The document discusses ointments, including what they are, their types such as medicated and unmedicated, how they are prepared by mixing ingredients together, and how they should be stored in tightly closed containers and dispensed in jars or tubes to protect from contamination. Ointments can be used topically for various medical purposes like protecting, soothing, and healing skin, with different bases selected based on factors like the drug and desired skin properties.

1. TopicTopic:-:- OINTMENTSOINTMENTS
Presented To:- :-
Md: Mominul islam
Roll: 408
14th
Batch
Department of Pharmacy
WUB ( World University of Bangladesh)

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
What is Ointments ? (Sumi)
Types of ointment ? (Sumi)
Advantages & Disadvantages. (Neal)
Medicinal Applications . (Neal)
Ointment bases. (Neal)
Preparation. (Nashid)
Storage & dispensing. (Nashid)

3. Any greasy or oily semi-solid
preparation, usually medicated, that
can be applied externally to the skin in
order to heal, soothe or protect it.
It is a viscous semisolid preparation
used topically on a variety of body
surfaces.
What is Ointments?

4.  Drug ingredients can be dissolved,
emulsified or suspended in the
ointment base.
 The word ointment comes from the
Latin ungere meaning anoint with oil.

5. Types of Ointments
The various types of ointments are:
 Unmedicated ointments
 Medicated ointments
UNMEDICATED OINTMENTS
These ointments do not contain any drugs. They are
useful as emollients, protectants .
Example: Petroleum jelly.

6. MEDICATED OINTMENTS
These ointments contain drugs which show local or
systemic effects.
These are of several sub-types:
Dermatologic ointments
Opthalmic ointments
Rectal ointments
Vaginal ointments
Nasal ointments

7. DERMATOLOGIC OINTMENTS
 These ointments are applied topically on the external skin. The
ointment is applied to the affected area as a thin layer and
spread evenly using gentle pressure with the fingertips. These
are of three types:
 (1) Epidermic ointments: The drugs present in these type of
ointments exert their action on the epidermis of the skin.
Example: Ketoconazole ointment.
 (2) Endodermic ointments: The drugs present in these types of
ointments exert their action on the deeper layers of cutaneous
tissue.
Example: Demodex ointment.
 (3) Diadermic ointments: The drugs present in these types of
ointments enter into the deeper layers of skin and finally in the
systemic circulation and exert systemic effects.
Example: Nitroglycerine ointment.

8. OPTHALMIC OINTMENTS
These are sterile preparations which are applied
inside the lower eye lid. Only anhydrous bases are
used in their preparation. The ointment is applied as
a narrow band of approximately 0.25 - 0.5 inch.
Example: Sulfacetamide sodium ointment.
RECTAL OINTMENTS
These are the ointments to be applied to the peri-
anal or within the anal canal. The bases used are
combinations of PEG 300 and PEG 3350, cetyl
alcohol and cetyl esters, wax, liquid paraffin and
white paraffin.
Example: Benzocaine ointment.

9. VAGINAL OINTMENTS
These ointments are applied to the vulvo-vaginal
area or inside the vagina. As vagina is more
susceptible to infections, the ointment should be
free from micro-organisms, moulds and yeasts.
Example: Candicidin ointment.
NASAL OINTMENTS
These are used in the topical treatment of nasal
mucosa. Drugs get absorbed into the general
circulation through the rich blood supply of
the nasal lining.
Example: Ipratropium bromide ointment.

10. ADVANTAGES
 Handling of ointments is easier than bulky liquid dosage
forms.
 They are chemically more stable than liquid dosage
forms.
 They facilitate application of the directly to the effected
body part and avoid exposure of other parts to the drug.
 They are suitable for patients who find it difficult to take
the drugs by parenteral and oral routes.
 They prolong the contact time between the drug and
effected area.
 The bioavailability of drugs administered as ointments is
more since it prevents passage through liver.

11. DISADVANTAGES
They are bulkier than solid dosage forms.
When applications of an exact quantity of ointment to
the affected area is required, it is difficult to ascertain
the same.
They are less stable than solid dosage forms.

12. Medicinal application of ointment:
Ointments are used topically for several purposes,
e.g., as protectants, antiseptics, emollients,
antipruritics, kerotolytics, and astringents.
 In the case of a protective ointment, it serves to
protect the skin against moisture, air, sun rays and
other external factors.
It is necessary that the ointment neither penetrates
the human skin barriers nor facilitates the
absorption of substances through this barrier.

13. Ointment based:
There are five (5) classes or types of ointment
bases which are differentiated on the basis of
their physical composition. These are:
1. Oleaginous bases.
2. Absorption bases.
3. Water in oil emulsion bases.
4. Oil in water emulsion bases.
5. Water soluble or water miscible bases.

14.  These bases are fats, fixed oils, hydrocarbon or
silicones.
They are anhydrous, greasy, non-washable does not
absorb water and occlusive (form a film on skin so it
increases the skin hydration by reducing the rate of
loss of surface water.
They should not be applied to infected skin.
 they are used as protectants, emollients , vehicles for
hydrolysable drugs.
Example: White Petrolatum,
White Ointment
Oleaginous O.B.Oleaginous O.B.

15.  Oleaginous base + w/o surfactant.
 Anhydrous but hydrophilic ointment bases, they can
absorb several times their weight of water to form
water-in-oil emulsion.
 They are non-washable, not water soluble
 They used as protectants, emollients (+/-), vehicles for
aqueous solutions, solids, and non-hydrolyzable
drugs.
 Example: Hydrophilic Petrolatum,
Anhydrous Lanolin, Aquabase™,
Aquaphor®, Polysorb®
Absorption O.B.Absorption O.B.

16. These are anhydrous, hydrophilic, absorbs water and
non water removable, with low thermal conductivity
and occlusive.
They have the same properties as the absorption
bases.
They are used as emollients, cleansing creams,
vehicles for solid, liquid, or non-hydrolysable drugs .
Examples: Cold Cream type, Hydrous Lanolin,
Rose Water Ointment, Hydrocream™, Eucerin®,
Nivea® .
W/O emulsion O.B.W/O emulsion O.B.

17.  These bases are anhydrous, water soluble, absorb
water and water washable.
 They are either carbowaxes Polyethylene Glycols
(PEGs) or hydrated gums (bentonite, gelatin,
cellulose derivatives).
 They are used as drug vehicles.
 Examples: PEG Ointment, Polybase™
O/W emulsion O.B.O/W emulsion O.B.

18.  These bases are anhydrous, water soluble, absorb
water and water washable.
 They are either carbowaxes Polyethylene Glycols
(PEGs) or hydrated gums (bentonite, gelatin,
cellulose derivatives).
 They are used as drug vehicles.
 Examples: PEG Ointment, Polybase™
Water miscible O.B.Water miscible O.B.

19. Selection of the Appropriate Base Based on:
1. Desired release rate.
2. Desirability for enhancement of per-cutaneous
absorption.
3. Advisability of occlusion.
4. Short-term or long-term stability.
5. Influence of drug on consistency or other features
of ointment base.
6. Patient factor - dry or weeping (oozing) skin.
Choice of the O.B.Choice of the O.B.

20. Among the properties which an
Ideal ointment base should possess are:
1. Does not retard wound healing.
2. Low sensitization index.
3. Pharmaceutical elegance.
4. A low index of irritation.
5. Non dehydrating.
6. Non greasy.
7. Neutral in reaction.
8. Good keeping qualities.
Ideal O.B.Ideal O.B.

21. 9. Compatible with common medicaments.
10. Efficient release of medicament at site of
application.
11. Washable (easily removed with water).
12. Minimum number of ingredients.
13. Ease of compounding.

22. Mix together (mortar & pestle, spatula & slab)
roller mill
"levigating" the powder (reduction of particle size in
suspending agent compatible with the ointment
base)
Preparation of thePreparation of the
OintmentsOintments

23.  In porcelain dish all or some components of an
ointment melted together and cooled with constant
stirring until congealed, add non-melting substances as
the ointment is being cooled and stirred.

24. Ointments should be stored in tightly closed and
completely filled containers
Changes in temperature can lead to the crystallization of
the drug and to changes in the ointment base.
They are usually dispensed in jars of glass or plastic
material or in collapsible tubes.
Sterile ointments must be dispensed in tubes or single dose
units in order to protect the product against contamination
during use.
With tin tubes, there is a risk of corrosion with hydrophilic
ointments.
Storage and dispensingStorage and dispensing

25.  Continue adding ointment to the jar again using
the spatula to put the ointment along the sides of
the jar.
 As you fill the jar, stab the spatula into the
ointment a couple of times. This will reveal air
pockets that may have formed.
 Put the spatula halfway across the filled jar, and
tilt in slightly . Rotate the jar and this is make a
professional looking finish on the top of the
ointment.
 Wipe off ointment from the threads of the jar.
 Cap the ointment jar.