function, 1132
frStr() function, 1131
frStringToList() function, 1137
frStrTran() function, 1136
frStuff() function, 1136
frSubStr() function, 1136
frTransform() function, 1138
frVal() function, 1137
frVarType() function, 1138
Introduction, 1126
FoxRing Library
Fputc()
Files, 271
Fputs()
Files, 271
frAbs() function
frAddBs() function
frALines() function
frAllTrim() function
Frames Per Second
Using RingOpenGL and RingFreeGLUT for 3D
Graphics, 596
frAsc() function
frAt() function
frAtC() function
frBetween() function
frChr() function
Fread()
Files, 272
frEmpty() function
Freopen()
Files, 268
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I connect to dbase/harbour database?, 912
Can Ring work on Windows XP?, 914
Conflict between Global Variables and Class At-
tributes, 900
Constructor methods in Ring, 896
Could you explain the output of the StrCmp() func-
tion?, 903
Getter and Setter Methods, 898
Goal of including the Main function in Ring, 894
How can I disable maximize button and resize win-
dow?, 910
How to add Combobox and other elements to the
cells of a QTableWidget?, 917
How to Close a window then displaying another
one?, 909
How to create a Modal Window?, 909
How to create an array of buttons in GUI applica-
tions?, 908
How to extend RingQt and add more classes?, 914
How to get the current source file path?, 901
How to get the file size using ftell() and fseek() func-
tions?, 901
How to insert an item to the first position in the list?,
906
How to perform some manipulations on selected
cells in QTableWidget?, 917
How to print keys or values only in List/Dictionary?,
902
How to print lists that contains objects?, 906
How to print new lines and other characters?, 907
How to use many source code files in the project?,
903
How to use NULL and ISNULL() function?, 905
How to use SQLite using ODBC?, 911
Introduction, 886
Is Ring some sort of an improvement of PHP?, 889
List index start from 1, 895
Philosophy behind data types in Ring, 892
Search of global names while defining the class at-
tributes, 899
Index 1957

The documentation says functional programming is
supported, but then this happens?, 891
What about predefined parameters or optional pa-
rameters in functions?, 901
What about the Boolean values in Ring?, 893
What are the advantages of using Ring over native C
or C++?, 889
What are the advantages to using Ring over C# or
Java?, 891
What are the advantages to using Ring over Lisp or
Smalltalk?, 888
What are the advantages to using Ring over Python
and Ruby?, 890
What are the advantages to using Ring over Tcl and
Lua?, 891
What happens when we create a new object?, 897
What is the difference between Ring and Python?
And is Ring Open Source?, 889
Where can I write a program and execute it?, 900
Which of 3 coding styles are commonly used or rec-
ommended by the community?, 918
Why do we need Yet Another Programming Lan-
guage (YAPL)?, 887
Why I get a strange result when printing nl with
lists?, 902
Why I get Calling Function without definition Er-
ror?, 913
Why is Ring largely focussed on UI creation?, 889
Why is Ring weakly typed?, 888
Why Ring is not case-sensitive, 895
Why Ring uses ’See’, ’Give’, ’But’ and ’Ok’ Key-
words?, 892
Why setClickEvent() doesn’t see the object methods
directly?, 913
Why the ability to define your own languages Instead
of just handing over the syntax so you can parse
it using whatever code you like?, 892
Why the Assignment operator uses Deep copy?, 896
Why the window title bar is going outside the
screen?, 907
Why this example use the GetChar() twice?, 904
Why we don’t use () after the qApp class name?, 907
Why you can specify the number of loops you want
to break out of?, 892
frFile() function
frFileToStr() function
frForceExt() function
frForcePath() function
frIIf() function
frInList() function
frInt() function
frJustDrive() function
frJustExt() function
frJustFName() function
frJustPath() function
frJustStem() function
frLen() function
frListToString() function
frLTrim() function
frPadL() function
frPadR() function
frProper() function
frReplicate() function
frRTrim() function
frSetIfEmpty() function
frSetSeparatorTo() function
frSpace() function
frStr() function
frStringToList() function
frStrTran() function
frStuff() function
frSubStr() function
frTransform() function
frVal() function
frVarType() function
Fseek()
Files, 269
Index 1958

Fsetpos()
Files, 270
FSize()
Ftell()
Files, 269
Function Prototype
Extension, 856
function prototype
Code Generator, 865
Function Structure
Extension, 854
Functional Programming
Anonymous and Nested Functions, 333
Equality of functions, 334
First-Class Functions, 332
Higher-order Functions, 332
Introduction, 330
Pure Functions, 331
Functions - First Style
Call Functions, 217
Declare parameters, 218
Deﬁne Functions, 217
Introduction, 216
Main Function, 218
Recursion, 220
Return Value, 219
Send Parameters, 218
Variables Scope, 219
Functions - Second Style
Call Functions, 221
Introduction, 220
Main Function, 222
Recursion, 224
Return Value, 223
Functions - Third Style
Call Functions, 225
Introduction, 224
Main Function, 226
Recursion, 228
Return Value, 227
functions()
Reﬂection and Meta-programming, 338
Fwrite()
Files, 272
Game Class
Game Engine Classes
Game Engine for 2D Games
Animate Class, 512
Animate Events, 523
Animation, 517
Animation and Functions, 518
Creating the Game Window, 512
Drawing Text, 513
Flappy Bird 3000 Game, 539
Game Class, 510
Game Engine Classes, 509
GameObject Class, 510
Games Layer, 509
Graphics Library Bindings, 508
Interface to graphics library, 508
Introduction, 507
Map, 525
Map Class, 512
Map Events, 526
Moving Text, 514
Object and Drawing, 528
Playing Sound, 516
Project Layers, 508
Sound Class, 512
Sprite Automatic Movement, 519
Sprite Class, 511
Sprite Keypress Event, 520
Sprite Mouse Event, 521
Sprite State Event, 522
Stars Fighter Game, 531
Super Man 2016 Game, 546
Text Class, 511
GameObject Class
Games Layer
gcd()
Generate Object File
Command Line Options, 804
Generate/Execute Ring Object Files (*.ringo)
Generating Pages using Objects
Get Active Source File Name
Get Command Line Arguments
Get List Item
Lists, 232
Index 1959

Get List Size
Lists, 232
Get Number of Characters from position
Strings, 244
Get Parameters Values
Extension, 855
Get Request
RingLibCurl, 472
Get Stock Data From Yahoo
RingLibCurl, 474
Get String Length
Strings, 241
Get Substring from position to end
Strings, 244
getattribute()
GetChar()
Getting Input, 215
getnumber()
getstring()
Getter and Setter Methods
Getting Input
GetChar(), 215
Give Command, 215
Input(), 216
Introduction, 214
Getting Started - First Style
Create Executable File, 167
Getting Input, 168
Hello World, 167
Introduction, 166
Multi-Line literals, 167
No Explicit End For Statements, 168
Not Case-Sensitive, 167
Run the program, 167
Using ? to print expression then new line, 168
Writing Comments, 169
Getting Started - Second Style
Getting Input, 171
Hello World, 170
Introduction, 169
Getting Started - Third Style
Getting Input, 173
Hello World, 172
Introduction, 171
Give Command
Getting Input, 215
globals()
Goal of including the Main function in Ring
Google API Shortener Application
Gradient
Graphics and Game Programming
Drawing, Animation and Input, 479
Introduction, 478
Playing Sound, 487
Scaling and Rotating Images, 488
Threads, 490
Transparent Image, 489
TrueType Fonts, 486
Graphics Library Bindings
Hash Functions
HashTable Class
Stdlib Classes, 378
Hello World
Hello World Program using the Web Library
Hex()
Data Type, 258
Hex2str()
Data Type, 259
Higher-order Functions
History
Introduction, 24
Natural Language Programming, 401
How can I disable maximize button and resize window?
How Ring ﬁnd a functions and methods?
Scope Rules for Functions and Methods, 773
How Ring ﬁnd the Variable?
Index 1960

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The Ring programming language version 1.8 book - Part 199 of 202