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the arts in Italian Renaissance Essay
The Italian Renaissance was a very difficult time period in European history. The
arts were flourishing, while the city–states in Italy fought bloody battles with each other
and within themselves. Bribery and murder were not uncommon tools for men to use
when they wanted power. Meanwhile those same rulers patronized the arts a great deal
and they would commission the best artistic minds of the time to build, design and paint
their palaces and churches and later on their own portraits and everyday paraphernalia.
In the beginning of Renaissance the artists, as well as the princes, were mostly
interested in religious themes, mostly from the New Testament. They all believed that if
God let them...show more content...
Many people wanted to see something else around them and the elaborate pictures
told stories of Greek and Roman gods and goddesses or people's favorite pastime.
By the 16th century the profession of the artist was becoming fashionable. In the
15th century it was still unheard of the artists' mingling with the powerful and the rich.
There were very few masters, who were considered brilliant, so there was practically no
competition between them. One person could paint the same monastery or church for
years, adding just a little personal variation to the story and the style of the painting. It
was becoming fashionable for an artist to not only do his work at a royal court but also be
associated with that court. Many city–states claimed ownership of the brilliant minds that
worked there. Also, individualism was becoming an important aspect of people's lives.
Any individual who exhibited some sort of talent could easily find a sponsor among rich
neighbors . Mantegna was a shepherd in Padua until someone discovered him and he
became a court painter at Mantua. Monetary rewards were also very important to artists.
Rivalry between the artists challenged them to go to new and better levels and the more
money they received the harder they tried. Many artists, such as Bruneleleschi, Uccello or
Piero della Franesca started experimenting with perspective. After that many lesser
known artists started emulating them and
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Italian Renaissance Drawing
Drawing is one of the best forms for an artist to express themselves and their emotions. During the Italian Renaissance drawing started to have a new
meaning in the world of art. The most famous artist during the Italian Renaissance is Giorgio Vasari. In the Middle Ages including the Italian
Renaissance many artworks remained unfinished. They are used to give glimpses of the role that particular drawing was used for. An example would
be an unfinished choir book from earlier in the 15th century is an example of a phenomenon (1999.391). Later on in the Middle Ages many drawings
became useful to illustrate the scientific and scholarly works of scientists. For example a professor wrote a text about the birth of Christ and then drew
it. Hardware Timeline of CAD....show more content...
The sketchpad was a graphical design system just like the ones we use today. There have been many advances in the mechanics of CAD. It started
like this: 1960s: Large Automotive and Aerospace companies began to create their own CAD systems for their own companies use. 1972 and 1977:
IBM release their creation of the VM/CMS mainframe operation system. French aerospace companies began the development of CATIA. Personal
computers began to be made in 1995 with the start of Microsoft releasing Windows 95 for computers. Elastic and Mobile computing started with
Amazon Web services in 2006. The next year the apple iphone is released. What is the function of epithelial
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Renaissance And The Italian Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance had two distinct periods during its lifetime. The first being the "Early Renaissance", which took place between the late 13th
and the early 14th centuries. The second period was known as the "High Renaissance", which took place during the 15th and 16th centuries. These two
periods had very distinct foundations and styles behind the art and architecture of their respective periods. The Early Renaissance revived many old
themes which later became the foundations for the High Renaissance. While the High Renaissance strayed from previous traditions and had its own
form of art and essentially perfected early themes and styles of art and included more scientific/mathematic components.
The Early Renaissance saw the...show more content...
Architects and designers such as Brunelleschi, Alberti, and Rossellino were absolutely obsessed with designing and engineering building with perfect
symmetry, proportions, and with ample amounts of geometry. These architectural styles can be seen in the Pazzi Chapel (to the left), which was
designed by the famous Filippo Brunelleschi. The Palazzo Rucellai (to the right) (designed by Alberti and architected by Rossellino) in Florence, Italy is
another example of architectural uniformity during the Early Renaissance. Proportions can be clearly seen throughout the exterior of the building and
reflects Roman architecture, which Alberti admired heavily.
The most complex and most high–profile masterpieces and artists to come out of the Italian Renaissance came during the 15th and 16th centuries,
which was also known as the High Renaissance. The architectural and artistic styles of the Early Renaissance essentially laid the foundations for the
High Renaissance period of art and architecture. These styles were mostly perfected during the High Renaissance. One such example of perfected art
is the most famous portrait known as the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci. The Mona Lisa "brings figure and landscape into exquisite harmony: the
pyramidal shape of the sitter is echoed in the curves of distant roads and rivers." ("Renaissance/Baroque Humanities" 59). The
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Italy During The Renaissance
While I do think that the political situation in Italy during the Renaissance was a key factor in the rise of humanism, I think that it has less to do with
power hungry and self centered rulers which can be seen throughout the Middle Ages, and more to do with how they exercised their power. Firstly,
there was a new desire and ability to flaunt one's wealth and power during the Renaissance, which lead to an increase in art, especially depictions of
everyday life. This helped further the humanist movement because art now more accurately depicted human nature. Secondly, rulers and governments
brought back forms of government that hadn't been seen since classical times in order to keep their power and to let the common people have more
say. The
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Italian Renaissance Research Paper
The Italian Renaissance one of the astounding, and profound Renaissance that had come across in human history. It is strange and interesting how
such a significant cultural change and achievements could be accomplished in the middle ages and early modern Europe. Such Imaginative, and
intelligent mind were born in the area. Such as Leonardo da vinci, Michelangelo, William Shakespeare, and none other than Christopher Columbus.
Many of these people were famous for their artwork and sculptures and how ingenious and innovative they were, for some for the things they found
or created. Leonardo da vinci created the Mona lisa and also the last supper and many more excellent works of art. Which is still critically acclaimed as
a marvelous work of art...show more content...
Guelphs and Ghibellines were introduced in italy about 1242 in Florence. The names seem to have been grafted onto pre–existing papal and imperial
factions within the city–republics(Dante Alighieri Society of Massachusetts: Guelphs and Ghibellines). Also a dubious tradition relates that the terms
Guelf and Ghibelline originated as battle cries ("Hie Welf" "Hie Waiblingen") during conrad 3's defeat of Welf VI of Bavaria in 1140 at the siege of
Weinsberg(1). The Ghibellines wanted a strong monarchy and imperial rule over Italy. The Guelfs advocated the independence of the Italian cities. The
struggle began in the 12th century. After the Hohenstaufen (Ghibellines) emperors fell in 1254, the conflict turned into petty quarrels(Britannica). The
way each rival got their names is fascinating. Guelf was derived from Welf, the name of the dynasty of German dukes of Bavaria who competed for
imperial throne through the 12th and early 12th centuries(Guelf and Ghibelline). The name Ghibelline was derived from Waiblingen, the name of a
castle of the welfs opponents, the Hohenstaufen dukes of swabia(Guelf and Ghibelline). Both the Guelf and the Ghibellines were sympathetic to certain
people who helped them or controlled them. The Guelphs early became associated with the papacy because of their mutual Hohenstaufen enemy. They
were represented by more democratic middle classes and merchant class who desired a constitutional government. They represented an indigenous
Italian stock and looked to the pope for help against the Ghibellines. However this became more and more blurred(Dante Alighieri Society of
Massachusetts: Guelphs and Ghibellines). The Ghibellines who were sympathetic to the German (Holy Roman) emperors,contributed to chronic strife
within the cities of northern Italy in the 13th and 14th
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The Renaissance And Italian Renaissance
The Renaissance (rebirth), was a time in which all art became more personalized and represented more than we see. There were two major stages in
the Western European/ Italian Renaissance: Early Renaissance and High Renaissance. It gave patrons a new outlook on art and the world. Styles such
as Mannerism, Fresco, and Parietal help advance art in western Europe. Most of the Renaissance works were religious,or had had something to do with
the ancient times (ancient greece and roman culture). Not only was is a re–birth of art, it was a re–birth of scientific thinking and studying architecture.
Although there are two major sections to the Renaissance, there are very few differences between the two periods of time in the 15th and 16th...show
more content...
Mannerism was huge in Italy. One of the greatest pieces created in this style was Leonardo's 'Mona Lisa'. Leonardo uses mysterious elements for the
background, it recalls one of his other lesser known paintings named 'Madonna of the Rocks'. The reason this piece is so fascinating is because
Leonardo finished very few of his works. He did, however have a notebook of "Renaissance Drawings". Since Leonardo was an architect as well as
an artist, this led him to create some of the greatest technology man has ever known. They also resembled his ideas of what the Renaissance meant to
him and the ideas he gained from this re–birth. Some of Leonardo's tactics are still used today. Take cutaways for example. This style of imagery was
used long before the age of X–Rays. Leonardo was not the only one with Renaissance Drawings. It was common for a lot of Renaissance artists to
have notebooks full of drawings. Artists usually used silverpoint stylus when drawing in their notebook. For other works, artists used different
materials (ink pen, chalk, charcoal, brush, graphite/lead). This has lead me to believe that artists used different materials to create different moods,
and to give each piece a different meaning. Another big name in the Renaissance was Raphael (Raffaello Santi). It is said that Raphael mostly likely
learned his tactics and roots of Renaissance art from his father, Giovanni Santi.
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Renaissance : The Italian Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance was one of the most colorful, vital, and exciting times in history. Renaissance eventually comes from the French word
"Renaistre," meaning "to be born again." The Renaissance was a revival or a rebirth of cultural awareness and learning among art, law, language,
literature, philosophy, science, and mathematics. This period took place between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. TheRenaissance in Italy
flourished. What was the Renaissance and why did it happen?
The Renaissance period was characterized by a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman design and included an emphasis on human beings and
the environment. The city of Florence became the center of much of this activity, where artists and scholars were sponsored royally by like–minded
families of great wealth and social power. More emphasis was put into education as a means of freedom from ignorance instead of a reason to serve
God. The secularism and humanism of the Renaissance were reflected in its scholarship and education. Its concern was with this world rather than the
afterlife, and its focus was on classics rather than Christian theology. The father of Renaissance literature, Petrarch, stressed that the new boarding
schools were not to train priests but the sons of merchants.
There was a shift in power from the church to a general secularization in all areas of life, with the main focus being on the enhancement in the studies
of the arts. The arts were looked at in a new way,
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Italian Renaissance
Italian Renaissance
Filippo Brunelleschi was the first to discover linear perspective. Which creates an illusion of depth and volume on a flat surface.
Italian artist created realistic and life–like art pieces.
Michelangelo Buonarroti was an artist, poet, sculptor and architect. One of his famous pieces is Pieta.
Northern Renaissance
Flemish artist would often use oil and eggs to help with pigment.
The people wanted more art representing the precise details in the designs on clothing or the details of the environment. The figures in the paintings
and sculptures were full–bodied and idealized. This includes the emotions attached, also.
This became less significant, so instead, the artists attempted to achieve a timeless...show more content...
That is, the manner in which a picture was painted or a sculpture was carved became more important than the image it portrayed.
Mannerist artists were delighted in unusual images. This can include: figures in strange colors and twisted poses that were placed in crowded areas.
The painting subject would be unclear to the artist.
Mannerist art reflects on the confusion of the time period.
Baraque
Baroque art and architecture is known as a return to the naturalism of the Renaissance, joined with a new element of movement and drama. The
continuity of baroque art appeals to the senses. This is known as the last great period of Italian art.
Carlo Maderno was the first architect to work in this manner and the first to inspire European artists outside Italy to adapt to the new style.
Dutch
Dutch painters specialized in outdoor scenes, landscape, still lifes of flowers, fish, or fruit.
The greatest Dutch artist of the baroque period was Rembrandt van Rijn. He spent most of his life in Amsterdam. Where his imagination and
curiosity led him to explore a far wider range of subjects. He painted many biblical scenes, but they weren't used or given to churches or to help aid
others religious views. He painted them as an imaginary record of significant moments in
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Impact Of The Italian Renaissance
After the decline and disappearance of the Roman Empire, the Italian Renaissance was introduced to the European culture. The Italian Renaissance was
the revival of the Greek and Roman cultures in forms of art, education, and literature. The Renaissance originally began in Florence, Italy during the
time of 14 A.D and eventually began to expand throughout western and northern Europe in 15 A.D. The rebirthing of these ancient cultures brought
much awareness and knowledge to the Italian society and resulted in change in their perspective toward the world and their culture.
The Roman Empire was ruled by an emperor, but was controlled by the senate and multiple kings in the previous years. Because of the many
unresolved issues during their...show more content...
Leonardo was the first man to study a variety of subjects, and use the information he learned to apply to his creations. Using his creativity and
knowledge in sciences, such as anatomy and botany, he was able to produced portraits that would appear to be a reflection to natural life. When
crafting his paintings, he didn't use the original egg, water, and powdered colorings that many artists would commonly use. He experimented with oil
paint, which had many more benefits than the solution other artists would use. Oil paint dried slower than the egg mixture, which allowed you to fix
mistakes unnoticeably. It also added more definition to paintings and produced new pigments which presented a distinctive style to his paintings. The
"Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper" are two of his paintings known all across the world, along with many others. Michelangelo is another known
individual from the Renaissance. Likewise, Michelangelo was a painter, but made many works of art through sculpting. Michelangelo's presented one
of his best paintings on a large surface. His famous work is exhibited on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, demonstrating the scenes from the book a
Genesis. The project took him four years to complete. To this day, his masterpiece brings exclusive attention to the community and others from all over
the world. Another one of his pieces, titled
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Italian Renaissance Research Paper
In tenth grade, I was given the opportunity to travel to Italy for ten days. While I delighted my tastebuds with all kinds of Italian cuisine, my brain
feasted on an abundance of knowledge presented in architecture, history, art, and inventions; most of which emerged during the Italian Renaissance. The
Renaissance was a time period concerned with exploring the unknown, expressing creativity by means of art, and using imagination, as well as
intellectual curiosity to create techniques and theories. For these reasons, if I were capable of traveling back in time, I would visit the time period of
the Italian Renaissance. Banking and commerce provided an abundance of wealth to the Medici family, who then supported brilliant thinkers like
Galileo...show more content...
After performing autopsies of dead corpses, da Vinci was able to fill his sketch books with detailed drawings of human skeletal structures, muscles,
and organs. It is my ambition to complete my undergraduate studies with a major in biology, further my education by attending medical school, and
become a pediatric surgeon. Traveling back to the Renaissance would give me the chance to meet Leonardo and become aware of the love he
showed for the human body. The purpose of my future studies is to comprehend, and be well aware of how the body reacts and functions. I want to be
able to apprehend why some people have genetic predispositions to certain diseases, and I want to advance medicine by figuring out a way to reverse or
treat harmful predispositions. Meeting Leonardo, the man who provided so much anatomical enlightenment, would allow me to appreciate the human
body in the same way as he. Learning what Leonardo was thinking as he performed autopsies would provide me with the discernment needed to
appreciate previous understandings of the human body. In return from acquiring instruction from Leonardo, I would be able to question the methods
employed in modern medicine, and create new perceptions of the human
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Intellectual Innovation In Italian Renaissance
During the Renaissance in that location was a speedy development of intellectual innovation that spanned out over a long period of time. As a matter of
fact, it helped set the stage for the Scientific Revolution in the 17th C. While humanist translated old manuscripts they came across ancient Greek texts
that contained info on science, different inventions, mathematics, and medicine. The rediscovery of old writings and the development of printing
democratized learning and permitted a speedier stimulation of ideas. During Italian Renaissance, humanists supported the investigation of the
humanities over regular reasoning or connected arithmetic, and their appreciation for establishing sources additionally cherished the Aristotelian and
Ptolemaic
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Italian Renaissance Research Paper
At the time of the Italian renaissance, Italy was divided into individual city states ruled by wealthy families. The term renaissance translates to rebirth
and references the period from the late fourteenth to the early seventeenth century in Europe during which art, culture, politics, and thought flourished.
The renaissance originated in Italy and spread throughout most of Europe. The invention of the printing press and increased use of vernacular in writing
facilitated the spread of information. Renaissance art, politics, and thought were influenced by the rediscovery of classic Greek texts. Most renaissance
advances were in the fields of painting, architecture, and literature. Nonetheless, theatre experienced various developments as well....show more
content...
The neoclassical ideals were rules determined by critics to help playwrights create great drama. There are many neoclassical ideals. A few of them are
verisimilitude, the three unities, and ideas of genre. Verisimilitude is the idea that drama should be "true to life" and the most important ideal. Note that
this idea of "true to life" is distinct from modern ideas of realism. The three unities are the unity of time; the plot should take place within twenty–four
hours. The unity of place; the action should occur within one region. And the unity of action; no action should superfluous. The three unities are often
credited to Aristotle who only suggested the unity of action. For critics, genres were distinct and should not intermingle. To that extent, tragedy dealt
with royalty and must have sad endings. Comedy was about common people and must have a happy
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What Is The Italian Renaissance?
The Italian Renaissance is best known for its cultural achievements. Italian Renaissance literature includes such figures as the humanists Petrarch (best
known for the sonnets of The
Canzoniere), Boccaccio (best known for the tales of The Decameron) and other renaissance humanists such as Poliziano, Marsilio Ficino, Lorenzo
Valla, Aldo Manuzio, Poggio Bracciolini, therenaissance epic authors Castiglione (The Book of the Courtier), Ludovico Ariosto (Orlando
Furioso) and Torquato Tasso (Jerusalem Delivered), and prose authors such as Machiavelli (The
Prince). Italian Renaissance painting exercised a dominant influence on Western painting for centuries afterwards, with artists such as Michelangelo,
Raphael, Botticelli, Titian, and Leonardo
da
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The Italian Renaissance Essay
The Italian Renaissance
Throughout history many art movements have emerged that artists and styles are classified under. One large contributing movement over the time
period from about 1450 to about 1600 was known as the Italian Renaissance. However, what a large portion of people do not realize is that the Italian
Renaissance was actually two main movements during that period of time. Each movement had key artists and a variation in style from the other
movements. These two movements in the Italian Renaissance have been named the Early and High Renaissance. The Early Renaissance which took
place from c.1450 to c.1495. During this period three key artist emerged from the group these being Sandro Botticelli and Donatello....show more
content...
The next stage if the Italian Renaissance came to be known as the High Renaissance. During this period three artists came to the forefront. Leonardo da
Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael each of these artists had there own style however each where considered now to be some of the best artists ever
known to man. Leonardo da Vinci a man that rings a bell in almost any person's head when said is best known for the "Mona Lisa". The version
that we know however is one that Leonardo changed from a "portrait from an icon of status" to the known "representation of a person fully engaged
with the viewer." Leonardo uses a "sfumato" style, which blends both light and dark to create a uniform distribution. Leonardo is also known for his
interpretation of "The Last Supper". He takes the approach of choosing the moment after Christ announces that one of his disciples has betrayed him.
Leonardo put in his painting how he feels the disciples will react. Leonardo took a new approach to almost everything he did and that is why he was
one of the three for runners of the High Renaissance period. Michelangelo was a man with great talent that did not stick to a given genre. Michelangelo
did painting, architecture and sculpture. The painting, which he is best known for, is "Last Judgement"; created displeasure because it was
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The Italian Renaissance And The Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance was an explosion of art, writing, and thought, that roughly lasted between 1300 to 1600. In this time each citizen, countrymen,
or villager had and performed different jobs and careers. Humanism the study of Greek and Roman writings, art, and architecture, initially jump started
the Renaissance, and the need for art. Artists now were inspired to use life like art and linear perspective, so art seemed and was more realistic. The
start of the Italian Renaissance was the start of a new world and culture for Europe.
During the Italian Renaissance the citizens and people of Italy were just now changing their mindsets on life. There was a celebration of life and the
human spirit by survivors of the Bubonic Plague...show more content...
First, the Italian artists and scholars pulled inspiration from the Roman ruins that surrounded them. Second, western scholars studied ancient Latin
writings and manuscripts that over the years were preserved in monasteries. Third, when the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453, Christian
scholars fled with Greek manuscripts to Rome.
This new study of the ancient world led to humanism. Humanism was an intellectual movement that focused on human achievements and potential.
Humanists studied the classic texts to understand ancient Greek values. The word humanist and humanism come from the Latin word humanitas, which
refers to the literary culture that every educated person should possess. Humanists study subjects common to classical education; such as history,
literature, and philosophy along with rhetoric. These subjects are considered the Humanities. These classical traditions were passed on by humanists to
artists and architects.
The advantage that Italy had was the smaller city–states. The smaller city–states allowed more citizens to be involved in politics besides the arts.
Humanism suggested that a person can enjoy life without offending God. The wealthy enjoyed good music, fine foods, and material luxuries. Now the
spirit of the Renaissance was secular meaning worldly. Italians were concerned with the "here and now" and moved away from the church and pope.
But along with the Italians the church leaders also lived in beautiful mansions, and
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Italian Renaissance Essay
The Italian Renaissance was the rebirth of cultural antiquity between the 14th and 16th century. The Renaissance is known for its style of art,
sculptures, and decorative art. The art created usually represented the Bible and the idea of individualism, along with keeping the original style of the
Greeks and Romans. During this period, artists such as Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo gained popularity. Leoonardo da Vinci's most famous
paintings include "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper." Michelangelo's creations encompass the PietГ and David. With these new artists came new
techniques that quickly gained appreciation all over the world. Linear Perspective emerged through one of the artistic problems in the Italian
Renaissance. The answer
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The Italian Renaissance: Ancient Greece And Rome
The Renaissance also known as the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement whose ideas were to return to the art, literature, and culture of
Ancient Greece and Rome (World History). The term Renaissance originated from the French word rebirth. The Renaissance movement started in
Florence, a city state known for writing its own laws and destiny (The Power of the Past). The movement expanded to Western Europe through the
Mediterranean trade and Princes of the state. The Prince would encourage the movement by offering sponsorships to artists and intellectuals. The artists
and intellectuals would study ancient Greece and Rome using the knowledge as motivation for modern art, literature, and culture. The Renaissance art
differed from previous
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The Italian Renaissance Essay
The Italian Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance was one of the most colorful, vital, and exciting times in history. Renaissance eventually comes from the French word
"Renaistre," meaning "to be born again." The Renaissance was a revival or a rebirth of cultural awareness and learning among art, law, language,
literature, philosophy, science, and mathematics. This period took place between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. TheRenaissance in Italy
flourished in the 15th century and spread throughout most of Europe in the 16th century. What was the Renaissance and why did it happen? Italian life
in the 14th and 15th centuries was lived among the vast ruins of the ancient Roman Empire. The cruelty and barbarism of Rome...show more content...
Painters were not interested in making a picture realistic–they did not use perspective. The more important figures in the painting were frequently made
larger than all the others, and often the element of landscape was omitted completely. Members of the Holy Family for example, would be painted
against a background of shining gold, which signified the heavens. During the Renaissance, all that changed. The period was characterized by a
renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman design and included an emphasis on human beings and the environment. The secularism and humanism
of the Renaissance were reflected in its scholarship and education. Its concern was with this world rather than the hereafter, and its focus was on pagan
classics rather than Christian theology. The father Of Renaissance literature, Petrarch, stressed that the new boarding schools were not to train priests
but the sons of merchants. The humanist movement was further stimulated by the influence of Byzantine scholars who came to Italy after the fall of
Constantinople (present day Istanbul) to the Turks in 1453 and also by the establishment of the Platonic Academy inFlorence. The academy, whose
leading thinker was Marsillo Ficino, was founded by the 15th century Florentine statesman and patron of
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The Italian Renaissance
During the 14th century, Italy was divided into many self–governing city sates. Florence, an independent republic and third largest city in Europe at the
time, was the motherland of the Italian Renaissance. This was an enlightening time of "rebirth" that began directly after the Middle Ages (History.com
Staff). Florence was the birthplace of the Renaissance due to its location, prosperity, and cultural amalgamation.
WHY IS ITS LOCATION SO SPECIAL– why not somewhere else?
Italy consisted of communes, or city–states, ruled by an individual or a solitary family, with a democratic government and an abundant amount of
educated citizens. The governmental system was not a true democracy, however, since only wealthy men were allowed to vote. As time progressed
though, the common people began to have more governmental power, due to emerging social and economic freedoms. There were three main social
levels at that time: the upper class, being businessmen and merchants, the middle class, formed from educated townsfolk, and the lower class,
comprised of artisans and craftsmen (Walker 7–8).
Because of its location, Florence was home to many wealthy citizens. Florence became the cultural capital of Europe due to aristocrats exhibiting their
prominence by supporting artists and philosophers who studied ancient Greece and Rome (History.com Staff). Italians considered their rebirth to be
both an emergence from the dearth of culture in the Dark Ages and a new beginning altogether, built
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The Arts In Italian Renaissance Essay

  • 1. the arts in Italian Renaissance Essay The Italian Renaissance was a very difficult time period in European history. The arts were flourishing, while the city–states in Italy fought bloody battles with each other and within themselves. Bribery and murder were not uncommon tools for men to use when they wanted power. Meanwhile those same rulers patronized the arts a great deal and they would commission the best artistic minds of the time to build, design and paint their palaces and churches and later on their own portraits and everyday paraphernalia. In the beginning of Renaissance the artists, as well as the princes, were mostly interested in religious themes, mostly from the New Testament. They all believed that if God let them...show more content... Many people wanted to see something else around them and the elaborate pictures told stories of Greek and Roman gods and goddesses or people's favorite pastime. By the 16th century the profession of the artist was becoming fashionable. In the 15th century it was still unheard of the artists' mingling with the powerful and the rich. There were very few masters, who were considered brilliant, so there was practically no
  • 2. competition between them. One person could paint the same monastery or church for years, adding just a little personal variation to the story and the style of the painting. It was becoming fashionable for an artist to not only do his work at a royal court but also be associated with that court. Many city–states claimed ownership of the brilliant minds that worked there. Also, individualism was becoming an important aspect of people's lives. Any individual who exhibited some sort of talent could easily find a sponsor among rich neighbors . Mantegna was a shepherd in Padua until someone discovered him and he became a court painter at Mantua. Monetary rewards were also very important to artists. Rivalry between the artists challenged them to go to new and better levels and the more money they received the harder they tried. Many artists, such as Bruneleleschi, Uccello or Piero della Franesca started experimenting with perspective. After that many lesser known artists started emulating them and Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 3. Italian Renaissance Drawing Drawing is one of the best forms for an artist to express themselves and their emotions. During the Italian Renaissance drawing started to have a new meaning in the world of art. The most famous artist during the Italian Renaissance is Giorgio Vasari. In the Middle Ages including the Italian Renaissance many artworks remained unfinished. They are used to give glimpses of the role that particular drawing was used for. An example would be an unfinished choir book from earlier in the 15th century is an example of a phenomenon (1999.391). Later on in the Middle Ages many drawings became useful to illustrate the scientific and scholarly works of scientists. For example a professor wrote a text about the birth of Christ and then drew it. Hardware Timeline of CAD....show more content... The sketchpad was a graphical design system just like the ones we use today. There have been many advances in the mechanics of CAD. It started like this: 1960s: Large Automotive and Aerospace companies began to create their own CAD systems for their own companies use. 1972 and 1977: IBM release their creation of the VM/CMS mainframe operation system. French aerospace companies began the development of CATIA. Personal computers began to be made in 1995 with the start of Microsoft releasing Windows 95 for computers. Elastic and Mobile computing started with Amazon Web services in 2006. The next year the apple iphone is released. What is the function of epithelial Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 4. Renaissance And The Italian Renaissance The Italian Renaissance had two distinct periods during its lifetime. The first being the "Early Renaissance", which took place between the late 13th and the early 14th centuries. The second period was known as the "High Renaissance", which took place during the 15th and 16th centuries. These two periods had very distinct foundations and styles behind the art and architecture of their respective periods. The Early Renaissance revived many old themes which later became the foundations for the High Renaissance. While the High Renaissance strayed from previous traditions and had its own form of art and essentially perfected early themes and styles of art and included more scientific/mathematic components. The Early Renaissance saw the...show more content... Architects and designers such as Brunelleschi, Alberti, and Rossellino were absolutely obsessed with designing and engineering building with perfect symmetry, proportions, and with ample amounts of geometry. These architectural styles can be seen in the Pazzi Chapel (to the left), which was designed by the famous Filippo Brunelleschi. The Palazzo Rucellai (to the right) (designed by Alberti and architected by Rossellino) in Florence, Italy is another example of architectural uniformity during the Early Renaissance. Proportions can be clearly seen throughout the exterior of the building and reflects Roman architecture, which Alberti admired heavily. The most complex and most high–profile masterpieces and artists to come out of the Italian Renaissance came during the 15th and 16th centuries, which was also known as the High Renaissance. The architectural and artistic styles of the Early Renaissance essentially laid the foundations for the High Renaissance period of art and architecture. These styles were mostly perfected during the High Renaissance. One such example of perfected art is the most famous portrait known as the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci. The Mona Lisa "brings figure and landscape into exquisite harmony: the pyramidal shape of the sitter is echoed in the curves of distant roads and rivers." ("Renaissance/Baroque Humanities" 59). The Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 5. Italy During The Renaissance While I do think that the political situation in Italy during the Renaissance was a key factor in the rise of humanism, I think that it has less to do with power hungry and self centered rulers which can be seen throughout the Middle Ages, and more to do with how they exercised their power. Firstly, there was a new desire and ability to flaunt one's wealth and power during the Renaissance, which lead to an increase in art, especially depictions of everyday life. This helped further the humanist movement because art now more accurately depicted human nature. Secondly, rulers and governments brought back forms of government that hadn't been seen since classical times in order to keep their power and to let the common people have more say. The Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 6. Italian Renaissance Research Paper The Italian Renaissance one of the astounding, and profound Renaissance that had come across in human history. It is strange and interesting how such a significant cultural change and achievements could be accomplished in the middle ages and early modern Europe. Such Imaginative, and intelligent mind were born in the area. Such as Leonardo da vinci, Michelangelo, William Shakespeare, and none other than Christopher Columbus. Many of these people were famous for their artwork and sculptures and how ingenious and innovative they were, for some for the things they found or created. Leonardo da vinci created the Mona lisa and also the last supper and many more excellent works of art. Which is still critically acclaimed as a marvelous work of art...show more content... Guelphs and Ghibellines were introduced in italy about 1242 in Florence. The names seem to have been grafted onto pre–existing papal and imperial factions within the city–republics(Dante Alighieri Society of Massachusetts: Guelphs and Ghibellines). Also a dubious tradition relates that the terms Guelf and Ghibelline originated as battle cries ("Hie Welf" "Hie Waiblingen") during conrad 3's defeat of Welf VI of Bavaria in 1140 at the siege of Weinsberg(1). The Ghibellines wanted a strong monarchy and imperial rule over Italy. The Guelfs advocated the independence of the Italian cities. The struggle began in the 12th century. After the Hohenstaufen (Ghibellines) emperors fell in 1254, the conflict turned into petty quarrels(Britannica). The way each rival got their names is fascinating. Guelf was derived from Welf, the name of the dynasty of German dukes of Bavaria who competed for imperial throne through the 12th and early 12th centuries(Guelf and Ghibelline). The name Ghibelline was derived from Waiblingen, the name of a castle of the welfs opponents, the Hohenstaufen dukes of swabia(Guelf and Ghibelline). Both the Guelf and the Ghibellines were sympathetic to certain people who helped them or controlled them. The Guelphs early became associated with the papacy because of their mutual Hohenstaufen enemy. They were represented by more democratic middle classes and merchant class who desired a constitutional government. They represented an indigenous Italian stock and looked to the pope for help against the Ghibellines. However this became more and more blurred(Dante Alighieri Society of Massachusetts: Guelphs and Ghibellines). The Ghibellines who were sympathetic to the German (Holy Roman) emperors,contributed to chronic strife within the cities of northern Italy in the 13th and 14th Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 7. The Renaissance And Italian Renaissance The Renaissance (rebirth), was a time in which all art became more personalized and represented more than we see. There were two major stages in the Western European/ Italian Renaissance: Early Renaissance and High Renaissance. It gave patrons a new outlook on art and the world. Styles such as Mannerism, Fresco, and Parietal help advance art in western Europe. Most of the Renaissance works were religious,or had had something to do with the ancient times (ancient greece and roman culture). Not only was is a re–birth of art, it was a re–birth of scientific thinking and studying architecture. Although there are two major sections to the Renaissance, there are very few differences between the two periods of time in the 15th and 16th...show more content... Mannerism was huge in Italy. One of the greatest pieces created in this style was Leonardo's 'Mona Lisa'. Leonardo uses mysterious elements for the background, it recalls one of his other lesser known paintings named 'Madonna of the Rocks'. The reason this piece is so fascinating is because Leonardo finished very few of his works. He did, however have a notebook of "Renaissance Drawings". Since Leonardo was an architect as well as an artist, this led him to create some of the greatest technology man has ever known. They also resembled his ideas of what the Renaissance meant to him and the ideas he gained from this re–birth. Some of Leonardo's tactics are still used today. Take cutaways for example. This style of imagery was used long before the age of X–Rays. Leonardo was not the only one with Renaissance Drawings. It was common for a lot of Renaissance artists to have notebooks full of drawings. Artists usually used silverpoint stylus when drawing in their notebook. For other works, artists used different materials (ink pen, chalk, charcoal, brush, graphite/lead). This has lead me to believe that artists used different materials to create different moods, and to give each piece a different meaning. Another big name in the Renaissance was Raphael (Raffaello Santi). It is said that Raphael mostly likely learned his tactics and roots of Renaissance art from his father, Giovanni Santi. Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 8. Renaissance : The Italian Renaissance The Italian Renaissance was one of the most colorful, vital, and exciting times in history. Renaissance eventually comes from the French word "Renaistre," meaning "to be born again." The Renaissance was a revival or a rebirth of cultural awareness and learning among art, law, language, literature, philosophy, science, and mathematics. This period took place between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. TheRenaissance in Italy flourished. What was the Renaissance and why did it happen? The Renaissance period was characterized by a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman design and included an emphasis on human beings and the environment. The city of Florence became the center of much of this activity, where artists and scholars were sponsored royally by like–minded families of great wealth and social power. More emphasis was put into education as a means of freedom from ignorance instead of a reason to serve God. The secularism and humanism of the Renaissance were reflected in its scholarship and education. Its concern was with this world rather than the afterlife, and its focus was on classics rather than Christian theology. The father of Renaissance literature, Petrarch, stressed that the new boarding schools were not to train priests but the sons of merchants. There was a shift in power from the church to a general secularization in all areas of life, with the main focus being on the enhancement in the studies of the arts. The arts were looked at in a new way, Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 9. Italian Renaissance Italian Renaissance Filippo Brunelleschi was the first to discover linear perspective. Which creates an illusion of depth and volume on a flat surface. Italian artist created realistic and life–like art pieces. Michelangelo Buonarroti was an artist, poet, sculptor and architect. One of his famous pieces is Pieta. Northern Renaissance Flemish artist would often use oil and eggs to help with pigment. The people wanted more art representing the precise details in the designs on clothing or the details of the environment. The figures in the paintings and sculptures were full–bodied and idealized. This includes the emotions attached, also. This became less significant, so instead, the artists attempted to achieve a timeless...show more content... That is, the manner in which a picture was painted or a sculpture was carved became more important than the image it portrayed. Mannerist artists were delighted in unusual images. This can include: figures in strange colors and twisted poses that were placed in crowded areas. The painting subject would be unclear to the artist. Mannerist art reflects on the confusion of the time period. Baraque Baroque art and architecture is known as a return to the naturalism of the Renaissance, joined with a new element of movement and drama. The continuity of baroque art appeals to the senses. This is known as the last great period of Italian art. Carlo Maderno was the first architect to work in this manner and the first to inspire European artists outside Italy to adapt to the new style. Dutch Dutch painters specialized in outdoor scenes, landscape, still lifes of flowers, fish, or fruit.
  • 10. The greatest Dutch artist of the baroque period was Rembrandt van Rijn. He spent most of his life in Amsterdam. Where his imagination and curiosity led him to explore a far wider range of subjects. He painted many biblical scenes, but they weren't used or given to churches or to help aid others religious views. He painted them as an imaginary record of significant moments in Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 11. Impact Of The Italian Renaissance After the decline and disappearance of the Roman Empire, the Italian Renaissance was introduced to the European culture. The Italian Renaissance was the revival of the Greek and Roman cultures in forms of art, education, and literature. The Renaissance originally began in Florence, Italy during the time of 14 A.D and eventually began to expand throughout western and northern Europe in 15 A.D. The rebirthing of these ancient cultures brought much awareness and knowledge to the Italian society and resulted in change in their perspective toward the world and their culture. The Roman Empire was ruled by an emperor, but was controlled by the senate and multiple kings in the previous years. Because of the many unresolved issues during their...show more content... Leonardo was the first man to study a variety of subjects, and use the information he learned to apply to his creations. Using his creativity and knowledge in sciences, such as anatomy and botany, he was able to produced portraits that would appear to be a reflection to natural life. When crafting his paintings, he didn't use the original egg, water, and powdered colorings that many artists would commonly use. He experimented with oil paint, which had many more benefits than the solution other artists would use. Oil paint dried slower than the egg mixture, which allowed you to fix mistakes unnoticeably. It also added more definition to paintings and produced new pigments which presented a distinctive style to his paintings. The "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper" are two of his paintings known all across the world, along with many others. Michelangelo is another known individual from the Renaissance. Likewise, Michelangelo was a painter, but made many works of art through sculpting. Michelangelo's presented one of his best paintings on a large surface. His famous work is exhibited on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, demonstrating the scenes from the book a Genesis. The project took him four years to complete. To this day, his masterpiece brings exclusive attention to the community and others from all over the world. Another one of his pieces, titled Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 12. Italian Renaissance Research Paper In tenth grade, I was given the opportunity to travel to Italy for ten days. While I delighted my tastebuds with all kinds of Italian cuisine, my brain feasted on an abundance of knowledge presented in architecture, history, art, and inventions; most of which emerged during the Italian Renaissance. The Renaissance was a time period concerned with exploring the unknown, expressing creativity by means of art, and using imagination, as well as intellectual curiosity to create techniques and theories. For these reasons, if I were capable of traveling back in time, I would visit the time period of the Italian Renaissance. Banking and commerce provided an abundance of wealth to the Medici family, who then supported brilliant thinkers like Galileo...show more content... After performing autopsies of dead corpses, da Vinci was able to fill his sketch books with detailed drawings of human skeletal structures, muscles, and organs. It is my ambition to complete my undergraduate studies with a major in biology, further my education by attending medical school, and become a pediatric surgeon. Traveling back to the Renaissance would give me the chance to meet Leonardo and become aware of the love he showed for the human body. The purpose of my future studies is to comprehend, and be well aware of how the body reacts and functions. I want to be able to apprehend why some people have genetic predispositions to certain diseases, and I want to advance medicine by figuring out a way to reverse or treat harmful predispositions. Meeting Leonardo, the man who provided so much anatomical enlightenment, would allow me to appreciate the human body in the same way as he. Learning what Leonardo was thinking as he performed autopsies would provide me with the discernment needed to appreciate previous understandings of the human body. In return from acquiring instruction from Leonardo, I would be able to question the methods employed in modern medicine, and create new perceptions of the human Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 13. Intellectual Innovation In Italian Renaissance During the Renaissance in that location was a speedy development of intellectual innovation that spanned out over a long period of time. As a matter of fact, it helped set the stage for the Scientific Revolution in the 17th C. While humanist translated old manuscripts they came across ancient Greek texts that contained info on science, different inventions, mathematics, and medicine. The rediscovery of old writings and the development of printing democratized learning and permitted a speedier stimulation of ideas. During Italian Renaissance, humanists supported the investigation of the humanities over regular reasoning or connected arithmetic, and their appreciation for establishing sources additionally cherished the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 14. Italian Renaissance Research Paper At the time of the Italian renaissance, Italy was divided into individual city states ruled by wealthy families. The term renaissance translates to rebirth and references the period from the late fourteenth to the early seventeenth century in Europe during which art, culture, politics, and thought flourished. The renaissance originated in Italy and spread throughout most of Europe. The invention of the printing press and increased use of vernacular in writing facilitated the spread of information. Renaissance art, politics, and thought were influenced by the rediscovery of classic Greek texts. Most renaissance advances were in the fields of painting, architecture, and literature. Nonetheless, theatre experienced various developments as well....show more content... The neoclassical ideals were rules determined by critics to help playwrights create great drama. There are many neoclassical ideals. A few of them are verisimilitude, the three unities, and ideas of genre. Verisimilitude is the idea that drama should be "true to life" and the most important ideal. Note that this idea of "true to life" is distinct from modern ideas of realism. The three unities are the unity of time; the plot should take place within twenty–four hours. The unity of place; the action should occur within one region. And the unity of action; no action should superfluous. The three unities are often credited to Aristotle who only suggested the unity of action. For critics, genres were distinct and should not intermingle. To that extent, tragedy dealt with royalty and must have sad endings. Comedy was about common people and must have a happy Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 15. What Is The Italian Renaissance? The Italian Renaissance is best known for its cultural achievements. Italian Renaissance literature includes such figures as the humanists Petrarch (best known for the sonnets of The Canzoniere), Boccaccio (best known for the tales of The Decameron) and other renaissance humanists such as Poliziano, Marsilio Ficino, Lorenzo Valla, Aldo Manuzio, Poggio Bracciolini, therenaissance epic authors Castiglione (The Book of the Courtier), Ludovico Ariosto (Orlando Furioso) and Torquato Tasso (Jerusalem Delivered), and prose authors such as Machiavelli (The Prince). Italian Renaissance painting exercised a dominant influence on Western painting for centuries afterwards, with artists such as Michelangelo, Raphael, Botticelli, Titian, and Leonardo da Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 16. The Italian Renaissance Essay The Italian Renaissance Throughout history many art movements have emerged that artists and styles are classified under. One large contributing movement over the time period from about 1450 to about 1600 was known as the Italian Renaissance. However, what a large portion of people do not realize is that the Italian Renaissance was actually two main movements during that period of time. Each movement had key artists and a variation in style from the other movements. These two movements in the Italian Renaissance have been named the Early and High Renaissance. The Early Renaissance which took place from c.1450 to c.1495. During this period three key artist emerged from the group these being Sandro Botticelli and Donatello....show more content... The next stage if the Italian Renaissance came to be known as the High Renaissance. During this period three artists came to the forefront. Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael each of these artists had there own style however each where considered now to be some of the best artists ever known to man. Leonardo da Vinci a man that rings a bell in almost any person's head when said is best known for the "Mona Lisa". The version that we know however is one that Leonardo changed from a "portrait from an icon of status" to the known "representation of a person fully engaged with the viewer." Leonardo uses a "sfumato" style, which blends both light and dark to create a uniform distribution. Leonardo is also known for his interpretation of "The Last Supper". He takes the approach of choosing the moment after Christ announces that one of his disciples has betrayed him. Leonardo put in his painting how he feels the disciples will react. Leonardo took a new approach to almost everything he did and that is why he was one of the three for runners of the High Renaissance period. Michelangelo was a man with great talent that did not stick to a given genre. Michelangelo did painting, architecture and sculpture. The painting, which he is best known for, is "Last Judgement"; created displeasure because it was Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 17. The Italian Renaissance And The Renaissance The Italian Renaissance was an explosion of art, writing, and thought, that roughly lasted between 1300 to 1600. In this time each citizen, countrymen, or villager had and performed different jobs and careers. Humanism the study of Greek and Roman writings, art, and architecture, initially jump started the Renaissance, and the need for art. Artists now were inspired to use life like art and linear perspective, so art seemed and was more realistic. The start of the Italian Renaissance was the start of a new world and culture for Europe. During the Italian Renaissance the citizens and people of Italy were just now changing their mindsets on life. There was a celebration of life and the human spirit by survivors of the Bubonic Plague...show more content... First, the Italian artists and scholars pulled inspiration from the Roman ruins that surrounded them. Second, western scholars studied ancient Latin writings and manuscripts that over the years were preserved in monasteries. Third, when the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453, Christian scholars fled with Greek manuscripts to Rome. This new study of the ancient world led to humanism. Humanism was an intellectual movement that focused on human achievements and potential. Humanists studied the classic texts to understand ancient Greek values. The word humanist and humanism come from the Latin word humanitas, which refers to the literary culture that every educated person should possess. Humanists study subjects common to classical education; such as history, literature, and philosophy along with rhetoric. These subjects are considered the Humanities. These classical traditions were passed on by humanists to artists and architects. The advantage that Italy had was the smaller city–states. The smaller city–states allowed more citizens to be involved in politics besides the arts. Humanism suggested that a person can enjoy life without offending God. The wealthy enjoyed good music, fine foods, and material luxuries. Now the spirit of the Renaissance was secular meaning worldly. Italians were concerned with the "here and now" and moved away from the church and pope. But along with the Italians the church leaders also lived in beautiful mansions, and Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 18. Italian Renaissance Essay The Italian Renaissance was the rebirth of cultural antiquity between the 14th and 16th century. The Renaissance is known for its style of art, sculptures, and decorative art. The art created usually represented the Bible and the idea of individualism, along with keeping the original style of the Greeks and Romans. During this period, artists such as Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo gained popularity. Leoonardo da Vinci's most famous paintings include "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper." Michelangelo's creations encompass the PietГ and David. With these new artists came new techniques that quickly gained appreciation all over the world. Linear Perspective emerged through one of the artistic problems in the Italian Renaissance. The answer Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 19. The Italian Renaissance: Ancient Greece And Rome The Renaissance also known as the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement whose ideas were to return to the art, literature, and culture of Ancient Greece and Rome (World History). The term Renaissance originated from the French word rebirth. The Renaissance movement started in Florence, a city state known for writing its own laws and destiny (The Power of the Past). The movement expanded to Western Europe through the Mediterranean trade and Princes of the state. The Prince would encourage the movement by offering sponsorships to artists and intellectuals. The artists and intellectuals would study ancient Greece and Rome using the knowledge as motivation for modern art, literature, and culture. The Renaissance art differed from previous Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 20. The Italian Renaissance Essay The Italian Renaissance The Italian Renaissance was one of the most colorful, vital, and exciting times in history. Renaissance eventually comes from the French word "Renaistre," meaning "to be born again." The Renaissance was a revival or a rebirth of cultural awareness and learning among art, law, language, literature, philosophy, science, and mathematics. This period took place between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. TheRenaissance in Italy flourished in the 15th century and spread throughout most of Europe in the 16th century. What was the Renaissance and why did it happen? Italian life in the 14th and 15th centuries was lived among the vast ruins of the ancient Roman Empire. The cruelty and barbarism of Rome...show more content... Painters were not interested in making a picture realistic–they did not use perspective. The more important figures in the painting were frequently made larger than all the others, and often the element of landscape was omitted completely. Members of the Holy Family for example, would be painted against a background of shining gold, which signified the heavens. During the Renaissance, all that changed. The period was characterized by a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman design and included an emphasis on human beings and the environment. The secularism and humanism of the Renaissance were reflected in its scholarship and education. Its concern was with this world rather than the hereafter, and its focus was on pagan classics rather than Christian theology. The father Of Renaissance literature, Petrarch, stressed that the new boarding schools were not to train priests but the sons of merchants. The humanist movement was further stimulated by the influence of Byzantine scholars who came to Italy after the fall of Constantinople (present day Istanbul) to the Turks in 1453 and also by the establishment of the Platonic Academy inFlorence. The academy, whose leading thinker was Marsillo Ficino, was founded by the 15th century Florentine statesman and patron of Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 21. The Italian Renaissance During the 14th century, Italy was divided into many self–governing city sates. Florence, an independent republic and third largest city in Europe at the time, was the motherland of the Italian Renaissance. This was an enlightening time of "rebirth" that began directly after the Middle Ages (History.com Staff). Florence was the birthplace of the Renaissance due to its location, prosperity, and cultural amalgamation. WHY IS ITS LOCATION SO SPECIAL– why not somewhere else? Italy consisted of communes, or city–states, ruled by an individual or a solitary family, with a democratic government and an abundant amount of educated citizens. The governmental system was not a true democracy, however, since only wealthy men were allowed to vote. As time progressed though, the common people began to have more governmental power, due to emerging social and economic freedoms. There were three main social levels at that time: the upper class, being businessmen and merchants, the middle class, formed from educated townsfolk, and the lower class, comprised of artisans and craftsmen (Walker 7–8). Because of its location, Florence was home to many wealthy citizens. Florence became the cultural capital of Europe due to aristocrats exhibiting their prominence by supporting artists and philosophers who studied ancient Greece and Rome (History.com Staff). Italians considered their rebirth to be both an emergence from the dearth of culture in the Dark Ages and a new beginning altogether, built Get more content on HelpWriting.net