Catherine de' Medici's Influence on French Cuisine

Catherine De Medici Research Papers
Catherine de' Medici
Catherine de' Medici was the Queen of France. She was Italian, but she lived in Paris France and
even taught some of the French how to properly eat with a fork. Some foods such as artichokes,
baby peas, candied vegetables puff pastry, and truffles would have never been introduced to the
French cuisine without her. The fork was used in Italy when the rest of Europe looked at it as
strange, but with her as royalty using it encouraged everyone else around her to try it as well. Her
mother was a French princess making her royalty from the beginning although she did not start
opening up with her ideas about food until after her marriage as some people think she did it to fit
in. Catherine did her part to leave her mark during the renaissance in culinary history. Even in
questionable times as when she could not conceive a child, it was thought to have been cured from
her dietary style. Though she struggled with fertility, her dietary changes helped her to conceive nine
children. When she moved, she brought a handful of reliable chefs with her to encourage this special
diet to improve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were reported to be carrying parsley, artichokes, salads, forks, and glazed earthenware, also
known as glazed clay pottery–the type of material that is made from clay which is also said by some
people that it adds a different flavor profile to whatever is being made. Once in France with her
husband there were a lot of foreign wars that she tried to deflect attention from by using public
festivals to show the ruling family's wealth and power. Something else that is also important to
culinary arts is that she was very creative. She loved to paint, embroider, landscape design, sculpt,
and music. She loved little sugar sculptures and would always have some sitting with her table
placements. She had some nice prestigious statues set up in her
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Medici Family Research Paper
The Rise of the Medici's and their Palace in via Larga
Introduction
The Medici family was a great power during the renaissance. Through their success in banking and
politics they amassed great wealth and influence during this time. The Family's patronage in Art,
Architecture, and Education were key in making Florence into the city that it is today. They rose to
immense power not only in Florence but also throughout Tuscany. You can especially see their
influence throughout Florence today in the architecture still standing such as Palazzo Medici–
Riccardi, Palazzo Vecchio, and Palazzo Pitti. Included in their lineage are many powerful
connections in the church and royalty that helped to hoist them into greater prosperity.
The Rise of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When Giovanni Medici took leadership of a bank run by his cousin in 1393, he launched a long
prosperous career in banking that eventually brought the Medici name immense wealth and power.
He moved the headquarters of the bank from Rome to Florence in 1397 in order to gain more
investment opportunities, which eventually enabled him to set up a system of branch banks. This
system allowed more protection from bankruptcy of the individual branches due to local economic
difficulties. Different branches enabled the Giovanni to engage in multiple investment opportunities
throughout Italy. Investments included wool, cloth, alum, spices, olive oil, silk stuffs, brocades,
jewelry, silver plate, and citrus fruit. After his death, the bank passed on to Giovanni's son Cosimo
and continued to expand and prosper throughout Europe. Under Cosimo's leadership the Medici
bank became one of the largest and most prosperous banking empires in Europe. They made huge
profits on interest and this was largely where the Medici gained their immense

How Did The Medici Family Influence
"The Medici created me, and the Medici destroyed me." This quote by Leonardo Da Vinci (from
here on out will be referred to as Da Vinci) is the best summary for how powerful the Medici family
was and the reach of influence they held in the Italian Renaissance. During the Italian Renaissance
the Medici family rose to prominence and became a powerhouse family sitting in the echelons of
names like the Kennedys, Washingtons, and Roosevelts. They helped push the artistic movements in
the renaissance funding famous artists such as Donatello, Da Vinci, and Fra Angelico. Although
many say that the Medici family rose to prominence due to their contributions to the art community
during the Italian Renaissance, the Medici family's rise to prominence was due to their economic
savvy, brutal cut throat techniques, and sphere of influence. "The gradual rise of the Medici from
comparative obscurity, and not by military conquests, to so high an eminence is one of the most
remarkable things in history"(Young ix). Coming from the middle ages where the only way to
transfer power was from royal bloodline connection, or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Traditionally, historians have been critical of Catherine, arguing that after she had failed to secure a
religious compromise at the Colloquy of Poissy in 1561 and to impose a measure of religious
toleration in a series of royal edicts, she threw in her lot with the Catholic extremists in 1572 and
instigated the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day (Knecht). Catherine de'Medici in history is known
as an influential leader to one side of France and a vindictive witch to another. It is rumored that she
murdered multiple son's just to be able to hold onto the title of Queen.Catherine de'Medici also
played both sides with protestants and catholics because she didn't want either groups to grow to
strong and take away

David Comparision Essay
David Comparision Today, just as Homo erectus did eons ago, modern man strives for expression
through art. The evolutionary paths of man and art parallel one another; in that, the complexities,
which have accompanied the millenniums, also have brought exponentially progressed forms of art.
Sculpture is an art form that maintains a high quality of expression. Two examples of this are the
Davids done by Michelangelo and Bernini. Michelangelo's David and Bernini's David represent
their different time periods and artists while remaining similar.
Michelangelo was born in 1475 near Florence. At an early age Michelangelo's interest in art eclipsed
that of his studies, and so he began apprenticing at 13 in lieu of regular school. His ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The work shows a conflict between line and form with the muscles of the adolescent frame and the
flat planes. The dynamic emotion is conveyed through the tightened muscles and wrinkles upon the
face in concentration, just as those of every man before a fight (Hart 112). David's large hands
represent his strength and are characteristic of the later mannerism style, while the rest of his form is
somewhat true to the conventions of the High Renaissance (Shaked 1). Michelangelo's work
embodies the influences of his time just as Bernini's. Bernini born was in Naples in 1598 and was
turned on to art at an early age by his father. He grew up with influences such as Hellenistic nudes
and Classicism, but his most important artistic factor was being in Rome during the Baroque
movement (Dexter 1). Bernini took a different and fitting approach to sculpting David. It was
Bernini's first major work, which he completed at the age of only twenty–one over a period of only
seven months. Shakard writes, "[Bernini] depicted David as an artist (of war), using his hands as the
means of his art (1). The work depicts him with his slingshot cocked back, his armor on the ground
behind him because of it's weight and his harp shrouded at his feet. Through this Bernini conveys
David's smaller stature and that his life is not one of a warrior. He wants to strike Goliath from afar.
David's face vividly

The Ugly Renaissance Discussion Of Italy
The Ugly Renaissance Discussion
1. Why did the Renaissance originate in Florence and prosper for so many years?
In many ways, Italy had benefits over northern Europe in detaching from the feudal system and
accumulating enormous amounts of wealth. I think that above all else, geography was Italy's anchor
in this respect. Being a projecting land mass sticking out into the Mediterranean Sea, and
beneficially located between the main part of Europe and the Byzantine Empire, cities within Italy
had little choice but to weave endeavors of commerce into every day life while engaging in the
market and foreign trade. Therefore, Italy became prone to the extensive continuity of goods and
novelties earlier than other European areas. Accordingly, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Florence was exposed to the principles and ideologies of foreign regions and immersed them into
the art and literature produced thereafter. That then percolated to the rest of the other European
nations and the rest of Italy itself. The Medici maintained these connections rooted and stable by
way of finance and politics and guaranteed that Florence, throughout the Renaissance, was an
advocate of the arts. Furthermore, had it not been for the establishment of a connection between the
Medici and the Papacy, Florence and Rome, it seems, may have actually been rivals grown under
the essence of partnership and collaboration during the Renaissance. Rome supplied many
Florentine artists with a harbor, and, in turn, Florence took advantage of the administration of the
papal funds.
2. What were the differences from the Middle Ages promoted by the Renaissance? Often, the
Renaissance is acknowledged as an era of artistic refinement. However, couldn't it also be said that
the Renaissance, for the most part, clung to the spiritual and religious motifs of the Middle Ages? If
so, what were the differences, during that period, from the Middle Ages as promoted by the
Renaissance?
Regardless of the likenesses to medieval art encircling subject matter and theme, Renaissance artists
undoubtedly interrupted the stagnant standards of medieval art. As previously stated, the themes of
the Middle Ages were rather consistent, but the Renaissance style was unprecedented in its

The Historical Context Of The Saint Bartholomew's Day...
In a private correspondence from George Washington to Irish politician Edward Newenham, the
president responded to Newenham's description of the violence between Catholics and Protestants in
1792 by stating that, "Of all the animosities which have existed among mankind, those which are
caused by a difference of sentiments in religion appear to be the most inveterate and distressing, and
ought most to be deprecated." Two hundred and twenty–two years before Washington penned those
words, those deep–rooted and disturbing resentments between Catholics and Protestants brought
about a massacre of thousands of Protestant victims in the Paris, its neighboring urban centers, as
well as in the countryside on 24 August 1572. The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre was one of
the bloodiest events in early modern French History, and initiated an intensified and bloodier period
in the War of Religion. This paper will analyze testimonies from Catholic and Huguenot viewpoints
by looking at the massacre's historical context, the massacre itself, as well as its importance to the
Reformation. By presenting information from primary and secondary sources, this paper looks to
examine the massacre and the Catholic Church's culpability, and whether the leaders within the
Church could have prevented the slaying of thousands of innocents or simply nurtured longstanding
resentments in order to eliminate their religious opposition. To fully comprehend the enormity of the
violence that

Medici Family Influence
The Medici Family was an Italian banking family, they became a political dynasty and later on a
royal house, that family started to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici In the republic of
Florence in Italy during the 14th century. The family was from the Mugello region of the Tuscan
countryside, they were gradually rising until they fund the bank that was called the Medici Bank.
The Medici Bank was the largest in europe during the 15th century, we can see that the Medici
gained political power in florence, though officially the remained only citizens not monarchs. The
Medici Bank became so powerful that they dominated the city's government, they took over
Florence, Florence was under their family's power, they also created an environment ... Show more
They worked really hard to get in power, it took them around 100 to the family get so high in wealth
and authority. To get there they also did a lot of bad things such as killing a lot of people and these
other people were their bank's rivals, but if they didn't they would be dead because their rivals you
have probably done the same, and after they did that they just became even more powerful like
super powerful. Even though they did a lot of bad things they still helped a lot of people and also the
renaissance. The Medicis Family also had a lot of connections to popes, lords and kings, so that
made them even more powerful and harder for anyone who would try to stop them and The Medicis
patronized a lot of artists which helped art to become such a big thing during the renaissance,
because of them people started to pay attention to the art and if that hadn't happened we would not
be where we are today with art.
The Cons of The Medicis:
They were very cruel and they would kill anyone standing in their way ( they probably read "the
prince")
They were so powerful that they made the catholic church give them 10% of each person's tax, that
is one reason why they were so

Catherine De Medici The Main Cause Of The Saint...
Was Catherine de Medici the main cause of The Saint Bartholomew's Massacre? Catherine was an
Italian woman who married a French King, Henry II. They had ten children of which three were
boys: Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III would later rule as king. Catherine enjoyed her role as
Queen and mother and had no involvement with the King's affairs. It wasn't until after the King's
death that she made her presence known. There are a few reason's why The Saint Bartholomew's
Day Massacre occurred. Could it have began with the Huguenots assuming the Spanish were
planning to destroy them, and decided to attack first. Catherine may not have had any intention on
starting the second war against the Huguenots but her being in the right place with the wrong person
did. It was only because of Catherine's visit to her daughter Queen Elizabeth of Spain while in the
presence of a catholic and military leader, Duke of Alba, did the Huguenots leaders think the
Spanish were plotting an attack against them. The Huguenots attempted and failed to kidnap King
Charles IX, which proved to be a bad decision that started the second war. This action caused
Catherine, as Regent to Charles IX, to drop her policy of tolerating the Huguenots and siding with
the Catholics. She issued an edict withdrawing all freedom of worship for Huguenots and ordered all
Huguenot ministers to leave the country (History). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was according to a Noble French Roman Catholic family. Yet, this was not the reason she
wanted Coligny arrested. His closeness and influence over her son Charles IX didn't sit well with
her. She feared his influence on her son would have France start a war with

Case Study Of The Chateau De Chenonceau
I would love to travel to France, not just anywhere in France, but to the beautiful Château De
Chenonceau in the Loire valley. I would love to see and study the buildings' amazing history and
Architecture. Its' location is beautiful as it was built in the chateau of the Loire valley (a lake in
France), and is known for its' amazing history. The first of many tasks in order to achieve this goal is
to figure out the cost of travel, the second task would be to dive into the history of the Chateau, then
followed up by the third task of a brief discussion of the Architectural, interior, and the exterior
design of the landscape. The Castle has also been predominately been owned by women, was a
battleground, a military hospital, and now a museum. Many lives have been shed there, and many ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The Chateau de Chenonceau." Smithsonian Journeys, Smithsonian
Journeys, 10 Nov. 2010. Web. 06 Feb. 2018. www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/the–chateau–de–
chenonceau–180950932/.com
Knecht, Robert. "Châteaux of Ill Fortune." History Today, vol. 54, no. 6, June 2004, pp. 28–34.
EBSCOhost,dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=a9h&AN=13305575&site=ehost–live.com
Knight, Eliza. "Castle of the Week: Chenonceau: The Ladies' Chateau." History Undressed.
MENIER, Laure. "Ticket prices." Chenonceau, Château de Chenonceau, N/A. 06 Feb. 2018.
www.chenonceau.com/en/practical–information/ticket–prices.com
McKenna Darby, 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 06 Feb. 2018.
http://www.historyundressed.com/2013/02/castle– of–week–chenonceau–ladies–chateau.html
N/A."Chenonceau."Chenonceau, Affordable tours, N/A.06 Feb.2018.
http://castles.org/dokuwiki/castlesoftheworld/france/chenonceau
N/A. "Loire Valley: Château de Chenonceau and Diane de Poitiers." French Cycling Holidays,
10 Jan. 2018. 06 Feb. 2018

Should Be For The Renee Sauce
should be for the Renée sauce could be described as a heroic age of advertising that the focus was
not on selling consumer goods it was unsettling beauty truth and wisdom the energy we still feel
behind the art arose from a coherent ideological program the Renée sauce wants to put painting in
the service of ideas to make these ideas palpable effective and life–changing one thing the Renée
sauce was constantly advertising 's philosophy philosophers were in the minds of many that is now
rather abstract and remote tickets to the Renée sauce but one of its most talented artist Raphael to
lend them a bit of life on the walls of the Vatican shows Aristotle and Plato and others as belonging
to a group of glamorous fascinating individuals for his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
terest in philosophy to you naturally start to engage with matters of life and death the move is a bit
Made by the best adverts of today to get you subliminally interested in buying a chocolate bar or an
SUV while charming you with a beautiful couple or sublime landscape only in the Renée sauce the
philosophical end goal evolved was worth the effort the Renée sauce concept of office advertising
for the great truths was underpinned by an ideology works out with the philosopher city of Regina
the figure Lorenzo de Medici and spoke to Michelangelo at dinner every day for many years which
he argued that will old preachers who love and love is attracted first to beauty so whatever we wish
people to love we must first make beautiful and beauty is first encountered as sexiness set the path
to the highest possible human ideals consider down a complex route first to sex then to beauty and
then to love with such a theory to hand an impact on the altar the Renée sauce cannot be
overestimated kachina was able to use what we might turn sexiness lost glamour and celebrity to
some of the most notable and high–minded intellectual ambitions rather than being relegated as they
often R&R in times to selling handbags of mobile phones never before since have so many big ideas
been so beautifully and often sexily treated a great artists to Chino Lorenzo de Medici was
fascinated by the idea of getting Botticelli to engage all sexuality in order to excite us about ideas
that they thought were most

Niccolo Machiavelli Characteristics
Niccolo Machiavelli and The Prince
Life Sketch
Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence on 3rd May 1469. He was born into a family which was
part of the old Florentine nobility. His father, Bernardo di Stefano Nelli, was a lawyer of some
repute and his mother was Bartolommea di Stefano Nelli. He was a member of the 'lawyer's guild'
which influenced Florentine politics. His father, who had a love for literature and the arts had many
powerful contacts in Florence's political circles, which later provided Machiavelli a chance to enter
the field of public service. Machiavelli's life falls naturally into 3 periods – his youth (1469–94), his
time in office (1494–1512) and finally his literature and death (1512–27). Each of these periods
constitutes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However he must not be too kind. A prince who so long as keeps his subjects united and loyal,
shouldn't mind the criticism he gets for being cruel. He gives the example of Borgia, who was
considered cruel but managed to unite and reconcile the Romagna. According to Machiavelli, new
princes especially cannot avoid being cruel as new states are always full of dangers which may
cause the prince to lose power. He says that a prince must not be too trustworthy and naive nor must
he be so untrustworthy that he becomes intolerable. On this note, he brings up the famous question
of whether it is better to be loved or to be feared. He says that a prince must be both loved and
feared and that if this is not possible, it is always better to be feared than to be loved. He says that
men are ungrateful,fickle, cowardly and greedy. They will be with the prince as long as the prince
benefits them, but they will surely abandon him when there is trouble. This is because people will
break the ties of love when it is inconvenient to them, but the fear of punishment will not go away
so easily. He says that the princes must be careful not to make himself hated and only feared and he
can achieve this by staying away from the citizen's property and women. People will forget the
death of a loved one earlier than the loss of an inheritance

Catherine De Medici Research Paper
Catherine de Medici Imagine caring for your children in your palace and getting news of your
husband's death. Now you are the ruler of a nation with all the responsibility of a king. This is what
Catherine de Medici faced. Her life would be forever changed, yet she is remembered by France for
her influence. She was important to history because she started a religious war in Europe to take
power over France; something a woman had never done. She also built many of France's lavish
buildings. Catherine de Medici was born on April 13, 1519 in Florence, Italy. Her parents were
Lorenzo II de Medici Duke of Urbino her mother was Madeleine de la Tour D'Auvergne from a
prominent and ancient French family. Some of her family members included her Uncle Pope
Clement VII and her cousin Pope Leo V. This is pretty important because Popes were the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bartholomew's Day. This started a war against the Catholics and the Protestants which she thought
would help her to maintain power in her hands. One of Catherine's contributions was the
construction of many lavish buildings in France which she donated to the French public. This
included adding a new wing to the Louvre Museum, the design and construction of the Tuilleries
Gardens, and the building of the Chateau Monceau. She also taught the French people how to use a
fork and introduced to new food including the pea and many new sauces which she brought over
from Italy. Catherine died on January 5, 1589 in Blois France after catching pneumonia from
dancing too much at her granddaughter's wedding. Sadly many of her buildings were destroyed and
her artworks collections given away, but her contributions to theater and the arts live on today in the
form of modern day ballets and opera. She is remembered as highly influential women in French
history, and the French

The Power of The House of Medici Essay
The House of Medici, or the Medici family, was a very influential and extremely powerful family
during the time of the Renaissance in Italy. The Renaissance took place starting in the late 14th
century. During this time, the people started to take interest in and have an appreciation for the
classical times. The beginning of this powerful family really begins with Giovanni di Bicci deˈ
Medici. He was born in the year 1360 in Florence, Italy. Originally from the Tuscan hillside, the
Medici family immigrated to Florence during the 12th century. Giovanni di Bicci deˈ Medici was
the man who really got the family moving. He founded the Medici Bank and began using money to
gain influence. The Medici Bank eventually became the official bank of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Lorenzo was born in 1499 and was known as Lorenzo il Magnifico, the Magnificent. Lorenzo
continued with his grandfather's work and funded talented artists such as Michelangelo, Da Vinci,
and also a public art school. Lorenzo was definitely more concerned with his power, popularity, and
success rather than the banking business. He married a niece of a cardinal, and to keep his success
locked in, Lorenzo married off his daughter to Pope Leo VIII's son. Lorenzo also bought his son,
Giovanni, the role of Cardinal. Giovanni eventually became Pope Leo X. In doing all of this,
Lorenzo widened the Medici family's influence, but he also lessened their personal bank account.
Because the amount of money they had was getting smaller and smaller, the Medici power began to
weaken. Luckily, Cardinal Giovanni de Medici had become Pope Leo X in 1513. Giovanni, Pope
Leo X, was able to make the family wealthy again by selling the freedom from punishment of sins.
Starting now, the Medici family turned its attention from the banking business to the business of the
church. In 1523, Giulio, son of Giuliano and cousin of Giovanni, became Pope Clement VII. To
keep the family full of wealth, Giulio married off his cousin, Catherine, to the heir of the French
throne. The Medici family eventually had three French kings through this arrangement. Lorenzo had
a great–great–grandson named Cosimo I who was born in 1569. As the Grand Duke of

Beauty In Botticelli's Venus On The Half Shell
Most of the Western apple is accustomed with the angel of
Venus as she rises from the sea on a clamshell in the acclaimed Italian
Renaissance painting by Sandro Botticelli. With its lyrical, adroit beauty,
the plan we apperceive so able–bodied is appropriately called The Birth of Venus and sometimes
affectionately accepted in abreast ability as "Venus on the Half Shell." Botticelli's fabulous
work continues to affect abreast art, literature, film, and a countless of
other things.
Botticelli's Venus and its sister painting, Primavera, were commissioned by Lorenzo de' Medici for
his alcazar in Castello in 1485. Added apparent admitting is that the paintings
were commissioned by Lorenzo for his teenaged sons, Piero and Giovanni.
After ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When Botticelli alternate to Florence in 1485, he abounding
the sermons of Savonarola. Michelangelo apprehend them as able–bodied through the new
invention of accumulation advertisement with the columnist press. Savonarola had a
profound affect on both artists as apparent in the religious agreeable of their art
works.
Botticelli angry his apperception aback to religious themes, but his Medicean advocacy broiled up
with the afterlife of Lorenzo the Magnificent in 1492. Surprisingly, it was Savonarola from whom
Lorenzo approved absolution for his sins in his final hours. Two years afterwards Lorenzo's death,
the Medici
family was expelled from Florence. The Medici alcazar was sacked and

countless admired items and works of accomplished art were stolen.
Savonarola was summoned to Rome in 1495 by the pope to avert his religious
preaching, but he absurdly beneath the pope's invitation. Times were harder for
Botticelli at this time, but bent up in his religious fervor, he followed the advance
of Savonarola who organized what has appear to be accepted to history as 'The Alarm of
the Vanities.' Prior to the anniversary at the Lenten division in 1497,

The Story of Michelangelo Essay
Each person has a unique life on this world. We share experiences so that we can live but we all do
things in our own ways. There are people that do nothing with their lives and there are others that do
great things. In the time of the renaissance period there were quite a few artists but only one
particularly person stood out and has done great things with his life. Michelangelo wasn't some
original person, he was a creative, leader, rebellion, and over all a life changing person that wanted
to make a difference in the world. Michelangelo had brought his own style and technique into the
public eye, which changed the Renaissance with his originality. In the 1500s, the world of art had
started to change in the time period that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He had demonstrated obvious talent has he was taking under the wing of Lorenzo de' Medici, who
was the rule of the Florentine republic and a great patron of the arts. 3 He learned to handle marble
with a chisel and hammer during his time with the family, a skill that would prove most necessary in
his later years. During his time there, Michelangelo created the sculpture Battle of the Centaurs,
which was commissioned by Lorenzo de Medici. In the year 1492, Lorenzo de Medici had passed
away, which left Michelangelo to leave the Medici court and return to his father's house. During the
six months he spent in Florence, he created small sculptures: St. John the Baptist and a sleeping
Cupid. 4 The first of his sculptures were to be made to look ancient so that Lorenzo de Medici could
sell it to Rome for a great price. These pieces of work were both created out along the sculptures'
shipping, but the Roman Cardinal, Raffarle Riario, was who so impressed by Michelangelo's work
that he then invited him to Rome. When arriving in Rome in 1469 at the age of twenty–one, most of
these famous artworks were made. Pieta was finished in 1499, the David in 1501, and the Sistine
Chapel's ceiling was completed in 1512.5 Michelangelo was one of the history;s greatest creative
geniuses. His great mind was able to

Michelangelo Buonarroti Essay
"Il Divino" or "the divine one" was a name given to the most famous and inspirational artists of all
times, Michelangelo Buonarroti. Michelangelo is considered to be one of the most significant artists
of the Italian Renaissance and the greatest living artist of all time. He was a sculptor, a painter, an
architect, and a poet. He created masterpieces, such as the statue of David, the dome of St.Peter's
Basilica and the ¬Sistine–¬Chapel. As Michelangelo is one of the greatest artists of all time, he
greatly influenced the development of western art.
Michelangelo di Leonardo Buonarroti–Simoni was born on the 6th of March, 1475, in Caprese,
Italy. Michelangelo's father Lodovico Buonarroti was podesta (a name given to certain high officials
in many Italian cities beginning in the later Middle Ages) of the towns Caprese and Chiusi.
Sparknotes editors (2005) explained that it was an important position for Lodovico since he
descended from a wealthy old Florentine family who claims nobility and respectability. One month
after Michelangelo was born, Lodovico's term as podesta expired. As a result, his ... Show more
Several trends emerged in Europe during the period of the late Renaissance. The most popular was
Realism which emphasized the portrayal of daily realism rather than religious or Classical scenes
(Arxitectureorguk, 2016). Another trend was Mannerism, which exaggerated Renaissance standards
and became a form of decorative art. This particular period in art and architecture caused a dramatic
reinterpretation of Michelangelo's Renaissance principles, a renewed interest in science, and a
conflicted, multi–layered importance on human passion and human emotion. Michelangelo's
influence, thus, continued to shape European art, especially during the periods that involved a
reconsideration of Classicism, religion, and the human

The Causes Of Catherine De Medici
"Interesting ... Still, these Huguenot gatherings must be curtailed somehow. Calvin does not rule
here." "Then do it gently. Calvin does not rule here, and neither should the cardinal." Catherine de
Medici. Catherine de Medici was a vicious and ruthless rulers who was motivated by fear and fear
of losing control. She wanted to preserve her power and she did that by being Catholic and
persecution against those who were not. Directly by her orders, she killed her religious opposition
.Some people say that religious war are caused by the general spirit of intolerance; but in the late–
1500's to the mid–1600's, power hungry leaders and people in positions of power were the true
cause of religious wars. Three people from this period who all really exemplify this war mongering
leadership style were Catherine de Medici, the Duke of Guise and King Philip II of Spain. In the
following paragraphs, it will be explained how and what wars these leaders started.
Catherine de Medici as shown by the quote in the introduction that she was very willing to kill
people of other religions to maintain her powerful position. In France, Catholicism was the
dominant religion and Catherine used that to persecute other dominant groups, like Protestants, and
preserve her own power. Even when she was seemly trying to help other groups is was a secret plo.
On example was her Edict of January. In 1562, as regent Catherine passed the Edict of January,
which granted more right for Huguenot seemly to help

The Power and Influence of Catherine De Medici Essay
Is powerful woman behind the scenes, Catherine De Medici a power hungry ruler using her children
as pawns in creating an Italian, French dynasty or loving mother who only wants her children to
succeed in the world? Read on to see how we talk about her many characteristics and ways of ruling
the dynasty and her offspring.
Throughout time, many women have tried to put a mark on this world, but many have failed.
Catherine de Medici is one of the few that made an immense impact on society and who eventually
became Queen of France.
Starting with a little bit about Catherine she came from a noble family in Florence Italy. Her parents
were Lorenzo and Madeleine. Both of her parents died right after her birth, leaving her with all the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Her marriage was tuff, although she loved him, Henry was more in love with his mistress, Diane de
Poitiers, which he spent most of his time with. Diane gained a lot of influence in the governing of
France. This bothered Catherine, but she kept her personal feelings to herself.
She was mother of Francis ll, Charles lX, and Henry lll. Because of Henrys sudden death in 1519
she had to come to the forefront as her eldest son " Francis was a sick and weakly boy" . Henrys
death also plunged Catherine into the political society as mother of three, ready to be kings. When
Francis only ruled for 17 months died in 1560, Catherine played a key role in the reign of her second
son, Charles IX, who came to the throne at the age of ten. This allowed cathierine to become Queen
Regent of France, and she served until his death. She also continued to serve for her third son,
Henry III.
More details on the reigns of her three sons, assertive mother, Catherine De medici became a
political force to be reckoned with during the successive reigns of her three songs. Wanting to join
their families power she forced her daughter, Marguerite to marry Henri de Bourbon, a protestant,
whose mother Jeanne d'Albret Catherine disliked greatly. Jeanne became ill and died shortly after
arriving at court with her son, suspicious thoughts arose and

Comparison Of Catherine De Medici And Nur Jahan's...
Incompetent Men; Qualified Women
The topic of female leaders is often a controversial subject, and quite frankly it should not be.
Throughout history, there have been many female leaders who had significant achievements, and in
some cases, have surpassed their male counterparts. Catherine de Medici and Nur Jahan are two
perfect examples of accomplished female leaders during the Renaissance, on opposite sides of the
world; one in Europe and one in Asia. Despite their vastly different locations, they were remarkably
similar people. Catherine de Medici reigned as both Queen of France and Regent of France during
her political life. Likewise, Nur Jahan reigned as empress of the Mughal Empire only fifteen or so
years later.5 Both women held high positions of power, which was quite unconventional at the time.
Nur Jahan's achievements were truly "unparalleled... in Mughal history."8 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sadly, Catherine was orphaned shortly after her birth; her mother died when she was two–weeks–
old and her father's death followed quickly. Catherine was highly educated by nuns in Florence and
Rome and was married in 1533 at the age of fourteen by her uncle, Pope Clement VII, to Henry,
Duke of Orléans, son of Francis I, King of France.1 Henry shortly inherited the throne from his
father, becoming Henry II of France. After ten years they had seven children who survived past
childhood. Her husband, Henry King of France, ruled until he died in a jousting accident in

Who Was Responsible For The St. Bartholomew 's Day Massacre
Why have historians produced such different accounts of who or what was responsible for the St.
Bartholomew's Day Massacre? August 25, 1572, marked the infamous day of the St. Bartholomew's
Day Massacre. The slaughter of Gaspard de Coligny and several dozen Huguenot leaders, followed
by the murder of thousands of people in the streets of Paris that day set off tremendous shock waves
throughout Europe. As Barbara Diefendorf points out, the massacre provides a 'graphic illustration'
of the savagery of the religious strife in France at that time. The question of responsibility of the
Massacre has been much debated amongst contemporaries and historians, each producing a different
account of who was responsible. Whether it was Charles IX, Catherine de Medici, the Guise family,
and other primary political figures who instigated the attacks, one will never know for certain. This
is unfortunately due to the scarcity and the unreliability of the contemporary sources. What this
essay will aim to do is highlight some of the main approaches historians have taken to answer the
question 'who was responsible for the St. Bartholomew's Day massacres?' and 'what was responsible
for the St. Bartholomew's Day massacres?'. I will also attempt to answer why historians have
approached their arguments in such a way. I will do this by focusing on the works of J. E. Neale, N.
M. Sutherland, Mack Holt, Barbara Diefendorf, Natalie Zemon Davis, Philip and Arlene Jouanna.
Through analysing the works

George Gemistos Plethon on God: Aristotle vs Plato Essay
George Gemistos Plethon on God: Aristotle vs Plato
In this paper I examine George Gemistos Plethon's defense in his De Differentiis of Plato's
conception of God as superior to that of Aristotle's. (2) Plethon asserts that the Platonic conception
of God is more consistent with Orthodox Christian theology than the Aristotelian conception. This
claim is all the more interesting in light of the fact that Plethon is, as it turns out, a pagan. I argue
that Plethon takes the position he does because his interpretation of the Platonic God better fits his
own neo–pagan theological conceptions. Part of the evidence for this is supplied by the first English
translation of Plethon's Summary of the Doctrines of Zoroaster and Plato. I. Background ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both had been students of Gemistos in their youth. Another non–clerical member of the delegation
was George Scholarios: both a future adversary of Gemistos and a future Patriarch of
Constantinople as Gennadios II.
During the Council, Gemistos found that he had free time because much of the counciliar discussion
concerned theological minutiae that did not require the presence of a secular sage. Gemistos's fame
had preceded him, and he was invited by some Florentine humanists to give a series of lectures on
the differences between Plato and Aristotle. It should be remembered that in the Latin West at this
time very little of the Platonic corpus was available. For most of the Mediaeval Period, only the
Timaeus in the partial translation of Calcidius was available. The Meno and Phaedo were translated
in the twelfth century by Henricus Aristippus, but remained little studied.(4) Leonardo Bruni's
translations of the Phaedo, Apology, Crito, and Phaedrus were made only shortly before Gemistos's
visit. Among the attendees of these lectures was Cosimo d'Medici. Cosimo later founded the
Accademia Platonica in Florence. The first director of the Academy was Marsilio Ficino. Ficino
recorded the following about the founding of the Academy:
At the time when the Council was in progress between the Greeks and the Latins in Florence under
Pope Eugenius, the great Cosimo, whom a decree of the Senate (Signoria) designated Pater patriae,
often listened to the

Biography of Michelangelo Essay
Biography of Michelangelo The second of five brothers, Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475,
at Caprese, in Tuscany, to Ludovico di Leonardo di Buonarotto Simoni and Francesca Neri. The
same day, his father noted down: "Today March 6, 1475, a child of the male sex has been born to me
and I have named him Michelangelo. He was born on Monday between 4 and 5 in the morning, at
Caprese, where I am the Podestà." Although born in the small village of Caprese, Michelangelo
always considered himself a "son of Florence," as did his father, "a Citizen of Florence."
His Childhood and Youth
Buonarroti's mother, Francesca Neri, was too sick and frail to nurse Michelangelo, so he was placed
with a wet nurse, in a family of stone cutters, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Michelangelo's personal diary he recounts his first two works: "My first work was a small bas–
relief, The Madonna of the Stairs. Mary, Mother of God, sits on the rock of the church. The child
curls back into her body. She foresees his death, and his return on the stairway to heaven. "My
second work, another small relief. My tutor read me the myth of the battle of the Lapiths against the
Centaurs. The wild forces of Life, locked in heroic combat. "Already at 16, my mind was a
battlefield: my love of pagan beauty, the male nude, at war with my religious faith. A polarity of
themes and forms...one spiritual, the other earthly, I've kept these carvings on the walls of my studio
to this very day."
His patron Lorenzo died in 1492; two years later Michelangelo fled Florence, when the Medici were
temporarily expelled.
His Studies of Anatomy
During the years he spent in the Garden of San Marco, Michelangelo began to study human
anatomy. In exchange for permission to study corpses, the prior of the church of Santo Spirito,
Niccolò Bichiellini, received a wooden Crucifix from Michelangelo. But his contact with the dead
bodies caused problems with his health, obliging him to interrupt his activities periodically.
The

Catherine De Medici Research Paper
Catherine de' Medici was a French lady who was married into the royal family at the age of fourteen
in the sixteenth century. She was different than other women during this time period, and she
enjoyed studying astrology and the arts. She was also the one who ordered the Tuileries to be built.
She formed a very close relationship with the King and her father–in–law, King Francis I, and even
named one of her children after him. However, her husband and the King's son, Henry, despised
Catherine, and openly had an affair with another mistress named Diane. Despite this, he and
Catherine still tried to have children, yet failed the first few years of their marriage. Catherine was
shamed by the people for not having children at this point, and some ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Later on, King Francis I passed away due to illness and old age, which caused despair both
throughout the kingdom and to Catherine. Despite his death, the wars went on, and Catherine used
his death to her advantage. She dressed in all black and begged the court to give France's army more
money for funding, which they allowed. She did this because she knew that the King would have
wanted their army to keep fighting. Later, Catherine's husband was stabbed through the eye during a
jousting match and died, which also caused great sadness in Catherine's heart. Her son, Charles,
became the new king. He was young and unfit to rule, so the Guise family watched over and
directed him. However, the Guises were malicious and loved bloodshed, so they used this
opportunity to cause more wars and battles between France and other countries. They also ordered
all Protestants will be executed if they were caught practicing their beliefs in public. Although
Catherine was a Catholic, she knew the executions and torturing of the Protestants were wrong, yet
she could do nothing because of her gender and lack of royal

Was Catherine De Medici A Success Or A Failure
Catherine De' Medici was an Italian noblewoman who became Queen of France under the rule of
King Henry the first of the Valois Dynasty. However, the title queen did not mean that Catherine
was entitled to any power nor that her own husband would mind her much attention. Diane de
Poitier who was Catherine's cousin was the true Queen of France although it was in an unofficial
capacity as she was uncrowned and only the mistress of the king. For a decade into their marriage,
Catherine bore no children and her marriage was a complete failure. King Henry the 1st would meet
with Diane de Poitier every single evening to discuss the affairs of the nation and Catherine was left
completely unattended. Even when Catherine finally became pregnant and bore

Comparing Catherine De Medici And Isabella I Of Spain
Compare and contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following: ii. Isabella I of Spain. ii.
Catherine de Medici of France Catherine De Medici and Isabella I of Spain were mostly were
similar in their religious policies. They both were strict Catholics and wanted to eliminate all other
religions from county like Huguenots in France and Jews and Muslims in Spain . They made terrible
massacres to accomplished their goal. Catherine de Medici of France: after the death of Henry II,
1/10 of the French population became Huguenots. Nobility started to adapt Calvinism and take
advantage of the monarchical weakness that would show their independence from the crown. 50%
of nobles were Huguenots, and were not supporting the royal ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The marriage of Henry of Navarre and Valois kings sister brought many Huguenots to Paris for the
celebration. The guise family influenced Catherine to convince the king (her son), that the
Huguenots were a threat to him and that he should do something about them. Henry got scared and
send an army to Paris, that massacred all the Huguenots. About 3000 see killed in 3 days.This plan
of the "St. Bertelemy's day" was approved by Catherine. The religious violence spread around the
county and created a civil war that lasted for 15 years. Catherine did not stop it. Probably she was
suppriti g the civil war because Huguenots got exterminated. Only when Catherine de Medici died
and Henry IV came to throne, the 'Edit the Nanted' was signed, and Huguenots were allowed
religious freedom. Isabella I do Spain: Isabella ones sad "To be Spanish was to be Catholic". Just as
Catherine, Isabella was a strict catholic. She wanted to become the head of church and selected all
the important church officials. She restored discipline and controlled the church to avoid simony.
She wanted to get read of Muslims and Jews in Spain because the thought that they were a big
thread to people, even thou Jewish intelligence

Florence, Italy, The Birthplace Of The Renaissance
Florence, Italy is often referred to as the "birthplace of the Renaissance" because many early artists
and writers in this period emerged from this city as well as the northern hills of Italy. Florence
became a center for trade, with its most wealthy merchants selling wool. This source of income
provided the rebirth of the city such as the building of large cathedrals, gilded mansions, and
beautiful villas. During most of the Renaissance the Medici family controlled Florence, and through
their political power encouraged the arts and the upcoming developments of the city. The most
influential figure in the Italian court towards the evolution of the ballet de cour was Catherine
Medici. While she held her title as the Queen Mother to her sons, she made sure that Italian pageants
were a part of the French court and included daily dance classes as a requirement of the courtesans.
"At this time there was great conflict between the Catholics and the Huguenots (French Protestants).
Catherine tried to bring peace between the two factions, but neither side wanted anything but
complete victory." Catherine used dance as a way to bring harmony to disagreements, especially
between religious groups, and to help bring both of the royal courts together.
The Moresca is a style of dance that has been documented as early as the twelfth century, and began
to flourish during the Renaissance when the Medici family was in power. The dance is meant to be
performed by all types of people, and

The Rise Of The Renaissance Essay
The Renaissance began in Florence, Italy around the 1500's to about the 1700's. Florence, Italy was
the mecca of this rebirth because at the time Florence was extremely wealthy and the people of the
city had political freedom and those new ideals of the Renaissance were not being condemned in
Florence as they were other cities. This was a time where the arts and the logic of one's own mind
was valued rather than criticized, the antiquated medieval ideals no longer matched the needs of
those who were living during the early Renaissance. Eventually, a term for this way of thinking
arose and was called Humanism, and what humanism is, is an ideology where humans can lead
themselves to create a prosperous life and instead of leaning on supernatural forces for answers.
Humanists believe that humans have enough logic to create conclusions themselves. This brand–
new way of thinking caused a lot of controversy because it did question God's ability and the
church's power, but the ideas behind it are still heavily used today, even in the 21st century.
Humanism in the early Renaissance is important because it called for thinking with reason, it
allowed an appreciation for human body and mind, inspired authors and caused a shift in power.
When the Renaissance began in Florence, there were a lot people who were wanting to separate
from this medieval way of thinking that was not allowing any type of growth of the inner–self, and
since medieval ideals were heavily based on

Greek And Roman Mythology And Importance During The...
During the Renaissance in Italy came the revival of many aspects of life and art. One major aspect
was the return of mythology in art, for prior to Renaissance all art was reflection of the church. In
this paper I explore the use of mythology, mainly Greek and Roman mythology, in renaissance art:
why artists such as Botticelli used, what they symbolized and how the people viewed the art in
context.
During the Middle Ages, the Church and Feudalism ruled over Europe in government and religion.
Art was no exception, for anything that was not associated with church or the bible was considered
paganism, and frowned upon. In art the figures included and limited to holy Christian figures such
as Christ and Madonna, or Church dignitaries and or local rulers. When the Renaissance began in
the early 1400s it began in Italy in city–states such as Florence, Rome, and Venice. With the change
in tune from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By using mythology artists were able to create art that were both beautiful and meaningful in hidden
ways based on what imagery or deities they used, and how they were used in context of their art.
Often times mythology and the themes artists used around mythology had much in common with
humanism and moral values such as tolerance, thought freedom, peace and self–education. . In
Malcolm Bull's book, The Mirror of the Gods. Classical Mythology in Renaissance Art, he speaks
about how during the revival citizens and artists were rediscovering the deities' meanings and their
relationship to one another , and many artists used the same deity with slightly different context.
One of the most well known Renaissance artists that used mythology motifs in their work is
Botticelli. He did many mythology paintings surrounding the Greek goddess of love: Venus.
Botticelli used her in theme of love but he also used Venus for her connection to beauty in respect to

Catherine De Medici Influence On Ballet
Ballet is a formalized and elegant form of dance with a fitting origin that traces back to Italian
Renaissance courts during the 15th and 16th centuries. This style of dance quickly spread from Italy
to France with the assistance of the aristocratic influence that came from Catherine de' Medici, who
succeeded in helping ballet develop even further. For example, Catherine helped develop ballet
further by having her own piece of work, 'Le Paradis d' Amour', be presented at her daughters
wedding, where Marguerite de Valois was wedded to Henry of Navarre. Naturally, with ballet
having an aristocratic background, aristocratic money was responsible for the dance styles initial
stages of development in court ballet. Royalty was what dictated the literature, music, and ideas that
was incorporated into ballet at the time. Ballet was also used as a prime source of entertainment for
aristocrats. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was another formal entertainment, as it was commissioned by Catherine de' Medici as a way to
honor the Polish ambassadors who were visiting Paris at the time of Henry of Anjou's throning.
Years went by when in 1581, Catherine de' Medici commissioned yet another formal court ballet by
the name of 'Ballet Comique de la Reine'. She was not the one who organized it however, as it was
her fellow citizen, Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx, who was responsible for presenting the first formal
court that ever applied the principles of Baif's Academie, as it used poetry, music, dance, and set
design to its advantage in creating a dramatic and memorable storyline. The development for this
court ballet was funded by aristocrats of the time as well, for the fulfillment of not only their thirst
for personal entertainment, for for their political propaganda needs as

Catherine De Medici Family Impact
Did the Medici family impacts have more of a pro or con impact?
The immediate and long term impact of wealthy families like the Mediciś. Cosimo de Medici ruled
the city of Florence in 1434 and Florence was ruled by the Medici for the next 303 years until 1737
.During Cosimoś ruling he concentrated on Florence and its politics, this in turn made politics rule
Florence not money. There was a declining factor of financial imagery in 1529, this lead the Medici
´s to change from merchants to aristocrats and some to royalty like Queen Catherine de Medici.
Cosimo de Medici began the Medici dynasty in Florence, Whose influence led to Galileo changing
the name of Jupiter's four moons.
Cosimo was given the title "father of the country" by using his family's money to help reshape
Florentine politics. At this time politics dominated city culture. The ultimate beneficiary of Medici
patronage was Michelangelo. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was true for the majority of most but not all members because, Catherine De Medici the Queen
of France was known to some as a reliable monarch who shouldn't be upset since she was notorious
for using her vast variety of poisons to take care of anyone deficient in her court. To the few she was
the collected,valiant and non– resenting wife to King Henry who had a mistress diane de portie who
was10 years older and had more political say in what happened to the country of France when the
king had more pressing matters than what was currently at

Catherine de Medici and Obsession Over Power Essay
Catherine de Medici and Obsession Over Power "An execrable woman whose memory will remain
in bloody crepe until the end of time[1]". For nearly 400 years this assessment of Catherine de
Medici held true. In the popular imagination she is a Machiavellian schemer using poison on those
who hindered her in her quest to gain and maintain power at court, a view of Catherine reinforced in
recent years by the film La Reine Margot, based on the book by Dumas. Most traditionalist
historians take their information on Catherine from pamphlets such as Discours Merveilleuse de la
Vie, Actions et Deportment de Catherine de Medicis, Royne Mere[2]. Claiming to be a strictly
factual account of Catherine de ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main revisionist historian to write in English is NM Sutherland. Her works are a clear attempt to
rehabilitate Catherine and remove the stigma the Black Legend has left associated with Catherine's
name. She suggests that far from Catherine being triumphant at her own political dexterity when
assuming the regency for Charles IX upon the death of Francis II, she 'viewed the future with
apprehension'[6]. Other revisionist historians include Dame Francis Yates who interprets Catherine's
many volte–face as being less and example of Machiavellian scheming and more of an example of
how Catherine was, in reality a politique who put the well–being of the state before personal
religious convictions. This position meant Catherine was unable to comprehend the religious
fanaticism which swept France during the era in which she was regent and thus made the solving of
the problem significantly more difficult. Other revisionists concentrate on her maternalism with
Heritier[7] substantiating this opinion with references to the proportion of Catherine's letters that are
addressed to Jean d'HumiÃ¨re, the royal children's governess. The revisionist view generally sees
Catherine as being someone who desired peace and stability for her sons' kingdom. The blame for
the failure of the crown to solve the religious–political problems in this

Who Was Catherine De Medici?
For centuries there has been hostility between all different forms of religion. The Catholics and the
Protestants are no exception. For many years these two branches of religion have been at each
other's throats defending their respective beliefs. Although in hindsight it is definitely wrong what
these two groups did to one another, at the time they felt they were doing what was right. The
question now was raised. Why did anyone need to die for their own religious beliefs? One thing lead
to another and many people were put under scrutiny when the death tolls began to rise. No one was
under more fire than Catherine de Medici. She became the scapegoat for what happened on Saint
Bartholomew's Day.
Who was Catherine de Medici? She was an Italian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the song it is said "Honor be to God and to the king our lord, who protects us from the wrath of
malicious Huguenots. They want to kill us, but a day will come when they will be made to die
laughing. We have a good lord in this country of France, and a prince of great honor; valiant and
humane. He is the duke of Guise, who, by his great mercy, defended the Holy Mother Church at
Vassy." This is what all the troops were exposed to and it only fueled their hatred even more. It is
hard to not believe what you hear when you cannot read for yourself in the first place. When this is
all they sing, it becomes their way of thinking. Propaganda can really hurt and sway someone's way
of thinking. Even if something is not true, if it is all someone hears they will believe it. They almost
have no

The St. Bartholomew 's Day Massacre
On August 24th, 1572 approximately 7,000 protestants were murdered in France. This horrific event
was named the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Marguerite de Valois, Queen Catherine de Medicis
daughter was arranged to marry Henry of Navarre on August 18th. Marguerite and the rest of the
Valois family were extremely Catholic while Henry was a Huguenot (Calvinist Protestants). This
marriage was an attempt the break the religious tension and join together the religions in peace, or
so they thought. The wedding was held in Paris, France and many Huguenot nobility attended.
However, what seemed to be a happy and memorable occasion quickly resulted in a gruesome, and
barbaric massacre that would be remembered forever.
Catherine de Medici was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When Catherine de Medicis sons were younger she had control over what happened in France
however as they became older they could speak their mind and make their own decisions. However,
having listened to their mother their entire life their decisions were usually persuaded by their
mother's opinions quietly and forcefully. According to Williamson and Josephs book "Catherine de
Medici" Charles IX was inclined to insane murderous anger and attempted to exorcise murderous
fantasies. According to Knechts book "The French wars of religion 1559–1598" the St
Bartholomew's Day Massacre can be interpreted as the "cumulation of popular disturbances in
Paris." On August 22nd Admiral Coligny was shot and wounded, Huguenots rushed to his side in
worry and fear. In fear that the Huguenots would retaliate the assassination of the Huguenots was
ordered. On the night of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Charles was overwhelmed and lashing
out. Charles felt betrayed and his mother was attempting to control his decisions. In the midst of his
panic he exclaimed "Kill the admiral if you wish; but you must also kill all of the Huguenots so that
not one is left to reproach me Kill them all!" (Williamson and Joseph, "Catherine de Medici")
Catherine would have been satisfied with killing only the main leaders of the Huguenots, however
she was overjoyed with her son's

Weaknesses Of The French Crown
Importance of the Weaknesses of the French Crown in Explaining the Outbreak of the French Wars
of Religion in 1562
Previously France had been ruled by Henry II, a strong experienced ruler. It was, however, an
unfortunate jousting accident lead to the swift decline of the French monarchy. Henry's successor,
Francis II, was only fifteen years old on his accession to the throne in 1559. He was inexperienced
and easily manipulated. Charles IX, a ten year old who relied upon the help of Catherine de Medici,
his regent, then succeeded him. It was this new weak monarchy that acted as a catalyst for the many
underlying problems that had been previously controlled. The weaknesses of the monarchy allowed
Francis Duke of Guise quickly assumed control of the army, church and foreign affairs. The
Montmorency family had been stripped of office. The sudden shift of power towards the Guise
family heightened tensions between the aristocratic factions.
The monarchy in France operated through a clientage system. The King was at the apex and he
would give money and protection to the clientage beneath him, who, in return would offer the king
loyalty. Those beneath him included large aristocratic families and below these families were the
nobility, and further down still, the lesser nobility. The three aristocratic families were therefore
reliant on the nobility below them in the system for support. In return they would give offices and
jobs to their clients. Due to a weak monarchy this clientage system broke down. The clientage
system was a good way of exercising control over the major aristocratic families. However, in order
for such a system to function there needed to be a strong monarch and a large sum of money, neither
of which were available in 1559. After the vast amount of money spent in the Hapsburg – Valios
wars the royal treasury was drained of resources. The monarchy not only lacked a strong ruler but
was also economically weak. It meant that the King could no longer keep the aristocratic families
under control by the means of the clientage system. The Guise's, who had

A Comparison of Powerful Female Monarchs: Elizabeth I and...
On the eve of her coronation, Elizabeth I said, "I will be as good unto you as ever a queen was unto
her people" (Grant, 140). Elizabeth I of England and Catherine de Medici of France were both
powerful female monarchs during the Renaissance whose rules shaped the current religious
affiliations of France and England. The reigns of Elizabeth and Catherine differed in their extent of
power and matrimony, but were similar in influence and support of the arts, and Elizabeth was
ultimately the more successful monarch.
Elizabeth's and Catherine's reigns differed in their amount of power over the government and
church. For example, by the Parliamentary Act of Supremacy, Elizabeth was the Supreme Governor
of the Church of England (Doran, 14)
"Albeit the king's Majesty is justly and rightfully is and oweth to be the supreme head of the Church
of England, and is so recognized by the clergy of this realm...be it enacted, by the authority of this
present Parliament, that the king...his heirs and successors...shall be taken, accepted and reputed the
only supreme head in earth of the Church of England" (Dickens, 64).
She had to consort with Parliament and her council, but she was still powerful in her own right and
made the final decisions. Catherine, on the other hand, had many more obstacles to overcome. After
her husband, Henry II, died in a jousting accident, and her son, Francis II, died from an ear
infection, Catherine became the queen regent for her son, Charles (Catherine de Medici

The Importance of the Tumult of Amboise in Bringing About...
The Importance of the Tumult of Amboise in Bringing About Conflict Between Catholics and
Protestants by 1562 The Tumult of Amboise in 1560 was caused by factionalism, religious rivalry
and a threat to the Crown's authority. The atmosphere the Tumult of Amboise caused may have gave
way to the conflict between Catholics and Protestants in 1562. Although the conspiracy did not
achieve its aims it was still important as it was a threat to the crown, and they where prepared to
challenge the kings authority, although the conspirators did claim that the threat was never against
the king but against the Guise, as an anti–Guise campaign. However the Tumult of Amboise was
still an important factor in causing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many people at this time did not like the stronghold the Guise had on the young Francis II and
wished Francis to be freed of their influence. Prince Code decided to free the King from the
stronghold of the Guise as he was in rivalry with the Guise at court, so in August 1559 there where
discussions about a possible palace revolt. However this does not mean that Prince Code is doing
this for the kings good, but because he wants the Bourbon family to have influence at court. There is
a great amount of factionalism at court due to the Guise stronghold over the king. However the
Bourbons where very cautious of the Guise after the treason of Constable Bourbon in 1523, and they
resented the Guise as they believed they where the rightful people to be the kings advisers. The
principal conspirators along with Prince Code where Jean du Barry and Lord Renaudie, a Calvinist
nobleman. Renaudie loathed the Guise as he believed they where responsible for the execution of a
relative, he gained 500 plotters for the conspiracy, all members of the old word–nobility, who
wanted 'to return the government of the kingdom to its ancient and legitimate form.' However he
used forged letters of support supposedly coming form John Calvin. The supporters of the
conspiracy were encouraged to help capture the king. This shows a great amount of prejudice
towards the Guise and a great amount of

Peter Paul Rubens Essay
In 1600, Peter Paul Rubens left his home in Antwerp, and he set off to Italy. Soon after arriving in
Italy, Ruben entered the service of the Duke of Mantua, Vincenzo Gonzaga.
The duke's palace had a great art collection, and Ruben found time to visit various other cities in
Italy since he wasn't expected to be at the household all of the time.
Rubens completed his education in Rome.
During Rubens' first visit to Rome, he painted 3 altarpieces for the Church of Sta Croce.
In 1603, Peter's duke sent Peter on a diplomatic mission to Spain where he made an equestrian
portrait of the Duke of Lerma.
In 1605, Rubens decided to stay in Rome for 3 years, and during this period of, he commissioned
and created various pieces of art and decoration.
Maria in Vallicella. At first, he created an altarpiece that showed St. Gregory, various other saints,
and Madonna and Child. The poor lighting in the church did not make a good impression of this
altarpiece. Then, Rubens decided to replace this altarpiece with three images painted on slate.
His mother's sickness and death would change Rubens' career forever. When Rubens heard that his
mother was sick, he left Italy to return to Antwerp, but he would never come back.
In Antwerp, the sovereigns, or rulers, of Spanish Netherlands appointed Ruben as court painter.
Archduke Albert and his consort, Isabella.
Rubens created the "Four Philosophers", and the humanistic atmosphere pf Antwerp helped to
inspire and influence the work of art. This painting is a commemorative one with Justus Lipsius
with 2 pupils being Rubens and his brother.
The "Raising of the Cross" meant for the church of St. Walburga, and this piece of art made him the
leading master of the city.

Soon after, Rubens created hunting pieces with men fighting beasts as well as more religious yet
worldly pieces of art such as "Descent From the Cross" and "Great Last

Classical Iconography Within The Commissions Of Lorenzo De...
The Important Incorporation of Classical Iconography Within the Commissions of Lorenzo de'
Medici and Pope Julius II
Julius II and Lorenzo de' Medici arguably had not so dissimilar goals in their patronage. Patronage
was a tool for exerting political power, exemplifying personal magnificence, and invoking a sense of
civic duty. These patrons attempted to display different pieces of these attributes in different ways.
Lorenzo de' Medici, born into arguably the most prestigious family in Florence, grew up familiar
with the importance of the commissioning of artworks and public works projects. The
commissioning of these works allowed the banking family of the Medici's, who were not originally
of noble lineage, to display their magnificence in the public sphere. The commissioning also
allowed them a participation in the contribution expected by Florentines to the civil pride of the city
itself. The Medici family had to straddle a fine line in their patronage. Florence was a long–standing
republican society, and the Medici's patronage had to equally reflect their civic and religious duties
as well as their own personal interests. Lorenzo began his political and artistic education early,
understanding the importance and fragility of his family's dynasty.
As a youth, Lorenzo served upon a number of artistic and civil committees informing his taste as a
patron. His servitude upon these councils allowed him also early direct influence within Florence
that he would continue.

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