Notes On The And Its Effects On Body And Body Essay

Notes On The And Its Effects On Body And Body Essay
List 8:
1. Proximodistal Pattern (p.83): This concept concerns the sequence of growth. This concept
believes that growth begins in the medial or center portions of the body and gradually moves
outward to the extremities or appendages. I think that this concept is interesting because infants have
motor control of their arms, but struggle using their hands and fingers until they are a little older. It
is not a deficit of any kind, but simply a step in their developmental growth.
2. Myelination (p.93): Myelination is an essential part to having healthy working neurons in your
body and in your brain. Myelination is the process of neuron axons getting encased within myelin
sheath. The presence of myelin sheath increases speed of processing information. This process can
also provide the neuron with energy needed for communication with other cells. With myelination
deficits, there are different neurodegenerative diseases that can develop such as Alzheimer's and
Multiple Sclerosis.
3. Amygdala (p.98): The amygdala is an important part of our brain and limbic system because it is
the center for our emotions. The amygdala and limbic system matures earlier that the prefrontal
cortex that increases cognitive control and allows one to control one's emotions. I think that this is
interesting because it can explain why teenagers and young adults have more impulsive behaviors
linked to their passionate emotions.
4. Neurogenesis (p.100): This concept is incredibly interesting because there
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Causes Of Multiple Sclerosis
Affecting women more than men, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is normally diagnosed between the ages
20 and 40, but can be seen during any age.; which is the most common disabling neurological
disease of young adults. It's caused by the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering which
surrounds the nerve cells, by being damaged. Nerve signals start slowing down or they stop when
this nerve covering is damaged, which is caused by inflammation. It can affect any area of the brain,
spinal cord, and optic nerve. The causes for Multiple Sclerosis are still unknown, however the
common thought on it is that it's a virus or gene defect, and environmental facts could also play a
role in it. With MS, it causes the sheath to be stripped away, which is a process called
demyelination. Severe or mild disabilities can occur depending on the nerves that were affected. If
the myelin in the sensory nerves is lost, a person may have impaired sense of touch. ... Show more
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The sclerosis is the result of scar tissue forming in the central nervous system (a process called
gliosis). In part because we cannot determine in advance which nerve fibers will be affected in a
particular patient––the disease can impair any part of the central nervous system––the severity of
multiple sclerosis is often unpredictable. Some people may have mild problems, with no significant
permanent disability. For others, multiple sclerosis means severe paralysis and confinement to a
wheelchair."

Multiple Sclerosis : A Nervous System Disease That Affects...
What Everyone Should Know About Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is considered a nervous
system disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. The disease remains a mystery to this day since
there are no known specific causes. It can be seen that multiple sclerosis is more prevalent in women
than in men between the ages of 20–40 (Bethesda 2015). While the disease is typically mild in most
cases, some severe cases may result in the loss in the ability to speak, walk, and write. Common
symptoms of the disease include "visual disturbances, muscle weakness, trouble with coordination
and balance, sensations with numbness and prickling, and thinking and memory problems"
(Bethesda 2015). It is important to become more aware and informed on the basics of multiple
sclerosis so that in the case if you or someone you know may be experiencing symptoms, an early
diagnosis can be made and treatment can start as soon as possible. The central nervous system is
compromised of the brain and spinal cord and is known as the control and integrating center of the
nervous system. To understand how multiple sclerosis affects the body, it is vital to comprehend the
normal physiology of the central nervous system. Nerve cells or neurons are the structural units of
the nervous system. Neurons transmit messages as nerve impulses from one part of the body to
another. These neurons contain processes which are called dendrites and axons. The axon is the
"conducting region" of a neuron since a

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable, immune mediated disease of the central nervous system
(CNS) (Definition of MS). This disease is estimated to affect more than 400,000 people in the
United States alone, and about 2.5 million worldwide. In the United States, about 200 new cases of
MS are discovered weekly (Pietrangelo, Anne and Higuera, Valencia) . In a healthy person, an
insulation covering called myelin, coats the nerve fibers in the CNS (Article from mom). When one
develops MS, the communication between their brain and other parts of his/her body is disrupted as
"an abnormal immune–mediated response" attacks the myelin coating that encloses nerve fibers in
the CNS. This causes a disturbance in communication between the CNS and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The symptoms are determined by the location of the plaques. Symptoms associated with plaques in
the spinal cord include: numbness or loss of feeling, weakness, bladder difficulties, bowel
difficulties, sexual dysfunction, and disturbances in feeling in the limbs or on the trunk (Rosner &
Ross). Symptoms associated with plaques in the brain stem include: eye movement abnormalities,
imbalance, incoordination, speech disorders, emotional disturbances, and facial nerve abnormalities
(Rosner & Ross). Symptoms associated with plaques in the optic nerve include blurred vision,
vision loss, impaired depth perception, and pain or tenderness followed by headaches (Rosner &
Ross).
When one has MS, many complications can occur. MS can lead to depression, and other mental
changes such as forgetfulness or moodiness (Mayo Clinic Staff). It also can lead to epilepsy and
paralysis. The loss of function and sensory may occur in the limbs. It also can prompt muscle
stiffness or muscle spasms (Mayo Clinic Staff). Although there are many complications, the
majority of the symptoms and complications of MS are not fatal. MS does not affect life expectancy,
as much as the quality of one's life (Madell,

Myelin Sheath Essay
The Myelin Sheath: Essential for Rapid Saltatory Conduction
The synthesis and maintenance of the myelin sheath is critical for normal neural function because
myelination is responsible for the saltatory conduction of action potentials that significantly
increases the conduction velocity of electrical signals (Bartzokis, 2004). The conduction velocity of
propagation is important because it controls the flow of information necessary for vital cognitive
functions. The axon of a nerve cell is insulated via the process of myelination in which
oligodendrocytes concentrically wrap the axon in layers of myelin (Hill, Wyse, & Anderson, 2012).
In myelinated axons the only exposed regions of the axon and thus the only loci of ion flow across
the axonal membrane are called the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The principle function of the myelin sheath is that it increases the membrane resistance and
decreases the membrane capacitance (Hill et al., 2012). Increasing the membrane resistance
increases the length constant and allows action potentials to propagate farther along the axon.
Myelin decreases the membrane capacitance by increasing the distance separating the charges on the
inner and outer surfaces of the membrane (Figure 1). Furthermore, the increase in resistance of the
myelinated internodes is offset by the decrease in capacitance so the time constant remains virtually
unchanged while the length constant greatly increases, hence increasing the conduction velocity of
the action potential (Hill et al., 2012).
The crucial role of myelination to the propagation of action potentials and increase in conduction
velocity can be illustrated by comparing the function of healthy neurons to those affected by
neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. A study on the deterioration of myelin in people
with Alzheimer's disease exhibits the essential role myelination plays in normal cognitive function
(Bartzokis, 2004). Myelin breakdown disrupts brain function, compromises the saltatory

Myelin Experiment
1. Myelin are important parts of the nervous system, they are "capable of responding to experiences
for learning and long–term behavioral capacity" (Myelinate). The article goes into depth about the
different experiments that have gone on. For example, McKenzie et al. had done an experiment with
adult mice to determine if there was a difference in mice that grew new oligodendrocytes. The
article also went into great detail about different disorders caused by damaged or malfunctioned
myelin. Myelin is truly important for our brains as it surrounds axon of some nerve cells and
forming an insulating layer. On the other hand, myelin is an outgrowth of the glial cell, which is also
an important part of the nervous system. (122)
2. Multiple Sclerosis is a disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord. The article stated, " Adult
OPCs retain the capacity to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes in response to injury or
demyelinating diseases, such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
McKenzie et al. experiment consisted of using young adult mice learn to run on "complex running
wheel". The experiment had shown that transient elevation in OPC proliferation and production of
adult born oligodendrocytes. In other words, the axon dense area of the brain connecting the two
cerebral hemispheres. During the experiment it was supposed to weave out the mice that could not
produce new oligodendrocytes and in the end would not form a new strategy for the complex
running wheel. If the mice however did create new oligodendrocytes they did create a new running
strategy. In the end McKenzie et al. had said that it is possible for activity– dependent myelination
although it may be toggled on and off.
4. This is a logical place to find an increase in glial cells because glial cells surround neurons. When
looking at the corpus callosum it is a band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain.
That is why when looking at the increase of glial cells it makes sense due to the function of

The, The Endocrine System, And Genetics
A statement the author of our text book "Exploring Psychology in Modules", David Myers, is very
fond of. I tend to agree with Mr. Myers completely. Every stimulus we experience must be
processed somehow whether in order for us to just understand said stimulus or to create some sort of
response to it. I also think that most things biological are also psychological. A few examples
include the nervous system, the endocrine system, and genetics.
In order to understand how we react psychologically to a specific stimulus, it is first necessary to
understand how the body transmits information. Messages are sent through neurons to the brain to
be transmitted to a specific area of a body in order to execute a response. There are many different
types of neurons, but they all operate very similarly. The two types of neural cell fibers are dendrites
and axons (Myers, 2014, pp. 38). Dendrites receive information to send to the cell body. Axons
receive directions from the cell body and send the messages to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
Myers explains it simply, "dendrites listen, axons speak (2014, pp. 38). Axons are insulated by a
layer of fatty tissue called a myelin sheath. Myelin sheaths help speed up neural impulses.
Degeneration of myelin sheaths results in deceleration of muscle communication and eventual loss
of muscle control; a disease called multiple sclerosis. In addition to neural cells, message
transmission is assisted by glial cells. Glial cells supply nutrients for

Case Study Of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Multiple Sclerosis (MS), is an autoimmune disease in which the surrounding protective coating
layer of the axon, myelin, is degraded, resulting in the formation of inflamed lesions (also referred
to as plaques) around the regions of the brain and spinal cord. The myelin sheath is not only a
protective layer, but it also increases the speed of electrical impulses transfer across the body via
saltatory conduction. Depending on the severity of damage to the myelin, it can slow down or distort
messages travelling along nerve fibres, some signals may not pass through at all, as damage may
eventually degrade and impair the axon itself. This attack is carried out by cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
, which are activated by tip–dendritic cells. It has been observed in case studies where in the
presence of increased concentration of CD8+, there is a positive correlation to the increased damage
brought to the myelin. However, there are alternative studies that imply that because the myelin
presenting peptide CD4+ is involved in the onset of inflammation, the CD8+ may be the one
attempting to prevent the attack on the myelin. Still no one is sure of the cause, or is fully aware of
the true functions of the receptors involved. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tip–dendritic cell has an added function in which it is able to load a myelin peptide, extending
the transfer from CD4+ to CD8+. This brings about a secondary autoimmunity as the CD8+ is able
to respond to oligodendrocytes and cause them to lysis because the CD8+ is able to recognise
myelin protein on these oligodendrocytes which constitute the myelin

Myelin´s Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating neurodegenerative disorder of the central
nervous system that has the potential to cause significant disability in those affected through the
body's immune system attacking and destroying the myelin sheaths surrounding the axons. Myelin
is rich in lipids and proteins that form layers around the nerve fibers and acts as insulation and
protection. This damage to the myelin in the CNS, and to the actual nerve fibers, has the potential to
block the transmission of nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord and also other parts of the
body. This disruption of the nerve signals produces the primary symptoms of MS which then
possibly lead to secondary and tertiary symptoms stemming from these

The Membrane And Its Effects On Human Development
It is generally accepted that resting CaMKIIβ bundles and stabilizes actin cytoskeleton. Transient
activation of CaMKIIβ relaxes cytoskeleton, promotes actin polymerization and CaMKIIβ
recruitment, and favors cytoskeleton growth. This model has been shown in both synaptogenesis
(Okamoto et al., 2007) and OL maturation (Waggener et al., 2013). Based on this theory, we
proposed that prolonged CaMKIIβ activation by NMDA–R–mediated Ca2+ influx leads to
destabilization of actin cytoskeleton and membrane disintegration in mature OLs. Although our
experiments unambiguously showed that NMDA–R activation results in CaMKIIβ activation, direct
proof that links CaMKIIβ activation and membrane reduction are lacking. All the existing CaMKIIβ
inhibitors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As mentioned in chapter 5, a repeated measure experiment using OLs from CaMKIIβA303R mice
will be the best way to investigate this question. The CaMKIIβA303R mutant retains its ability to
bundle F–actin, but loses its Ca2+/CaM binding capacity. Based on our proposed model, Tat–
induced [Ca2+]i increase should have no effect on OL membrane area since Ca2+/CaM can not bind
and activate CaMKIIβA303R, and promotes its release from actin cytoskeleton.
Most of our experiments are done in mice cells. Since HIV is a human disease, we used an hBrnAgg
model to try to verify our finding in human cells. We thought that the hBrnAgg model serves our
experiments best because 1) it mimics the in vivo environment with the presence of all major CNS
cell types, 2) myelination has been observed in the model by other investigators, thus fulfill the
needs of studying effect of HIV/Tat on both OLs and myelin, and 3) the hBrnAgg model can be
maintained for a long period of time (up to 60 days), made it a good model to study long–term effect
of HIV/Tat.
Our immunostaining experiments suggested that there are far less OLs in the aggregates than we
expected. Under EM, plenty of synaptic structures, both symmetric and asymmetric, were observed
in the hBrnAgg. However, cells with typical mature OL characteristics, including dark cytoplasm
and nucleus, elongated, thin strands of endoplasmic reticulum; numerous mitochondria, and stacks
of Golgi apparatus, were rarely

Analysis Of Multiple Sclerosis: The Central Nervous System
What is MS?
Multiple Sclerosis, a.k.a MS, is a disease of the central nervous system that interrupts messages that
go between the brain and the body. The central nervous system is composed of the brain, optic
nerves, and spinal cord; it controls functions of the mind and body such as thoughts and body
movement. In MS the body's immune system destroys the Myelin Sheath and the nerve fibers. The
Myelin Sheath is the protecting cover that surrounded by the nerve fibers. If the Myelin Sheath or
nerve fibers are damaged then the nerve impulses in the central nervous system are compromised.
Demyelination is the damaging of the Myelin Sheath, afterward a plaque, which is a hardened patch
of tissue, forms over the harmed area. This disruption of nerve

Symptoms And Treatment Of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis, or MS, is a very common disease that affects more women than men; at a
minimum two to three times relevant in women (Harbo, 2013). Sadly, according to the National
Multiple Sclerosis Society, since 1975, there has not been a successful national study of the
prevalence in the United States. In order to improve reporting MS, the National MS Society
established a method of testing administrative databases. In turn, the Society reported that MS
organization have estimated 2.3 million individuals are living with MS worldwide. Is it the most
common disabling neurological disease affecting young adults (Courtney, 2009). The greatest
number of people who are identified with the disease are between the ages of 20 to 50, even though
it can still be found in younger children and notable older adults. I personally find this statistic to be
alarming. I am at risk for developing this disease since I am in my mid–20s. It is important that I
understand and am aware of the disease because the actual cause of the disease in still a mystery.
The environment and our genes could play a role in contributing to the disease.
As discussed in class, from the Human Anatomy and Physiology 9th edition by Marieb and Hoehn
(2013), our bodies have billions of neurons, also called as nerve cells. Every neurons contains
something called dendrites, which looks like branches, and an axon joined by the axon hillock. The
dendrites are part the receives the information from another neuron

A Look at Myelin and Myelin-Related Disorders Essay
A Look at Myelin and Myelin–Related Disorders
Myelin is the protective sheath around axons in the nervous system, and is often referred to as 'white
matter.' It acts as an insulator to the electrical signal that is conducted down the axon as a neuron
fires, and can well be compared to the insulation around an electrical wire. The myelin sheath
contains a variety of fatty substances (lipids), and contains at least ten distinct chemicals (2). . From
what is known, axons are not fully myelinated at birth, but myelin is formed from birth on into the
second decade of life (3). The way myelination takes place is through glial cells wrapping around
the axons in a spiral fashion. The axons are originally embedded in these glial cells, and the ... Show
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After patches of myelin are taken off the axon, oligodendrocytes 'repair' the damage, but in the
process cause scar tissue (gliotic plaques). These hard plaques then begin to interfere with the flow
of electrical impulses that move through the axon (6).. In most cases, the disease is characterized by
alternating phases of relapsing and remission, where the remission phases get increasingly shorter.
The symptoms include spasticity, double–sightedness (diplopia), and an unsteady gait (5).. This may
suggest that it is not the case that myelin in the CNS in general is targeted, but that rather myelin in
specific regions is affected. In case of the symptoms above, we might suspect demyelination of
some motor neurons, or neurons related to the function of the visual cortex.
The second group of demyelinating diseases,hereditary metabolic disorders, are degenerative
diseases and include, among others, the eight identified leukodystrophies (5). Here, 'leuko' means
'white', and refers to the white matter (myelin sheaths) of the central nervous system, and 'dystrophy'
means 'imperfect growth or development' (2).. The majority of the leukodystrophies are storage
disorders, where the absence or malfunctioning of an enzyme results in the toxic accumulation of
chemical substances (5) In each of the so far identified leukodystrophies only one of the

Essay On Multiple Sclerosis
Morgan Lippens
BIOL252/Banks
Lab Report 6 Research Paper
November 16, 2015
Multiple Sclerosis Nearly 400,000 individuals in the United States are diagnosed with multiple
sclerosis (MS). Multiple sclerosis is defined as "a potentially disabling disease of the brain and
spinal cord". (Multiple) Multiple sclerosis is classified as an autoimmune disorder in which the
immune system attacks an element of itself, specifically the protective sheath (myelin) that covers
nerve fibers and causes problems with communication between the elements of the central nervous
system and the rest of the body. Multiple sclerosis can cause nerves to deteriorate over time or
permanently damaging the nerves, which causes permanent damage to the body as nerves are unable
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Doctors utilize primarily a "differential diagnosis" with multiple sclerosis in which other diseases
are tested to be ruled out before making the MS diagnosis. These tests may include blood panels,
lumbar puncture (spinal tap) and MRI. Genetic counseling is also available because of the higher
likelihood of parental diagnosis (Multiple). The total number of people worldwide with multiple
sclerosis is 2.5 million, 400,000 of which come from within the United States (MS). Multiple
sclerosis is typically diagnosed in the early 20s and the percentage of cases diagnosed after age 50 is
only 10% (Statistic). MS is almost never fatal, the percentage of people who survive 20+ years after
diagnosis is nearly 80%, with the average lifetime cost of treatment at 1.2 million dollars

Research Paper On Diverse Myelitis
Overview
Transverse myelitis is a neurological condition that creates inflammation in the spinal cord, usually
within the protective covering around the nerve cell fibers called the myelin. This inflammation can
cause injury to the spinal cord itself, and it might affect what a patient feels in areas of the body
below the injury. Transverse myelitis may also disrupt the transmission of electrical signals to the
spinal nerves, leading to various issues with movement and sensory ability.
Several factors have been identified as being responsible for causing the disorder. Some of the more
common ones include multiple sclerosis, various viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and
vaccinations against infectious diseases. Transverse myelitis has

X Ray Irradiation Essay
The aim of this study is to research the mechanisms and therapeutic effects of x–ray treatment on
rats after spinal cord injury. Their hypothesis was that x–ray irradiation could alter the
microcirculation of the injured site, impede the deterioration of the spinal cord, and advance the
recovery of structure and function after spinal cord injury in rats.
Their methodology involved investigating the x–ray irradiation treatment in an experimental spinal
cord injury model. Then they could analyze the effect of x–ray irradiation on the restoration of
neuromotor functions. For their experimental design, 46 female Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed
to spinal cord injury using the altered Allen weight–drop mechanism. These rats were then separated
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
X–ray therapy stimulates the reconstruction of the spinal cord system after injury. The experiments
also indicated that the anatomical rehabilitation of the spinal cord injured region is probably
contrived from the x–ray treatment. The results demonstrated that the irradiation treatment possibly
advances the restoration of the spinal cord central nervous system. In the sham–operated group, the
NF count greatly increased at 14 weeks compared to 6 weeks. This revealed that the spinal cord
central nervous system has a self–repair mechanism after spinal cord injury. There was no
considerable disparity in the 10–Gy and the 20–Gy group from this experiment. In our results
myelin showed first a decrease, and then an increase following spinal cord injury in rats. This
outcome indicated that the spinal cord injury and repair coexisted, by being injured first and then
repairing it. In addition, the myelin count significantly decreased in the irradiation group at week 14
after spinal cord injury, which showed that ionizing radiation also has lasting impacts on the spinal
cord central nervous system. All in all, this experiment successfully verified that local x–irradiation
could help the regeneration of the spinal cord in a rat

Vitamin A and Multiple Scolorosis
Vitamin A and Multiple Sclerosis
There is countless research that widely associates vitamin D and vitamin A in possibly decreasing
adverse effects of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although, vitamin A is not as popular in research as
vitamin D it has shown in certain trials to be beneficial to patients suffering from MS, but more
commonly there is a positive link to vitamin A in animal trials of treating experimental autoimmune
encephalitis (EAE) the animal version of MS, . Vitamin A is a fat– soluble vitamin that can function
in immunological responses as well as brain development. This vitamin is crucial for vision, gene
transcription, and bone metabolism (7). Vitamin A may help in MS by lowering inflammation as
well as increasing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The results of the double blind randomized trial showed that there was no significant difference in
those taking vitamin A from the placebo group, since values in lipid profiles and fasting profiles did
not provide any justifiable evidence in vitamin A being beneficial in MS. However, one surprising
result came from the CRP values, or the inflammation marker, by showing an increase in the vitamin
A group in comparison to the placebo group. Although, the increase was still in the normal range it
was still an unexpected outcome from the study. Even though vitamin A's effect on Th1 and Th2
cells had the possibility of improving effects of MS, the trial concluded that there was no clinical
evidence to vitamin A's role in minimizing the harmful effects of MS (2).
A prospective study was conducted by the Nurses' Health Study, which tested vitamin A intake in
the risk of women. The results proved no support for dietary carotenoids such as alpha–carotene or
beta–carotene in lowering the risk of MS in women (7). Even though this was one of the few large–
scale studies–– comprising of 81, 683 women inspected throughout 12 years (7) –– the scientific
data proved no association to a beneficial role of vitamin A intake to MS risk in women.
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is the only protein expressed in the CNS, so its
response to T–cells may be a factor in the etiology of MS (3). A double blind study was

Essay On Oligodendrocytes
As aforementioned, due to high metabolic demands, oligodendrocytes are specifically vulnerable to
oxidative stress in the mitochondria, as well as ER stress. A prominent example is the cuprizone
animal model, which uses cuprizone as a oligodendrocytes–specific neurotoxin that induces CNS
demyelination in mice, specifically in the corpus callosum (Torkildsen, Brunborg, Myhr, & Bo,
2008). Importantly, cuprizone acts as a chopper chelator that interferes with complex IV of the
mitochondrial respiratory chain, which leads to its subsequent cell death, although the exact
mechanism of action of cuprizone is still widely debated (Jelle Praet, Caroline Guglielmetti, Zwi
Berneman, Annemie Van der Linden, & Peter Ponsaerts, 2014).
It is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
F. Lucchinetti et al., 2002). Although astrocytes show the first sign of damage in this case,
oligodendrocyte cell death and demyelination quickly ensue (Misu, Fujihara, & Itoyama, 2008).
Besides non–specific nonbrain antigens that can cause oligodendrocyte damage, autoantibodies
directed against epitope expressed on myelinating oligodendrocytes is more commonly observed to
elicit demyelination. A related animal demyelination model of this kind is the experimental allergic
encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. EAE can be induced in a number of species, including mice, rats,
pigs, rabbits and primates. Commonly used antigens include purified myelin protein such as MBP,
PLP, and myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), or peptides of these proteins and spinal cord
homogenate (SCH), all of them can serve as distinct models with different disease characteristics of
immunological response and pathology (Robinson, Harp, Noronha, & Miller, 2014). For example,
monoclonal antibodies against MOG can be injected intravenously into rats, resulting in T–cell–
mediated inflammatory response and the formation of large, confluent demyelinated plaques
(Linington, Bradl, Lassmann, Brunner, & Vass, 1988). Similarly, cytotoxic T–lymphocytes that are
directed against oligodendrocyte also induce demyelinating lesions. For instance, induction of CD8
T–cells specific

Myelin Sheath
The first thing I'm going to talk about are the neurons. (Dendrites)–The Dendrites of the Neuron are
the segments of the Neuron that receive Stimulation in order for the cell to become active. They
conduct electrical messages to the Neuron cell body for the cell to function.
(Cell Body)–The cell body is the sphere shaped thing that contains the Nucleus. The cell body is
connected to the dendrites.
(Axons)–The axons are the extended regions of the Neuron's cell membrane. In some areas of the
nervous system that require faster communication, the axons will contain insulation, known as the
Myelin Sheath.
(Myelin sheath)–The Myelin Sheath is made up of a material called myelin, which is produced by
special cells known as Schwann cells.
(Schwann cells)–Schwann cells are in the Peripheral nervous system that form the Myelin Sheath
around an axon.
(Axon Terminal)–Finally, the axon terminal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many types of Glaucoma, but the most common one is Open–Angle Glaucoma, but the
most common type of Glaucoma. This happens when the passage for eye drainage is narrow, but
still open. Usually Glaucoma develops in older adults, but they could start having symptoms of
Glaucoma at the age of 5. Glaucoma is also the leading cause in preventable blindness in the U.S.,
and is the 3rd leading cause of blindness worldwide. Some of the signs and Symptoms of Open–
Angle Glaucoma are vision loss,and tunnel vision. Since there are no treatments for the optic nerve
and vision loss caused by Glaucoma,it is impossible to cure it. But it is possible to to prevent further
visual loss by lowering eye fluid pressure. You can take certain medications to increase eye fluid
drainage through the mouth or eye drops. Also you can get Laser eye surgery or microsurgery to
open the drainage canals can be effective in increasing drainage of eye

How Does Wallerian Degeneration And Axonal Regeneration...
Kainalu Rista BIO 206 Writing assignment #3
Detailed focus question: How does Wallerian degeneration and axonal regeneration repair severed
axon/nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system?
I. Introduction. In order to explain the cellular and molecular features of my focus questions I will
need to introduce and provide background for three key concepts: Schwann cells, Macrophages, and
general information on Wallerian degeneration and regeneration. A. General Information
1. The term Wallerian degeneration refers to the innate–immune response of a traumatic nerve injury
in both central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS); however, the
mechanisms that undergo Wallerian degeneration between the 2 nervous ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A. Anterograde/Degenerating Axon 1. Initial reaction to injury (~24 hours) Demyelination and
a. Upon nerve injury, degeneration is initiated by macrophages which move into injured area to
remove myelination and axonal debris from damaged nerves (Gaudet, A. D., Popovich, P. G., &
Ramer, M. S., 2011).
b. Detached axon segments remain attached for a few days after nerve injury (Rotshenker, S., 2011).
2. Axonal skeleton disintegrates (~1 week)
a. Macrophages Eventually, axons undergo catastrophic granular disintegration of the cytoskeleton,
axon of the neuron, which causes the damaged axon distal to the neuron head to degrade into fine
debris. (Rotshenker, S. 2011).
b. All but the axon's neurolemma which is that the outermost layer of the neuron made up of
Schwann cells don't degenerate and remains as a hollow scaffold/tube providing a path for
regenerating axons (Frostick, S. P., Yin, Q., & Kemp, G. J., 1998).
c. Ca2+ dependent protease, calpains, is a key player and responsible in the degeneration of the axon
and synapse during Wallerian degeneration (Ma, M., Ferguson, T. A., Schoch, K. M., Li, J., Qian, Y.,
Shofer, F. S., . . . Neumar, R. W., 2013).
3. Debris Removal
a. Injured axons activate macrophages which in turn clear myelin and axon debris efficiently away
from damaged nerve. Simultaneously, macrophages produce growth factors that facilitate Schwann
cell migration and axon regeneration (Rotshenker, S. 2011).
III. Axonal Regeneration.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis, or MS, is a chronic, autoimmune, and degenerative disease of the central nervous
system. Its etiology is unknown, but a combination of environmental and genetic factors is likely
responsible for its development. MS occurs when one's immune system attacks the fatty protein
myelin, which insulates and protects the axons of oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord.
Damage to this sheath can cause the miscommunication between these oligodendrocytes and the rest
of the body, and additionally causes painful and debilitating symptoms. The severity of these
symptoms varies from one person to another and is dependent on the extent of the nerve damage and
the types of nerves that have been affected. This disease effects one's motor and cognitive abilities,
and can oftentimes lead to severe impairment of one's movement and speech. There is no known
cure for this inflammatory disease, but medication and therapy can help alleviate the effects as the
disease progresses.
Multiple sclerosis can affect people of all ages and cultures and is one of the most common diseases
of the nervous system, although it more commonly affects middle aged white women. During the
late 1800's, research from Dr. Walter Moxon and Dr. Edward Seguin concluded that MS produces
numerous neurological symptoms, it is not inherited, and the disease, at the time, was resistant to all
treatment (1). After the development of new chemicals that allowed cells to be more clearly seen
under a

Multiple Sclerosis Research Paper
Multiple sclerosis, also known as MS, is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease that is very
painful for both the patient and care giver. In the disease, there is inflammation and
neurodegeneration acting at the same time. There is currently no known primary cause of multiple
sclerosis. The disease is however characterized by damaged fatty myelin sheaths around the axons
of the brain and the spinal cord. Myelin is a mixture of proteins and phospholipids that protects
many nerve fibers enabling speed at which impulses are conducted. It is pathologically characterized
as the presence of glial scars all over in the central nervous system. The disease was discovered by
the French neurologist Jean–Martin Charcot in 1868 when he examined the brain ... Show more
The aim of the pharmacology is pain management. The medications given are able to reduce the
frequency and severity of the attacks seen with the disease. One of the medication is corticosteroids
which is able to cut an attack time short. Corticosteroids, such as Prednisone, are a class of drug
based of a component of the hypothalamic– pituitary–adrenal axis that control immune responses
and reduce inflammation. The mechanism of action of the class is reducing the body's autoimmune
response and inhibits it from attacking its own tissues as it does in MS. The decrease in time and
inflammation can result in decrease damage to the brain and spinal cord leading to a reduce
progression of the disease. The steroids should only be used for a short period of time because long–
term side effects. Some side effects include insomnia, headache, and suppression of immune system.
The steroids sometime has to be given in combination therapy with antibiotics such as
Sulfamethoxazole to fight possible infections. The chance of infections increases with the
suppression of the immune system. Other drugs take care of symptoms such as muscle spasms,
incontinence, and

Myelin Sheath's Autoimmune Disease: Multiple Sclerosis
Autoimmune disease is a disease where the body's immune system attacks and damages its own
body tissues. The immune system may start producing antibodies that will attack its own body tissue
instead of protecting and fighting infections in response to an unknown triggering mechanism.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a type of autoimmune disease in which the myelin sheath that covers
axons and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulse in the brain is damaged or destroyed. The
word Multiple refers to many areas and Sclerosis refers to the scar of the myelin sheath. The disease
affects the central nervous system which are the brain and spinal cord. When the myelin sheath is
damaged, nerves cannot conduct the electrical impulses efficiently.
MS is

The Central Nervous System: Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a lifelong disorder of the central nervous system: that consist of the brain
and spinal cord. MS is known as an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly
attacks myelin sheath. The myelin sheath is the cover that protects the nerve cells. When the myelin
is damaged, messages between the brain and the whole body get disrupt. MS is more probable to
affect people between the ages of 20 to 40 years. The effects of the disease vary for everybody who
suffers from it. Depending on this the disease may progress rapidly or slowly. MS has four different
categories of progressing. Unfortunately, MS is an incurable disease, but treatments such as
medication and physical therapy can help comfort and regulate the symptoms. In this essay, I will
talk about the progression of the four types of MS and the stages of diagnosis. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Relapsing–Remitting (RRMS) is the most common type of the disease. People with RRMS will
have attacks, relapses, of a new symptoms or reappearance of old symptoms. In relapses, symptoms
may last for more than 24 hours and sometimes can last more than months, then gradually progress
over a similar time. The remissions are the period between the attacks and it can last for years. After
several years, some people with RRMS can develop SPMS. In this type of MS, symptoms
progressively get worse over time without noticeable attacks. People who are not diagnosed at first
with RRMS may experience a stable progression of the disease that is called PPMS. In PPMS the
symptoms get worse from the beginning and there are no periods of remission or relapses. PRMS is
like PPMS that the symptoms progressively worsening from the start by severe relapses, but without

The Central Nervous System (CNS)
The central nervous system (CNS) that is one of the main parts of the nervous system in the body
which consists of the brain and spinal cord. [1] Unlike the other systems, CNS controls many jobs at
the same time. Some of these functions are controlling voluntary movements such as walking and
involuntary movement such as digestion. [1] "It is also the core of our thoughts, perceptions, and
emotions." [1] Unfortunately, there are many diseases that can disable CNS partially or even totally,
and one of these diseases is multiple sclerosis (MS). This essay will define MS and cover the main
characteristics, the symptoms, and the types that exist.
First and foremost, MS is a disabling disease of the CNS, or the brain and spinal cord. [2] MS
specifically attacks the protective sheath called myelin that covers the nerve fibers. [2] Because MS
is an autoimmune disease, these attacks come from the immune system and cause communication
issues between the brain and the rest of the body. [2] Myelin is responsible for transmitting the nerve
impulses that come from the sensory nerves to CNS, so any damage happens to myelin can disrupt
or slow the transmitting of the nerve impulses. [2] MS can also cause the nerves themselves to be ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These symptoms classify as physical, mental, and psychological signs. First, the physical signs
which are the most signs that can be observed in any MS patient, are numbness, walking issues,
bladder dysfunction, vision problems such as partial or complete loss of vision, and electric–shock
sensations that occur with the patient moves his or her neck in certain movements such as bending
the neck forward. [4, 5] Second, the mental signs are cognitive changes, difficulties in thinking, and
dizziness. [4, 5] Finally, psychological signs can be depression, anxiety, and unstable mood. [4, 5]
However, these symptoms may differ from one patient to another, depending on the location and the
damaged nerve fibers.

Symptoms Of Multiple Sclerosis Through The Downregulation...
Nanocurcumin attenuates neurological symptoms of multiple sclerosis through the downregulation
of pro–inflammatory cytokines and endorsing myelin protection.
B.1. English Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, neurodegenerative disease that affects more than
40,000 individuals in Egypt alone and 2.5 million people worldwide. MS is also categorized as an
autoimmune disease in which the immune system instigates an immune response upon encountering
the specific myelin antigen and therefore initiating a constant degradation of the myelin sheath. The
frequent loss of the myelin leads to irreversible progressive axonal damage and eventually neural
death. Unfortunately, there is no cure for MS. This projects aims to ameliorate neurological structure
and function in MS patients by the oral administration of Nanocurcumin. Nanocurcumin is
synthesized by loading curcumin on poly (n–butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles and is coated with
polysorbate–80 to ensure the direct delivery of the nanocurcumin across the blood brain barrier and
to the brain. Nanocurcumin is expected to attenuate the neurological symptoms of MS through
downregulation of the pro–inflammatory cytokines and endorse the production of neurotrophic
factors that aids in neuroprotection and myelin repair.
Key words: MS, Multiple Sclerosis, Neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases,
polyphenols, curcumin, Nanoparticles.
B.2. Arabic Abstract
B.3. Introduction
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the

Peripheral Neuropathy Essay
Peripheral neuropathy involves damage to the peripheral nervous system which serves as a major
communication network for the brain, the spinal cord other parts of the body. Peripheral nerves are
responsible for sending sensory information such as "cold feet" back to the brain. It is also
responsible for sending signals from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles to elicit movement.
There are more than 100 types of peripheral neuropathy and each is classified based on the type of
damage on the nerve. Some peripheral neuropathies are due to damage to the myelin sheath which is
the fatty protein that coats and insulate the axon. This myelin sheath is important for increasing the
speed at which impulses propagate down a myelinated nerve fiber.

Multiple Sclerosis Research Paper
Multiple Sclerosis is a disabling autoimmune disease that basically attacks the protective sheath of
our myelin. The myelin surrounds the nerve fibers and helps orchestrate impulses that our sent to
our spinal cord and brain otherwise known as the central nervous system. People who are diagnosed
with MS have damaged or inflamed myelin around the nerves causing poor conduction where the
impulses are either weakened or lost. With the damaged myelin protective coating, the nerves are
then more vulnerable to attack from the immune cells. As we know, immune cells protect the body
from foreign substances such as bacteria or viruses. This neurological disease typically manifests in
young people between the ages of 20–40 years old. MS is predominately diagnosed in woman more
than men and also in Caucasians verses any other races. MS not only affects our ability to walk and
talk, but our breathing even relies on proper functioning of the CNS. This disease deteriorates our
myelin and is irreversible. Some people diagnosed with MS go long periods in remission while
others eventually die. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Environment, lifestyles, vitamins and even genetics don't play a role in this disease. MS is classified
into four types: relapsing–remitting disease (RRMS), primary progressive (PPMS), secondary
progressive (SPMS) and lastly progressive relapsing (PRMS). In the RRMS stage, patients
symptoms respond to treatment then resolve. In PPMS stage, the symptoms progress over time
without remission or improvement. The SPMS stage is when exacerbation doesn't fully resolve
during the remission. In time, the patient continues with progressive debility. During the PRMS
phase, the patient experiences escalating symptoms as well as intermittent episodes of remissions.
There is medicine that can help slow down the progression of MS and help control the symptoms
but not cure multiple

The Predominance Of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Multiple Sclerosis called by MS is a disease that which the fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of
the brain and spinal cord which make up the Central Nervous System (CNS) are damaged, leading
to demyelination and scarring as well as a broad spectrum of signs and symptoms and it is also
referred as Insular Sclerosis or Disseminated Sclerosis. The name "multiple sclerosis" is derived as
multiple (many) since it occurs in many locations within the nervous system and sclerosis (scars)
which means the hardened spots of scar tissue that form on the damaged myelin.
Living with Multiple Sclerosis is challenging and multidimensional. It affects all aspects of life
where an individual that has been diagnosed with MS becomes unpredictable and undependable, the
identity and sensitivity of self are tested, and relationship with others might facing obstacles. ''MS is
always in the back of your mind. If there is something you want to do, you always wonder if the MS
will allow you to do it,'' said Darlene that living with MS for 22 years. (Marcia Finlayson.2012). ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is included all the three main races; Chinese, Malay, and Indian but with greater popularity among
ethnics Chinese (Chong Tin Tan, MD,1997).Marcia Finlayson,2012 pointed out that a few different
genetic, sociodemographic and environmental have been analysed to determine who is more or less
likely to get MS. Epidemiologic evidence supports there are both genetic and environmental risk
factors for MS. Current evidences recommend that certain people have a genetic susceptibility to
MS and they can develop MS if they are revealed to one or more environmental agents that generate
the MS pathological

Myelin Essay
Myelin is a fatty sheath that coats nerve cells. It consists of about 70% lipids. In the central nervous
system, it is made of oligodendrocytes. One oligodendrocyte can myelinate many axons. In the
peripheral nervous system, myelin is made of a Schwann cell. One Schwann cell can myelinate only
one axon. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells form myelin by wrapping around the axon.
The myelin sheath is a good insulator. It also creates low capacitance. This means that fewer ions are
needed to charge and discharge the membrane of the axon. Myelin also clusters ions channels
between myelin sheaths. These clusters are called nodes of Ranvier.
Myelin allows the action potential of myelinated axons to travel further than unmyelinated axons
with the same diameter. Because the myelin sheath is a good insulator, within myelinated segments
of the axon, there is a high resistance to ion flow in and out of the axon. As a result, there is little
charge leakage within the myelinated segments of the axon. This allows for the action potential to
travel longer distances. From an evolutionary perspective, this allowed for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Within the myelinated segments of axon, charge flows passively and quickly from one node of
Ranvier to another. The time consuming process of propagating an action potential occurs at the ions
channels. Myelinated axons do not have ions channels spanning the entire axon. Instead, they are
clustered only at the nodes of Ranvier. So, the time consuming propagation of action potentials is
limited to small segments in the axon. This allows the action potential to move quickly. Therefore, a
myelinated axon can conduct a faster action potential than an unmelinated axon with the same
diameter. This allows for faster information integration and response in organisms with myelinated
axons (compared to organisms with unmyelinated axons of the same

The Immune System: The Effect Of Multiple Sclerosis
MS starts when the body's immune system gradually destroy its myelin sheath, made up of the cells
enclosing and protecting the central nervous system, that is, the spinal cord, nerves, and brain. The
nerves are exposed, out in the open when the myelin sheath is destroyed and absent to protect the
CNS, causing the brain to have trouble conducting impulses to the parts of the body. Some common
symptoms of multiple sclerosis are light–headedness, memory loss or other memory problems,
change in emotions, misperception and so on. They are caused by the damaged myelin sheath lining
the CNS and cause an interruption between the CNS and part of the body controlled by it which are
the cells, tissues, muscles, organs and the systems. Cognitive issues similar to dementia, seizures
and tremors are experienced. Several major bodily dysfunctions in the various systems of the human
body are observed as well.
The effect of Multiple Sclerosis on the Immune System ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inflammation is caused after the immune system activities and this causes/triggers some MS
symptoms in patients. A few researchers suggest that medication intake can eventually slow down
the progression and development of multiple sclerosis by control the immune system while other
treatment methods aim specific cells found in the immune system and stop those particular cells
from targeting the myelin sheath. But the drugs provided expose patients to infection by making
their immune system weak and keeping them constantly at

Multiple Sclerosis Analysis
Multiple Sclerosis, or MS, is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system. It causes the
destruction of the myelin sheath of nerve fibres. The myelin sheath is made up of protein and fatty
substances. It insulates our nerve fibers both in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and has
many other duties. The myelin around the nerve fibers prevents the conduction of electrical
impulses. Between myelin cells, there are nodes which allows the conduction of pulses. These are
called the
Nodes of Ranvier. Instead of all the Sodium/Potassium channels opening one after another along the
nerve, only the ones that located at the node will open. This is called saltatory conduction because
the propagation of the action potential travels through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When learning about any disease or malfunction in human pathology, a common first question is
what is the cause of this condition? In the case of Multiple Sclerosis, this is a tough question to
answer. Simply put, the cause of multiple sclerosis is unknown.
It's considered an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks its
own tissues (Brassington et al, 1998). Researchers work every day to continue to get closer to
finding the cause of Multiple Sclerosis, so that we can then find a way to treat it and help those who
suffer from it. From the research outcomes we have seen so far, it seems that MS has genetic,
environmental, and immunologic variables (Brassington et al, 1998). There have also been many
interesting proposals in what the underlying cause of MS was. These possible explanations include a
slow–acting virus, a delayed reaction to a common virus, or an autoimmune reaction to something
which causes the body to attack its own tissues (Brassington et al, 1998). None of those possibilities
have
been confirmed undeniably yet, so in the research community, the race to find a cause, and then a
cure, is still very much

Multiple Sclerosis Essay
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acquired demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS)
that typically is diagnosed in the second or third decade of life. Normally, nerves are enclosed in
myelin sheaths that help facilitate transmission of nerve impulses within the CNS and the peripheral
nervous system throughout the body. In patients with MS, the myelin sheath is damaged and
eventually degenerates, causing patches of scar tissue called plaques or lesions to occur anywhere
randomly on the myelin sheath (Ruto, 2013). This results in impaired nerve conductivity, which
interferes with message transmission between the brain and the other parts of the body. As a result,
impulse transmission is altered, distorted, short–circuited, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Pathophysiology
Multiple sclerosis is characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage in the brain
and spinal cord with a loss of myelin that covers the axons. As the myelin sheath regenerates, scar
tissue forms, which looks like plaques on magnetic resonance imaging scans. Multiple sclerosis
arises when immune–mediated inflammation activates T cells and causes the T cells and immune
mediators to cross the blood–brain barriers into the CNS and attack oligodendrocytes (ie, a type of
neuroglial cell with dendritic projections that coil around axons of neural cells). When the
oligodendrocytes are attacked, the myelin sheath is replaced by scar tissue, which forms throughout
the CNS. As a result of damage to the myelin sheath, the ability to transmit and conduct nerve
impulses along the spinal cord and in the brain is interrupted, leading to muscle weakness, fatigue,
loss of coordination, balance impairment, and cognitive and visual disturbance (DeLuca &
Nocentini, 2011). This disease is characterized by unpredictable remissions that occur over several
years. During periods of remission, the myelin sheath usually regenerates and symptoms may
resolve, but the myelin cannot be completely repaired. As the disease progresses, the myelin sheath
is destroyed and nerve impulses become much slower or absent and symptoms worsen. When
degeneration exceeds self–repair ability, permanent disability results. There are four defined clinical
types of

Multiple Sclerosis And The Central Nervous System
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative and potentially debilitating disorder that affects the spinal
cord and brain, collectively known as the central nervous system. Multiple sclerosis evolves
gradually throughout time and is considered to be auto–immune, which means the immune system
mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues that are supposed to be within the body. According to
Medscape, symptoms consist of, but are not limited to, sexual problems, ataxia (the inability to
control certain muscle movements as defined by Tortora and Derrickson), fatigue, and optic neuritis.
Multiple sclerosis is characterized into four different types: relapsing–remitting MS, secondary–
progressive MS, primary–progressive MS, and progressive–relapsing MS. There is currently no cure
for multiple sclerosis, but there are many forms of treatments to help suppress the symptoms and
hinder the progression. The Patient Education Institute lists of treatments include prescription
medication and healthy lifestyle habits, such as exercising. Steroids are also administered to delay
the severity of the attacks. The aforementioned details about the treatments, types, and symptoms of
multiple sclerosis are merely a superficial analysis. To fully understand this disease, a more in–depth
and detailed focus of its impact within the body is needed. As previously stated, multiple sclerosis is
an autoimmune disease that affects the brain and nerve cells known as neurons and neuroglia.
Neurons transmit

Taking a Look at Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acquired demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS)
that typically is diagnosed in the second or third decade of life. Normally, nerves are enclosed in
myelin sheaths that help facilitate transmission of nerve impulses within the CNS and the peripheral
nervous system throughout the body. In patients with MS, the myelin sheath is damaged and
eventually degenerates, causing patches of scar tissue called plaques or lesions to occur anywhere
randomly on the myelin sheath (Ruto, 2013). This results in impaired nerve conductivity, which
interferes with message transmission between the brain and the other parts of the body. As a result,
impulse transmission is altered, distorted, short–circuited, or completely absent. This interference in
impulse transmission creates muscle weakness, muscle imbalance, and possibly muscle spasms with
partial or complete paralysis. Multiple sclerosis also can result in visual impairment and alteration of
cognitive abilities, as well as pain, numbness, or tingling sensations (Ruto, 2013). MS affects about
400,000 persons in the USA and approximately 2.1 million worldwide. The average age of onset is
between 20–40 years, although it can also occur in young children and in people aged 50 years and
more. It is estimated that the direct and indirect healthcare costs of MS in the United States result in
approximately $35,000 spent per year per patient. Multiple sclerosis affects women more

An Autoimmune Demyelinating Disorder ( Ms )
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder it is characterized by
inflammation and destruction of CNS myelin. It affects approximately 350,000 persons in the united
states and more than 1 million worldwide (Porth,2014). The age of onset is typically between 18 and
45 years of age. Women are affected twice more frequently than men. Etiology is the cause or set of
causes of a disease or condition. The cause of MS is unknown but it is likely that multiple factors
are a cause for it. The first cause is immunologic. Multiple Sclerosis is considered an immune–
mediated disease meaning the immune system malfunctions and attacks the central nervous system.
Researchers know that the myelin sheath is directly affected, but they do not know what triggers the
immune system to attack the myelin. The second possible cause is genetic, several genes play a role
in MS. The chance of developing MS is slightly higher if a close relative, such as a parent or a
sibling has the disease. According to the Multiple Sclerosis Foundation if one parent has MS, the
risk of their children getting it is estimated to be between two and five percent. Many scientist
believe that people with MS are born with a genetic susceptibility to react to certain environmental
agents. A third possible cause is environmental. Some scientists believe vitamin D may play a role.
Studies show that there has been an increase of MS cases in countries that are located further from
the equator; people who

Myelin Sheath Research Paper
The myelin sheath is where the nerve axons serve as an electrical insulator that speeds up nerve
impulses to muscles and other effectors. The damage of the myelin sheath is caused by
inflammation of the brain, and may have significant damages to other areas as well. Damaged areas
undergo scarring or plaques. Plaques may be found in different areas of the brain, which include:
optic nerves, spinal cord, cerebellum, brainstem, and cerebral area of the brain. Researchers have
found evidence of damage to the gray matter of the brain as well. The symptoms of MS are related
to the interruption of sending signals between the neurons. Damage caused by axons will cause an
irreversible disability that will continue to debilitate the individual for their life. As a result of MS,
people with this disease may lose the ability to walk. The myelin sheath debilitates the person to
walk and results in having it for their rest of their life. There are several diseases that ... Show more
Vitamins B–12, choline, and inpsitol protects the myelin sheath from damaging according to the
nutritionist, Phyllis A. Balch, author of "Prescription for Nutritional Healthing." Methylcobalamin,
which is a form of vitamin B–12 increases the production of proteins, that makes the nerve cells.
There are treatments that can help people recover from attacks and may help manage symtoms.
There are many tyoes of medicines that contain amino acid, glycine is a type of amino acid that is
used to build up tissues and muscles. The amino acids are used to repair tissues that may have been
damaged. If you take an excessive amount of these supplements, it will cause fatigue. Another
medicine that may repair the myelin sheath is the Omega–3 fatty acid. Because of this medicine, it
nourishes the coating. Omega–3 can be found in walnut oil, and fish oil supplements. All of these
supplements help MS people lead better

There is a code, which unlocks human potential setting an...
There is a code, which unlocks human potential setting an individual on a path to excellence. This
code is not in the sole possession of a few select individuals but all who know, understand, and
apply the code. Anyone can be a talented super nova.
Many have portended for years that super nova talent is rare. Such gifts are innate and occur in
hotbeds, "An environment that favors rapid growth or development" (Merriam Webster, n.p.). Coyle
seeks to prove that there is more to talent development than environment or allusive genetic gifts.
Such talent is predicated on a series of factors, including neural construction and deep practice, not
to the exclusions of such factors as environment, support systems, or will.
Coyle uses specific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This active process sends signals through the brain, signals which flow down axonal pathways. In
this process the brain develops myelin which wraps itself around the axons. This increases the signal
speed which lends to what we know as automaticity, "The state or quality of being spontaneous,
involuntary, or self–regulating" (Farlax, n.p.) Over time one's skill becomes a spontaneous act. This
skill is what separates mediocrity from genius. Myelin is the trigger point. This is good news. This
means that such talent is accessible to all. As Coyle notes, "We are myelin beings" (p. 72) Targeted
practice through committed effort is the stimulus. Both together create what is known as the talent
code. We all have the potential for genius. "To sum it up: it's time to rewrite the maxim that practice
makes perfect. The truth is, practice makes myelin, and myelin makes perfect" (Coyle, 2009, p.43)
Coyle makes an effective argument. The Talent code, finds a solid basis in Neuroscience. According
to the Neuroscience journals, "Active excitation of the axonal membrane jumps from node to node;
this form of impulse propagation is called saltatory conduction (Latin saltare, "to jump") (Morrell
and Quarles, 1999, p. 1). The targeted practice triggers excitation. The myelin sheath increases the
speed of the signal. "A darker more vivid way to appreciate myelin's role in skill development is to
consider diseases that attack

Multiple Sclerosis Case Study
Pathophysiology
Multiple sclerosis is a disease where your immune system attacks the protective barrier around your
nerves, called myelin sheaths (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Your immune system falsely recognizes
these sheaths as being intruders in the body causing it to attack them leading to nerve damage (this
is called an autoimmune disease). With this nerve damage, there is disruption of the signals being
sent from your brain and travelling to the rest of the body impairing movements, causing pain or
numbness and a variety of other symptoms. Over time, the actual nerves begin to lose function and
disintegrate (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014).
Two other characteristics are involved in the disease process: inflammation and the formation of
lesions or plaques in the central nervous system – or CNS (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Lesions are
formed when oligodendrocytes – myelin–building cells – are lost causing the myelin sheath to thin
or even completely breakdown leaving the nerve axon exposed and unable to send effective signals
to your muscles (Huether and McCance, 2008). The oligodendrocytes attempt to remyelinate the
axons but with multiple attacks, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What most clinicians say regarding "attacks" is that a patient may have them months or even years
apart (Medscape, 2014). A patient may complain of leg pain and several months later have visual
disturbances (Medscape, 2014). The most common symptoms seen in MS patients are as follows:
sensory loss, muscle cramping and spasms, bladder/bowel/sexual dysfunction, optic neuritis (loss of
vision, muscle movements impaired), tremor, trigeminal neuralgia (facial weakness, typically
bilateral), facial myokymia (twitching of facial muscles), eye symptoms, heat intolerance, fatigue,
dizziness, sleep disturbance, pain, cognitive impairments (concentration, memory, attention span
and judgment), depression, and seizures (Medscape,

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