2. INTRODUCTION
 Operation is one of an important function in a
business organization
 Managing operations is crucial to make sure that
the business is able to produce product or deliver
services according to the specification, quality and
time specified by the customer
 Operations management can be defined as the
process of marshalling business input to
transform them into output in the form of product
or services
3. Components in an operations system
The components of an operations system that is
involved in the transformation of business input into
output comprises of the following:
 Business Input
 Transformation Process
 Output
 Feedback
 External Environment
4. Schematic Diagram of an Operations System
The components of an operations system can be portrayed in
the schematic diagram as shown below:
Input Output
Transformation
Process
Transformation
Process
Feedback
External Environment Factors
5. OPERATIONS PLAN
 The operations plan is the one of the section that
is included in the business plan
 This section will demonstrate the operational
aspect of the business that is crucial in
transforming the business input into output
 The operations plan will ensure the business is
able to produce the product or to provide the
services that the business had planned in the
marketing plan
6. The operations plan comprises of the following topics:
 Process Planning
 Operations Layout
 Production Planning
 Material Planning
 Machine and Equipment Planning
 Manpower Planning
 Overheads Requirement
 Location Plan
 Business and Operations Hours
 License, Permits and Regulations Required
 Operations Budget
 Implementation Schedule
7. PROCESS PLANNING
 Process planning involve the identification of the
step-by-step processes from beginning to end in
making the product or in providing the services
 For manufacturing business, the processes
involved will be explained clearly such as the
activity involved, its duration and the equipment
used
 For service business, the process planning will
explain all the steps that should be taken from
start to finish to provide the service to the
customer
8. PROCESS PLANNING (cont.)
 The step by step processes can be illustrated using
diagram such as a flow chart or a process chart
 The process chart will use symbols that are
universally recognized in the operations
management field
 These symbols are also used in the job activity
chart to show a worker’s activity
9. Symbols Used in the Process Chart
Operation Activity that modify, transform or give added
value to the input
Transportation Movement of materials or goods from one
place to another
Inspection Activity that measure the standard or quality
Symbol Activity Description
Delay Process is delayed because in process materials
are waiting for next activity
Storage Finished product or goods are stored in the
storage area or warehouse
10. Flow Chart for the Production of Mixed Fruits Jelly
Transfer the fruits from the store to the production area
Check the quality of the fruits and segregate the bad fruits
Clean the fruits under running water
Put the fruits into the fruit chopper for chopping process
Use electric ladle to stir the fruit until the fruits change
into pulp
Add ten parts of water into the mixture
Boil the mixture for 90 minutes
Put the chopped fruits into the boiler for steaming process
11. Activity Chart for Web Designing Services
Greet the client
Invite the client into the discussion room
Get the relevant information from the client
Brief the client about terms and conditions
Get the agreement from the client regarding terms and
condition
Work on the design of the web
Get the feedback from the client
Make the amendment accordingly
Make a presentation to the client
Send the client to the door
12. OPERATIONS LAYOUT
 Illustrate the layout of the operations
 Layout refers to the arrangement of machine,
equipment, workers and other facilities used in
the operations
 The layout must be design in such a way that the
production of goods and services can be done
smoothly and efficiently
 There are three types of layout:
o Layout based on process
o Layout based on product
o Layout based on marketing
13. Layout based on product
 This type of layout is suitable for a business that
has product focus or continuous flow production
 The design of this layout is made according to the
sequence of activities to product the product
 Example of a business that have this kind of layout
is a food processing factory
Types of Layout
14. Layout based on process
 This layout is suitable for a business that produce
several products using similar processes
 This type of layout is design based on the similarity
of processes where by machine and equipment that
perform similar function will be grouped together
 Example of business with this type of layout is a
steel workshop and a tailor store
Types of Layout (cont.)
15. Layout based on marketing
 This layout is designed with an intention to
maximized the area available to display goods
 Examples of layout based on marketing can be
observed in the retail business such as book store
or departmental store
Types of Layout (cont.)
16. Example of Layout Based on Product
Filling
Area
Office
Steaming
Receiving
Area
Finished
Goods
Storage
Fruits Cleaning Area
Washing Area
Fruits
Chopper
17. Example of Layout Based on Process
Milling
Machine
Grinding
Machine
Drilling
Machine
Office
Tool
Room
Storage
Area
18. Example of Layout Based on Marketing
Store
Cashier
Aisle
Frozen Food
Aisle
Pastry
Products
Aisle
20. PRODUCTION PLANNING
 It is important to make sure that the business is
able to produce output or to provide services that
is enough to fulfill the expected market demand or
sales
 This can be achieved by having a good production
planning
 In production planning, the business will
determine how much output to produce for a
certain period of time such as in a day, a week or a
month
 The business may need the information from the
marketing plan, e.g. average sales forecast
21. Example of calculation for output per day
Average sales forecast per month = Rs 25,200.00
Price per unit = Rs 15.00
Number of output per month = Rs 25,200.00
Rs 15.00
= 1,680 units
If the number of working days per month is 24 days
The amount of output to be produced per day is:
= 1,680 units
24 days
= 70 units per day
48. Example of Project Implementation Schedule
Activities Deadlines Durations
Incorporation of business Jan – Mac 2009 3 months
Application for permits and
license
Jan – April 2009 4 months
Searching for business premise Feb – Mac 2009 3 months
Renovation of premise April 2009 1 month
Procurement of machines and
raw material
April – June 2009 3 months
Recruitment of labours June 2009 1 month
Installation of machines June 2009 1 month