Pertussis Or Whooping Cough Can Lead To Death Essay

Pertussis or Whooping Cough Can Lead to Death Essay
Pertussis, commonly known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused
by a bacterium, Bordatella pertussis. In 2010 it affected 27, 5501 individuals and was responsible
for 262 deaths in the United States. Bordatella pertussis colonizes in the cilia of the respiratory
tract3 producing uncontrollable coughing with paroxysms (fits) followed with a high pitched intake
of air creating a whoop sound, posttussive emesis (cough induced vomiting), and exhaustion.3
These symptoms can last up to 10 weeks.3 Adults can transfer Pertussis to infants who are not fully
immunized, subsequently, they are at a greater risk and may have serious complications from
Pertussis including pneumonia and death.4
As illustrated in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, the analysis depicts the geographic distributions of pertussis mortality across the United
States. During 2000–2010, 184 deaths were directly attributed to pertussis, which occurred only in
California, Pennsylvania and Texas.2 California had the highest morality rate, at 35 deaths in the
ten–year period.2 Notably, the White population of reported pertussis morality was at the highest at
160 of 184 deaths.2 Also, there has been an increase in reported cases in the United Sates, in 2000
there were 12 reported deaths and in 2010 there were 26 deaths.2 94 percent of the pertussis related
mortality occurred in infants (less than 1 years old) who are not fully immunized.
The increase in pertussis incidences and morality may include diminished immunity, as childhood
pertussis vaccine does not provide lifelong immunity.4 Tdap booster shot at 11 or 12 years old and
expected mothers in their third trimester should be given to continue their protective antibodies and
those that would be passed to the infant.4 Also, the increased in pertussis may be a decreased usage
of the pertussis vaccine, increased doctor awareness and public health reporting.
Limitations to this analysis are pertussis is underdiagnosed and misclassified as severe cold,
influenza, or bronchitis.8 Also, mortality could be attributed to secondary infections such as
pneumonia, seizure or encephalopathy,8 which
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Diphtheria, Diphtheria And Respiratory Diphtheria
Introduction: Diphtheria used to be one of largest killers in the ancient world until a vaccine was
founded in the 1800's. Diphtheria has declined for over the past 100 years. Diphtheria is in coalition
with tetanus and pertussis. For children under the age of eight, a combined vaccine of diphtheria,
tetanus, and pertussis (Tdap) is given together ( Henri 2012).
History:
Diphtheria has been found as early as 1613 in Spain, and epidemics can still break out today. The
diphtheria vaccine was created in the 1920's, but in 2011, 4,887 cases of diphtheria were recorded
(Henri, 2012). 10 percent of all children are vaccinated for diphtheria (Chen, 1985).
Type of diseases: Diphtheria consists of a single protein with a disulfide bond linking two fragments
(Henri, 2012). There are two types of diphtheria: clinical diphtheria and respiratory. Classical
respiratory diphtheria is characterized by the formation of a gray–white pseudomembrane in the
throat that is firmly adherent (Wagner, 2012). Clinical diphtheria is caused by toxin–producing
corynebacteria. Diphtheria is related to three species Corynebacterium diphtheriae, C. ulcerans, and
C. Pseudotuberculosis. Corynebacterium diphtheriae is common of potentially species and is
associated with epidemic diphtheria and person–to–person transmission. Corynebacterium
diphtheriae has four biovars: gravis, mitis, intermedius, and belfanti The rare Corynebacterium
ulcerans is associated with cattle or raw dairy products.

Should A Child Be Fully Toilet Trained?
In society today, it seems like we debate on everything when it comes to our children: should a
mother nurse her child, how much time a child should spend watching television and playing video
games, at what age should a child be fully toilet trained? These are all respectable debates. However,
one of the biggest arguments now is if a young child should be vaccinated from varying disease that
used to take lives for decades. Many believe it 's unnatural and cruel. While others believe it's what
needs to happen to keep their children healthy and safe from potential health hazards. In fact, many
daycares and schools do not accept children unless they have been fully vaccinated. Vaccinating our
children is beneficial for many reasons: it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tetanus is also known as lockjaw causes painful tightening of the muscles all over the body, with 2
out of 10 cases leading to death. As for Diphtheria, many people have heard of this disease,
however, few can attest to its effect on an individual. Diphtheria causes copious layers of mucus in
the throat that leads to breathing problems, failure of the heart and even death. "The mortality rate in
1921 was very high it resulted in more than 15,000 deaths, but since the vaccine era only 15 cases
have been reported worldwide since 2004" (Vaccine and Immunizations 2014).( See image on page
6 for visual) Now let's get to the side effects of this vaccine: Fever, redness and swelling were
vaccine was given and soreness and tenderness at the vaccine site. However, there are a few more
serious reactions: seizures 1 out if 14,000, non–stop crying for more than 3 hours 1 out of 1,000 and
high fever over 1 out of 16,000. ("Vaccine Information Statements"2016"). Keep in mind these
reactions are very uncommon. According to the CDC in 2014 a total of 1,737 deaths accrued from
the vaccines. If you think about it that is significantly lower than over 15,000 deaths caused by
Diphtheria alone. If the well–being of a child is not enough to convince you that vaccines are
beneficial, the money saved from an extended hospital stay will. Think about how much money one
would spend for the hospital stay alone if the child would come up with one of

Fear Of Vaccine Essay
In modern times with the rapid pace of vaccine development in recent decades, the historic origins
of immunization are often forgotten, leading people to underestimate the severity of the harm that
vaccinations prevent. The resistance to vaccinations is a well–known occurrence, due to the positive
effects vaccinations have had we forget the tragic consequences of the past's fearsome infectious
disease such as smallpox. "Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it,"
George Santayana. Studying history is necessary to avoid repeating past mistakes. Despite
overwhelming evidence supporting the safety and benefits of vaccination, this fear has proven
resistant to information. Parents are increasingly questioning the safety of and need for vaccines as a
result, vaccination rates have fallen to dangerously low levels in certain communities. Recent
outbreaks of vaccine–preventable diseases in the United States have drawn attention to this
epidemic. While vaccine acceptance remains high in general, fear of vaccines has grown
dramatically in many developed countries. In some communities, this fear has led to significantly
increased rates of vaccine refusal which are associated with increases in illness and death from
vaccine–preventable diseases. Given the risk to the public health these perceptions produce, and
consistent with well–established legal principles supporting government action to protect the
common good, society has the right and responsibility to

Vaccinations Are Important Or Are Not Important? Vaccinations
Do you think vaccinations are important or are not important? Vaccinations are a very extremely
controversial topic now a day. If you choose not to vaccinated your child you need to keep in mind
the risk that you are putting your child at. Whatever you choose do not take the decision lightly,
make sure you have done your research and have the facts about vaccines. I do not agree with not
vaccinating your child, I feel that you need to get them vaccinated. I have a family member that
choose not to vaccinate her child because she felt they were unsafe and thought that doctors and
health care officials where just telling her what they had been told. Her daughter that was 3 years old
and become ill with whopping cough she is one that won't take her child to the doctor unless she
feels it is life treating and as her daughter kept getting sicker she finally decides to take her in to the
doctors and her daughter was admitted in the hospital she kept going downhill and 3 days later her
daughter passed away. If she would have got her daughter the whooping cough vaccine she would
still be here today, because of the choice she made it has turned her world upside down and she says
all the time that she wishes that she would have done more research because what she was told and
wanted to believe caused her to loss her child.
Sarah Allred from The Healthy Home Economist says the six reasons why to say no, 1.
Pharmaceutical companies can't be trusted. 2. All vaccines are loaded with

Symptoms And Treatment Of Polio
In the summer of 1959 a seven year old came in from play feeling feverish and headachy. His
mother gave him aspirin (the drug of choice in that time) and put him to bed with what she imagined
was the flu. The next morning his condition had produced physical weakness in his legs. A visit to
the doctor, and a spinal tap, brought the devastating news: polio. He was rushed to the isolation
ward of the county hospital where his condition was judged to be very grave; the next morning, he
could move nothing but his head. This young boy, my great uncle Ken, spent his childhood years in
and out of hospitals, enduring surgeries, wheelchairs, leg braces, and years of physical therapy
before he was able to walk. Why, at a time when the Salk vaccine was available, did my great
grandmother, a woman totally dedicated to the welfare of her children, choose not to vaccinate him
against what was then the great terror of childhood?
LIFE BEFORE VACCINES
No disease has had such a profound impact on humanity as smallpox. The Plague of Antonine, "with
a death toll of between three and a half to seven million, hastened the decline of the Roman Empire"
(Panic, 23). European explorers, bringing the disease to the New World, helped bring about the fall
of the Aztec and Incan empires. In the eighteenth century, "400,000 people a year died from
smallpox" (Panic, 23).
In 1918 as World War I was winding down an influenza epidemic began. "It first arrived in Boston
in September of 1918 through the

Polio Is Made From The Pigs Of Monkeys
In 1976, Dr. Jonah Salk, creator of the killed–virus vaccine used in the 1950s, testified that the live–
virus vaccine (used almost exclusively from the 1960s–2000s in the U.S.) was the "principle if not
sole cause" of all reported polio cases since 1961 in the United States.
Polio is made from the kidneys of monkeys. Mostly, they use wild caught Green Monkeys, the
primate choice for making the polio vaccination. It was discovered that the monkeys had a virus
called SV–40, a simian virus, was rampant in nearly every kidney they had been using to make the
vaccine. It was also discovered that SV–40 was a catalyst for cancer. SV–40 survived the
formaldehyde used to kill microbes. Not only is a person directly injected to become a human ...
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In Canada, the vaccine is produced in human fetal tissue. Public awareness tactics used today are
reminders of the iron lung and seeing people who are crippled from polio. I once had a pediatrician
who was crippled from polio, he said got it from the vaccine.
PERTUSSIS Pertussis is described by the NVIC as
Pertussis, commonly referred to as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease
caused by the Bordetella (B.) pertussis bacterium. B. pertussis bacteria attach themselves to the
mucus membranes of the respiratory tract and cause inflammation in the body.
The major symptom of B. pertussis whooping cough disease is uncontrollable coughing.
In advanced stages, thick mucous develops in the lungs and clogs air passages, triggering violent
episodes of coughing, choking and vomiting up of mucus followed by a high–pitched intake of
breath that sounds like "whoop." With whooping cough disease, it is possible to have such violent
coughing spells, especially at night, that large amounts of mucous are vomited up through the mouth
and nose and interfere with breathing.
The B. pertussis bacteria release several toxins, including pertussis toxin (PT) and endotoxin. In
severe cases of whooping cough disease, complications include high fever, brain inflammation,
convulsions, pneumonia and death.
Symptoms of B. pertussis at its onset are similar to the common cold, or an allergy attack with stuffy
or

Whooping Cough Research Paper
Whooping cough (pertussis) has been on the rise in the United States in recent years. Last year the
CDC reported 28,660 cases of whooping cough in the U.S. alone. With cases increasing annually,
protecting infants is imperative in controlling the disease. Understanding the signs and symptoms of
whooping cough along with the recommended protocol for immunization can mean the difference
between life and death for children in your home or care.
What is whooping cough?
Whooping cough is a respiratory illness caused by bordetella pertussis bacteria. This bacteria
attaches itself to the tiny hairs that line the respiratory system. Once it has attached, it will release
toxins that damage and inflame respiratory system.
Whooping cough is highly

Vaccines Are Promising Methods For Disease Prevention
Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory disease, and commonly known as whooping cough
because of the uncontrollable coughing which follows infection. However, the immunization against
pertussis has two vaccines; DPT and DTaP. DPT contains whole cell pertussis which is pertussis
bacteria chemically and heat treated while the DTap version has less bioactive pertussis toxin, both
these vaccines are also used to prevent diphtheria and tetanus. DTaP has replaced DPT in numerous
countries as it has been deemed safer; DTap will also be the vaccine most referred to as the
discontinuation of DPT makes it irrelevant to the purpose of determining whether or not countries
should pursue the usage of pertussis vaccines.
While vaccines are promising ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2009). This system only monitored individuals aged 10 – 64 years as this was the only demographic
which could receive the vaccine. 3.3 million patients participated in the study, however only
660,000 received the TDaP vaccine and were the main focus. In order to determine whether or not
the occurrence of encephalitis was relevant to the immunization, cases which happened within 1–4
2day risk window after the vaccination were considered relevant. The main disadvantage for this
form of data collection is that it relied on an electronic hub for collection, and there was probable
delay in updating patient files. To overcome this possibility, Yih et al. (2009) conducted another
confirmatory analysis post–study period. Using statistical technology, Yih et al. (2009) set two
values; critical value and an upper limit value. If the critical value is reached, the null hypothesis
that there is no correlation between the DTaP vaccine and encephalitis cases would be rejected.
However, if the upper limit value is reached prior to the critical value, the null hypothesis stands.
The results of Yih et al. (2009) determined that the TDaP vaccine was not causal to encephalitis
arrival as upper limits were reached before critical values. In addition, according to Yih et al.
(2009)'s

Taking a Look at Pertussis
INTRODUCTION:
Pertussis is an extremely contagious infection of the respiratory tract that results in the greatest
mortality and morbidity in children. The infection is caused by Bordetella pertussis, a gram–
negative bacterium that settles and replicates in the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract
resulting in adhesions and severe coughing episodes. Pertussis is also known as "whooping cough"
and is characterized by three chronological stages: the catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent
stages. The initial signs of infection occur in the catarrhal stage and consist of upper respiratory tract
symptoms such as rhinitis, sneezing, cough, and low–grade fever. The paroxysmal stage follows
approximately two to four weeks later and is described by paroxysms of ten to thirty coughs ending
with the classic "whoop" secondary to the loud inspiration. During this stage vomiting frequently
occurs after the paroxysms and the most severe paroxysms occur at nighttime. If pertussis lingers
untreated the paroxysm stage may remain present up to three months. The last stage is the
convalescent stage and this is usually when the symptoms of pertussis fade.
Pertussis is commonly spread during the catarrhal and early paroxysmal stages and unfortunately the
population with the highest risk of infection is young children. Children less than one year are at
highest risk of infection and death secondary to pertussis because at this age they have not received
the recommended

Whooping cough (pertussis) is a serious, transmissible respiratory infection that is caused by the
Bordetella pertussis bacterium. The disease is characterized by cold symptoms at first and develops
to prolong coughing with a whooping sound made due to heavy breathing, sneezing, running nose
and low body temperature. The disease is airborne and spread when an infected person sneezes or
coughs and the close person breathe in the air. The disease mainly touches infants who are below six
months old and children who are between 11 to 18 years of age whose immunity against the disease
is dwindling, as its effectiveness lasts for four years. A number of Fallsburg Elementary School kids
are in this age bracket, hence are likely to contract the disease. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The populations may have added needs before, throughout, and after an incident in practical areas
such as, communication, means of movement, control, and health care. Individuals in such needs
may include the elderly, children or people with disabilities (Bonita, Beaglehole, & Kjellstrom,
2006, p. 17). For example, in Fallsburg Elementary School the thirty–five children are the
population at high risk. According to research, children whose parents deliberately did not vaccinate
are easily infected by the disease. They also contribute to the fast spread of the infection, to other
uninfected children as well as to young babies and immune depressed people like people suffering
from cancer who cannot be immunized at the time (Sifferlin, 2013). Immunization involves making
a person resilient to a communicable disease through administration of the vaccine that stimulates
the body's immune system to defend a person against infection or disease. The twenty–five children
in Fallsburg Elementary School, who were immunized, are a population who is not at risk of
whooping

Whooping Hack Research Paper
Whooping cough, which is additionally called pertussis, is exceptionally infectious and most
genuine for children. Individuals with whooping hack normally spread the ailment by hacking or
sniffling while in close contact with others, who then take in the microscopic organisms that cause
the ailment. Prior to an immunization was accessible, pertussis murdered around 9,000 individuals
in the United States every year. Presently, the pertussis antibody has lessened the yearly number of
passings to under 30. Be that as it may, as of late, the quantity of cases has begun to rise. In 2004,
the quantity of whooping hack cases spiked past 25,000, the most elevated amount following the
1950s.
Numerous children who get whooping hack are contaminated by folks, more seasoned kin, or
different guardians who may not even know they have the illness. Whooping hack causes extreme
hacking spells, which can now and again end in a "whooping" sound when the kid takes in. on the
off chance that a man with whooping hack sniffles, giggles, or hacks, little beads that contain the
microscopic organisms may fly through the air. You may get wiped out when you inhale the beads.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The microbes reason swelling and irritation, which prompt a dry, enduring hack and other chilly like
manifestations. Whooping hack can bring about anybody at any age to get debilitated. It may last 3
to 6 weeks. You can get wiped out from it regardless of the fact that you've as of now been
inoculated, yet that is not likely .After around 1 to 2 weeks, the dry, bothering hack advances into
hacking spells. Amid a hacking spell, which can keep going for over a moment, a youngster may
turn red or purple. Toward the end of a spell, the youngster may make the trademark whooping
sound when taking in or may upchuck. Between spells, the youngster more often than not feels

Epidemiology Of Pertussis
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PERTUSSIS 2
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PERTUSSIS 3
Epidemiology of pertussis
Ann
Dominican College
Running head: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PERTUSSIS 1
Epidemiology of pertussis
Pertussis or whooping cough, is an acute infectious disease caused by an aerobic gram negative rod,
called Bordetella Pertussis. This is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection characterized by
paroxysmal cough. The outbreak of this disease was first noticed in the 16th century and it took
another 300 years to isolate the organism, that is in 1906. The vaccine was developed in 1940s,
since then, pertussis was one of the most common childhood disease in United States. There were
more than 200,000 cases reported annually, and this was one of the major ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Now that most children are immunized prior to starting school, there is a higher (not the highest)
percentage of pertussis cases seen among adolescents and adults (Medlineplus, 2013). Consequently,
adolescents and adults are a significant source for transmission to unvaccinated young infants
(WHO, 2010). Pertussis is most fatal in infants and young children less than one year of age (CDC
Pertussis, 2013). Severe disease and death have been reported mainly during the first weeks and
months of life. In older children, adolescents, and adults' pertussis often goes unrecognized (WHO,
2010).
Suggested areas for further research are with regards to teenagers and adults and how the vaccine
may be administered so that the efficacy is prolonged. This may include modifying the current
vaccine or making modifications to the vaccine schedule allowing for more boosters to become
available for the vaccine. Another recommendation is to expand current vaccination campaigns
beyond expecting parents and healthcare workers. The campaign should be designed to reach
grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and anyone who may come into close contact with infants and
young

Whooping Cough Case Study
Whooping cough is becoming more common in the community and primarily being spread through
school systems. It is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection that is marked by a severe
hacking cough followed by a high–pitched intake of breath that sounds like a "whoop", which is
where the name comes from (Mayo, 2016). It is caused by the microbe bordatella pertussis which is
a bacterium. These bacteria attach themselves to the cilia that line part of the respiratory tract.
People with pertussis usually spread the disease to another person by coughing or sneezing or if they
are spending a lot of time near each other and sharing the same breathing space.
Pertussis is very contagious. The bacteria are spread from person to person through ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The signs and symptoms are usually mild at first and resemble a common cold; runny nose, nasal
congestion, red and watery eyes, fever, and a cough (Mayo, 2016). After a few weeks, signs and
symptoms will worsen and thick mucus will collect inside the airways causing the unmanageable
coughing. They are horrific coughing attacks that can lead to vomiting, result in a red or blue face,
extreme fatigue, and ends with a high pitched "whoop" sound during the next patient's breath
(Mayo, 2016). The diagnosis of pertussis includes an assessment of the patient's history of typical
signs and symptoms and an actual physical examination (Diagnosis, 2016). The doctor will obtain a
nose or throat mucus culture by swabbing or suctioning from the area where the nose and throat
meet, and then the sample of checked for evidence of bordatella pertussis bacterium. A blood test
may be acquired to check the white blood cell count as white blood cells fight infections, such as
whooping cough. A high count of white blood cells indicates the presence of infection or
inflammation but does not pertain only to whooping cough. A chest x–ray may also be ordered to
check for inflammation or fluid in the lungs which can occur in pneumonia, a complication of

Common Childhood Diseases Essay
Common Childhood Diseases
1.1 Introduction
Children are more prone to diseases. They catch disease easily and recover fast too. You must learn
to protect your children from diseases and also from many other problems which can be prevented,
if you care a little.
In this lesson, you will learn about some diseases which are more likely to affect a child in the first
few years of life.
1.2 Objectives explain the importance of immunisation for children; give the immunisation schedule
for children; group some common childhood diseases as
a) those against which a child can be immunised
b) those which occur repeatedly, but are not severe; explain the causes, symptoms and prevention of
common diseases; take care of a sick ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pulse Polio is the name given to the programme run by the
Government of India to erradicate polio from our country. DPT stands for Diptheria,
Pertusis (whooping cough) and Tetanus
Common Childhood Diseases :: 215
Vaccines are also available for Hepatitis B and typhoid and can be given depending upon the
availability of the vaccine and ability of the person to pay.
As you can see, immunisation for certain diseases is given in more than one dose, spread over a few
months. Each one of these doses is essential for complete protection. The second dose is called the
'booster dose'. Remember, if at any stage you miss out on even one dose, the immunisation will not
be effective and will have to be started all over again.
Immediately after the child has been immunised, you may find that the child has mild fever.
However, there is no reason to worry as the fever will not last longer than a day or two.
Diarrhoea is very common in children. As you know, in diarrhoea, the faeces are

Essay On Pertussis
1.0 Introduction
This paper discusses the condition pertussis with regard to its prevalence in Australia and the United
States. It also explores prevention methods currently recommended by leading organisations.
Despite a reduction of mortality linked to pertussis, it remains a health concern worldwide (WHO,
2010).
2.0 Definition of pertussis
Pertussis, also referred to as whooping cough, is a bacterial infection affecting the upper respiratory
tract (Pluta, Lynm, & Glass, 2010). Caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacterium, this disease is
most commonly diagnosed in unvaccinated young children. The infection is characterised by a
long–lasting wet cough, paroxysms of coughing, a 'whooping' sound on inspiration (Pluta et al.,
2010), and often vomiting following the coughing (Bentley, Pinfield, & Rouse, 2013). The bacteria
are transmitted by airborne droplets released when infected individuals sneeze or cough and,
consequently, the infection is highly contagious (Chivima, 2011). Pertussis has a 7–10 day
incubation period and the disease can last from 6–8 weeks and is therefore notably ... Show more
They can determine whether patients require vaccinations through access to medication records or
'inferred diagnosis' made when reviewing prescription records (Bach & Goad, 2015). Their
traditional role is distributing medication, but they may also provide immunisations, such as the
Tdap vaccine which is supplied by pharmacies in 43 states in the U.S. (Mills, Fensterheim, Taitel, &
Cannon, 2014). By supplying vaccines, pharmacies make immunisation more convenient by
providing a solution to a significant barrier for immunisation, this being ease–of–access (Mills et al.,
2014). In addition, they may also be involved in educating their community on available vaccines
and where to go to obtain them, further reducing this barrier in the local community (Bach & Goad,

Do We Give Our Children Too Many Vaccines?
Do We Give Our Children Too Many Vaccines?
By Jeffrey Murrah | Submitted On February 04, 2012
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Expert Author Jeffrey Murrah
The Problem with multiple vaccines
There is growing concern among parents regarding the number of vaccines that children now
receive. Children are required by government schools to have completed the required vaccines prior
to enrolling in school. The list of required vaccines continues rising, along with the costs. The
number of vaccines raises concerns about safety and reasons for the large numbers of vaccines.
To put the situation in perspective consider that about one hundred years ago, children received a
single vaccine for smallpox. Over time, the number of vaccines increased to five, which was about
forty five years ago. These five vaccines were for diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus,
polio, and smallpox. In the past forty years the number doubles to where today 's children receive 11
routine vaccines. Many of the vaccines are in the form of multiple shots.
Increasing costs of vaccines
In the early 1980 's the cost to immunize a child with the required vaccines was $75 to $100. Not
only has the number

The Importance Of Immunization
The Importance of Immunizations Immunizations prevent millions of deaths not only in the United
States, but also throughout the World. Nesson (2016) explains that "vaccines now protect people
from diseases that once killed in masses." Even if certain diseases are on the decline, immunization
is still necessary since there is a possibility for it to spread. In 1974, due to Japan's successful
pertussis (whooping cough) vaccination program, there was a large decline of pertussis cases with
no deaths (Otsuka, 2012). Rumors spread that the pertussis vaccine was no longer needed which led
to only 10% of infants vaccinated and created a major pertussis epidemic with more than 13,000
cases of whooping cough and 41 deaths (Otsuka, 2012).
It is important for students and community partners to work together through service–learning
activities (Vizenor, 2016) to both benefit to lower vaccine preventable diseases by increasing
immunizations. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) contributes an immense role
in vaccine preventable diseases through its' community partnerships, cross–cultural challenges,
humanitarian considerations, volunteers, roadblocks, future vision, challenges, and improvements.
Students will benefit from service–learning with the CDC and its' organization due to the proven
impact of community's awareness of immunizations in reducing preventable diseases and in
connecting education to real world issues.
Community Organization
The Center for

Diphtheria Essay
I am doing a report on the disease Diphtheria. The
definition of the disease is a bacterial disease that
affects the throat and can cause serious or fatal
complications. It is a serious disease caused by the
bacterium. There is a lot of history on this disease.
In the late 1800's diphtheria came across western
Europe and the United States, it killed thousands
of children. The diphtheria characterized by
infection is more contagious than the disease
characterized by respiratory infection. Diphtheria
is a disease of the respiratory system. It causes
membranes to grow on the inner throat.
Sometimes the membranes release a toxin into the
bloodstream(which is poisonous). The membranes
clog the air passages then you can hardly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those are most of the symptoms of
Diphtheria. There are many treatments for
Diphtheria. As soon as the disease is suspected

diphtheria antitoxin is given as an intramuscular
injection. The Disease is treated with antibiotics.
As an infant you should safely be give the DPT
vaccine. This vaccine is a three in one vaccine that
protects against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus.
The vaccine has some side effects as slight fever,
crankiness, and tenderness of skin. DPT is usually
given in the leg or the arm. You can also be give
the DT vaccine. The DT vaccine is a two in one
vaccine. This vaccine should be given to children
less than seven years old. This is given in the arm
or the thigh. This protects against diphtheria and
tetanus. There is one last vaccine. It is the Td
vaccine. The Td vaccine is also a two in one
vaccine that protects against tetanus and
diphtheria. This should be give to adults only.
After the regular series of injections, a booster of
Td vaccine should be taken at the age of fourteen
to sixteen and every ten years after that. This is a
different dose than the DT vaccine. This one is
usually given in the arm. The vaccination is one of
the recommended childhood immunizations and
should begin during infancy. A lot of times it is

required before the children start school. There is
a minimum of three injections, but there can be five

The Communicable Disease: Pertussis Essay
The Communicable Disease: Pertussis
Pertussis is a highly infectious disease. It is also known as whooping cough. For more than a decade,
pertussis has become a significant public health problem. CDC reports that since the 1980s, there
has been an increase in the number of reported cases of pertussis in the United States (2011a).
Worldwide, there are 30–50 million cases of pertussis and about 300,000 deaths per year (CDC,
2011a). Public Health Nurses play an important role in limiting the transmission during outbreaks by
educating and ensuring appropriate treatments to the communities.
Epidemiologic Triad Model
Agent. The main biological pathogen that causes the Pertussis is Bordetella Pertussis. The agent is
an aerobic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite vaccination, the incidence of pertussis in children younger than one has increased to more
than one half of all childhood pertussis case due the undeveloped immunity (Gregory, 2006).
Pertussis can be fatal in infants. Infants younger than six months with pertussis are more likely to
develop complications, and to require hospitalization (Guinto–Ocampo et al., 2010).
Environment. Bordetella Pertussis requires a warm and moist environment to grow. The organism is
very susceptible to environmental changes and cannot survive outside the respiratory tract. Pertussis
lacks a seasonal pattern but most cases occur most during summer and fall (Dominguez, 2005).
Since pertussis spreads by droplet transmission, institutional settings such as daycare facilities,
schools and hospitals are common areas of outbreaks. Pertussis occurs worldwide regardless of
countries with high vaccination coverage (Crowcroft & Pebody, 2006). However, the death rate of
pertussis is highest in countries where vaccination coverage is low, which is primarily in the
developing world (CDC, 2011b). In the United States, California has the highest concentration of
cases caused by Pertussis.
Infection begins with the agent, Bordetella Pertussis. A person with pertussis coughs or sneezes
expelling the droplets containing the pathogens. Concurrently, another person in an exposed
environment becomes contact with the droplets

Whooping cough is a common disease, especially in children that causes terrible and severe
coughing (which is the reason for the name "whooping cough). It is a bacterial infection that is
highly contagious.
Before a vaccine was available, whooping cough (also known as pertussis) killed about 9,000 people
in the US each year. Now, the pertussis vaccine has reduced the annual number of deaths to less than
30. Although the disease is still around, and continues to be on the rise across the globe.
The symptoms for whooping cough start off with similar symptoms to the common cold, such as: a
stuffy or runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, cough, headache, red eyes, swelling of lymph glands and
a fever (occasionally). Then after about 2 weeks the symptoms can rapidly progress into these
symptoms: a severe cough (occurs in short periods of time), characteristic 'whooping' sound on
inhalation, vomiting at the end of a period of coughing, apnoea – the child stops breathing ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blood tests and a chest X–ray also might be done.
Whooping cough is treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics are most effective in shortening the length of
the infection when they're given in the first stage of the illness, before coughing begins. It reduces
the amount of time the person is infectious (to 5 days or less). But even if antibiotics are started
later, they're still important because they can stop the spread of the pertussis infection to others.
People who are infected should also not attend day–care, school or work for 3 weeks from the start
of the cough, if no antibiotics are given until they have had at least five days of their course of
antibiotics. If there is an outbreak of whooping cough anywhere and you're not immunised, then you
will have to stay away from school, work or wherever for three weeks or until the outbreak

Essay On Pertussis
During the first outbreaks of pertussis in the 16th century and prior to the development of
vaccinations for the disease, it was a common cause of morbidity and mortality in children. When
the whole cell vaccination (DTP) was developed in the 1930's and widely distributed in 1940's, in
combination with the vaccine for tetanus and diphtheria, known as DTP, the incidence of cases
dramatically decreased from 157 cases per 100, 000 population to less than 1 per 100,000
population. However, serious side effects were reported to be associated with the whole cell vaccine
which led to the development of the acellular vaccination (DTaP) in 1996 (Pertussis. 2013,
September 20).
Although, even with the high vaccination rates seen in infants and children, we have continued to
see a steady increase of pertussis cases since the 1980's. In 2012, there were 48,277 cases of
pertussis reported to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), including 20 deaths; the most reported
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is due to infants having an immature immune system which is not yet protected by
vaccinations. (Pertussis (Whooping Cough). 2014, September 5). Caregivers and family members
with infants are the most common source for passing the illness to the infant. Once an infant
develops pertussis, they are at risk for developing severe complications, including pneumonia,
hospitalization, brain damage, seizures, apnea, and even death (Pertussis (Whooping Cough). 2014,
September 5).
When combining the associated waning and decreased protection of the acellular vaccine of
caregivers and family members with infants to the immature immune system of an infant, we could
begin to see an increased incidence of pertussis cases in the infant population of a community; this
would be detrimental to the family and community; physically, emotionally, and

Arguments For Vaccines
The opposition to vaccinations is a well–known phenomenon that dates back to the Victorian age
when it was self–limited by the awareness of the importance to be protected against fearsome
infectious diseases such as smallpox and polio. These positive effects of the vaccination campaigns
have blurred out, if not erased, the memory of the tragic consequences of the past's widespread
diseases, leading people to underestimate the severity of the harm that vaccinations prevent.
Vaccines represent one of the most important aspects of pediatric preventive care. However, parents
are increasingly questioning the safety of and need for vaccines, and as a result, vaccination rates
have fallen to dangerously low levels in certain communities.
Parents hesitant to vaccinate their children may seek exemptions from state vaccine mandates.
Recent outbreaks of vaccine–preventable diseases in the United States have drawn attention to this
epidemic. Vaccinations coverage may be increased by schools fully implementing State kindergarten
vaccination laws, and by providers assessing children's vaccination status at every clinic visit, and
administering missed vaccine doses. While vaccine acceptance remains high in general, fear of
vaccines has grown dramatically in many developed countries. In some communities, this fear has
led to significantly increased rates of vaccine refusal which are associated with increases in illness
and death from vaccine–preventable diseases, and large economic costs

Vaccines : The Importance Of Giving Parents The Full Story
Vaccines: The Importance of Giving Parents the Full Story Vaccines have in recent years become
quite a controversial subject. Parents who are trying to decide whether to vaccinate their children
find themselves bombarded with information some of it valid, and reliable, but a lot of it false or
heavily biased. They find horror stories of infants and children who have seizures and/or permanent
brain damage as a result of a vaccine. Sources that support immunization refuse to acknowledge the
dangers of the vaccines & those that don't often fail to reveal the rarity of extreme negative
reactions, or acknowledge the true dangers of the diseases the vaccines protect against. It is nearly
impossible to find a reliable source that accurately ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before widespread immunization, Pertussis was one of the top killers of children in the U.S.A.
Diphtheria was no small matter either effecting 206,000 people in the U.S.A in 1921. Now we've
less than 5 cases in the last decade. Tetanus is an infection that anyone can get from a cut, abrasion,
or puncture wound, there is no good treatment option for tetanus (once you have it) and 10 % of
cases end in death. With diligent research it is obvious that the risks of the disease are higher than
the risks of vaccinations. Many parents believe they need to protect their child from the vaccine and
herd immunity will protect their child from the diseases (except tetanus b/c it is an infection and not
spread person to person). This is mostly true, but during the height of the pertussis controversy
enough parents refused the pertussis vaccine that disease rates rose 38%. Permanent brain damage
from the pertussis vaccine is not the only psychological concern posed by immunization. A possible
link between Autism & the MMR vaccine was found by Dr. Andrew Wakefield who studied 12
autistic children who developed autistic symptoms soon after the vaccine. His study did not however
provide sufficient evidence for causation. In the case of these children, there is a potential
confounding variable. The MMR vaccine is usually given around the same age that autism
symptoms begin to show. Based on the number of children

Bordetella Pertussis Research Paper
Introduction
Bordetella pertussis, more commonly known as whooping cough is typically a six week disease
divided into three stages. From the 1500s to the 1900s whooping cough was an unidentified disease.
Long after its first outbreak in the 1500, it was finally discovered in the 1906 by scientists Jules
Bordet and Octave Gengou. Most outbreaks occurred in children and it was not until 1920 that a
vaccine was developed by Dr. Louis S. Sauer in Evanstion Hospital in Illinois. Several years later, in
1942, scientists Pearl Kendrick came up with a vaccine using DPT. However, there was controversy
over whether this vaccine cause permanent brain damage, despite the fact that with the help of this
vaccine there was over a 99% decline in whooping cough ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
pertussis was a universal disease of early childhood. The disease was on the rise in the early 1900's
but because of medical advancement with vaccinations the disease took a dramatic stop. This
however was only relevant to the regions that had the resources for the vaccinations. In the UK
before immunization was available there was an epidemic every 3–4 years. About 8 in 10 children
had whooping cough by the time they were 5 years old (Kenney, 2015). After the immunization the
numbers fell greatly. Worldwide, B pertussis is still a problem to all the areas that don't have the
means to obtain any form to fight off the disease. Though vaccines have been in use for 20 years,
new data is emerging on their effectiveness and durability of protection and how it can have an
impact on the resurgence of

Vaccine Exemptions Must Be Protected
Joseph Mercola in his article "Vaccine Exemptions Must Be Protected" provides data about the
nature of vaccinations as well as current outbreak evidence to support his claim that vaccine
exemptions should be allowed. He argues that the immunity provided by vaccinations is "inferior
immunity" (Mercola 6) in comparison to naturally acquired immunity–antibodies to a disease
produced by the body after contracting a disease. If one ignores the false assumptions about the
immune system Mercola's argument appears sound because of all the statistics of "failing"
vaccinations. However, Mercola relies on hasty generalization, the fallacy of reaching a hasty
conclusion without evaluating all the evidence, to conclude that vaccines are failing.
Mercola assumes that natural immunity is 100% effective and will not fail as vaccine–acquired
immunity is. Because vaccines are not 100% effective, Mercola argues that people should be exempt
from mandatory vaccinations. The implication being that submitting to a vaccine that will fail in the
future is putting oneself at unnecessary risk. Mercola's argument can be reconstructed as follows...
1. If vaccines are not 100% effective, then people should be exempt from mandatory vaccinations.
2. Vaccines are not 100% effective.
Therefore, people should be exempt from mandatory vaccinations. Premise 2 depends on Mercola's
use of the fallacy of hasty generalization. He relies on three specific outbreaks (2010 California B.
Pertussis, 2010 New Jersey/New

Pertussis: Whooping Cough
Pertussis, or more commonly known as 'whooping cough' is a highly contagious disease that is
caused by a gram–negative coccobacillus bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis is an infection of
the lining of the respiratory tract. This infection creates breathing difficulties, and in children it is
often accompanied by a 'whoop' sound as the individual tries to inhale.
Features of B. pertussis and its laboratory identification
Pertussis is a reemerging disease whose number of incidences have significantly increased in the
past 30 years, even in populations of people who have been vaccinated against the infection. (Van
der Zee, A et al. 2015). The infection causes a severe respiratory infection that may become fatal,
especially in young ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Currently there are two types of vaccines available, dTPA (adolescent or adult formulation) pertussis
vaccines, which contain smaller amounts of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis agents, and acellular
vaccine
(Paediatric formulation) also known as DTPa that consist of selected components of the organism
(WHO, 2010). Preventing severe pertussis in infants has been increasingly successful due to
programmes using high standard pertussis vaccine to immunize infants
(WHO, 2010). Efficiency of DTPa vaccines that consist of three or more antigens have been
described as 71–78% efficient in preventing milder symptoms of whooping cough and 84% for
protection against severe disease (The Australian Immunisation Handbook, 2017).
Immunity however, appears to decline over time. The follow up of adults two years after being
vaccinated with dTpa have shown a rapid decline in levels of pertussis antibodies.
Studies in older children have also shown a similar decline in vaccine effectiveness even prior to
receiving the adolescent booster dose. The future of vaccination for B. pertussis relies on a vaccine
that effectively reduces transmission and disease, which is an important

Should Vaccines Be Required By Law To Vaccinate Children?
If you knew something tragic was going to happen and two million people were going to die, but
you knew how to stop it would you? Vaccines have the capability to save 2 million people a year
and yet some people still refuse to vaccinate their children. Vaccines are a form of disease
prevention that puts a small amount of virus in your body so that your immune system can learn
how to fight the disease next time your body comes in contact with the virus. Vaccines are
sometimes blamed for unknown deaths or other illness strange illness. However it is not proven that
vaccines have caused any deaths. Vaccines cause very little harm and do great amounts of good for
humans. People should be required by law to vaccinate their children because they ... Show more
Although some people believe that vaccines cause autism, this assumption is unfounded. The center
of disease control and prevention (CDC) studied the link between children and ASD (autism
spectrum disorder) and found that there is none. They found that the antigens – a part of the vaccine
that is effective– are the same in children with ASD and children not affected by the disorder. If
vaccines were linked to autism hesitation would be understandable, but it is proven otherwise so
therefore there should be no hesitation. Vaccines do come with other minor side effects however, the
risks of not getting the vaccine far outweigh the risks of getting the vaccines. The DTaP vaccine– a
vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis– can cause common problems that include redness
or soreness at the injection site, or a small grade fever one to three days after the shot.(CDC) Severe
problems include severe allergic reactions that happen in everyone in a million shots or seizures/
commas that occur in every one and three million shots. Diphtheria is an infection in the throat that
causes swelling and even cuts off breathing. Tetanus is a disease that affects the muscles which then
eventually makes the heart unable to beat. Pertussis –often called whooping cough– is fatal to
infants and toddlers these three diseases lead to a very painful death.(WHO) The sore arms and low–
grade fevers

The Media And Health And Safety Of The World's Population
Over the years, the advances in science have increased the health and safety of the world's
population. Through the introduction of vaccines, medicines, and other medical equipment, the
scientific world has prevented the spread of diseases, the possibility of an epidemic, and another
devastating pandemic in history like the black plague. Although vaccines provide a resistance to
diseases, many people question the safety of them. There is a famous theory that vaccines cause
autism due to the chemicals within the vaccines, even though scientific evidence denies any
connection. One of the reasons that this theory still exists is due to the portrayal of information from
the media. Based on the opinion of the media outlet, the depiction of the vaccine–autism link
changes throughout society. The media is typically the main source of information for citizens,
whether they watch a news channel, read a newspaper, check online newspapers, or listen to the
radio, these news outlet supply our population with the basis of knowledge on all topics. Not many
people in this audience will conduct their own research, this means that the original data and
information is usually summarized and changed to fit the opinion of the media outlet. Some
celebrities, like Jenny McCarthy and Charlie Sheen, picked up on the issue and helped spread the
theory; as the media followed their stories, the idea of the connection continued to spread. The
debate about whether vaccines cause autism illustrates the

Vaccine Preventable Disease: A Case Study
Assessment 2: Short answer questions
Question 1 (Part A)
Research one vaccine preventable disease outbreak in Australia in the past five years
Pertussis is the third most commonly notified vaccine preventable disease (ABS 2015). Despite a
long–standing immunisation program, pertussis remains highly prevalent in Australia and is
considered to be the least well controlled of all vaccine–preventable diseases (Australian
Government 2017).
Pertussis epidemics occur every three to four years (Australian Government 2017). In 2011, 38,732
notified cases were reported nationally with the highest rates of disease being in infants under 6
months of age and children 5–9 years of age (Pillsbury, Quinn & McIntyre 2014). Children aged
under six months ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
State the reason/s for your decision
Yes and no. I think while the schedule for whooping cough vaccination is current best practice,
getting the community to adhere to the recommendations will always pose the biggest problem.
Vaccination of pregnant women with DTPa has been shown to be effective in preventing pertussis
disease in newborn infants via the transfer of maternal antibodies in utero (Australian Government
2017). Vaccination of mothers at least 7 days before delivery reduced pertussis disease by 91% in
infants under three months of age (Amirthalingam et al. 2014).
It is recognised that the high number of cases identified in recent epidemics was partly due to the
increased availability of more sensitive tests and waning immunity (Australian Government
Department of Health 2014). Adults are a significant source of infection. Wiley, Zuo, Macartney and
McIntyre (2013) revealed evidence from multiple studies of infant pertussis cases indicate that
family members, particularly parents, are the source of infection in at least 50% of

Pertussis is an infectious disease that can be contracted by kids, teens and adults. Most people at
first cannot tell that it is Pertussis.. Well this is very common because a cold has nearly identical
symptoms to those of Pertussis. There are differences in the symtoms like how those of Pertussis or
Whooping Cough develop at a much slower rate than those of a cold. If left untreated, it can be fatal.
This is especially true if an infant contracts the disease. Since this disease is most common in babies
and kids this can be a huge concern for the majority of parents. Whooping Cough is an infectious
respiratory disease. Thus limiting your ability to breath. Whooping Cough is only found in humans.
Like most diseases Pertussis is caused by bacteria. Bordetella Pertussis is the disease that causes
Whooping Cough or Pertussis. Whooping Cough is a respiratory disease that has bacteria which
attaches to the cilia. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Along with this major achievement they also created the first vaccine for whooping cough. Helping
prevent whooping cough,but it did not get rid of it. You can be diagnosed with pertussis if you have
shown signs of the symptoms. Doctors can also run a blood test or a laboratory test. A laboratory test
is the process of taking a sample of mucus with a swab or a syringe that is filled with saline.
Antibiotics have also been made for such an infectious disease. One of the chilling facts associated
with Pertussis is that when it is in infancy,it is nearly identical to the common cold. Making it a
living nightmare for the parents of young kids. This is because most parents cannot tell a cold and
Whooping Cough apart. People who have recently become parents have a higher risk of their baby
contracting the disease. Since kids make up a large part of the population, it is extremely important
to be vaccinated. Getting a vaccine greatly reduces the chance of contracting the

Pertussis : The Resurrection Of A Silent Killer
Pertussis: The Resurrection of a Silent Killer
Pertussis, otherwise known as whooping cough, is a respiratory illness that affects people of any
age, especially children under the age of twelve. It is a common illness and extremely contagious
according to the Centers for Disease Control (Bisgard, 2000). Whooping cough is spread through
airborne transmission through coughing and sneezing, in close proximity to each other. Most adults
and teens recover from whooping cough without long term effects from the illness, while children
under the age of 12 are at the greatest danger risk of contracting whooping cough. Whooping cough
can cause death in people with the illness, especially children.
Pertussis has always been a challenge for public health workers and thought to be an illness of the
past. It was thought to be practically irradiated in the early eighties due to childhood vaccines. There
are many scientific explanations as to why whooping cough is on the rise. First of all, the CDC
believes that the vaccinations are not lasting as long as originally expected. Secondly, there are now
better testing methods and more cases are being diagnosed being reported on a yearly basis. Next,
WHO or the World Health Organization says that since vaccinations only protect against whooping
cough, transmission is not blocked the world's population would not be protected against herd
immunity (WHO, 2015). Since a single case of whooping cough can generate more than fifteen
other cases,

Pertussis Paper
Pertussis Paper There are many different childhood diseases out there. Each one of these affects the
child in a different way. However some of these diseases occur more often than others. So when
narrowing down which topic to write about for this pediatric paper I decided to write about one that
is more common and more than likely not very well known, despite being common. So it is for that
reason that I chose to write about pertussis.
Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory disease and is also known as whooping cough. This
disease is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) mostly (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2015). However the bacterium Bordetella parapertussis (B. parapertussis) is
also known to cause ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These signs and symptoms can be divided into three stages and they are catarrhal stage, paroxysmal
stage and convalescent stage (Bocka, 2015). Catarrhal is the first stage and may last one to two
weeks (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). The presentation is nasal congestion,
rhinorrhea, sneezing, low–grade fever, tearing and conjunctival suffusion (Bocka, 2015). It is during
this stage that it is hard to distinguish from a common upper respiratory infection (Bocka, 2015).
The second stage, paroxysmal stage and it can last from one to six weeks, however it may extend up
to ten weeks (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). This stage produces: posttussive
vomiting and turning red with coughing and paroxysms (coughing fits) of intense coughing lasting
up to several minutes, occasionally followed by a loud whoop, vomiting and exhaustion after a
paroxysms (Bocka, 2015). The whoop sounds occurs in infants older than six months and children,
but for those who are younger than six months they have episodes of apnea (Bocka, 2015). The third
and final stage, convalescent stage and lasts about two to three weeks (Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, 2015). This stage presents with a chronic cough that may last for weeks (Bocka,
2015). If someone who has been vaccinated get pertussis their cough won't last as many days,
coughing

Pathogenesis Of Diphtheria
Before the introduction of vaccines people were getting sick and ending up dying of unknown
causes. Physicians and scientist started developing vaccines to stop some of the unknown illness that
ware killing children and adults. One journal found that during the pre–vaccine era, most deaths
occurring among young children ware related to diphtheria. Toxoids ware first introduced in 1920 in
the U.S. They helped reduce incidents of respiratory diphtheria. This Toxoid is used to prevent
diphtheria. Its purpose is to expose a small dose of the bacteria from the bacteria. Then the body
develops immunity to the illness ("toxigenie,"1996). The pathogenesis of diphtheria involves two
sub units called A and B. What happens is the toxin tries to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The active pertussis toxin in DTP vaccines have been suggested to cause severe DTP allergic
reactions in some children who had received the vaccine. One article found that some of the
symptoms presented extreme reactions within 48 hours of DTP immunization. After assessing
within 24hours of the reaction, they noticed the children who had received the vaccine were having
symptoms such as seizures, persistent crying and high fevers ( Blumberg, 1993). Sometimes
vaccines can be good and in other cases very devastating. Educating patients on the type of vaccine
and immunity it provides is very important. Corynebacterium diphtheria starts by affecting the
pseudo membrane in the oropharynx. It forms a grayish looking matter in the mouth. The illness is
transmitted through respiratory droplets from person to person. Then the germ enters through the
mouth and nose. From this point, deadly poisons spread to the heart, which can cause myocarditis.
At this point the patient may experience some chest pains and it can even lead to renal failure. If a
child is infected with diphtheria, they are immediately taken to the intensive care unit and given
antitoxins that neutralize the bacteria. Antibiotics such as erythromycin or penicillin are also
administered. This helps in killing the diphtheria bacteria, and during all this time a child is kept in
isolation for the safety of others. Gerard stated that "...cases reported relating to diphtheria in the
United States each year is currently five or fewer..." (Gerard, 679). The United States offers vaccines
for little children regardless of income race or ethnicity. Parents are highly advertised to immunize
their children to prevent further complications. Clinics and hospitals also advertise prevention and
educate non English speaking families to help them understand the importance of vaccinating their
little ones. In young

Pertussis Case Studies
Bordetella pertussis, causes fairly mild symptoms and a prolonged cough in adolescents and adults
that have been vaccinated, however in very young, unvaccinated children the infection typically
develops into an acute disease called whooping cough, which can become life–threatening (1).
Often times it is the older, vaccinated family members that unknowingly bring the bacteria home.
Bordetella pertussis diverged from Bordetella bronchiseptica fairly recently, however they are so
closely related that they should be considered different strains of the same species, rather than
separate species (2). The biggest difference between the two lines are their host populations. B.
pertussis infects humans, while B. bronchiseptica has a very large range ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
pertussis exhibits a clear preference for ciliated cells and alveolar macrophages found in their human
host, it is capable of forming colonies anywhere between the nasopharynx cavity and the lungs (3).
Human nasopharynx creates a great environment for the bacteria to first colonize and infect (1). Bps
polysaccharide is necessary for B. pertussis to form a biofilm in the nasopharynx, however it is not
involved in the colonization of the lungs (1). The biofilms are the reason the bacteria is able to
survive for such extended periods of time within the host (1). C–terminus of mature filamentous
hemagglutinin mediates bacterial adherence to epithelial and macrophage–like cells of the host (2).
It is necessary for colonization of the respiratory tract, these experiments were performed with rats
using B. bronchiseptica, however it is believed that the rat models should also apply to B. pertussis

The Effects Of Pertussis On Infants Under The Age Of One...
Descriptive
This study focuses on pertussis affecting infants under the age of one in Bell County. As mentioned
earlier, pertussis is given to infants at the age of two, four and six months (Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2015). Even though, a number of the infants acquire this immunization,
their immunity still lacks. In 2012, there was a report of 21 confirmed cases in the local area of
pertussis and 20 that were unconfirmed (Fort Hood Sentinel, 2012). There was a confirmation that
pertussis was seen in children under the age of one. Additionally, doctors have made it clear that the
infants that contracted pertussis at a younger age are at risk for respiratory compromise (Fort Hood
Sentinel, 2012). Pertussis has been described as an upper respiratory disease in which 10–12 days
later the child develops this whopping cough.
In Bell County, the doctors recommended immediate notification if an infant is affected so treatment
can promptly begin. It is significant to understand that pertussis can kill the infants which is the
reason why vaccination among the adults and children is imperative. Of course, the infant can obtain
immunized for pertussis and sometimes the immunity is not guaranteed for the infant. Every Child
by Two (2015) states that 90% of deaths for children under one is related to pertussis. Additionally,
among half of those infants required hospitalization for their condition. According to the CDC,
children who do not acquire their five doses of

Whooping Cough
Whooping Cough Mark Near
(Article from the Fresno Bee, September 16th, 2010)
Every year or season a slightly different flu strain awakens, infecting our human population. This
fall it's the whooping cough, also called pertussis. It is causing many deaths, especially in infants.
Many health officials have grown concerned with this unexpected new threat, mainly because the
babies are too young to be fully immunized by the illness. It's essential to understand how this virus
is effecting our population and what procedures must be taken in order to prevent it from continuing
to spread. The article Whooping Cough Mark Near, from the Fresno Bee, describes the conditions of
this new occurring virus. According to the article, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, any amino acids produced in cellular respiration can contain the bacteria Bordetella
Pertussis. One of the symptoms of this illness is a fever, if it becomes too high it can cause proteins
to unravel and loose its normal shape. This is called a denatured protein; which are related to many
diseases. In order for a protein to function correctly, the structure has to be normal. "The primary
structure of a protein– its sequence of amino acids– causes it to fold into its functional shape."
(Simon, Reece, Dickey, page 48). In other words, if the amino acids aren't functioning correctly, the
proteins can become misfolded. The disease is named for the distinguishing sound produced when
those who are affected attempt to breathe in. The whoop was created because of the inflammation of
the laryngeal structures that vibrate when there's a quick inflow of air. This illness is affecting many
individuals and as the years continue to pass it's only getting worse. The sad part is; it's mostly
present in infants. More are dying because of the whooping cough; they aren't getting a chance to
experience life. It's extremely important for parents to make sure their children receive the vaccine
before it's too late. The future is unpredictable; this illness can end up causing a new virus next year,
which is why every individual should receive the vaccine recommended. If a new strain of a virus

Taking a Look at a Whooping Cough
What is Whooping cough?
Whooping cough is a bacterial upper respiratory infection that leads to episodes of violent coughing.
The disease got its name because of the characteristic sound that is made when affected individuals
attempt to inhale; the "whoop" originates from the inflammation and swelling of the voice box that
vibrates when too much air comes in when one breathes after coughing. (Medline plus) Whooping
cough is a very contagious disease. It spreads through close contact that includes a transferring of
oral secretions or respiratory droplets from one person to another. So it's easily spread through the
cough, especially when people are in close contact, like living in the same house with a person who
has whooping cough. It can also spread through sneezes or anything that causes a secretion of
respiratory fluids. (CDC) the people whom can be affected are children who have not been
immunized or people whose last shot of the immunization was done ten or more years previously.
There is evidence that suggests the first outbreaks I whooping cough occurred in the 16th century.
The bacterium that causes the infection was not found until the beginning of the 1900's.
Why target whooping cough?
Whooping cough is most commonly found in infants. If a child were to obtain whooping cough
within the first three months of his or her life, the infant is highly likely to be killed by the disease.
The reason for this is because of how difficult it is to identify. It starts out

The Effects Of Bordetella Pertussis On An Acute...
Introduction
Bordetella pertussis (known as whooping cough) was discovered by Bordet and Gengou as an acute
respiratory tract infection. (1–2)
The highly contagious B. pertussis is a strictly aerobic gram–negative coccobacillus that grows best
between 35–37 ºC, and is transmitted through inhalation of aerosol droplets. It is one of ten known
Bordetella species, and accounts for 50 million cases annually, in which 300,000 of them result in
death. (1–3)
Pathogenesis
There are four stages in B. pertussis infection. The first stage is attachment. Filamentous
hemagglutinin (FHA), a type of protein, along with fimbrae (FIM), a cell surface structure, serve as
major adhesins (for adhesion) for pertussis. (1) They firstly attach to ciliated epithelial cells in the
nasopharynx, and then begin to multiply. (4)
The second stage is evasion of host defenses. Pertussis uses adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) and
pertussis toxin (PT), a complex bacterial toxin, to evade host defenses. ACT inhibits the motility and
activation of phagocytes and T–lymphocytes, while PT targets the lung's immune system. This
prevents neutrophils from reaching the respiratory tract quickly, and also promotes the infection
through macrophages. PT also causes lymphocytosis, which is an influx of lymphocytes in the
blood. (1–2)
The third stage is local damage. Pulmonary lesions, necrosis, and peeling of ciliated bronchial
epithelium occurs. This is accomplished by tracheal cytoxin (TCT) and dermonecrotic toxins,

Pertussis Or Whooping Cough Can Lead To Death Essay

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Pertussis Or Whooping Cough Can Lead To Death Essay