The Ring programming language version 1.9 book - Part 207 of 210

Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
Lists, 254
Flappy Bird 3000 Game
Game Engine for 2D Games, 572
Fopen()
Files, 286
Fopen() and Fclose() Implementation
Extension, 896
For In Loop
Control Structures - First Style, 220
Control Structures - Second Style, 227
Control Structures - Third Style, 231
for in to modify lists
For Loop
Form Designer
Entering Items, 790
Events Code, 786
Introduction, 783
Keyboard Shortcuts, 789
Menubar Designer, 789
More Samples and Tests, 791
Running Forms, 786
The Designer Windows, 785
The Properties, 785
Using Layouts, 791
What is new in Ring 1.3?, 156
Window Flags, 790
Form Designer Translation
Multi-language applications, 793
Forms Translation
Multi-language applications, 794
FoxRing functions
FoxRing Functions Reference, 1195
FoxRing Functions Reference
Example, 1207
FoxRing functions, 1195
frAbs() function, 1196
frAddBs() function, 1197
frALines() function, 1203
frAllTrim() function, 1201
frAsc() function, 1196
frAt() function, 1197
frAtC() function, 1197
frBetween() function, 1205
frChr() function, 1198
frEmpty() function, 1198
frFile() function, 1199
frFileToStr() function, 1199
frForceExt() function, 1203
frForcePath() function, 1201
frIIf() function, 1205
frInList() function, 1201
frInt() function, 1204
frJustDrive() function, 1202
frJustExt() function, 1202
frJustFName() function, 1203
frJustPath() function, 1202
frJustStem() function, 1202
frLen() function, 1203
frListToString() function, 1204
frLTrim() function, 1201
frPadL() function, 1203
frPadR() function, 1203
frProper() function, 1203
frReplicate() function, 1203
frRTrim() function, 1202
frSetIfEmpty() function, 1200
frSetSeparatorTo() function, 1206
frSpace() function, 1200
frStr() function, 1199
frStringToList() function, 1205
frStrTran() function, 1204
frStuff() function, 1204
frSubStr() function, 1204
frTransform() function, 1206
frVal() function, 1205
frVarType() function, 1206
Introduction, 1194
FoxRing Library
Fputc()
Files, 290
Fputs()
Files, 290
frAbs() function
frAddBs() function
frALines() function
frAllTrim() function
Frames Per Second
Using RingOpenGL and RingFreeGLUT for 3D
Graphics, 629
frAsc() function
frAt() function
frAtC() function
frBetween() function
frChr() function
Index 2029

Fread()
Files, 291
frEmpty() function
Freopen()
Files, 287
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I connect to dbase/harbour database?, 954
Can Ring work on Windows XP?, 956
Conflict between Global Variables and Class At-
tributes, 942
Constructor methods in Ring, 938
Could you explain the output of the StrCmp() func-
tion?, 945
Getter and Setter Methods, 940
Goal of including the Main function in Ring, 936
How can I disable maximize button and resize win-
dow?, 952
How to add Combobox and other elements to the
cells of a QTableWidget?, 959
How to Close a window then displaying another
one?, 951
How to create a Modal Window?, 951
How to create an array of buttons in GUI applica-
tions?, 950
How to extend RingQt and add more classes?, 956
How to get the current source file path?, 943
How to get the file size using ftell() and fseek() func-
tions?, 943
How to insert an item to the first position in the list?,
948
How to perform some manipulations on selected
cells in QTableWidget?, 959
How to print keys or values only in List/Dictionary?,
944
How to print lists that contains objects?, 948
How to print new lines and other characters?, 949
How to use many source code files in the project?,
945
How to use NULL and ISNULL() function?, 947
How to use SQLite using ODBC?, 953
Introduction, 928
Is Ring some sort of an improvement of PHP?, 931
List index start from 1, 937
Philosophy behind data types in Ring, 934
Search of global names while defining the class at-
tributes, 941
The documentation says functional programming is
supported, but then this happens?, 933
What about predefined parameters or optional pa-
rameters in functions?, 943
What about the Boolean values in Ring?, 935
What are the advantages of using Ring over native C
or C++?, 931
What are the advantages to using Ring over C# or
Java?, 933
What are the advantages to using Ring over Lisp or
Smalltalk?, 930
What are the advantages to using Ring over Python
and Ruby?, 932
What are the advantages to using Ring over Tcl and
Lua?, 933
What happens when we create a new object?, 939
What is the difference between Ring and Python?
And is Ring Open Source?, 931
Where can I write a program and execute it?, 942
Which of 3 coding styles are commonly used or rec-
ommended by the community?, 960
Why do we need Yet Another Programming Lan-
guage (YAPL)?, 929
Why I get a strange result when printing nl with
lists?, 944
Why I get Calling Function without definition Er-
ror?, 955
Why is Ring largely focussed on UI creation?, 931
Why is Ring weakly typed?, 930
Why Ring is not case-sensitive, 937
Why Ring uses ’See’, ’Give’, ’But’ and ’Ok’ Key-
words?, 934
Why setClickEvent() doesn’t see the object methods
directly?, 955
Why the ability to define your own languages Instead
of just handing over the syntax so you can parse
it using whatever code you like?, 934
Why the Assignment operator uses Deep copy?, 938
Why the window title bar is going outside the
screen?, 949
Why this example use the GetChar() twice?, 946
Why we don’t use () after the qApp class name?, 949
Why you can specify the number of loops you want
to break out of?, 934
frFile() function
frFileToStr() function
frForceExt() function
frForcePath() function
frIIf() function
frInList() function
frInt() function
frJustDrive() function
frJustExt() function
Index 2030

frJustFName() function
frJustPath() function
frJustStem() function
frLen() function
frListToString() function
frLTrim() function
frPadL() function
frPadR() function
frProper() function
frReplicate() function
frRTrim() function
frSetIfEmpty() function
frSetSeparatorTo() function
frSpace() function
frStr() function
frStringToList() function
frStrTran() function
frStuff() function
frSubStr() function
frTransform() function
frVal() function
frVarType() function
Fseek()
Files, 288
Fsetpos()
Files, 289
FSize()
Stdlib Functions, 395
Ftell()
Files, 288
Function Prototype
Extension, 896
function prototype
Code Generator, 906
Function Structure
Extension, 894
Functional Programming
Anonymous and Nested Functions, 360
Equality of functions, 361
First-Class Functions, 359
Higher-order Functions, 359
Introduction, 357
Pure Functions, 358
Functions - First Style
Call Functions, 235
Declare parameters, 236
Deﬁne Functions, 235
Introduction, 234
Main Function, 236
Recursion, 238
Return Value, 237
Send Parameters, 236
Variables Scope, 237
Functions - Second Style
Call Functions, 239
Introduction, 238
Main Function, 240
Recursion, 242
Return Value, 241
Functions - Third Style
Call Functions, 243
Introduction, 242
Main Function, 244
Recursion, 246
Return Value, 245
functions()
Reﬂection and Meta-programming, 365
Fwrite()
Files, 291
Game Class
Game Engine Classes
Game Engine for 2D Games
Animate Class, 545
Animate Events, 556
Index 2031

Animation, 550
Animation and Functions, 551
Creating the Game Window, 545
Drawing Text, 546
Flappy Bird 3000 Game, 572
Game Class, 543
Game Engine Classes, 542
GameObject Class, 543
Games Layer, 542
Graphics Library Bindings, 541
Interface to graphics library, 541
Introduction, 540
Map, 558
Map Class, 545
Map Events, 559
Moving Text, 547
Object and Drawing, 561
Playing Sound, 549
Project Layers, 541
Sound Class, 545
Sprite Automatic Movement, 552
Sprite Class, 544
Sprite Keypress Event, 553
Sprite Mouse Event, 554
Sprite State Event, 555
Stars Fighter Game, 564
Super Man 2016 Game, 579
Text Class, 544
GameObject Class
Games Layer
gcd()
General Information
Data Representation, 962
Introduction, 960
Memory Management, 961
Ring Architecture, 961
Generate Object File
Command Line Options, 843
Generate/Execute Ring Object Files (*.ringo)
Generating Pages using Objects
Web Development (CGI Library), 471
Get Active Source File Name
System Functions, 298
Get Command Line Arguments
Get List Item
Lists, 250
Get List Size
Lists, 250
Get Number of Characters from position
Strings, 262
Get Parameters Values
Extension, 895
Get Request
RingLibCurl, 505
Get Stock Data From Yahoo
RingLibCurl, 507
Get String Length
Strings, 259
Get Substring from position to end
Strings, 262
getattribute()
GetChar()
Getting Input, 233
getnumber()
getstring()
Getter and Setter Methods
Frequently Asked Questions, 940
Getting Input
GetChar(), 233
Getting Started - First Style, 187
Getting Started - Second Style, 190
Getting Started - Third Style, 192
Give Command, 233
Input(), 234
Introduction, 232
Getting Started - First Style
Create Executable File, 186
Getting Input, 187
Hello World, 186
Introduction, 185
Multi-Line literals, 186
No Explicit End For Statements, 187
Not Case-Sensitive, 186
Run the program, 186
Using ? to print expression then new line, 187
Writing Comments, 188
Getting Started - Second Style
Getting Input, 190
Hello World, 189
Introduction, 188
Getting Started - Third Style
Getting Input, 192
Index 2032

Hello World, 191
Introduction, 190
Give Command
Getting Input, 233
globals()
Goal of including the Main function in Ring
Google API Shortener Application
Applications developed in little hours, 6
Gradient
Graphics and Game Programming
Drawing, Animation and Input, 512
Introduction, 511
Playing Sound, 520
Scaling and Rotating Images, 521
Threads, 523
Transparent Image, 522
TrueType Fonts, 519
Graphics Library Bindings
Hash Functions
HashTable Class
Stdlib Classes, 406
Hello World
Hello World program
Deploying Web Applications in the Cloud, 502
Hello World Program using the Web Library
Hex()
Data Type, 276
Hex2str()
Data Type, 277
Higher-order Functions
Functional Programming, 359
History
Introduction, 25
Natural Language Programming, 430
How can I disable maximize button and resize window?
How Ring find a functions and methods?
Scope Rules for Functions and Methods, 812
How Ring find the Variable?
Scope Rules, 797
How Ring2EXE works?
Distributing Ring Application using Ring2EXE, 852
How to add Combobox and other elements to the cells of
a QTableWidget?
How to Close a window then displaying another one?
How to contribute?
Applications, 185
Compiler and Virtual Machine (VM), 185
Documentation, 184
Editors Support, 185
Extensions in C/C++, 185
Ideas and suggestions, 185
Introduction, 183
Libraries in Ring, 185
Samples, 184
Special thanks to contributors, 184
Testing, 184
How to create a Modal Window?
How to create an array of buttons in GUI applications?
How to extend RingQt and add more classes?
How to get the current source file path?
How to get the file size using ftell() and fseek() functions?
How to insert an item to the first position in the list?
How to perform some manipulations on selected cells in
QTableWidget?
How to play?
The Gold Magic 800 Game, 664
How to print keys or values only in List/Dictionary?
How to print lists that contains objects?
How to print new lines and other characters?
How to use many source code files in the project?
How to use NULL and ISNULL() function?
How to use SQLite using ODBC?
HTML Lists
HTML Special Characters
HTML Tables
Index 2033

HtmlPage Class
Web Development (CGI Library), 476, 500
HTTP Get Example
HTTP POST Example
Ideas and suggestions
How to contribute?, 185
If Statement
Ignore new lines after keywords
Syntax Flexibility, 825
Important Information about Ring2EXE
Distributing Ring Application using Ring2EXE, 859
Inheritance
Object Oriented Programming, 350
Inheritance from GUI Classes
Desktop and Mobile Development, 732
Innovative
Applications developed in little hours, 20
Input()
Getting Input, 234
Insert()
Lists, 253
Install Qt for Android
Building RingQt Applications for Mobile, 775
Interactive Debugger
The Trace Library and the Interactive Debugger, 884
Interface to graphics library
Internet Class
Stdlib Classes, 423
Introduction
Features, 25
History, 25
Introduction, 22
Motivation, 23
Performance Tips, 844
Ring and other languages, 24
Special Thanks, 24
Is Ring some sort of an improvement of PHP?
IsAlNum()
Data Type, 272
IsAlpha()
Data Type, 272
IsAndroid() Function
isattribute()
iscfunction()
isclass()
IsCntrl()
Data Type, 272
IsDigit()
Data Type, 273
IsFreeBSD() Function
isfunction()
isglobal()
IsGraph()
Data Type, 273
isleapyear()
IsLinux() Function
IsList()
Data Type, 271
islocal()
IsLower()
Data Type, 273
IsMacOSX() Function
ismainsourceﬁle()
ismethod()
IsMSDOS() Function
IsNULL()
Data Type, 271
IsNumber()
Data Type, 270
isobject()
ispackage()
ispackagesclass()
ispointer()
Low Level Functions, 864
isprime()
IsPrint()
Data Type, 273
isprivateattribute()
isprivatemethod()
Index 2034

IsPunct()
Data Type, 274
IsSpace()
Data Type, 274
isspecial()
IsString()
Data Type, 270
IsUnix() Function
IsUpper()
Data Type, 274
isvowel()
IsWindows() Function
IsWindows64() Function
IsXdigit()
Data Type, 274
JustFileName()
JustFilePath()
Keyboard Events and Colors
Graphics, 601
Keyboard Shortcuts
Form Designer, 789
KeyPress and Mouse Move Events
Language Design
Compact Syntax, 32
Define Declarative Languages, 35
Define Natural Statements, 33
Designed for a clear goal, 30
Encourage Organization, 32
Fast Enough For Many Applications, 39
Introduction, 29
No Global Interpreter (VM) Lock - No GIL, 38
Simple, 30
Smart Garbage Collector, 38
Transparent Implementation, 36
Trying to be natural, 31
Visual Implementation, 37
Why Ring?, 30
Language Functions
Reference, 966
Language Grammar
Reference, 970
Language Keywords
Reference, 965
Language Shell
Demo Programs, 304
lcm()
Left()
Strings, 260
Libraries in Ring
How to contribute?, 185
Library Source Code
bignumber, 1211
Library Usage
Objects Library for RingQt Application, 779
linecount()
Lines()
Strings, 261
List Class
Stdlib Classes, 403
List index start from 1
List of changes and new features
list of functions
Mathematical Functions, 278
List2Code() Function
list2file()
ListAllFiles() Function
Lists
Access List Items by String Index, 255
Add Items, 249
Copy Lists, 253
Create Lists, 249
Create Multi Dimension Array Using List and Re-
cursion, 256
Delete Item From List, 250
First-Class Lists, 254
Get List Item, 250
Get List Size, 250
Insert(), 253
Introduction, 248
Nested Lists, 253
Passing Lists to Functions, 254
Index 2035

Passing Parameters Arguments Using List Array,
256
Passing Parameters or Arguments Using List, 255
Reverse(), 252
Search, 251
Set List Item, 250
Sort(), 251
Swap Items, 257
Using Lists during deﬁnition, 254
Load Package
Program Structure, 247
Load Syntax Files
Loading Files
Code Generator, 925
Loading the library
bignumber, 1209
PostgreSQL, 329
Loading the Trace library
The Trace Library and the Interactive Debugger, 883
Local Tests
locals()
Location
Create your ﬁrst extension, 927
Logical Operators
Operators, 215
Loop Command
Looping
Control Structures, 229
Low Level Functions
callgc(), 862
Example - The Trace Library, 877
Example - Using the Trace Functions, 873
Introduction, 860
ispointer(), 864
nullpointer(), 863
object2pointer(), 863
pointer2object(), 863
ptrcmp(), 865
ringvm_callfunc(), 873
RingVM_CallList(), 870
RingVM_CFunctionsList(), 865
RingVM_ClassesList(), 866
ringvm_evalinscope(), 872
RingVM_FilesList(), 870
RingVM_FunctionsList(), 865
ringvm_give() function, 881
ringvm_hideerrorMsg(), 873
ringvm_info(), 881
RingVM_MemoryList(), 868
RingVM_PackagesList(), 867
ringvm_passerror(), 873
ringvm_scopescount(), 872
ringvm_see() function, 881
ringvm_settrace(), 871
ringvm_tracedata(), 871
ringvm_traceevent(), 872
ringvm_tracefunc(), 872
space(), 862
varptr(), 862
Main Function
Functions - First Style, 236
Functions - Second Style, 240
Functions - Third Style, 244
Main Menu
Demo Programs, 304
Make a Cube using RingOpenGL and RingFreeGLUT
Graphics, 638
makedir()
Managed Classes
Code Generator, 925
Many Cubes
Using RingOpenGL and RingAllegro for 3D Graph-
ics, 646
Map
Map Class
Map Events
map()
Math Class
Stdlib Classes, 408
Mathematical Functions
Decimals(), 282
Example, 278
Introduction, 277
list of functions, 278
Random(), 280
SRandom(), 281
Unsigned(), 281
Using _ in numbers, 282
Using f after numbers, 282
matrixmulti()
matrixtrans()
MD5()
Security and Internet Functions, 336
Index 2036

Memory Management
General Information, 961
Menu Events
Graphics, 614
Menubar and StyleSheet Example
Menubar Designer
Form Designer, 789
Merge binary characters
Strings, 264
mergemethods()
Methods to use Events with Events Filter
methods()
Misc Operators
Operators, 216
Module Organization
Extension, 893
More 3D Samples
Using RingOpenGL and RingAllegro for 3D Graph-
ics, 661
More Beatiful Code
Declarative Programming, 428
More Games
More Improvements
More Samples and Tests
Form Designer, 791
More Syntax Flexibility
Motivation
Introduction, 23
Mouse Events
RingLibSDL, 530
Graphics, 610
Movable Label Example
Moving Objects using the Mouse
Moving Text
Multi-language applications
Form Designer Translation, 793
Forms Translation, 794
Introduction, 791
Using String2Constant, 792
Multi-Line literals
MurmurHash1 functions
RingMurmurHash Functions Reference, 1193
MySQL Class
Stdlib Classes, 419
MySQL Functions
Create Database, 318
Create Table and Insert Data, 319
Introduction, 316
MySQL_AutoCommit(), 324
MySQL_Close(), 318
MySQL_Columns(), 321
MySQL_Commit(), 324
MySQL_Connect(), 318
MySQL_Error(), 318
MySQL_Escape_String(), 323
MySQL_Info(), 317
MySQL_Init(), 318
MySQL_Inser_ID(), 320
MySQL_Next_Result(), 321
MySQL_Query(), 318
MySQL_Result(), 321
MySQL_Result2(), 322
MySQL_Rollback(), 324
Print Query Result, 321
Restore Image From The Database, 323
Save Image Inside the Database, 323
Transaction Example, 324
MySQL_AutoCommit()
MySQL Functions, 324
MySQL_Close()
MySQL_Columns()
MySQL_Columns() Implementation
Extension, 899
MySQL_Commit()
MySQL_Connect()
MySQL_Error()
MySQL_Escape_String()
MySQL_Info()
MySQL_Init()
Index 2037

MySQL_Inser_ID()
MySQL_Next_Result()
MySQL_Query()
MySQL_Result()
MySQL_Result2()
MySQL_Rollback()
Natural Language Programming
BraceError() Method, 437
BraceExprEval Method, 436
BraceStart and BraceEnd Methods, 435
Change the ’=’ operator to ’is’, 433
Change the Ring Keyword ’And’, 431
Change the Ring Operator ’+’, 432
Clean Natural Code, 438
Example, 430
History, 430
Introduction, 429
Real Natual Code, 436
Using Eval() with our Natural Code, 434
Natural Library - Demo Program
Using the Natural Library, 440
Nested Lists
Lists, 253
New Classes names - Index Start from 1
New Command: Load Package
New Functions
New Functions and Changes
New Game : Gold Magic 800
New Style to Ring Notepad
New Tool: Folder2qrc
New Tool: Ring2EXE
newlist()
No Explicit End For Statements
No Global Interpreter (VM) Lock - No GIL
Language Design, 38
No Run
Command Line Options, 842
Not Case-Sensitive
Notepad Application
Notes to extensions creators
nullpointer()
Number()
Data Type, 275
Numbers and Bytes
Files, 293
Object and Drawing
Object Library Source Code
Objects Library for RingQt Application, 783
Object Oriented Programming
Access Objects Using Braces, 344
Classes and Objects, 342
Composition, 345
Default value for object attributes, 357
Dynamic Attributes, 351
Find() and List of Objects, 352
Inheritance, 350
Introduction, 341
Operator Overloading, 347
Packages, 351
Printing Objects, 352
Private Attributes and Methods, 346
Setter and Getter, 346
Sort() and List of Objects, 353
Using Self.Attribute, 355
Using This in the class region as Self, 356
Using This.Attribute and This.Method(), 355
object2pointer()
objectid()
Objects inside lists
Declarative Programming, 424
Objects Library for RingQt
Objects Library for RingQt Application
Example, 779
Introduction, 778
Library Usage, 779
Object Library Source Code, 783
Open_WindowAndLink() Function, 782, 783
Index 2038

The Ring programming language version 1.9 book - Part 207 of 210

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The Ring programming language version 1.9 book - Part 207 of 210