1. FACULTY OF PHARMACY
ANALYTICAL DEPARTMENT
Assignment Topic :Sodium salts of Sulphur containing
anions
Course Title : Analytical chemistry 1
Course Code :PC123
Due date 05-05-2016

2. Sodium Salts of Sulphur Contain anions
Introduction
Sulphur is one of the chalcogenides, or "mineral formers," oxygen O, sulfur S, selenium Se
and tellurium Te, that possess section VIA of the intermittent table.
The electronic structure of S importantly affects the
structures in which it exists. In the event that an
unbiased molecule increases two electrons, it
finishes the stable argonic structure. The sulfur
particle S- is steady in watery arrangement, where the polar water decreases the vitality
punishment of the charge. Two sulfur iotas can make a "direction covalent" single bond, and
this S2 particle is found in the vapor at high temperatures.
Sulphur does not form S2 with a twofold bond, as oxygen does. On the off chance that two
electrons are added to this atom, the outcome is the disulphide particle, S2- - , which is
likewise steady in fluid arrangement. Both these particles structure salts with metals that are

3. arranged to outfit the two electrons. Lewis electron outlines are appeared for sulfur in the
chart.
Type of qualitative Tests
Some preliminary tests are done before going to the anion analysis.
(A) Physical Examination: Color and Smell
(B) The physical examination of the obscure salt includes the investigation of shading,
smell and thickness. Trademark smell recognizes a few anions, for example, acetic
acid derivation, sulfide and so on.
(C) Dry Heating Test
This test is performed by warming a little measure of salt in a dry test tube. Entirely
significant data can be accumulated via painstakingly performing and taking note of the
perceptions. On warming, some salts experience decay, therefore developing the gasses.
(C) Identification of Anions (Acid Radicals)
The recognizable proof of the radicals is first done on the premise of the preparatory tests. The
Dry warming test is one of the preparatory tests performed before which may give some vital
data about the corrosive radical present. The other preparatory tests depend on the way that:
• CO32-, S2-, NO2-and SO32-respond with dil. H2SO4 to give out CO2, H2S, NO2 and
SO2 gasses separately. These gasses on distinguishing proof show the way of the anion
present in the salt.
• Cl-,Br-,I-,NO3-and C2O42-and CH3COO-respond with conc. H2SO4 however not
with dil. H2SO4 to create trademark gasses.

4. • SO42-and PO43-respond neither with dil H2SO4 nor with conc. H2SO4. These are,
accordingly, recognized by individual tests.
Different qualitative Test
confirmation of Chloride (Cl-)
(a) Silver nitrate test
Chlorides on response with silver nitrate answer for structure a white hasten of silver chloride
which is dissolvable in ammonium hydroxide.
(b) Manganese dioxide test
At the point when chloride salts respond with manganese dioxide and concentrated sulphuric
corrosive, chlorine gas is freed.
(c) Chromyl chloride test
At the point when chloride salts respond with potassium dichromate and conc. sulphuric
corrosive red exhaust of chromyl chloride is framed which responds with sodium hydroxide to
shape yellow arrangement of sodium chromate. Sodium chromate responds with lead acetic
acid derivation in nearness of dil. acidic corrosive to frame yellow hasten of lead chromate.

5. Summary of MSDS of eachanion
To test the properties of the sulfate particle, you will look at the responses of Epsom salts.
This salt, MgSO4.7H2O, is utilized as a laxative and, as a watery arrangement, to drench tired
feet. Since it breaks up in water to frame Mg2+ and SO42-particles, it won't respond with an
answer containing SO42-and HSO4-particles, for example, H2SO4. It will, be that as it may,
structure insoluble accelerate of BaSO4 when within the sight of Ba2+ particle:
Ba2+ + SO4
2- BaSO4 (s)
Iodide salts can be distinguished by their response with chlorine (Cl2). Chlorine is a harmful,
pale, yellow-green gas with a disturbing scent and low dissolvability in water. Its structure
comprises of two chlorine molecules covalently reinforced together, with a solitary obligation
of two shared electrons. An advantageous research center wellspring of chlorine is business
dye, which is normally a 5 percent fluid arrangement of sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl. The
arrangement acts as though it contains broke down chlorine. This is on the grounds that
hypochlorite and chloride particles are in harmony with chlorine and hydroxide particles:
OCl- (aq) + Cl- (aq) + H2O Cl2 (aq) + 2 OH- (aq)
Note that sodium is again a spectator molecule and does not appear in the net ionic condition.
In this investigation, you will use an answer of blur to supply Cl2 (aq) for reaction with iodide
molecule. The aftereffects of this reaction are nuclear iodine and chloride particle.Cl2 + 2 I-I2
+ 2 Cl-Cl2 + 2 I- I2 + 2 Cl-

6. Iodine (I2) exists as a purple strong and disintegrates sparingly in water. Whenever iodine (I2)
is in arrangement with iodide particle (I-), the cocoa triiodide particle shapes:
I2 (aq) + I- (aq) I3
- (aq)
Purple colorless brown
Apparatus Needed
The first step in writing composing synthetic conditions for watery ionic responses is
to perceive the anions and cations and keep in touch with them as broke up species. In fluid
arrangement, solvent ionic mixes separate into cations and anions, which are encompassed by
water atoms. For instance, sodium chloride breaks up in water to shape sodium cations, Na+,
and chloride anions, Cl-.Ionic mixes containing polyatomic particles additionally disintegrate
in water to frame separate anions and cations, yet the polyatomic particles stay in place. For
instance, sodium hydrogen carbonate breaks up in water to shape sodium cations, Na+, and
hydrogen carbonate anions, HCO3-. At the point when composing compound conditions for
the responses watched, we by and large compose the net ionic condition, which indicates just
those particles that respond, not those which are onlooker particles. For more data on adjusting
concoction conditions, see the accompanying area.
Producers
Thus, reaction of iodide particle with an answer of dye produces iodine, which then responds
with remaining iodide particle to shape the chestnut triiodide particle. This cocoa shading will
help you to perceive the nearness of iodide and iodine in your response arrangements.

7. A second test for iodide particle is arrangement of a silver iodide encourage. Like the
chloride particle, iodide responds with silver nitrate answer for give a hasten, despite the fact
that AgI is yellow, while
AgCl is white:
Ag+ + I- AgI (s)
In this reaction, sodium and nitrate are spectator ions and are not included in the net ionic
equation.
Yet another test for iodide is the response of an iodide salt with sulfuric corrosive to shape a
chestnut strong and cause gas advancement. In this arrangement of responses, iodide particle
is initially oxidized to I2. The gas framed is hydrogen sulfide (H2S), from the diminishment of
sulfuric corrosive. Since both iodide particle (I-) and atomic iodine (I2) are available, the
triiodide particle frames, giving the trademark chestnut shading.
8 I- (aq) + 10 H+ (aq) + SO4
2-
H2S (g) + 4 I2(aq) + 4 H2O
I2 (aq) + I- (aq) I3
- (aq)
Results and conclusion
A final test for the nearness of iodide particle can be performed utilizing starch to identify I2,
delivered from I-in one of the above responses. Starch contains amylose, a polymer of a-D
glucose that responds to shape a trademark blue-dark complex with I2 within the sight of I-.
The iodine and iodide shape an I5-chain which fits inside the helix framed by the sugar chains.
This complex is a dull blue-dark that is effectively watched. Starch can be utilized to affirm

8. the aftereffects of the response amongst iodide and chlorine or iodide and H2SO4, since both
responses produce with I2 within the sight of I-.
Phosphate salts respond with magnesia blend to frame white encourage of magnesium
ammonium phosphate.
Note: To prepare magnesia blend, add strong NH4Cl to magnesium chloride arrangement.
Bubble, cool and include NH4OH till a solid odor of smelling salts ia acquired.
The subjective inorganic examination is a technique for investigative science that looks to
discover the essential arrangement of inorganic mixes through different reagents. It is chiefly
centered around discovery of particles in a fluid arrangement, so the substances in different
states should be changed over into a watery arrangement before beginning the investigation.
Reference
Labrador, R., Soto, J., Martínez-Máñez, R., & Gil, L. (2009). An electronic tongue for
qualitative and quantitative analyses of anions in natural waters. Journal Of Applied
Electrochemistry, 39(12), 2505-2511. doi:10.1007/s10800-009-9942-y.
Havel, V., & Sindelar, V. (2015). Anion Binding Inside a Bambus[6]uril Macrocycle in
Chloroform. Chempluschem, 80(11), 1601-1606. doi:10.1002/cplu.201500345

9. Goodman, M. S., Jonmaire, K. F., & Nazarenko, A. Y. (2007). Contemporary Undergraduate
Qualitative Analysis: Use of CCD-Based Raman, Atomic Emission, and Reflectance
Spectrometers. Spectroscopy Letters, 40(3), 453-463. doi:10.1080/00387010701295778