Endometrial Cancer In Women

Endometrial Cancer In Women
" Worldwide, cervical cancer is both the fourth–most common cause of cancer and deaths from cancer in women. It is the second–most common cause
of female–specific cancer after breast cancer, accounting for around 8% of both total cancer cases and total cancer deaths in women and About 80% of
cervical cancers occur in developing countries." (www.uswow.com) Endometrial disease is the most common gynecological malignancy for the most
part influencing ladies in the post–menopausal age bunch. Rates change overall and are most elevated in white ladies in Western populaces. Some
danger variables are identified with proliferation, for example, early age at menarche, late age at menopause and null parity, while others are all the
more specifically... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is regularly found in relationship with atypical endometrial hyperplasia, which is thought to be a forerunner injury. Sort II endometrial diseases, are
thought to be estrogen autonomous, happening in more seasoned ladies, with high–review histologist, for example, uterine papillary serous or clear
cell. (http://emedicine.medscape.com) Endometrial tumor is as of now the commonest pelvic threat influencing American ladies, a large portion of
who offer the same pathophysiologic premise, that is, unopposed estrogenic incitement. The introductory aftereffect of hyperestrogenism is the
improvement of endometrial hyperplasia, which is reversible by and large by fitting hormonal treatment. Steady incitement in the end prompts atypical
hyperplasia with atomic atypia and obtrusive carcinoma. Since there is no practical screening strategy for the location of endometrial hyperplasia and
carcinoma, it is vital to study the high–chance populace with suitable indicative strategies. After conclusion, treatment ought to be individualized in
view of pathologic discoveries (cell sort and histologic evaluation) and degree of sickness (International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians
stage, profundity of myometrium attack, and pelvic and para–aortic lymph hub status). Late studies propose that sex hormone receptors
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Types Of Cancer Of The Uterus, Uterine Sarcomas And...
There are two main types of cancer of the uterus, uterine sarcomas and endometrial carcinomas. Endometrium cancer begins when the tissues of the
inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) begin to grow out of control.1 There are many subtypes of endometrial cancer based on the histology of the
cells. Endometrial cancer is furthermore, graded based on how much the cancer forms and glands that have the similar morphology of healthy and
normal endometrium glands.2 Endometrial Cancer primarily affects woman of postmenopausal age and some of the risk factors include, things that
affect hormone levels, like taking estrogen after menopause, birth control pills, or tamoxifen; the number of menstrual cycles (over a lifetime),
pregnancy, obesity, certain ovarian tumors, and polycystic ovarian syndrome, use of an intrauterine device, age, diet and exercise, diabetes, family
history (having close relatives with endometrial or colorectal cancer, having been diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer in the past, having been
diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia in the past and treatment with radiation therapy to the pelvis to treat another cancer. 3
The four basic treatments for endometrial cancer are surgery, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy andchemotherapy.4 Expanding on treatment, there is
a growing body of evidence that suggests the anti–diabetic class, biguanides, may have effective anti–cancer properties against endometrial cancer. 2
The three drugs included in this class are

Ethical Dilemma Paper
"Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer syndrome (HBOC) is an inherited tendency to develop breast, ovarian and other cancers. Inherited conditions
are passed to an individual through their blood relatives. Although most cancers are not inherited, about 5% of people who have breast cancer and
about 10% of women who have ovarian cancer have HBOC" (Patient Education Online, 2013). "HBOC is caused by an inherited change in a gene,
called a mutation. The majority of HBOC is due to a mutation in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes" (Patient Education Online, 2013). There are
many risks for people with HBOC. These risks include having a higher risk of getting breast cancer (40% to 87% lifetime risk), a higher than usual risk
of breast cancer before age ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first ethical dilemma was understanding that when the patient gets genetic testing it can put the patient through a lot of stress and anxiety, even
when the testing is not certain about certain cancer mutations, it is only a probability. Therefore, after getting results the patient may not be sure if
the results are accurate, which could cause more stress and anxiety to the body and the mind. Along with this dilemma, the health care providers
should think about would be making sure the patient knows what to do about notifying family members once they know their results from the
testing. Notifying family members can be difficult. It can be difficult for the patient and the family members. Make sure the patient has a support
system and someone to go to if they need help notifying their family members about their results. The second ethical dilemma that was recognized
is after the patient did the genetic testing she now knows that she has the Y130X (BRCA1) deleterious mutation, so now she will have to cope with
the increase risk of psychological distress, discrimination by insurers, false sense of security for individuals who test negative for a mutation, and
loss of privacy (any of these risks can happen with positive or negative results). Ms. Crandall is in her reproductive years, this could cause a problem
because women are more likely to develop breast cancer during these years. Dr. Litton says that surgery can

Endometrial Vs Ovarian Cancer
Endometrial and Ovarian Cancer are two of a fatal diseases that occur among woman. Infect Ovarian cancer is more fatal than endometrial cancer and
accounts for almost half of the gynecologic cancer mortality in the world. Therefore there needs to be a careful analysis of the contributing factors
which increase the risk of these diseases.
Risk Factors:
Endometrial Cancer – Obesity and increased BMI are the most common risk factors for endometrial cancer. There have been researches which reveal
that body structure and size especially during adolescence period have a profound effect on the probability of this disease. High dietary fat intake and
estrogen exposure are some of the other contributing factors towards endometrial cancer (Schultz,

A Study On Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women (Up to Date, 2014). The
associated risk can be as high as 12% for every woman in the United States, regardless of family history (American Cancer Society, 2013). For this
reason, care begins with patient education, risk stratification, and preventative medicine. The paper will review preventative options, risk stratification
based on genetics and age, and breast cancer treatment.
Preventative Options Prevention of breast cancer begins with education of evidence–based preventative strategies. Modifiable risk factors such as the
maintenance of a healthy weight and a diet rich in cruciferous vegetables, beta–carotene, fruits, fiber, whole grains, can lower the risk of breast cancer
by 13% (Marshall, 2013). Moreover, omega–3 fatty acids, soy products, and curcumin have demonstrated some reductions in risk related to the
protective pathophysiology. In addition, avoidance of alcohol can lessen the risk (Zhang, Simondsen, & Kolesar, 2012). As a result, when women
practice these preventive lifestyle modifications, breast cancer can be "minimally reduced by 38%" (American Institute of Cancer Research, 2014).
Additionally, the integration of a detection plan is essential to identify disease early. Beginning at age forty, a yearly mammogram can help to
recognize cancer in the early development (American Institute of Cancer Research, 2014). According to the

Merrill Syndrome : Lynch Syndrome
Lynch Syndrome
Lynch Syndrome In 2015, 132,700 people will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) and 49,700 people will die from the disease (ACS,
2015). According to the CDC, 1 in 30 cases of colorectal cancer can be attributed to Lynch syndrome (CDC, 2015). Using figures from 2015, that
would be 3,981 new colorectal diagnoses related to Lynch syndrome. Livstone (2014) states, "Patients with one of several known mutations have a 70
to 80% lifetime risk of developing CRC".
Lynch syndrome, also known as Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Carcinoma (HNPCC), was characterized in 1966 by Henry T. Lynch. His
research in the 1960's was prompted by a single patient's response. According to (Lynch & Lynch, 2004, p. 182), "...the patient's response was that he
knew that he, like "everyone" in his family, was going to die of cancer, and that it would likely be cancer of the colon, although he realized that many
other cancers had also affected the family" (p. 182). Years of research involving this patient's family led to a common connection. Family N showed a
well–defined autosomal dominant mode of genetic transmission of carcinoma of the colon with early age of cancer onset, multiple primaries, and with
the integral association of carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary (Lynch & Lynch, 2004, p. 182–183). Therefore, it was found that gene mutations
put a person at high risk for CRC and endometrial cancer at a much younger age. Since then, Lynch

Ethical Dilemmas Hcs 478
Ethical Dilemmas
Debra Lohmeyer
HCS/478
February 11, 2013
Barbara Scheibe
Ethical Dilemmas
The Allen family presented in the simulation has several health issues they deal with individually that contribute to the family unit. Clifford struggles
with depression that he does not want to have documented or take medications for out of fear. Pam is the glue of the family; she keeps the home
functioning and has not worked outside the family because their son was born with Down's syndrome. Her time is spent caring for him and the home.
She has a history of endometrial cancer and has gone 14 months without a check–up. Gary is an active special needs young man, he holds a job,
participates in Special Olympics and Scouting. The family ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The medical record did raise some questions about the nursing documentation because it falls under the ethical principle of veracity, truth telling
(Guido, 2010, p. 8). The 1945 entry does not include the amount of morphine given. The 0030 entry does not give a description of the CBI color
when this has been assessed and documented on previous shifts, how would a change be reflected. The 0500 entry indicates pain was assessed, does
not indicate a pain score and also states the patient was asleep and this is contradictory. The documentation for Wednesday does not indicate a pain
score but pain medication documentation indicates it was given. The documentation of CBI does not appear and no mention of the CBI as
discontinued status was indicated. The lack of documentation indicates a violation of fidelity, duty to keep promises or commitments because correct
documentation is a duty of nursing when providing accurate care (Guido, 2010, p. 5, 8–9).
The family experiences more dilemmas when Pam is diagnosed with colon cancer. She does not want to worry Clifford, so she does not elaborate
when she does not feel well. The necessity of surgery and the resultant colostomy are difficult for both Pam and Clifford to deal with. They also must
decide to accept treatment with Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy. In this situation using an ethical decision making model would assist them in
arriving at a decision. During the Be Attentive phase all the priorities

WhatВґs Endometrial Cancer?
Endometrial cancer, sometimes called uterine cancer, is cancer of the lining of the uterus. Other types of cancer can form in the uterus, but they are less
common. Endometrial cancer is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract, and the most common type of uterine cancer. Endometrial
cancer usually affects postmenopausal women, but cases may occur at any age. Endometrial cancers are usually adenocarcinomas (tumors that begin in
cells that make mucus and other fluids). The carcinoma is slow growing, but it can metastasize to the cervix, myometrium, vagina, pelvis and lungs.
Although the exact cause of endometrial cancer is unknown, some risk factors have been identified. Obesity is a risk factor, because adipose cells store
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vaginal bleeding usually occurs early enough to allow for cure of the disease. Also, the lower the stage or cancer, the better the outlook. For the
first year after diagnosis and treatment, the survival rate is 92%. If the disease is detected and treated before it spreads, the survival rate at 5 years is
95%. The survival rate is only 23% at 5 years if the cancer has

Cell Fingerprinting
Kenneth Ain is very well–known for his thyroid oncology program at UOK and has more than 70 publications towards his name.
He also has 18 immortal cell lines that were created by taking tissue from the tumors of his patients.
Thyroid Carcinoma affects 60,000 Americans every year.
Someone from the Colorado School of Medicine noticed that the cell lines made by Ain had been contaminated or misinterpreted, some even changed
by other cancer cells.
Ain discovered that 17/18 of the his KAT lines turned out to be imposters.
Many of the original lines were melanoma and colon cancer. These types grow fast and encompass the thyroid malignancies.
During experiments there was human error in which a scientists used a pipette twice, causing contamination. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Cell cultures began use in 1907, they seemed almost like a phenomenon.
The HeLa line is very famous cell line created from the cervical cancer of women.
It allowed people to study diseases such as polio and HIV.
The unknown contamination of cell lines can lead to problematic issues such as patents and wrong publications.
Roland Nardone had 45,000 scientists tested their lines for contamination.
If two lines have the same STR result when fingerprinted they are the same.
Today, there are 50 year old imposter cell lines that are still in use.
An issue with fingerprinting is that it does not tell you the origin of a cell, only if it is a copy of another.
When creating drugs for a certain cancer using the wrong line could cause people to make a drug for the wrong illness, making it useless.
After tediously cleaning the laboratories and developing new lines that were fingerprinted immediately they got contaminated again in 2013 for an
unknown reason.
Korch exposed 19 endometrial and ovarian cell lines that were false, some created from normal tissue allowing to help prevent cancer from beginning.
When cell lines are told to be imposters journalists will still call it x–like whatever it was suppose to be to write about it

The Consumption Of Red Wine
"The health benefits of red wine have come to light in recent years...Hope is on the horizon, and it may be in your glass!" (Ryan Fujiu, 2007)
Wine has been an alcoholic drink that has been consumed for centuries by the upper class and now is one of the most popular alcoholic drinks in the
modern century. However, it is red wine that has been identified as having healthy properties not white wine. This is largely due to a phenomenon
known as the French paradox. The consumption of red wine has been used to explain why the French have the second lowest rate of heart disease in
the world although they have a diet rich in fatty foods (Inserm, 2016).
Red wine is better than white wine due to the high content of the many substances responsible ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Resveratrol is produced by grape vines in order to resist parasites and fungal infections. As seen in graph 1 pinot noir has the highest amounts of
resveratrol. Pinot noir grapes are grown in cooler, damp regions where fungi are more likely to attack grape vines. Due to this grape develop a defence
mechanism called resveratrol which fights the fungi to stop the grape from being infected. Which leads to grapes grown in these climates having higher
amounts of resveratrol.
Studies have shown that resveratrol has many healing and prevention properties such as reducing symptoms associated with reducing heart disease,
cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes, damage to blood vessels and it prevents blood clots forming (WebMD). Study done on rodents was conducted with the
oral administration which decreased tumour growth and had effects of numerous cancerous cells (PMC,2013). Resveratrol can be found in 3 different
forms while in your blood stream these are glucuronide, sulphate or free. While resveratrol is in free form it can bind with lipoproteins and albumin
which dissociates at cellular membranes allowing the resveratrol to enter the cells. Resveratrol's structure allows it to interact with fatty acids
dissolving them which creates lower amounts of cholesterol in blood. Lowering the amount of cholesterol in blood leads to reducing risk of heart
disease.
Resveratrol is an important antioxidant which can help with diabetes, cardiovascular diseases,

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Polycystic ovarian syndrome is among the long list of chronic diseases one could suffer from. "A chronic disease is a disease that persists for a
long time, lasting longer than 3 months and generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication, nor do they disappear"
(MedicineNet, 2017) Per the National Center for Health Statistics, "88% of Americans over 65 years of age have at least one chronic health
condition". (MedicineNet, 2017) There are numerous contributors to chronic diseases including tobacco use, lack of physical activity, heredity and
poor eating habits. Background This paper will discuss a chronic endocrine disorder known as polycystic ovarian syndrome also known as PCOS.
"This syndrome is common among women who are... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Scott, 2017) Hyperandrogenism is usually the major assessment finding and "clinically manifests as acne, excessive hair loss on the scalp, excess
terminal body hair in a male distribution pattern such as the upper lip, the chin, around the nipples, and along the linea alba of the lower abdomen".
(Scott, 2017) During the diagnosis phase of this disease, there is no specific test confirming the diagnosis. A series of exams such as pelvic, uterine,
ultrasound and physicals are performed as well as lab work is completed, including a look at symptoms, periods, and recent weight gain. The
physician then considers all things discussed and rules either way. A client suffering from PCOS. Upon diagnosis of PCOS the patient is "At risk for
disturbed body image r/t presence of acne & growth of female facial hair a.e.b signs of withdrawal from social interaction". (Garoutte, 1970) To
properly manage this disease, interventions could be implemented to help the patient properly cope with and treat this condition. "Interventions include
implementation of the right treatment regimen such as surgery to remove the cyst, frequent diagnostic testing for example ultrasounds, starting the
patient on oral medications such as oral contraceptives and a strong referral to support groups to help the patient adjust to their disease and its
physical changes". (Garoutte, 1970) The goals in mind for PCOS would be to have the patient adhere to a drug regimen daily, have regular bi–monthly
follow up appointments, and attend a support group for coping perhaps once a

Common Risk Factors For Cancer Essay
Bone Cancer Cancer is a disease caused by uncontrollable division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. Cancer cells are normal cells mutated.
Like a normal cell, about to go into the cell division cycle they grow very large. It becomes different when it divides into two but both of them stay
alive. According to World Health Organization (WHO), common risk factors forcancer include: tobacco use, Alcohol use, overweight and obesity,
dietary factors, including insufficient fruit and vegetable intake, physical inactivity, chronic infections from helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B virus
(HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), some types of human papillomavirus (HPV), environmental and occupational risks including ionizing and
non–ionizing radiation. In the world the most common cancer are lung, breast, colorectum, stomach and liver. In 2012 1.59 million people from lung
cancer, 521,000 people from breast cancer, 694,000 people from colorectal cancer, 723,000 people from stomach cancer and 745,000 people from
liver cancer. In the United States the most common cancers are bladder, breast, colon and rectal (combined), endometrial and kidney. In 2016 about
16,390 people died from bladder cancer, 40,450– 440 for breast, 49,190 for colon and rectal, 10,470 for endometrial and 14,240 for kidney. The cancer
I'm researching is bone cancer. Bone cancer is a mass of unusual cell growth in the bone. Most bone tumors aren't cancers though. Bone cancer is a
malignant (cancerous) tumor of the bone

Essay On P16ink4a Overexpression
p16INK4a overexpression in HPV–infected human cancers and their prognostic values
The RB protein is inactivated by interaction with the high–risk HPV oncoprotein E7 (Refs. 131, 132), and oncoprotein E6 induces degradation of the
tumor suppressor p53. RB inactivation releases p16INK4a from its negative feedback control, causing a paradoxical increase in the levels of this protein
, which attempts to inhibit uncontrolled cellular replication. As a consequence, p16INK4a is overexpressed in HPV–expressing tumors such as cervical
cancer and head and neck tumors (Refs. 133–135; Table 1).
Previous reports suggested that p16INK4a immunostaining allows precise identification of even small cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or
cervical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is generally accepted that p16INK4a expression is frequently associated with HPV infection and better prognostic factor in HNSCC (Refs. 136, 137)
since they respond to chemo/radiotherapy.
p16INK4a overexpression in malignant tumors without HPV infection
Aberrant expression of p16INK4a, either high or low, is found frequently in human cancers (Table 1). In colon cancer, two different patterns of
p16INK4a overexpression have been reported. The п¬Ѓrst pattern is related to senescence in serrated adenomas, which have malignant transformation
associated with p16INK4a downregulation (Refs. 138, 139). The second pattern is characterized by a very low p16INK4a immunostaining in normal
mucosa, with a progressively higher expression in aberrant crypt foci, non–serrated adenomas, primary carcinomas and metastatic tumors (Ref. 87). A
similar pattern was observed in skin cancer where p16INK4a expression increases from relatively low levels in pre–malignant lesions to high levels in
in situ and inп¬Ѓltrating carcinomas (Ref. 140). In breast cancer, p16INK4a was negative or low in normal ductal epithelium, but a progressive
increase was found in benign lesions and carcinoma (Refs. 88, 89). Increased nuclear p16INK4a protein expression compared with normal epithelium
has been reported in pre–neoplastic and tumor tissues of the gallbladder (Ref. 141). Therefore, inactivation of

Ovarian Cancer : A Lethal Gynecological Malignancy
Ovarian cancer is a lethal gynecological malignancy; although median age of diagnosis is 56 and older (post–menopausal) it can affect women of any
child–birthing age. It is the 5th most common cancer diagnosed in the UK with 7,284 new cases in 2013 (Ovarian Cancer Statistics, 2013) Although
the incidence is less than that of breast cancer, there is a greater number of deaths (4,271 deaths) associated with it. Almost three–quarters of the ovarian
cancer are diagnosed at late stages after tumors have metastasized within the peritoneal cavity.
Ovarian cancer can either affect the epithelial lining of the ovaries or arise from non–epithelial origins. Approximately 90% of primary malignant
tumors present as epithelial carcinomas (EC). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Type II carcinomas (high grade serous, high grade endometrioid and undifferentiated carcinomas) present at advanced stages, are genetically unstable
and aggressive (Koshiyama, Matsumura and Konishi, 2014).
One of the main reasons that ovarian cancer goes undetected for so long is because symptoms presented are similar to other gastrointestinal disorders
and is commonly misdiagnosed as Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Symptoms include abdominal discomfort, abdominal fullness, bowel habit changes,
bloating and dyspepsia (Bankhead et al., 2014).
If symptoms persist and the GP suspects ovarian cancer, a blood test is commonly performed to detect for protein CA125 in blood; a tumor marker
used to assess ovarian cancer. However, this method is not specific because elevated levels are common in other gynecological conditions such as
endometriosis, adenomyosis and fibroids (Chu and Rubin, 2006). The increased levels may be an indicator since normal surface epithelium of the
ovary does not express this protein and other tests can be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Also a transvaginal ultrasound is done where a probe is
inserted into the vagina to examine the fallopian tubes, womb and ovaries to detect any abnormalities. When a tumor is suspected, a gynecological
laparoscopy is performed where the fallopian tubes,

A Short Note On Beta Catenin And Molecular Biology
1.1. Name of target and key citation0%
Beta Catenin (ОІ–catenin) or Catenin Beta–1 (CTNNB1) protein.
Key citation: Ma, X.Y., Ma, C.X. and Wang, J.H. (2014) Endometrial Carcinogenesis and Molecular Signaling Pathways. American Journal of
Molecular Biology, 4, 134–149.
1.2. What is the normal function of the target?10% ОІ–catenin is a proto–oncogene and it is encoded by CTNNB1 gene. It forms a component of the
E–cadherin – catenin unit which plays essential roles in the cell differentiation and maintenance of the normal tissue architecture. Also, it involves in
the signal transduction, the canonical WNT signalling pathways (ОІ–catenin dependent WNT signalling pathways). The activated canonical WNT
signalling pathways increase the level of ОІ–catenin in the cytoplasm, causing translocation of ОІ–catenin into the nucleus. This raises the level of
ОІ–catenin in the nucleus, leading to the initiation of the transcriptional activation through the LEF/Tcf pathway. The process involves in the canonical
WNT signalling pathways is important in cell proliferation. The deactivated canonical WNT signalling pathways will casue ОІ–catenin to undergo
ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation through the ОІ–TrCP/Skp pathway. These processes happen under normal circumstances of functional
ОІ–catenin.
1.3. How has the target been implicated in cancer?20%
Researchers discovered significance association of CTNNB1 gene mutation with molecular carcinogenesis tumours such as

Overexpression Case Study
p16INK4a overexpression in pre–malignant lesions
Several pieces of evidence suggested that the ability to bypass senescence is the main molecular mechanism involved in the progression of
pre–malignant to malignant cells (Braig 2005; Collado 2007). This hypothesis is based on the concept of oncogene–induced senescence, which was
established after demonstration of p53– and p16Ink4a – mediated senescent–like arrest in response to expression of oncogenic Ras in normal primary
cells (Collado 2007). This event (OIS) has been considered as highly possible mechanism to prevent proliferation of incipient cancer cells (Sinha 2015).
Consistent with this concept, senescent cells have been shown in a number of different benign lesions, including ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
p16INK4a methylation could thus have a diagnostic application; it can be used in the differential diagnosis from pre–malignant and malignant lesions
(Feng 2015).
OIS is emerging as a potent cancer–protective response to oncogenic events, serving to eliminate early neoplastic cells from the proliferative pool.
Kuilman et al. (2008) reported a unique role of interleukin–6 (IL–6) in OIS of cancer cells. Using combined genetic and bioinformatic analysis, they
found that OIS was linked specifically to the activation of an inflammatory transcriptome. Induced genes included IL–6, which upon secretion by
senescent cells acted mitogenically in a paracrine fashion (Kuilman 2008). IL–6 was also required for the execution of OIS, but in a cell–autonomous
fashion. Its depletion caused the inflammatory network to collapse and abolished senescence entry and maintenance. They also demonstrated that C
/EBPОІ cooperated with IL–6 to amplify the activation of the inflammatory network, including IL–8. In human colon adenomas, IL–8 specifically
colocalized with arrested, p16INK4a–positive epithelium. They proposed a model in which the context–dependent cytostatic and pro–mitogenic
functions of interleukins contribute to connect senescence with an inflammatory phenotype and cancer. The role of role of IL–6 in OIS has been
confirmed by later studies

Colorectal Cancer : The Third Most Common Cancer Among Men...
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer among men and women in the United States, and mutations in the MUTYH gene significantly
increase the risk of developing polyps that may evolve into cancer.1,2 Biallelic mutations in the MUTYH gene can lead to MYH–Associated Polyposis
(MAP), which causes the growth of dozens to hundreds of polyps, furthering increasing the risk for colon cancer.2 Meanwhile, recent studies have
shown that both biallelic and monoallelic mutations can contribute to bladder, ovarian, gastric, hepatobiliary, endometrial, and breast cancer.3 The
MUTYH gene itself codes for the MYH glycosylase enzyme, which repairs mistakes in DNA caused by reactive oxygen species.3,4 Also a sign of
oxidative stress, the oxidation product, 8–oxo–7,8–dihydro–2–deoxyguanosine (OG), mimics thymine, eventually matching with adenine and resulting
in a complete loss of the cytosine–guanine pair.4 MUTYH removes the undamaged A base from the mismatched pair, aiding in the correction of such
damage.4 However, when MUTYH is mutated, there is an increase in G to T mutations, which can eventually affect the tumor suppressor genes APC
and K–ras and lead to tumor formation.4 The MUTYH variants Y165C and G382D are the most common mutations seen in individuals with MAP,
and for this reason are of great interest in research working towards reducing the risk of colorectal cancer.2,4 In recent years, the CRISPR/Cas system
for gene editing has become the preferred method for

The Most Common Types Of Cancer
The unforgivable disease, cancer has plagued our society for years. Cancer has dated back to 3000 BC. From then to now, many people have been
diagnosed and died due to this monstrosity of a disease. Since 1990, approximately 11 million new cancer cases have been diagnosed and 5 million
lives have been taken. In 2016, 1,685,210 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in the United States and 595,690 people will die due to cancer. The
most common types of cancer today are breast cancer, lung and bronchus cancer, prostate cancer, colon and rectum cancer, bladder cancer, melanoma of
the skin, non–Hodgkin lymphoma, thyroid cancer, kidney and renal pelvis cancer, leukemia, endometrial cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
Throughout our battle with solving the riddle we call cancer, we have learned important information needed to help us in defeating it. We now
know how certain types of cancers can be avoided, we know what can help to push cancer into remission, we now know how to identify cancer in
the early stages, and etc. By studying this disease throughout the years we have reached some very important milestones in the steps to finding a cure.
The most important discovery would be the answer to this question, who does cancer choose? As we all know there isn't a cancer gene, we aren't born
with cancer. It develops over the years. So scientists all over the globe asked themselves this question, "what is it that everyone who has ever
succumbed to this disease have in common?" They

Endometrial Cancer Papers
Endometrial Cancer and what all women should know
Leah Hanuska
Mohave Community College
Mea 205
Melody Redman
April 14, 2017
Authors Note
This paper was prepared for MEA 205, taught by Melody Redman Abstract
This paper will explain what every woman, teenager, and parent who has female daughter's needs to know about endometrial cancer. It is important for
women to educate themselves about this common disease, but it is also important for parents. If you have abnormal vaginal bleeding that is not
related to menses, there is a clear vaginal discharge, you have long and / or heavy bleeding after the age of 40, difficult or painful urination, pain in
the pelvic area, or if you feel any kind of pain after intercourse, that it is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The endometrium is the lining of the uterus, a hollow, muscular organ in a woman's pelvis. The uterus is where a fetus grows. In most non pregnant
women, the uterus is about 3 inches long. The lower, narrow end of the uterus is the cervix, which leads to the vagina". (www.cancer.gov 2017)
One of the risk factors for endometrial cancer is obesity. These women who are heavier they carry more fat cells than someone who is not obese.
Because there has been such a rise in obesity, this now affects children and teens. There seem to be more cases in younger women today. Other risk
factors are the use of Tamoxifen. This is a drug that is used to treat breast cancer, and while tamoxifen is for breast cancer it hinders the endometrium.
It can cause cancer cells in the lining of the wall to grow, therefore causing endometrium cancer.
Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome (pcos) is another risk factor. PCOS happens when little cysts continue to grow on the ovaries and, filling with fluid and
causing pain. PCOS is an imbalance in a woman's hormones; it causes the excess of progesterone, estrogen, and can cause

Cancer Of Cervix Essay
Gynaec Oncology
Cancer of Cervix
If your loved one or you is diagnosed with or may think that you have cervical cancer, the cancer of cervix team at Radium Cancer Hospital is here to
treat you. We hold internationally recognized physicians who are dedicated to offer compassionate care, treatment, support and personalized diagnosis
for patients suffering with cervical cancer or any member in your family.
Radium Cancer Hospital offers exceptional care by
пѓ Leading gynaec oncology specialists serve you in diagnosis and treatment.
пѓ Through our world class Pap smear evaluation center, systematic Pap smear assessment and management is carried out for all patients.
пѓ Specialised care, radiation treatments, tissue biopsy, etc is.
Cancer of Ovary and Fallopian Tube
The advancement of medicines and technology is reflected in ovarian cancer, which it would be no longer considered as a type of cancer. Ovarian
Cancer has several types and identifying it exactly requires the skill of experienced physicians. Radium Cancer Hospital holds highly skilled
pathologists, experienced in making correct diagnosis to treat the particular type of cancer. Here is why, it is necessary to select a renowned cancer
team dedicated to treat all types of ovarian cancer. We are one of the leading women's cancer centers in India. Our researchers and pathologists are
capable in diagnosing ovarian cancers that includes epithelial, germ cell, primary peritoneal carcinoma, and sex cord stromal.
Cancer of

The Hazardous Disease of Obesity
"Obesity is defined as having excess body fat (CDC)." Obesity quickly spreads and is a hazardous disease. Obesity is very different from being
overweight. Overweight is just another term for being fat whereas, obesity means that one's body contains thirty percent or more body fat. (CDC)
The term "globesity (WHO)," was first used by World Health Organization, meaning obesity is affecting a great proportion of Earth's population.
W. H.O. Termed the word globesity because obesity has turned into a global epidemic and is very popular. (WHO)The older humans get the harder
it is to lose weight! As one gets older it becomes more difficult to lose weight because ones metabolism slows down.(Allman) When it comes to check
someone's weight, a good way to find out if one is overweight or even obese is to check ones BMI or body mass index. If ones BMI is between
twenty–five and twenty–nine, he/she are considered overweight. If ones BMI is, thirty plus then he/she is considered obese. (Overweight) Many
parents often claim that their child is not overweight and just has a little baby fat. In fact, baby fat often turns into obesity by second–grade and is no
longer considered baby fat at the age of five. (Robbins) Twenty–seven percent of America is obese and only thirty–five percent of America holds a
normal weight. That leaves an additional thirty–five percent of Americans that are overweight. Over forty million, or one out of three children and
teens are overweight or obese. Over

Primary Care Providers ( Pcp )
Primary care providers (PCP) can play a key role in educating and encouraging high risk individuals and in a patients understanding of risk
perceptions and acceptance of genetic risk associated to LS cancers, as PCP support is influential in an individual's ability to adjust to carrier status
and acceptance of surveillance regimens (Marquez et al., 2013; Marzuillo et al., 2013). PCP's knowledge of LS screening of patients with cancers in a
health care delivery organizations can be instrumental in assessing of LS, implementation, and knowledge of collaborating with a genetic team in a
patients care, ensuring test completion and follow up to abnormal screening, which can result in successful implementation of routine screening and
assist patients in adhering to a colonoscopic surveillance program (de jong et al., 2005; Marzuillo et al., 2013). The incidence of cancer in young onset
has raised steadily for the last three decades, due to different types of cancer, more specifically, undetected genetic cancers seen in LS (Rosato et al.,
2013; NIH, 2016).
The number of deaths in young onset genetic cancers has been increasing, indicating a lack of progress in LS awareness (Tan et al., 2014). The
increase in mortality may be linked to health care barriers and lack of genetic risk education in high risk families, therefore emphasizing the
importance of a PCP's role in young adult care, such as recommending screening protocol for those at risk for LS, beginning at age 20–25 years,

Cervical Cancer: A Case Study
1.0 Introduction
This paper will analyse the condition of cervical cancer and the incidence of cervical cancer in Australia and Africa. This paper will later find out about
the prevention of cervical cancer.
2.0 Definition of cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is a chronic neoplasm growing in the lining of the cervix (Shepherd, 2012). Each year, over half a million of women are diagnosed
with cervical cancer (Shepherd, 2012). Dunleavey (2008) stated that there are two main types of cervical cancer: the first type is squamous cell
carcinoma which begins in thin, flat cells that line the lower part of the cervix; the second type is adenocarcinomas which develop in the glandular
cells that line the upper portion of the cervix. Jordon & Tewari (2015) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4.0 Prevention of cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is curable and preventable if it is detected early (Parker, 2010). No symptoms are shown in early stage (Jin, 2014). Currently, there
are two approaches for the prevention of cervical cancer: the primary prevention is by HPV vaccination and secondary prevention is by cervical
cancer screening, which is widely known as Pap test or Pap smear and human papillomavirus (HPV) test (Lertkhachonsuk et al., 2013).
There are two types of vaccines against HPV, which are the bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines (Denny, 2008). Both vaccines are introduced to defend
the two high–risk HPV types: type 16 and type 18, which contribute to 70% of cervical cancers in women (Lertkhachonsuk et al., 2013). Crowe,
Pandeya, Brotherton, Dobson, Kisely, Lambert & Whiteman (2014) stated that women who completed the vaccination series at the ages of 11–27 have
a lower risk to be diagnosed with cervical

The Problem And Its Background Of Cervical Cancer
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction Throughout the world and through the years, it is always a traumatic experience being faced by patients diagnosed with cancer, popularly
identified as "The Big C". There are several challenges one has to face. Among the hundred of cases conducted on patients with cancer , particularly on
women , the extraordinary reality is that the cancer is not always the most difficult part of their lives. Instead , it maybe directed at problems of living
that are related only tangentially to cancer. "The Big C" – otherwise known as cancer – is the third leading cause of death in the Philippines. In recent
years, between the years 1980 to 1995, cervical cancer or cancer of the cervix has been ranked amongst the most prominent types of cancer in the
country, third only to lung (ranked first) and breast cancer (second). It is interesting to note that cervical cancer is the first gyne–type cancer that
appears on the "Leading Sites of Cancer" list. This simply means that we are aware of the dangers posted by lung and breast cancer. So much so, that
significant time and attention has been given to it to promote early detection and prevention.
Although we cannot singularly undermine these types of cancer, it cannot be denied that cervical cancer has indeed claimed so many lives of
women. It is impossible not to find a family that has lost a sister, a mother, a grandmother or a friend because of this disease. Cervical cancer is an

Effects Of Obesity On The Health
There are many women's health topics that can affect all generations of female patients. As future providers, it will be important to identify important
women health issues that can possibly be prevented, or the risk of developing the condition reduced with education, health promotion, and wellness for
the patient. The patient may need encouragement, a listening ear, or time spent with them to develop a goals and a plan for health promotion. A women's
health topic that is well known is the negative effect of obesity and endometrial cancer.
Topic of Interest
Obesity negatively impacts the health of women in many ways and is a condition that can be avoided if proper lifestyle changes are made and put
into place. Obesity increases the risk of multiple diseases, such as diabetes, coronary artery disease, low back pain, knee osteoarthritis, and multiple
cancers (Kulie et al., 2011). Since the prevalence of obesity is on the rise, it is vital that all providers and patients understand the negative impact that
obesity has on one's health. Evidence is overwhelming that obesity is a risk factor for developing gynecologic and breast cancers, and a higher body
mass index (BMI) can also adversely impact one's survival from cancer. Endometrial carcinoma is powerfully related to obesity due to multiple
pathways, such as the effects of anovulation that is associated with poly cystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and the endometrium being chronically
exposed to unopposed estradiol (Kulie et

Breast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
One out of eight women around the world develops the most common disease called Breast Cancer. In the United States, about 200,000 women suffer
from this disease and it causes more than 40,000 death each year. Breast cancer is a cancer cell (malignant tumor) that forms in the breast. The
cancerous cells grow in the breast and then invade the healthy cells and the surrounding tissues of the breast and it can also spread into other parts of
the body. Breast cancer is more common in women but men can also get it too. One of the reasons that males are less likely to develop breast cancer
because males have less estrogen and progesterone hormones which is a higher risk of breast cancer cell to grow. There are many risks factors that
can cause ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Stephanie R. Land (2014), Cigarette smoking, physical activity, and alcohol consumption have been implicated in previous studies as
risk or protective factors for cancer at a number of organ sites. Cigarette smoking, long known to increase the risk of lung cancer, is also associated
with increased risk of many other cancers, including those of the colon and breast (1–10). There is an inverse effect of cigarette smoking for
endometrial cancer, especially among postmenopausal overweight or obese women (due possibly to an antiestrogenic effect of smoking; refs. (11–16).
Physical activity seems to be a protective factor for many cancers (17–21). Alcohol consumption has been associated with increased risks of breast,
lung, and colon cancer, among others (22–24). The evidence is stronger for some of these associations than others, and the generalizability across
populations varies as well.
Every women is different so they develop different types of breast cancer. Breast cancer occurs under two categories: invasive and noninvasive.
Invasive breast cancer is cancerous cells that can break through breast tissues and spread into different parts of the body through bloodstreams and
lymph nodes. Noninvasive breast cancer is cancerous cells that stay in only one area of the breast and it cannot extend in other surrounding tissue.
Other types of breast cancer are; Paget 's disease of the nipple, phyllodes tumor, mucinous carcinoma, sarcoma of the

Why Do Sugary Drinks Should Be Banned
The sugary drink ban ve an idea made by the people who are concern about the way that people are treating them self healthwise. This ban is the
main reaction to people becoming obese in the country it was a way that people were going to fight back on obesity. The reason why Obesity is a
major problem in our society is that more than 30 percent of our population today is obese. This is a major problem in our community alone in the
United States of America with a population of 323.1 million people about 96,930,000 of them are overweight or obese. Obesity is when you have
become overweight from food like,"High–calorie,good–tasting, and inexpensive foods have become widely available and are heavily advertised.
Portion sizes have increased, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rounding out the top three is bottled water at 28.3 gallons," (https://www.huffingtonpost.com ). As people become to drink more soda the reason
for this ban is increased and becomes more necessary because obesity is such a big problem. It is one of the main reasons that people around the
world are going on diets, starting to exercise more and pay hundreds of dollars for a product he claims to help you lose weight or thousands for a
surgery that will take out some of the fat. People are willing to do this because of the risks that it can cause ,"Obese adults are at increased risk for
many serious health conditions, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes and its complications, coronary heart disease, stroke,
gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, and respiratory problems, as well as endometrial, breast, prostate, and colon cancers." (https:/
/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44656/ ) these life–threatening problems have put thousands of people in the hospital and have killed hundreds of
them each year. It affects many people in just the U.S.A. alone,"The 2016 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) found combined overweight
and obesity rates for children and teens ages 10 to 17 ranged from a low of 19.2 percent in Utah to a high of 37.7 percent in Tennessee." ( https:/
/stateofobesity.org/rates/ ) this means that at least sixty–one million eight hundred eighty–three thousand are obese. The main reason that people
become this unhealthy is because companies have made it so easy to access them through restaurants all over the world to the corner store you can get
easy access to these wherever you go," In the past, your

Skin Cancer Symptoms
Many people believe that the symptoms of cancer are not present until the malignant tumor has spread beyond the stages at which it can be treated.
This is not entirely true. Some types of cancer tend to be particularly "elusive" and do not manifest themselves in any way. However, most forms of the
condition have noticeable symptoms. The problem is that they are usually similar to the ones of common and much less serious illnesses.
For all this reason it is worth learning more about the most common cancer warning signs that can be easily ignored. It is true that the symptoms may
signal another medical condition, but this should not stop you from seeing your doctor immediately. In this way, you will have the peace of mind that
you are fine. Even if you are diagnosed with a less serious medical condition, it will still need treatment.
Pain is probably the most common ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you notice that a lump or swelling of the lymph nodes and it is persistent, a medical check is necessary. If these symptoms are not caused by an
infection or another illness, you will most likely be tested for cancer.
Skin changes the most notable skin cancer symptoms. An abnormal mole is relatively easy to notice. It should be examined by a physician right away.
Difficulty swallowing is one of the symptoms of cancer that is extremely easy to notice. It is a signal that you may have a type of gastrointestinal
cancer and esophagus cancer, in particular. It might also suggest the present of a tumor in the throat.
Changes in the breast of women, in their texture, skin or temperature may be warning signs of breast cancer. This is true for changes in the nipples as
well. Men should be equally worried, if they notice these symptoms and mass building in their breast area, in particular.
In general, try not to deny the presence of these symptoms of cancer and take measures for identifying the problem straight

Stage IIIA Endometrial Cancer Case Study
In the article given, a 53–year old gravida 2 para 1 patient with Stage IIIA endometrial cancer went at Women and Infants ambulatory surgical unit for
a lymph node dissection and a bilateral salpingo–oophorectomy (Yee, 2017). Before the initial agreement for the operation, a medical staff reviewed to
the patient all of the necessary informed consent contract, including the reasons and benefits of the procedure, as well as the risks of refusing it. The
patient was noticeably anxious, but proceeded to sign the consent form. After the anesthesia team evaluated the patient and determined that the patient
had type 2 diabetes, anxiety disorder, hypertension, a BMI of 58.2, and a Mallampati Class IV airway difficult for intubation (Yee, 2017).... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It would have been just for the medical team to assess the anxiety of the patient before preceding the surgery. The right for consent and autonomy of the
patient conflicted with the decision of the medical team resulting to an ethical dilemma in this case. An informed consent can be accomplished through
communication, implicit or explicit, or a signed consent (Taylor, 2013). The individual must be competent, which means capable of understanding,
retaining, using and weighing information to communicate decision with others, in order for the consent to be valid (Taylor, 2013). In addition, the
consent should be taken without any medical administration, or distress that can compromise the patient's competency. The result of an individual or
team that committed non–consensual act can be charged with battery, or assault (Taylor, 2013). According to the code of ethics, the health care teams
have an obligation to honor the patient's decision to withdraw (Lachman, 2015). The medical team ignored the withdrawal of the patient concerning the
surgery and continues to proceed with the operation, which is a breach from the patient's consent. If the patient's rejection is discarded, it also violates
the patient's autonomy, which is the capacity to act freely with decision and independently (Purtilo, 2013). According to the code of ethics, "patients
have the moral and legal right to determine what will be done with and to their person,"

The Cause of Endometrial Cancer Essay
Uterine cancer, sometimes referred to as endometrial cancer, is the most commonly diagnosed gynecologic cancer in the United States (ACS, 2013;
CDC, 2012). Each year about 45,000 women get uterine cancer and about 8,400 women die from it (CDC, 2012). It is a cancer caused by abnormal
cells growing in the lining of the uterus, or endometrium (ACS, 2013; CDC, 2012). The two major types of uterine cancer are adenocarcinoma and
sarcoma. Adenocarcinoma develops from the endometrium, which make up more than 95% of uterine cancers (Amant et al., 2005). The endometrium
plays a major role each month by swelling in preparation for pregnancy in women of reproductive age; and if pregnancy does not occur, then the lining
sheds and flows out of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Endometrial cancer is rare in women under the age of 45 and slightly more common in white women; however, black women are more likely to die
from it. Other risk factors associated with endometrial cancer include age, where women over 50 years are at greater risk; ethnicity; and having other
cancers such as breast and ovarian cancer (ACS, 2013; CDC, 2012; NCI, 2010).
Classification
Nearly all uterine cancers start in the endometrium and are referred to as endometrial carcinomas or adenocarcinomas, meaning that they originate from
a single layer of epithelial cells lining the endometrium (Creasman et al., 2003). The most common type of endometrial carcinoma is endometriod
adenocarcinoma, which makes up about 80% of all endometrial carcinomas (Amant et al, 2005). Endometrioid cancer is composed of cells in the gland
that resembles normal endometrium. The grade of endometrioid cancer is dependent on glands that form and look similar to the glands found in
normal, healthy endometrium. The lower the grade, the more cancerous tissue forms glands (ACS, 2013; Amant et al., 2005).
Grade 1: tumors have 95% or more of the

Cancer Physical Activity
Physical activity and cancer has been the center of countless research studies. Multiple scientific studies have proven that physical activity reduces
risk factors by of 24% in colon cancer, 12% in breast cancer, and 20% in endometrial cancer (Cancer.Gov) Physical activity is imperative for
individuals to maintain a balance between the amount of calories consumed and the amount of calories used. Consistently expending fewer calories
than are consumed leads to obesity, which scientists have convincingly linked to increased risk of 13 different cancers. Additionally, evidence indicates
that physical activity may reduce the risks of several cancers through other mechanisms; independent of its effects on obesity (Cancer.gov). Studies
have shown that exercise can lower the damaging effects of age on immune function, therefore increasing anti–cancer immunity.Physical activity has a
number of biological effects on our bodies, some of which have been proposed to explain associations with specific cancers, including: Lowering levels
of hormones, such as insulin and estrogen, and of certain growth factors that have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many studies examining the relation to exercise and colon cancer. Researchers have found that individuals who exercise and increase FITT
principles can reduce the chance of developing colon cancer up to 40 percent (NIH, 2016) The American College of Sports Medicine recommends that
adult do aerobic exercises 7 days a week for about 30–60 minutes a day. Resistance exercises should be done 2–3 days a week 6080% of 1 repetition
max (RM) (Thompson, W.,

Personal Statement : My First Pregnancy
Personal Statement It 's 2:30 in the morning, and the only thing that surrounds me are the continuous sounds of dry heaves and vomit, spewing into the
toilet in front of me. This is my third pregnancy. Hyperemesis Gravidarum– the diagnosis I have now heard three times. But this time, the
circumstances were a bit different. Just a few short months ago, my husband and I made the decision to have my tubal ligation reversed. We had
previously talked about the possibility of having more children and knew the challenges we were likely to face. But it wasn 't until my diagnosis
that it became a reality that it was no longer on my time. You see, there has been a history of various cancers that have rampaged my fathers side of
the family like the Black Plague. Several aunts and uncles as well as cousins and grandparents have suffered from cancers linked to Lynch
Syndrome. After my fathers death, something changed inside of me. My way of thinking had been altered. I knew that I wanted to spend my life
making a positive and profound difference in the lives of others, but I had yet to figure out how I would do so. I attended many colleges and worked
towards degrees of many different professions. Ultimately obtaining a bachelor 's degree in business and a masters degree in education. While
attending school, I held a multitude of jobs from waiting tables and working in a family practice setting, to working in education with special needs
children as well as the regular classroom.

Endometrial Cancer Research Paper
Endometrial cancer is one of the most common forms of gynaecological cancer in the developed countries, and is the sixth most common cancer in the
women.12 Endometrial cancer appears most frequently during perimenopause (between the ages of 50 and 65;13overall, 75% of endometrial cancer
occurs after menopause.14 Women younger than 40 make up 5% of endometrial cancer cases and 10–15% of cases occur in women under 50 years of
age. The prognosis is generally good, as the cancer is often diagnosed while the tumour is confined to the uterine corpus. The five–year survival rate for
endometrial adenocarcinoma following appropriate treatment is 80%.15 Early diagnosis and treatment are important because the 5–year survival of
patients varies from 90% to 100% in patients with little or no myometrial involvement, to 40% to 60% in patients with deep myometrial invasion.6
Endometrial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The oldest and most commonly used is Endometrial curettage. Vacuum–suction curettage devices like Vabra aspirator (Berkeley Medevices, Berkeley,
California) allowed sampling without the need of anesthesia . It was found to be 86% accurate in diagnosing cancer.21 Recently Pipelle device
(Unimar, Wilton, Connecticut), which is cheaper , smaller and less painful is popular and has similar efficacy.

Scientific Literature Focused On Chromosomal Dna And Dna,...
Conglomeration of Scientific Literature Focused on Chromosomal Telomere Length (TL) In Blood Leukocytes, Sputum, and Buccal Cells as It Relates
to Cancer Occurrences by: Andy Barajas
Bio 490, Fall 2014
Department of Biological Sciences
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Abstract
This is a conglomeration of scientific literature as it relates telomere length in blood cells to the occurrence of cancer. Telomeres are composed of
repeating TTAGGG nucleotides and they are found at the ends of chromosomes. These chromosomal caps are what protect the genetic material of a
cell. Every time a cell replicates its DNA, its telomeres become slightly shorter than the parent cell. Upon excessive shortening of the telomere, the
chromosomal genetic information begins to degrade upon replication which leads to instability. This eventually can cause cancer as the studies
discussed in this paper have shown. Individuals who have an inherited bone marrow condition known as Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) have short
telomeres and an 11–fold increase chance of getting cancer. Overall, cancer patients were found to have shorter telomeres than usual in their
leukocytes, sputum, or buccal cells. The cancers of interest in this review include: head and neck, breast, gastric, lung, colorectal, ovarian, esophageal,
prostate, skin bladder, renal, endometrial, non–Hodgkin lymphoma, and liver cancer.
Introduction Chromosomes are usually capped by non–coding sequences known as telomeres. As

Tumor Suppression Genes Research Paper
Tumor Suppression Genes
Introduction
Cell replication and division is vital for growth and development. The mechanisms associated with replication of DNA are very precise. However,
there can be errors at times and when these errors occur there could be problems in reproduction process. Some of these errors can cause uncontrolled
cell growth causing tumor formation. There are genes within the human genome that prevent this uncontrolled growth from occurring. These genes are
known as tumor suppression genes. They work in a very specific way and are vital for proper growth. Though they fix errors, the tumor suppression
genes can malfunction or be malformed at times as well. When these errors occur, there can be serious consequences.
What ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Oncogenes are genes that work in the opposite way of tumor suppression genes. They cause uncontrolled growth of cells and are activated when tumor
suppression genes become inactive. An example of this can be found in the mutation that causes Retinoblastoma. This is a condition that is found
within the eye which is caused by a malfunctioning tumor suppression gene. The tumor suppression gene that malfunctions in retinoblastoma is the
RB1 gene. This malfunction causes the activation of oncogenes. This ultimately leads to cells in the retina growing uncontrollably and causing tumors
and cancer to develop in the eye.
Tumor Suppression Genes and Caner Recently, a lot of research is being done involving tumor suppression genes and cancer. Scientists have been
testing tumor suppression genes in gene therapy experiments. In these experiments the tumor suppression genes are injected into cancer cells and
tumors. These genes are able to causes the cancer cell to die via apoptosis. Though it has yet to become a treatment for cancer, the future looks
promising using this method.

Outline On Cancer Research Paper
Cancer
There are over 200 different types of cancer. The cell that is involved determines which cancer it is. Cancer is characterized by rapid cell growth. It is
considered the leading cause of death in the world, but it's the second in the United States. In a year more than 1.5 million people are diagnosed with
cancer just in the United States. Of those diagnosed, over 500,000 will die from this disease. African Americans are more likely to die of cancer than
any other race.
Cancer harms the body when altered cells divide uncontrollably to form lumps or masses of tissue which is called tumors (except in the case of
leukemia where cancer prohibits normal blood function by abnormal cell division in the blood stream). Tumors can grow and

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Being Fat
Downsides of being fat Many people are scared of stepping on to the weighing scale due to the huge number that's going to get displayed on the
screen. That's just the first disadvantage of being fat. You really don't want people to know how much you weigh. It will give them a reason to point a
finger at you! Well, apart from the alarming number, there are many other downsides of being fat. Most people are unaware about the consequences of
carrying around the extra pounds. Many are not even bothered by it. But, let's face it – There are many serious repercussions of being plump. Being
overweight or obese can shorten your life and lower the quality of your life considerably. Let's see how? Carrying surplus fat around your figure can
affect you in the following ways: 1.The risk of heart disease increases – The extra fat in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fewer friends, inactive social life – Although a person's body has nothing to do with one's personality, most people judge a person by his/her looks and
figure. Most people who are overweight have fewer friends since people do not want to be seen with a person who has an unattractive figure. Obese
people also have an inactive social life since they are not a part of any group and end up being alone. 14.Obese people are more likely to be depressed
– The social stigma attached to being obese and the constant staring and nagging of people makes obese people disheartened and depressed. They stop
feeling good about themselves and about their lives and they think that nobody wants to be with them and listen to them. Isolation and the feeling of
being inappropriate makes them stressed and they often suffer from depression. 15.Face difficulty selecting clothes – Not all shops stock clothes of plus
sizes and this makes it difficult for an obese person to shop. Many clothes suit only thin people and so the options are much less for an obese person.
Many a times they are unable to fit in to their own clothes because their size keeps on

Adequate Sleep Research Paper
. Adequate sleep Adequate sleep is important for sustain a good body shape. Sleep maintains a balance between hormones like ghrelin, leptin that are
responsible for hunger. Insufficient sleep interrupts the balance and thereby increases appetite, as a result leading to excess fat18. Excessive day
sleepiness (EDS) and fatigue are common symptoms of obesity and are linked to an individual's health issues.
4.7. Pathological
In addition to, mechanical effects on the body (i.e., exacerbating osteoarthritis and back pain due to extra weight) because of the extra weight placed
on the skeleton, obesity is associated with a higher incidence of several pathologies.
5.Main Disorders of obesity:
Obesity is now becoming the most prevalent problem affecting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In women, obesity is the third most effective indicator of CVD after age and blood pressure 20. The risk of heart attack for an obese woman is more
than that of a thin woman of the same age. Obese individuals are more likely to have low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, decreased high
density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and elevated blood triglycerides. This metabolic delineation is most often seen in obese people with a high
accumulation of intra–abdominal fat and has regularly been related to an increased risk of CHD21. It was found also that, blood pressure increases
with BMI; for every 10 kg increase in weight, blood pressure rises by 2–3mm Hg. On the other hand, weight loss resulted in a fall in blood pressure
and exactly, for each 1% reduction in body weight, blood pressure falls by 1–2mm Hg. The occurrence of hypertension in overweight individuals is
almost three times higher than in non–overweight adults and the risk in overweight persons aged 20–44 years of hypertension is almost six times
greater than in non–overweight adults. The occurrence of hypertension in overweight individuals is almost higher than in non–overweight adults and
the risk in obese individuals aged 15–45 years of hypertension is greater than in non–overweight

Case Study Of Beta HCG Quant : Is : R / O Pregnancy
(1). Beta HCG Quant: is (–) r/o pregnancy; cost $21.03 (Epocrates, 2016). (2). CBC with platelet count: to r/o anemia, infection, & thrombocytopenia
is (–); cost $29.00 (Find lab test.com, 2017).
(3) TSH is (–) for both hypothyroidism & hyperthyroidism; cost $23.47 (Epocrates, 2016). (4). CMP to obtain liver function test and baseline
electrolytes; cost $14.77 (Epocrates, 2016). (5). Prolactin level if the patient reported period of (>35–day cycles) oligomenorrhea or galactorrhea is (–)
for hyperprolactinemia; cost $27.08 (Epocrates, 2016). High prolactin levels have a higher association with amenorrhea but without knowing the full
history this is a possible lab to obtain. (6) NAAT urine: Chlamydia/Gonorrhea is (–) to r/o infection if ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
High prolactin levels have a higher association with amenorrhea but without knowing the full history this is a possible lab to obtain; cost $27.08
(Epocrates, 2016). (6) NAAT urine: Chlamydia/Gonorrhea is (–) to r/o infection if she has + risk factor of having a new sexual partner or multiple
sexual partners in the recent 6 months; $27.37 & $16.76 (Epocrates, 2016). (7) Pap smear with contesting for HPV (–) to rule out cervical cancer
during exam at clinic if not up–to–date; cost $80.00 + $49.04 (Epocrates, 2016). (8). Fecal occult blood test: depending on the history this would be
another possible test that I would order to rule out colon as the site of bleeding; cost 84.00 (Find lab test online.com, 2017). (9). Transvaginal u/s is (–)
for any structural abnormalities. Transvaginal u/s is useful in measuring the endometrial thickness; preferably to be completed on day 6 of the
menstrual cycle; costs $575.00 (New Choice Health, 2017). (10). Endometrial biopsy is (–) to r/o a premalignant lesion or endometrial cancer; cost
$511.00 (MD Sav, n.d.). Reference: Juve, Schadewald, Youngkin, & Davis, 2013
(1). Beta HCG Quant (–) r/o pregnancy; cost $21.03 (Epocrates, 2016). (2) Transvaginal ultrasound is (+) endometrial is thicken but it may not provide
adequate information because the patient's hormones are fluctuating; the endometrial stripe < 5 mm; cost $575.00 (New Choice Health, 2017). (3).
Endometrial biopsy is (+)

Endometrial Cancer In Women

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