Environment management

ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
By,
Moncy Kuriakose
Assistant Professor
GBS

REFERENCES
 Bala Krishnamurthy – Environmental Management:
Text and Cases, PHI.
 Arindita Basak – Environmental Studies, Pearson
Education.
 Kaushik and Anubha – Environmental Studies, New
Age International.

ENVIRONMENT
 The surroundings or
conditions in which a
person, animal, or plant
lives or operates.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
 An attempt to control human impact on and
interaction with the environment in order to
preserve natural resources

CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
 The ecological balance and ecosystem stability are
duly maintained by the nature itself
 But the emergence of modern industrial era has
disturbed the ecological balance through heavy
industrialization, rapacious exploitation of
resources, unplanned urbanization etc..

CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
 Environmental management is thus, the process to
improve the relationship between the human beings
and environment
 Achieved through check on destructive activities of
man, conservation, protection, regulation and
regeneration of nature.

ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AIM
 To educate managers about the likely impact of
industrial and economic activities on the
environment.

OBJECTIVE OF ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
 To identify the environmental problem and to find
its solution
 To restrict and regulate the exploitation and
utilization of natural resources.
 To regenerate degraded environment and to
renew natural resources (renewable).
 To control environmental pollution and gradation.
 To reduce the impacts of extreme events and
natural disaster.

CONTD….
 To make optimum utilization of natural resources.
 To assess the impacts of proposed projects and
activities on environment.
 To review and revise the existing technologies and
make them ecofriendly.
 To formulate laws for the implementation of
environmental protection and conservation
programmes.

ECOSYSTEM
 An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in
conjunction with the nonliving components of their
environment (things like air, water and mineral soil),
interacting as a system.

IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
 To clarify modern environmental concept like how to
conserve biodiversity
 To know the more sustainable way of living
 To use natural resources more efficiently
 To know the behavior of organism under natural
conditions
 To know the interrelationship between organisms in
populations and communities
 To aware and educate people regarding
environmental issues and problems at local,
national and international levels
 To have development without environment
degradation.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 Brundtland commission definition - “ meeting the
needs of the present generation without
compromising the needs of future generation”

THE BRUNDTLAND REPORT
 The term ‘sustainable development’ was
popularized by the World Commission on
Environment and Development (WCED) in its 1987
report entitled Our Common Future.
 This book is also known as the Brundtland Report,
after the Chair of the Commission and former Prime
Minister of Norway, Gro Harlem Brundtland.
 The aim of the World Commission was to find
practical ways of addressing the environmental and
developmental problems of the world

AIM OF WCED
 To re-examine the critical environmental and
development issues and to formulate realistic
proposals for dealing with them;
 To propose new forms of international co-operation
on these issues that will influence policies and
events in the direction of needed changes; and
 To raise the levels of understanding and
commitment to action of individuals, voluntary
organisations, businesses, institutes, and
governments.

KEY ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN BRUNDTLAND
REPORT
 The report recommended urgent action on eight
key issues to ensure that development was
sustainable -
 Population and Human Resources
 Industry
 Food Security
 Species and Ecosystems
 The Urban Challenge
 Managing the Commons
 Energy
 Conflict and Environmental Degradation

BRUNDTLAND REPORT - STRATEGY FOR
SUSTAINING DEVELOPMENT
 The Brundtland report suggest threefold strategy for
meeting the challenges of sustainable
development:
1. Build on the positive links: polices of growth -
efficient use of resources
2. Break the negative links: effective environment
policies and institutions are essential
3. Clarify and manage the uncertain links: adoption
of precautionary measures where uncertainties
are great

VARIOUS CONFERENCES ON ENVIRONMENT
 UN Conference on the Human Environment (1972),
Stockholm
 World Commission on Environment and
Development (1987)
 United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (1992), Rio de Janeiro
 General Assembly Special Session on the
Environment (1997),New York
 World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002),
Johannesburg
 UN Conference on Sustainable Development
(2012), Rio de Janeiro

ELEMENTS OF ENVIRONMENT
 Living or biotic environment ( human, plants and
animals)
 Non Living or abiotic environment - may be physical
or chemical or both ( light, temperature, soil etc)

ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
 Two components -
 Abiotic components
a) Lithosphere (Land)
b) Atmosphere (Air)
c) Hydrosphere (Water)
 Biotic components
a) Plants
b) Animals
c) Micro organisms

ECOLOGICAL BALANACE
 Ecosystem includes - firstly, abiotic or non living -
secondly, producers(autotrophs) and
consumers(heterotrophs) - thirdly, decomposers
like bacteria and fungi
 Healthy ecosystem - nature maintains an
equilibrium between various components
 Ecological balance can get disturbed due to
extreme climatic fluctuations and natural disasters -
floods, earthquakes, extreme heat or cold etc
 Commercial activities of mankind with profit
maximization aim can disturb the ecological
balance

BIODIVERSITY
 The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in
a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually
considered to be important and desirable
 It is the variety and variability of organisms and
ecosystem
 Biodiversity typically measures variation at the
genetic, the species, and the ecosystem level

CONTD…
 Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be greater near the
equator, which seems to be the result of the warm
climate and high primary productivity.
 Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth, and is
richest in the tropics.
 These tropical forest ecosystems cover less than 10 per
cent of earth's surface, and contain about 90 percent of
the world's species.
 Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in
the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is
highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans.
 Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass
extinctions

LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY
 Genetic diversity - Variation of genes within species
Eg. Various varieties of mangoes
 Species diversity - Variety in the number and
richness of the species within a region and is
measured at the level of species.
Eg. Panthera leopersica(lion), Panthera tigris(big
cat) and Panthera uncial(snow leopard),all belong
to same genus -panthera
 Ecosystem diversity - Different types of
ecosystems/habitats. Eg.Terrestrial(forest,
grassland, desert) and aquatic(fresh water, marine)

VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY
 Biodiversity as a resource:
1. Food - wheat, rice etc
2. Pharmaceutical - Penicillin from fungus Penicillium
3. Fuel - coal, petroleum, natural gas etc
4. Products - silk, wool, paper etc
 Non resource value of Biodiversity:
1. Ethic value - code of appropriate behavior towards
biodiversity
2. Aesthetic value - people spent time and money for
enjoying value of biodiversity - Ecotourism.
3. Cultural value - religious value - plants and animal
symbol of national pride and cultural heritage
4. Optional value - future use of resources and future flow
of information regarding the use of resources

CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
 In-situ Conservation: Deals with conservation of
species in their natural habitat.
1. National Parks - Reserved piece of land
maintained by a national government for the
welfare of wildlife
2. Wild life Sanctuary - Area reserved for
conservation of animals - Hunting is prohibited
3. Biosphere Reserves - Undisturbed national areas
for scientific studies - areas in which conditions of
disturbance are under control

CONTD…
 Ex-situ Conservation: Refers to conservation of species
outside their natural habitat.
1. Seed Banks - cold storage - (-20 C) preserved for
hundred of years.
2. Cryo Preservations - preserved in liquid nitrogen (-196
C) for long periods.
3. Botanical Garden - conservation of plants species
4. Gene Banks - Collection and preservation of genetic
resources of wild relatives of crop plants by NBPGR
5. Aquaria - Conservation of fresh water species
6. Tissue Culture - It is the growth of tissues or cells
separate from the organism.

THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY
 Causes for extinction of biodiversity:
1. Over Hunting
2. Habitat destruction - deforestation main reason
3. Invasion of non native species - eg parthenium
hysterophorous (congress grass) - native of south
America - invaded Indian field.
4. Climate change
5. Natural catastrophe
6. Over exploitation
7. Pollution

PRINCIPLES FOR CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY
 Deepen people's understanding of biodiversity
 Act in such a way as to conserve biodiversity
 Use our business operations to help conserve
biodiversity
 Hunting should be regulated
 Preservation and protection of critical habitats of the
plant and animal species
 Over exploitation of useful products of wildlife should be
avoided
 National park and Sanctuaries should be set up to
protect wildlife
 The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1992 provides legal
measures for the protection of wild animals

BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA
 India has some of the world's most biodiverse regions.
 The political boundaries of India encompass a wide
range of ecozones—desert, high mountains, highlands,
tropical and temperate forests, swamplands, plains,
grasslands, areas surrounding rivers, as well as island
archipelago.
 It hosts 4 biodiversity hotspots: the Western Ghats, the
Himalayas, the Indo-Burma region and the
Sundaland[Includes Nicobar group of Islands].
 These hotspots have numerous endemic species
 India is home to several well-known large mammals,
including the Asian elephant, Bengal tiger, Asiatic lion,
leopard and Indian rhinoceros

CONTD…
 The tiger has been particularly important, and Project
Tiger, started in 1972, was a major effort to conserve the
tiger and its habitats.
 Project Elephant, though less known, started in 1992
and works for elephant protection.
 Most of India's rhinos today survive in the Kaziranga
National Park.
 There are about 2,546 species of fishes (about 11% of
the world species) found in Indian waters.
 There are about 1,250 species of birds from India.
 There are about 410 species of mammals known from
India
 Notable mammals which became or are presumed
extinct within the country itself include the Indian /
Asiatic cheetah, Javan rhinoceros and Sumatran
rhinoceros

NATURAL RESOURCES
 Resources that exist without actions of humankind.
 A natural resource is anything that people can use
which comes from the natural environment.
 People do not make natural resources, but gather
them.
 Examples of natural resources are air, water, wood,
oil, wind energy, iron, and coal

CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Natural Resources
(On the basis of availability and abundance)
Inexhaustible Exhaustible
1. Solar energy
2. Wind power
3. Hydro power
4. Tidal power
5. Rainfall
Renewable
1. Humans
2. Aquatic
animals
3. Wildlife
4. Soil
5. water
Non
renewable
1. Minerals
2. Coal
3. Petroleum

GROWING ENERGY NEEDS
 Energy is required for the development in different
fields
 Industry - agriculture - transportation
 Energy requirements are met from fossil fuels
 95% of world commercial needs of energy - Fossil
fuels

DEPLETION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
 Resource depletion is the consumption of a
resource faster than it can be replenished.
 Most commonly used in reference to farming,
fishing, mining, water usage, and consumption of
fossil fuels

CAUSES OF DEPLETION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
 Aquifer depletion
 Habitat degradation leads to the loss of biodiversity (i.e.
species and ecosystems with its ecosystem services)
 Irrigation
 Mining for fossil fuels and minerals
 Overconsumption, excessive or unnecessary use of resources
 Overpopulation
 Pollution or contamination of resources
 Slash-and-burn agricultural practices, currently occurring in
many developing countries
 Soil erosion
 Technological and industrial development
 Deforestation

FOSSIL FUELS
 A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the
geological past from the remains of living
organisms
 Fuels will not going to last for many years
 Alternate energy sources need to be depended in
future - Solar energy, Wind energy, hydel energy,
Tidal energy and Biomass energy

USE OF FOSSIL FUELS
 Coal
 Petroleum
i. Liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)
ii. Natural gas
iii. Compressed natural gas(CNG)
iv. Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
 Nuclear energy

ENERGY SOURCES
 Conventional Sources of
Energy
I. The sources of energy which
have been in use for a long
time, e.g., coal, petroleum,
natural gas and water power.
II. They are exhaust able except
water.
III. They cause pollution when
used, as they emit smoke
and ash.
IV. They are very expensive to
be maintained, stored and
transmitted as they are
carried over long distance
through transmission grid and
lines.
 Non-Conventional Sources
of Energy
I. The resources which are yet
in the process of
development over the past
few years. It includes solar,
wind, tidal, biogas, and
biomass, geothermal.
II. They are inexhaustible.
III. They are generally pollution
free.
IV. Less expensive due to local
use and easy to maintain.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
 Energy management is the process of monitoring,
controlling, and conserving energy in a building or
organization.

ENERGY AUDIT
 An energy audit is an inspection, survey and
analysis of energy flows, for energy conservation in
a building, process or system to reduce the amount
of energy input into the system without negatively
affecting the output(s).

TYPES OF ENERGY AUDIT
 Common types/levels of energy audits are:
1. Level 0 – Benchmarking
2. Level I – Walk-through audit: Preliminary analysis made to
assess building energy efficiency to identify not only simple
and low-cost improvements but also a list of energy
conservation measures (ECMs, or energy conservation
opportunities, ECOs) to orient the future detailed audit.
3. Level II – Detailed/General energy audit: Based on the
results of the pre-audit, this type of energy audit consists in
energy use survey in order to provide a comprehensive
analysis of the studied installation
4. Level III – Investment-Grade audit: Detailed Analysis of
Capital-Intensive Modifications focusing on potential costly
ECOs requiring rigorous engineering study.

OBJECTIVE OF ENERGY AUDIT
i. Assessing present pattern of energy consumption
in different cost centers of operations
ii. Relating energy inputs and production output
iii. Identifying potential areas of thermal and
electrical energy economy.
iv. Highlighting wastage in major areas
v. Fixing of energy saving potential targets for
individual cost centers
vi. Implementation of measures of energy
conservation and realisation of savings.

HOW TO MANAGE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
 Metering your energy consumption and collecting
the data
 Finding and quantifying opportunities to save
energy
 Targeting the opportunities to save energy
 Tracking your progress at saving energy

ENERGY SAVING TIPS
 Lighting - use of CFL bulbs - automatic light switch
off in unoccupied rooms
 Use only energy efficient motors
 Proper heating, ventilation and air conditioning
 Use of solar energy, wind energy or biomass
energy

7 STEPS IN EFFECTIVE ENERGY MANAGEMENT
1. Make the Commitment.
2. Assess Performance and Opportunities.
3. Set Performance Goals
4. Create an Action Plan
5. Implement the Action Plan
6. Evaluate Progress
7. Recognize Achievements

GLOBAL WARMING
 Gradual increase in the overall temperature of the
earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the
greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of
carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants.
 Also known as Greenhouse effect

CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING
 Greenhouse gasses - absorb sunlight and solar
radiation - which can last for years - trap the heat
and cause the planet to get hotter.
 Increase of CO2 - burning of fossil fuels - burning
biomass - converting coal into electricity

EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING
 Rise in temperature
 Melting glaciers, early snowmelt, and severe
droughts will cause more dramatic water shortages
 Rising sea levels will lead to coastal flooding
 Forests, farms, and cities will face troublesome new
pests, heat waves, heavy downpours, and
increased flooding. All those factors will damage or
destroy agriculture and fisheries.
 Disruption of habitats - coral reefs and Alpine
meadows.
 Allergies, asthma, and infectious disease outbreaks
will become more common

PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR GLOBAL WARMING
 Reduce Energy Use - eg. LED
 Using more renewable sources like solar or wind
 Buying Energy Star-certified products, which are
designed to be efficient and last longer
 Change Transportation Habits
 Stop Deforestation

OZONE DEPLETION
 Reduction in the concentration of ozone in the
ozone layer
 Ozone is a colorless gas which is found in the
stratosphere of our upper atmosphere.
 The layer of ozone gas is what which protects us
from the harmful ultraviolet radiations of the sun.
 Ultraviolet radiations are high energy
electromagnetic waves - lead to various
environmental issues including global warming -
number of health related issues for all living
organisms.

CAUSES OF OZONE DEPLETION
 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
 Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) - Eg. methyl
bromide use in pesticides & methyl chloroform
 Other chemicals - Clx, Hox and Noy which belong
to the Chlorine, Hydrogen and Nitrogen families
respectively

EFFECT OF OZONE DEPLETION
 Effect on health of humans - non-melanoma skin cancer
- cataracts which clouds the eye’s lens - weak immune
system
 Effect on plants - the way plants form, timing of
development and growth, how nutrients are distributed
within the plant and metabolism, etc.
 Effect on marine ecosystems - It badly affects the
planktons that form the foundation of aquatic food webs
- affect the development stages of fish, shrimp, crab,
amphibians, and other marine animals - affects whole
marine food chain
 Effect on biogeochemical cycles - Increases in UV
radiation alters both sources and sinks of
greenhouse gasses in the biosphere

SOLUTIONS TO OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
 Avoid products that results in ozone depletion
 Raise a campaign to put forth laws governing
fertilizer use.
 Spread awareness to your family, friends and
colleagues

CARBON CREDIT
 A permit which allows a country or organization to
produce a certain amount of carbon emissions and
which can be traded if the full allowance is not
used.
 The concept of carbon credits came into existence
as a result of increasing awareness of the need for
controlling emissions
 The mechanism was formalized in the Kyoto
Protocol

KYOTO PROTOCOL
 The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which
extends the 1992 United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits
State Parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
based on the scientific consensus that
(a) Global warming is occurring and
(b) It is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions
have predominantly caused it.
 The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on
December 11, 1997 and entered into force on February
16, 2005. the
 There are currently 192 parties to Protocol.
 The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the
UNFCCC to fight global warming.

EMISSION ALLOWANCES
 Under the Kyoto Protocol, the 'caps' or quotas for
Greenhouse gases for the developed countries are
known as Assigned Amount
 The quantity of the initial assigned amount is
denominated in individual units, called Assigned amount
units (AAUs), each of which represents an allowance to
emit one metric tonne of carbon dioxide
 In turn, these countries set quotas on the emissions of
installations run by local business and other
organizations, generically termed 'operators'.
 Countries manage this through their national registries,
which are required to be validated and monitored for
compliance by the UNFCCC.
 .

CONTD…
 Each operator has an allowance of credits, where each
unit gives the owner the right to emit one metric tonne of
carbon dioxide or other equivalent greenhouse gas.
 Operators that have not used up their quotas can sell
their unused allowances as carbon credits, while
businesses that are about to exceed their quotas can
buy the extra allowances as credits, privately or on the
open market
 By permitting allowances to be bought and sold, an
operator can seek out the most cost-effective way of
reducing its emissions, either by investing in 'cleaner'
machinery and practices or by purchasing emissions
from another operator who already has excess
'capacity'.

CLIMATE CHANGE
 Change in global or regional climate patterns, in
particular a change apparent from the mid to late
20th century onwards
 Attributed largely to the increased levels of
atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of
fossil fuels.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT & RESILIENCE
 A disaster can be defined as an occurrence causing
widespread destruction and distress.
 Disaster management is a collective term
encompassing all aspects of planning for and
responding to emergencies and disasters, including
both pre- and post-event activities.
 It refers to the management of both the risk and
the consequences of an event.
 Disaster resilience is the ability of individuals,
communities, organisations and states to adapt to
and recover from hazards, shocks or stresses
without compromising long-term prospects for
development.

GOALS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 Proactive plans to mitigate negative impact of
adverse events
 Minimizing loss via more effective preparedness
and response
 Creating more effective and durable recovery

DISASTER MANAGEMENT PROCESS
 Disaster Management programme that illustrates
the cyclic process by which we plan for and reduce
the impact of disasters, and take steps to recover
after a disaster has occurred.
 Disaster Management consists of five phases:
 Prevention -. It focuses on preventing the human
hazard, primarily from potential natural disasters or
terrorist attacks.
 Mitigation - measures that eliminate or reduce the
impacts and risks of hazards through proactive
measures taken before an emergency or disaster
occurs.

CONTD…
 Preparedness – Preparedness focuses on
preparing equipment and procedures for use when
a disaster occur.
 Response - The response phase of a disaster may
commence with Search and Rescue but in all cases
the focus will quickly turn to fulfilling the
basic humanitarian needs of the affected
population.
 Recovery - The recovery phase starts after the
immediate threat to human life has subsided. The
immediate goal of the recovery phase is to bring the
affected area back to normalcy as quickly as
possible

SOCIETY
 The aggregate of people living together in a more
or less ordered community.

SOCIETY - ITS DEVELOPMENT AND
GOVERNANCE
 Social Development encompasses a commitment
to individual and societal well-being
 Upward ascending movement featuring greater
levels of energy, efficiency, quality, productivity
 higher incomes, longer life expectancy, lower infant
mortality, more and better education etc

KEY SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES
 Social development is defined in the broadest social
terms as an upward directional movement of society
from lesser to greater levels of energy, efficiency, quality,
productivity, complexity, comprehension, creativity,
choice, mastery, enjoyment and accomplishment.
 Growth and development usually go together, but they
are different phenomena subject to different laws.
 Growth involves an expansion of existing types and
forms of activities.
 Development involves a qualitative enhancement.
 Social development is driven by the subconscious
aspirations of society for advancement or progress.
 Society (and individuals) will seek the progressive
fulfillment of a prioritized hierarchy of needs.

BRINGING ABOUT SOCIAL CHANGE
 There are various social change models. These all
require public awareness and learning, and
consensus building (building critical mass), before
policy change can effectively be implemented and
enforced.

SOCIAL CHANGE MODEL
 Model of the stages needed to institutionalize social change:
1. Official structures – the development of departments or
individuals dealing with the issue (when there is a need to
put the issue on the agenda)
2. Legislation – when the need for official policy change is
accepted
3. Enforcement – when the authorities accept the need to
enforce change
4. Transmission by education – when it is accepted that this
needs to be an issue for society
5. Cultural transmission by family – when the issue is generally
accepted, and grassroots education takes place within
families
 The last two stages can be grouped together as ‘public
awareness and support’

THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY
 Civil society considered as a community of citizens
linked by common interests and collective activity.
 Civil society organizations, particularly those in the
social change sector, are strong proponents of the
public sphere, and frequently make public policy
discussion and public education major parts of their
missions.
 They seek to effect change through dialogue with others
sharing an interest in a social concern.
 The rapid evolution of the Internet has led many civil
society organizations to adopt different software tools
and information dissemination techniques to enhance
their strategic effectiveness for social change.

ROLE OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN SOCIAL CHANGE
 Development occurs when the subconscious
preparedness of society leads to the generation of
new ideas and conscious initiatives by individuals.
 For example, India’s early freedom fighters
consciously advocated the goal of freedom from
British rule

ROLE OF THE PIONEER IN SOCIAL CHANGE
 Social progress is stimulated by pioneering
individuals who become conscious of new
opportunities and initiate new behaviors and
activities to take advantage of them.
 Pioneers give conscious expression to the
subconscious urges and readiness of society.
 Examples of influential people who caused changes
in the world (good and bad): Martin Luther King, Jr.;
Adolf Hitler; Mao Tseng Tug; Mohandas Gandhi &
Nelson Mandela.

MULTIPLIER EFFECT
 Under appropriate conditions, the success of the
pioneer leads to active imitation by other
adventurous individuals who in turn serve as
models for still others to imitate.
 In this case, the initiative of the pioneer gets
multiplied over and over, rippling through the
society and unleashing a social change movement.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
 Environmental degradation is the deterioration of
the environment through
 Depletion of resources such as air, water and soil;
 The destruction of ecosystems;
 Habitat destruction;
 The extinction of wildlife; and
 Pollution

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
 Industrial pollution is the release of wastes and
pollutants generated by industrial activities into the
natural environments including air, water, and land.
 industrial pollution is linked to the degradation of
the natural environment.

CONTD..
 If the processing of waste is a cost prohibitive one,
then the industrialist throws the waste into the
environment in the form of gas, liquid or solid.
 The gases are usually released into the
atmosphere,
 the liquids are discharged into aquatic bodies like
canals, rivers or sea and
 solid wastes are either dumped on the land or in
aquatic bodies.
 In all the cases, either the air or water or land is
polluted due to dumping of wastes.

CONTD…
SLNO INDUSTRY WASTES PRODUCED TYPE OF POLLUTION
1 Caustic Soda Mercury, Chlorine gas Air, water and land
2 Distillery Organic waste Land and water
3 Fertilizers Ammonia, cyanide, Air and water
4 Dye Inorganic waste pigment Land and water
5 Iron and steel Smoke, gases, coal dust, fly ash,
fluorine
Air, water and land
6 Pesticides Organic and inorganic waste Water and land
7 Oil Refineries Smoke, toxic gases, organic waste Air and water
8 Paper and Pulp Smoke, organic waste Air and water
9 Sugar Organic waste, molasses Land and water
10 Textiles Smoke, particulate matter Land and water
11 Tanneries Organic waste Water
12 Thermal power Fly ash, SO2 gas Air and water
13 Nuclear power
station
Radioactive wastes Water and land
14 Food processing Alkalies, phenols chromates,
organic wastes
Water and land

TYPES AND IMPACTS – SOLUTION
 Air Pollution.
 Noise Pollution.
 Water Pollution.
 Oil Pollution.
 Soil Pollution.
 Nuclear Pollution

TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
 Air Pollution - Air pollution occurs when different
toxic gases like Sulpher Di Oxide, carbon Di Oxide,
Nitrogen Di Oxide etc. get emitted from different
industries and mix with atmosphere and cause
environmental hazard.
 Water Pollution - Water pollution is caused by
emission of domestic or urban sewage, agricultural
waste, and industrial effluents into water bodies.
Nowadays, one of the main sources of water
pollution is the waste material discharged by
industrial units, known as industrial water pollution

CONTD…
 Soil Pollution - Large quantity of solid wastes like
unused and rejected chemicals (calcium carbonate,
magnesium sulphate, fly ashes & bottles) unwanted
industrial wastes generated (rejection, plastic or
wooden solids) are dumped over on the surface of
soil by almost all industries with difference in
degree.
 Noise Pollution - Industrial noise is usually
considered mainly from the point of view of
environmental health and safety, rather than
nuisance, as sustained exposure can cause
permanent hearing damage and raises systolic
blood pressure

CONTD..
 Oil Pollution - An oil spill is a release of a liquid
petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment due to
human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term
often refers to marine oil spills, where oil is released
into the ocean or coastal waters.
 Nuclear Pollution - It is a new form of Industrial
pollution which has been seen in the recent
centuries. Nuclear pollution takes place in the form
of radioactivity evolved from radioactive wastes
from nuclear reactors. Like, Nuclear Bomb, War etc.

INDUSTRIAL WASTES
 Broadly the industrial wastes may be divided
into two groups:
 Process waste;
 Chemical waste.

PROCESS WASTE
 The waste generated in an industry during washing
and processing of raw materials is known as
process waste.
 The process waste may be organic or inorganic in
nature depending upon the raw materials used and
nature of the industry.
 Both organic and inorganic process wastes are
toxic to living organisms.
 The solid wastes released by different industries
can be divided in to two different groups i.e.
a) process wastes, and
b) packing wastes.

CHEMICAL WASTES
 The chemical substance generated as a by-product
during the preparation of a product is known as
chemical waste product.
 The chemical waste include heavy metals and their
ions, detergents, acids and alkalies and various
other toxic substances.
 These are usually produced by the industries like
fertilizer factories, paper and pulp industries, iron
and steel industries, distilleries, sugar mills etc.
 These are usually liberated into nearby water
bodies like rivers, lakes and seas and sometimes
into lands

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IMPACT
 Industrial pollution has great impact on the
ecological balance of the atmosphere along with
biological impacts in this planet.
 Some of it are given bellow.
 Ecological impacts:
 Loss of fertility of soil
 Decreases the level of dissolved oxygen
 Acid Rain
 Global warming
 Environmental hazards

CONTD…
 Biological Impacts:
 Endangers the aquatic fauna
 Cause water borne diseases
 Skin Cancer on human beings
 Respiratory diseases

CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
1. Control at Source: It involves suitable alterations in the
choice of raw materials and process in treatment of exhaust
gases before finally discharged.
2. Selection of Industry Site: The industrial site should be
properly examined considering the climatic and
topographical characteristics before setting of the industry.
3. Treatment of Industrial Waste
4. Plantation
5. Stringent Government Action
6. Assessment of the Environmental Impacts:
Environmental impact assessment should be carried out
regularly which intends to identify and evaluate the potential
and harmful impacts of the industries on natural eco-system.
7. Strict Implementation of Environmental Protection Act:
Environment Protection Act should be strictly followed and
the destroyer of the environment should be strictly punished.

WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Best method of waste treatment - recovery and
recycling the wastes
 Ensures conservation of the environmental
resources
 Reduces the cost of production
 Creates opportunity for employment
 Eliminates the load of pollution

WASTE HIERARCHY
 The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce,
reuse and recycle, which classify waste
management strategies according to their
desirability in terms of waste minimization.
 The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the
maximum practical benefits from products and to
generate the minimum amount of waste.

RE-USE
a) Biological reprocessing
 Recoverable materials that are organic in nature,
such as plant material, food scraps, and paper
products, can be recovered through composting
and digestion processes to decompose the organic
matter.
 The resulting organic material is then recycled as
mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping
purposes.
 In addition, waste gas from the process (such as
methane) can be captured and used for generating
electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration) maximising
efficiencies.

CONTD..
b) Energy recovery
 Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of
non-recyclable waste materials into usable heat,
electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes,
including combustion, gasification, pyrolyzation,
anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas recovery.
 This process is often called waste-to-energy.
 Energy recovery from waste is part of the non-
hazardous waste management hierarchy.
 Thermal treatment ranges from using waste as a
fuel source for cooking or heating and the use of
the gas fuel, to fuel for boilers to generate steam
and electricity in a turbine.

CONTD..
 Pyrolysis and gasification are two related forms of
thermal treatment where waste materials are heated to
high temperatures with limited oxygen availability.
 Pyrolysis of solid waste converts the material into solid,
liquid and gas products.
 The liquid and gas can be burnt to produce energy or
refined into other chemical products (chemical refinery).
 The solid residue (char) can be further refined into
products such as activated carbon.
 Gasification and advanced Plasma arc gasification are
used to convert organic materials directly into a
synthetic gas (syngas) composed of carbon monoxide
and hydrogen. The gas is then burnt to produce
electricity and steam

CONTD…
 Some of the industrially recovered products from the
waste are given below:
 Potassium from distillery waste
 Vitamin b-12 from sewage waste
 Pharmaceutical ingredients like tocopherol, phytin and
lecithin from rice bran
 Sodium silicate from paddy husk
 Bromelain from pine-apple waste
 Saw dust - waste from timber industry - utilized in
manufacturing active carbon and moulding powder
 Fly ash - waste from thermal power station - utilized in
manufacturing fly ash brick and pozzolanic cement
 Common waste can be utilized for producing biogas

DEVELOPING RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES
 Recycling involves processing used or unwanted
materials (waste) into new products
 It helps -
 To prevent waste of useful material
 Reduce the consumption of fresh raw material
 Reduce energy usage
 Reduce air pollution
 Reduce water pollution
 Reduce the need of conventional waste disposal
(land filling)
 Lower greenhouse gas emissions

CONTD..
 Recycling has been a common practice for most of
human histroy, with recorded advocates as far back
as plato in 400 BC.
 During periods when resources were scarce,
archaeological studies of ancient waste dumps
show less household waste– implying more waste
was being recycled in the absence of new material.
 In pre-industrial times, there is evidence of scrap
bronze and other metals being collected in Europe
and melted down for perpetual reuse.
 The growing steel and automobile industries
purchased scrap in the early twentieth century.

CONTD..
 Wartime Recycling : Resources shortages caused
by the world wars, and other such war- changing
occurrences greatly encouraged recycling.
 Post- war recycling : The next big investment in
recycling occurred in 1970’s, due to rising energy
costs.
 Government- mandated demand : Legislation has
also been used to increase and maintain a demand
for recycled materials. Four methods of such
legislation exist: - Minimum recycled content
mandates, Utilization rates, Procurement policies
and Recycled product labelling.

CONTD..
 A number of different systems have been
implemented to collect recyclates from the general
waste stream.
 These systems tend to lie along the spectrum of
trade-off between public convenience and
government ease and expense.
 The three main categories of collection are:- “Drop-
off centers”, “Buy-back centers” and “Curbside
collection”
 Drop-off centers require the waste producer to carry
the recyclates to a central location, either an
installed or mobile collection station or the
reprocessing plant itself.

CONTD..
 Drop-off centers require the waste producer to carry
the recyclates to a central location, either an
installed or mobile collection station or the
reprocessing plant itself.
 Buy-back centers differ in that the cleaned
recyclates are purchased, thus providing a clear
incentive for use and creating a stable supply. The
post-processed material can then be sold on,
hopefully creating a profit. Unfortunately
government subsidies are necessary to make buy-
back centers a viable enterprise.

CONTD..
 Curbside Collection encompasses many subtly
different systems, which differ mostly on where in
the process the recyclates are sorted and cleaned.
A waste collection vehicle generally picks up the
waste, mixed in with the rest of the waste, and the
desired material is then sorted out and cleaned at a
central sorting facility. The main categories are : -
mixed waste collection, commingled or single
stream system recyclables and source separation.

CONTD..
 Sorting: Once commingled recyclates are collected and
delivered to a central collection facility, the different
types of materials must be sorted. This is done in a
series of stages, many of which involve automated
processes such that a truck- load of material can be fully
sorted in less than an hour.
 Trade in recyclates : Certain countries trade in
unprocessed recyclates. In some U.S states, a program
called Recycle Bank pays people with coupons to
recycle, receiving money from local municipalities for the
reduction in landfill space which must be purchased. It
uses a single stream process in which all material is
automatically sorted.

STEPS IN RECYCLING
 Waste brought to a collection center
 Then sorted
 Cleaned and
 Reprocessed into new material

TYPES OF RECYCLING
 Closed loop recycling
 Upcycling
 Downcycling
 Use of salvage of certain materials

CLOSED LOOP RECYCLING
 Closed Loop Recycling normally means, that a
company manufactures a product, customers buy
the product and then return it at the end of its useful
life.
 The company then recycles all the materials back
into the same product, ready for resale.
 No new raw materials are used in this process.
This is a closed system.
 Eg. PET (polyethylene terephthalate) soft drinks
bottle

UPCYCLING
 When a product comes to the end of its life cycle, it
is dismantled and its components / parts are reused
to produce high quality products, often a higher
quality than the original product.
 For example, reclaimed plastic drainage tubing can
be reworked to produce ‘funky’ storage units

DOWNCYCLING
 Materials and components that are reclaimed from
discarded products, are recycled into lower quality
products
 Eg. Plastics, paper etc

USE OF SALVAGE OF CERTAIN MATERIALS
 Another form of recycling is the use of salvage of
certain materials from complex products either due
to their intrinsic value or due to their hazardous
nature
 Eg. Lead from car batteries, reuse of mercury from
various items

VARIOUS WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS
 Production of too much waste: According to the
World Bank report, the average global municipal solid
waste (MSW) generation per person on daily basis is
about 1.2 kg and the figure is expected to rise up to 1.5
kg by 2025.
 Most of the waste is toxic: contain toxic chemicals,
such as Biphenyl-A (BPA) – often present in plastic toys
- approximately 40% of the waste is plastic which is
never biodegradable
 Landfills are a problem as well: Most landfills lack
proper on-site waste management thereby contributing
to additional threats to the environment.
 Regulations are based on vested interests: Industry
officials collaborate with vested interest regulators
thereby creating a big problem in the effective regulation
of waste disposal.

CONTD..
 Reliance of dying technologies to reduce and
recycle waste: Waste disposal and management
facilities as well as state resources have continued
to rely on myopic and quickie solutions instead of
developing effective recycling and waste reduction
programs.
 Some of the technologies marked as “green”
are not true in actual sense: Burning waste to
produce energy is considered green because it
does not involve the use fossil fuel, but it still
releases toxic materials into the environment

WASTE DISPOSAL SOLUTIONS
 Eco-responsibility – “Reduce, Re-use, Recycle”
 Effective waste disposal and management
 Control and monitoring of land filling and fly-tipping
activities.
 Waste Diversion Plans
 Improvements of thermal waste treatment
 Polluter pays principle and eco-product
responsibility

DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 Sustainable development, or sustainability, has
been described in terms of three spheres,
dimensions, domains or pillars,
1. Environment,
2. Economy and
3. Society
 The three-sphere framework was initially proposed
by the economist René Passet in 1979
 Alternatively reconfigured as four domains of the
social - ecology, economics, politics and culture

ENVIRONMENTAL (OR ECOLOGICAL)
 The ecological stability of human settlements is part of
the relationship between humans and their natural,
social and built environments
 Environmental sustainability concerns the natural
environment and how it endures and remains diverse
and productive
 Fundamental human needs are also the ecological
foundations for sustainable development;
 Addressing public health risk through investments in
ecosystem services can be a powerful and
transformative force for sustainable development which,
in this sense, extends to all species

CONTD..
 Sustainable agriculture consists of environment
friendly methods of farming that allow the
production of crops or livestock without damage to
human or natural systems.
 It involves preventing adverse effects to soil, water,
biodiversity, surrounding or downstream
resources—as well as to those working or living on
the farm or in neighboring areas.

ECONOMICS DIMENSION
 Because of rural poverty and overexploitation,
environmental resources should be treated as
important economic assets, called natural capital
 Sustainable development may involve
improvements in the quality of life for many but may
necessitate a decrease in resource consumption.

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
 As countries around the world continue to advance
economically, they put a strain on the ability of the
natural environment to absorb the high level of
pollutants that are created as a part of this economic
growth.
 Solutions need to be found so that the economies of the
world can continue to grow, but not at the expense of
the public good.
 In the world of economics the amount of environmental
quality must be considered as limited in supply and
therefore is treated as a scarce resource.
 This is a resource to be protected.
 One common way to analyze possible outcomes of
policy decisions on the scarce resource is to do a cost-
benefit analysis

CONTD..
 Energy:
 Sustainable energy is clean and can be used over a
long period of time. Unlike fossil fuels and biofuels that
provide the bulk of the worlds energy, renewable energy
sources like hydroelectric, solar and wind energy
produce far less pollution.
 Solar energy is commonly used on public parking
meters, street lights and the roof of buildings.
 Wind power has expanded quickly, its share of
worldwide electricity usage at the end of 2014 was
3.1%.
 In the long run, sustainable development in the field of
energy is also deemed to contribute to economic
sustainability and national security of communities, thus
being increasingly encouraged through investment
policies.

CONTD..
 Technology:
 One of the core concepts in sustainable
development is that technology can be used to
assist people meet their developmental needs.
 Technology to meet these sustainable development
needs is often referred to as appropriate
technology.
 Both Schumacher and many modern-day
proponents of appropriate technology also
emphasise the technology as people-centered.

CONTD..
 Transport
 Transportation is a large contributor to greenhouse gas
emissions. It is said that one-third of all gasses produced are
due to transportation.
 Sustainable transport has many social and economic benefits
that can accelerate local sustainable development.
 According to a series of reports by the Low Emission
Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP),
sustainable transport can help create jobs, improve commuter
safety through investment in bicycle lanes and pedestrian
pathways, make access to employment and social
opportunities more affordable and efficient.
 It also offers a practical opportunity to save people's time and
household income as well as government budgets, making
investment in sustainable transport a 'win-win' opportunity

CONTD…
 Business
 The most broadly accepted criterion for corporate
sustainability constitutes a firm's efficient use of
natural capital.
 This eco-efficiency is usually calculated as the
economic value added by a firm in relation to its
aggregated ecological impact.
 Similar to the eco-efficiency concept but so far less
explored is the second criterion for corporate
sustainability - Socio-efficiency
 Socio-efficiency describes the relation between a
firm's value added and its social impact.

CONTD…
 Whereas, it can be assumed that most corporate
impacts on the environment are negative (apart
from rare exceptions such as the planting of trees)
this is not true for social impacts. These can be
either positive (e.g. corporate giving, creation of
employment) or negative (e.g. work accidents,
mobbing of employees, human rights abuses).
 Depending on the type of impact socio-efficiency
thus either tries to minimize negative social impacts
(i.e. accidents per value added) or maximize
positive social impacts (i.e. donations per value
added) in relation to the value added.

CONTD..
 Both eco-efficiency and socio-efficiency are
concerned primarily with increasing economic
sustainability.
 In this process they instrumentalise both natural
and social capital aiming to benefit from win-win
situations.
 CSR & Sustainability together lead to sustainable
development. CSR as in corporate social
responsibility is not what you do with your profits,
but is the way you make profits

POLITICAL DIMENSION
 Sustainable political development in a way that
broadens the usual definition beyond states and
governance.
 The political is defined as the domain of practices
and meanings associated with basic issues of
social power as they pertain to the organisation,
authorization, legitimation and regulation of a social
life held in common.
 This definition is in accord with the view that
political change is important for responding to
economic, ecological and cultural challenges

POLITICAL POLICY FRAMEWORK
 The International Institute for Sustainable
Development has similarly developed a political
policy framework, linked to a sustainability index for
establishing measurable entities and metrics.
 The framework consists of six core areas :
1. International trade and investment,
2. Economic policy,
3. Climate change and energy,
4. Measurement and assessment,
5. Natural resource management, and
6. The role of communication technologies in
sustainable development.

SEVEN SUBDOMAINS OF THE DOMAIN OF
POLITICS
1. Organization and governance
2. Law and justice
3. Communication and critique
4. Representation and negotiation
5. Security and accord
6. Dialogue and reconciliation
7. Ethics and accountability

CULTURE DIMENSION
 Culture: Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development
 Its the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a
particular people or society
 A dual approach: developing a solid cultural policy
and advocating a cultural dimension in all public
policies
 Cultural policy is the government actions, laws and
programs that regulate, protect, encourage and
financially (or otherwise) support activities related to
the arts and creative sectors

THE EARTH CHARTER - HISTORY
 The idea of the Earth Charter originated in 1987, by
Maurice Strong and Mikhail Gorbachev as
members of The Club of Rome, when the United
Nations World Commission on Environment and
Development called for a new charter to guide the
transition to sustainable development.

THE EARTH CHARTER
 The Earth Charter is an international declaration of
fundamental values and principles considered useful by
its supporters for building a just, sustainable, and
peaceful global society in the 21st century.
 the Charter "seeks to inspire in all peoples a sense of
global interdependence and shared responsibility for the
well-being of the human family, the greater community of
life, and future generations.”
 It calls upon humanity to help create a global
partnership at a critical juncture in history.
 The Earth Charter's ethical vision proposes that
environmental protection, human rights, equitable
human development, and peace are interdependent and
indivisible.

THE EARTH CHARTER - PRINCIPLES
 The four pillars and sixteen principles of the Earth
Charter are:
I. Respect and Care for the Community of Life
1. Respect Earth and life in all its diversity.
2. Care for the community of life with understanding,
compassion and love.
3. Build democratic societies that are just,
participatory, sustainable and peaceful.
4. Secure Earth's bounty and beauty for present and
future generations.

CONTD..
II. Ecological Integrity
5. Protect and restore the integrity of Earth's ecological
systems, with special concern for biological diversity and
the natural processes that sustain life.
6. Prevent harm as the best method of environmental
protection and, when knowledge is limited, apply a
precautionary approach.
7. Adopt patterns of production, consumption and
reproduction that safeguard Earth's regenerative
capacities, human rights and community well-being.
8. Advance the study of ecological sustainability and
promote the open exchange and wide application of the
knowledge acquired.

CONTD…
III. Social and Economic Justice
9. Eradicate poverty as an ethical, social and
environmental imperative.
10. Ensure that economic activities and institutions at all
levels promote human development in an equitable and
sustainable manner.
11. Affirm gender equality and equity as prerequisites to
sustainable development and ensure universal access
to education, health care and economic opportunity.
12. Uphold the right of all, without discrimination, to a
natural and social environment supportive of human
dignity, bodily health and spiritual well-being, with
special attention to the rights of indigenous peoples and
minorities.

CONTD..
IV. Democracy, Nonviolence, and Peace
13. Strengthen democratic institutions at all levels,
and provide transparency and accountability in
governance, inclusive participation in decision-
making, and access to justice.
14. Integrate into formal education and lifelong
learning the knowledge, values and skills needed
for a sustainable way of life.
15. Treat all living beings with respect and
consideration.
16. Promote a culture of tolerance, nonviolence and
peace.

HUMAN HEALTH - HUMAN MOBILITY
 Motor vehicles have become the dominant form of
transport, but this has had a number of negative
human health outcomes.
 While public health originally drove the need to
reduce densities, the latest research now favours
the move to more compact cities where active
transport can be improved as a transport option.

POPULATION
 All the inhabitants of a particular place
 In sociology, population refers to a collection of
humans
 World population (2018) - 7.7 Billion people
 population growth is the increase in the number of
individuals in a population.
 Population in the world is currently (2018) growing
at a rate of around 1.09% per year (down from
1.12% in 2017).
 The current average population increase is
estimated at 83 million people per year.

URBAN CHALLENGE
 Refers to the population shift from rural to urban
areas
 More people now live in cities than in rural areas
around the world, and that number is climbing.
Today 54% of the world's population lives in urban
areas, but by 2050 the urban population is
expected to rise to 62% in Africa, to 65% in Asia,
and to 90% in Latin America

CONTD…
 Environmental effects - Air pollution, water
pollution, waste, drainage problem, Vehicles,
factories and industrial heating
 Economic effect - High cost but more job
opportunities
 Health and social effects -
 Respiratory diseases, heart diseases
 Residents in poor urban areas such as slums and
informal settlements suffer "disproportionately from
disease, injury, premature death, and the
combination of ill-health and poverty entrenches
disadvantage over time

TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE.
 Triple bottom line (or otherwise noted as TBL or
3BL) is an accounting framework with three parts:
social, environmental (or ecological) and financial.
 Many organizations have adopted the TBL
framework to evaluate their performance in a
broader perspective to create greater business
value.
 The term was coined by John Elkington in 1994.

CONTD..
 In traditional business accounting and common
usage, the "bottom line" refers to either the "profit"
or "loss", which is usually recorded at the very
bottom line on a statement of revenue and
expenses.
 Over the last 50 years, environmentalists and
social justice advocates have struggled to bring a
broader definition of bottom line into public
consciousness by introducing full cost accounting.
 The triple bottom line adds two more "bottom lines":
social and environmental (ecological) concerns

CONTD..
 An example of an organization seeking a triple bottom
line would be a social enterprise run as a non-profit, but
earning income by offering opportunities for
handicapped people who have been labeled
"unemployable", to earn a living by recycling.
 The organization earns a profit, which is controlled by a
volunteer Board, and ploughed back into the community.
 The social benefit is the meaningful employment of
disadvantaged citizens, and the reduction in the
society's welfare or disability costs.
 The environmental benefit comes from the recycling
accomplished.

POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONS
 Environment movement started by 1970
 Environment protection agency(EPA) formed in
1970 - created for the purpose of protecting human
health and the environment by writing and enforcing
regulations based on laws

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
 Public Health Act (1848) - in response to cholera
epidemics.
 Clean Air Act (1956)
 Comprehensive environmental response compensation
and liability act 1980
 Climate Change legislation
i. The Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act
2006 - aims to increase electricity microgeneration to
help to cut carbon emissions and reduce fuel poverty;
ii. The Climate Change Act 2008: to ensure that the net
UK carbon account for all six Kyoto greenhouse gases
for the year 2050 is at least 80% lower than the 1990
baseline

CONTD..
 Federal water pollution act amendments (1972)
 Toxic substances control act (1976)
 Resource conservation and recovery act (1976)

COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CEQ)
 The US national environmental policy act provided for
the setting up of CEQ
 Headed by three members appointed by president
 Its three functions
1. To gather information concerning conditions and trends
of the environment quality
2. To develop national policies to improve quality of the
environment
3. To review the programmes and activities of the federal
government
 CEQ publishes annual report
 It has symbolic importance and political value

ENVIRONMENT IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS)
 All projects on govt land or project funded by govt
to be examined from the point of view of their
impact on the environment
 In USA, the national environment policy act 1969
makes it a requirement for project to receive EIS
 Both short and long term impact is assessed
 In other countries called Environment Impact
Assessment (EIA)

STEPS IN EIA
1. Screening often results in a categorization of the project
and from this a decision is made on whether or not a full EIA
is to be carried out.
2. Scoping is the process of determining which are the most
critical issues to study and will involve community
participation to some degree. It is at this early stage that EIA
can most strongly influence the outline proposal.
3. Detailed prediction and mitigation studies follow scoping
and are carried out in parallel with feasibility studies.
4. The main output report is called an Environmental Impact
Statement, and contains a detailed plan for managing and
monitoring environmental impacts both during and after
implementation.
5. Finally, an audit of the EIA process is carried out some time
after implementation. The audit serves a useful feedback
and learning function.

EIA LAYOUT
 An EIS/EIA typically has four sections:
1. An Introduction including a statement of the
Purpose and Need of the Proposed Action.
2. A description of the Affected Environment.
3. A Range of Alternatives to the proposed action.
Alternatives are considered the "heart" of the EIS.
4. An analysis of the environmental impacts of each
of the possible alternatives

ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTS WITH EIS
 Financial Plan for the proposed action identifying
the sources of secured funding for the action
 An Environmental Mitigation Plan is often
requested by the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) if substantial environmental impacts are
expected from the preferred alternative.
 Additional documentation to comply with state
and local environmental policy laws and secure
required federal, state, and local permits before the
action can proceed.

ENVIRONMENT LAWS IN INDIA
 The Air (prevention and control of pollution) Act,
1981 and amended in 1987
 The Water (prevention and control of pollution) Act,
1974 and amended in 1978
 The Water (prevention and control of pollution)
Cess Act, 1977 and amended in 1991
 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
 The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995
 The Indian Forest Act, 1927
 The Forest Conservation Act, 1980
 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
 Biodiversity protection act, 1998

GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS FOR
 The government of all developed countries , as well
as the majority of developing countries have
government department or agencies devoted to
monitoring and protecting the environment

MAJOR INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOR
 Earth System Governance Project (ESGP)
 Global Environment Facility (GEF)
 Global Green Growth Institute ((GGGI)
 KIMO (Local Authorities International Environmental
Organisation)
 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC)
 International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN)
 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
 World Nature Organization (WNO)

COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CEQ)
 US Federal agency
 National Environmental Policy Act[1969]
 Encourage productive and enjoyable harmony
between man and his environment
 Prevent or eliminate damage to the environment
and biosphere
 Stimulate the health and welfare of man

EARTH SYSTEM GOVERNANCE PROJECT
 It started in January 2009.
 The Earth System Governance Project currently
consists of a network of 300 active and about
2,300 indirectly involved scholars from all
continents.
 The project has evolved into the largest social
science research network in the area of governance
and global environmental change.
 The Earth System Governance Project Office is
hosted at Lund University, Sweden.

GLOBAL GREEN GROWTH INSTITUTE
 The Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) is a
treaty-based international organization
headquartered in Seoul, Republic of Korea.
 The organization aims to promote green growth, a
growth paradigm characterized by a balance of
economic growth and environmental sustainability.

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE
CHANGE
 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) is a scientific and intergovernmental body
under the auspices of the United Nations
 Dedicated to the task of providing the world with an
objective, scientific view of climate change and its
political and economic impacts.
 It was first established in 1988 by two United
Nations organizations, the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) and the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP), and later
endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY
 Independent federal agency
 Established in 1970
 Dealing with the pollution of water,air,soil and with
nuisances caused by noise
 Its headquarters are in Washington D C, USA

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
 Established in 1957
 Initially the community was joined by six countries
 In 1973 ,these six were joined by Britain and Denmark
and Ireland. then by Greece in 1981 .Spain and Portugal
were the last two countries to join
 Now, it has become community of 12 democratic
nations
 The community has concrete political and economic
structure
 The social objectives of EEC include the construction
and implementation of a coordinated policy for
environmental improvement and conservation of species
and natural resources'

FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION
(FAO)
 It was founded as a specialized agency of UN in
1945
 FAO oppose the destruction of ecosystem as a
consequence of agricultural expansion
 It assist organizations that protect the agricultural
from grain-devouring birds
 Prevention of environmental ill effects from the use
of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
(IAEA)
 IAEA is an independent intergovernmental
organization within the United National System
 Objectives
 To accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic
energy in to peace ,health and prosperity
throughout the world
 To deal with scientific and commercial utilization of
atomic energy

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST
 It is an Indian government ministry
 The ministry is responsible for planning, promoting
,coordinating and overseeing the implementation of
environmental and forestry programmes in the
country
 The main activities undertaken by ministry include
conservation and survey of the flora of India and
fauna of India ,forests and other wilderness areas;
prevention and control of pollution ; afforestaion
,and land degradation mitigation
 It is responsible for the administration of the
national park of India

ENVIRONMENT POLICY 2006
 The National Environment Policy (NEP) 2006 by
the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)
aims at mainstreaming environmental concerns into
all developmental activities.
 It emphasizes conservation of resources, and
points that the best way to aid conservation is to
ensure that people dependent on resources obtain
better livelihoods from conservation, than from
degradation of the resources.
 It argues that environmental degradation often
leads to poverty and poor health outcomes among
populations.

OBJECTIVES OF THE ENVIRONMENT POLICY
 Conservation of critical environmental resources
 Intra-generational equity
 Livelihood security for the poor
 Inter-generational equity
 Integration of environmental concerns in economic
and social development
 Efficiency in environmental resource use
 Environmental governance
 Enhancement of resources for environmental
conservation

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
 The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India is a
statutory organisation under the Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC).
 It was established in 1974 under the Water (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
 CPCB is also entrusted with the powers and functions
under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981.
 It serves as a field formation and also provides technical
services to the Ministry of Environment and Forests
under the provisions of the Environment (Protection)
Act, 1986.
 It Co-ordinates the activities of the State Pollution
Control Boards by providing technical assistance and
guidance and also resolves disputes among them.

UNITED
NATIONS COMMISSION FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
 The United Nations Commission on Sustainable
Development (CSD) was established by the UN
General Assembly in December 1992 to ensure
effective follow-up of United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED), also
known as the Earth Summit.
 From its inception, the CSD was highly participatory
in structure and outlook, by engaging in its formal
proceedings a wide range of official stakeholders
and partners through innovative formulae.

CONTD..
 At its eleventh session in 2003, the Commission
decided on a multi-year work programme consisting
of review and policy years.
 On 20th United Nations Conference on Sustainable
Development would focus on two themes:
1. Green economy within the context of sustainable
development and poverty eradication.
2. Institutional framework for sustainable
development.

ISO
 ISO is an independent, non-governmental international
organization with a membership of 162 national
standards bodies.
 Through its members, it brings together experts to share
knowledge and develop voluntary, consensus-based,
market relevant International Standards that support
innovation and provide solutions to global challenges.
 It give world-class specifications for products,
services and systems, to ensure quality, safety and
efficiency.
 ISO has published 21862 International Standards and
related documents, covering almost every industry, from
technology, to food safety, to agriculture and healthcare

ISO 14000
 ISO 14000 is a series of environmental
management standards developed and published
by the International Organization for
Standardization ( ISO ) for organizations.
 The ISO 14000 standards provide a guideline or
framework for organizations that need to
systematize and improve their environmental
management efforts.
 The ISO 14000 standards are not designed to aid
the enforcement of environmental laws and do not
regulate the environmental activities of
organizations.
 Adherence to these standards is voluntary.

CONTD…
 ISO 14000 is a family of standards related to
environmental management that exists to help
organizations
a) minimize how their operations (processes, etc.)
negatively affect the environment
b) comply with applicable laws, regulations, and
other environmentally oriented requirements; and
c) continually improve in the above.
 The current version of ISO 14001 is ISO
14001:2015 which was published in September
2015.

HISTORY OF ISO 14000
 ISO 14000 series emerged primarily as a result of
the Uruguay round of the GATT negotiations and
the Rio Summit on the environment held in 1992

PRINCIPLES BEHIND ISO 14000
 They must result in better environmental
management
 They must be applicable in all nations
 They should be cost effective, non prescriptive and
flexible
 As part of their flexibility, they should be suitable for
internal or external verification
 They should be scientifically based
 They should be practical useful and useable

ADVANTAGE OF ISO CERTIFICATION
 Improved corporate image
 Competitive advantage in market positioning
 Improved seconds in case of litigation
 Improves traceability to root causes of quality
problems
 Independent, impartial and professional verification
 Clearly defines responsibilities and authorities

ISO 14001
 The ISO 14001 standard is the most important
standard within the ISO 14000 series.
 ISO 14001 specifies the requirements of an
environmental management system (EMS) for
small to large organizations.
 An EMS is a systemic approach to handling
environmental issues within an organization.
 The ISO 14001 standard is based on the Plan-
Check-Do-Review-Improve cycle.
 ISO 14001 requires an environment policy to be in
existence with in the organization, fully supported
by senior management

CONTD…
 It maps out a framework that a company or
organization can follow to set up an effective
environmental management system.
 It can be used by any organization regardless of its
activity or sector.
 Using ISO 14001:2015 can provide assurance to
company management and employees as well as
external stakeholders that environmental impact is
being measured and improved.

ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS)
 EMS is a systematic approach to dealing with the
environment aspects of an organization
 It is a tool that enables an organization of any size
or type to control the impact of its activities,
products or servicing on natural environment
 EMS is "a system and database which integrates
procedures and processes for training of personnel,
monitoring, summarizing, and reporting of
specialized environmental performance information
to internal and external stakeholders of a firm."

GOALS OF EMS
 The goals of EMS are to increase compliance and
reduce waste:
 Compliance is the act of reaching and maintaining
minimal legal standards. By not being compliance,
companies may face fines, government intervention
or may not be able to operate.
 Waste reduction goes beyond compliance to reduce
environmental impact. The EMS helps to develop,
implement, manage, coordinate and monitor
environmental policies. Waste reduction begins at
the design phase through pollution prevention and
waste minimization. At the end of the life cycle,
waste is reduced by recycling.

FEATURES OF EMS
 Served as a tool, or process, to improve
environmental performance and information mainly
"design, pollution control and waste minimization,
training, reporting to top management, and the
setting of goals
 Provides a systematic way of managing an
organization’s environmental affairs
 Is the aspect of the organization’s overall
management structure that addresses immediate
and long-term impacts of its products, services and
processes on the environment.

CONTD…
 Gives order and consistency for organizations to
address environmental concerns through the
allocation of resources, assignment of responsibility
and ongoing evaluation of practices, procedures
and processes
 Creates environmental buy-in from management
and employees and assigns accountability and
responsibility.
 Sets framework for training to achieve objectives
and desired performance
 Helps understand legislative requirements to better
determine a product or service's impact,
significance, priorities and objectives

CONTD…
 Focuses on continual improvement of the system
and a way to implement policies and objectives to
meet a desired result. This also helps with
reviewing and auditing the EMS to find future
opportunities
 Encourages contractors and suppliers to establish
their own EMS
 Facilitates e-reporting to federal, state and
provincial government environmental agencies
through direct upload

EMS MODEL
 An EMS follows a Plan-Do-Check-Act, or PDCA, Cycle.
 It includes the process of first developing an
environmental policy, planning the EMS, and then
implementing it.
 The process also includes checking the system and
acting on it.
 The model is continuous because an EMS is a process
of continual improvement in which an organization is
constantly reviewing and revising the system.
 This is a model that can be used by a wide range of
organizations — from manufacturing facilities to service
industries to government agencies.

BUSINESS START-UPS AND ENVIRONMENT
POLICIES.
 A startup company (startup or start-up) is an
entrepreneurial venture which is typically a newly
emerged, fast-growing business that aims to meet
a marketplace need by developing a viable
business model around an innovative product,
service, process or a platform.

WHY START-UPS SHOULD HAVE
ENVIRONMENT POLICIES….
 Increasing consumer demand for environmentally
sound products and services has prompted many
private sector businesses, large and small, to
voluntarily implement green policies and strategies
into their business plans.
 Green policies not only show a company’s
commitment to environmental responsibility, those
policies save money, reduce the carbon footprint
and encourage others to follow suit.
 Small businesses can benefit from the cost savings
associated with many environmentally friendly
practices as well as grab the attention of
consumers concerned with preserving the
environment.

ENVIRONMENT POLICIES
 Environmental policy is the commitment of an
organization to the laws, regulations, and other
policy mechanisms concerning environmental
issues.
 These issues generally include air and water
pollution, waste management, ecosystem
management, maintenance of biodiversity, the
protection of natural resources, wildlife and
endangered species.

VARIOUS ENVIRONMENT POLICES WHICH
BUSINESS START-UPS CAN HAVE IS:
 Recycling Programs
 Energy Conservation Plans
 Promote Telecommuting and Carpooling
 Reduce Product Packaging
 Waste management

RECYCLING PROGRAMS
 Small businesses can get started with a kick-off
campaign designed to educate employees about
the benefits of recycling, its goals and methods.
 Medium- to large-size companies might consider
hiring a part-time recycling coordinator or enlisting
the help of a staffer who would enjoy helping the
business contribute to a cleaner environment.
 To increase employee motivation, companies
should post measurable goals and objectives in a
central location.

ENERGY CONSERVATION PLANS
 Businesses can allow a professional energy rater to
audit their energy usage and offer advice on how to
reduce waste, save money and minimize their
impact on their environment.
 Businesses can get a quick start on energy
conservation by changing all incandescent bulbs to
compact fluorescent bulbs and encouraging
employees to shut down and unplug computers and
other equipment before leaving for the day.
 If the building is an older one, owners should
consider swapping out old wall insulation for more
modern and efficient materials.

PROMOTE TELECOMMUTING AND CARPOOLING
 To encourage employees to reduce fuel
consumption, companies can implement
telecommuting and carpooling policies.
 Some companies reward employees who commit to
carpooling with discounts to local fitness clubs or
other green businesses.
 Employees whose duties do not require their
constant presence at work can telecommute.
 Companies with telecommuting employees typically
provide a laptop or desktop computer and pay for
necessary services, such as a dedicated phone line
and Internet connectivity.

REDUCE PRODUCT PACKAGING
 Businesses that produce products requiring plastic
or Styrofoam packaging can take steps to reduce
this packaging and its contribution to overfilling of
landfills by switching to biodegradable packaging.
 Alternative packaging may make products more
attractive to a consumer base that increasingly
demands environmentally friendly products.

WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Helping to preserve the environment by using the
principles of waste reducing, reusing, and recycling.

Environment management

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