The document summarizes significant historical events and developments in Philippine literature from 1898-1941 during the American colonial period. It discusses the transition from Spanish, Tagalog and other local languages to English as the dominant literary language. It outlines the historical context and provides details on notable writers, works and genres that emerged in each period of transition and language, including literature in Spanish, Tagalog, English and other regional languages like Ilocano and Kapampangan.
Philippines and Philippine Literature in EnglishEzr Acelar
This poem by Rafael Zulueta de Costa honors Jose Rizal and other martyred heroes who fought for Philippine independence. It urges Rizal and the spirits of the brave not to rest in peace yet, as there is still work to be done. The land and people need their young blood and example of sacrifice to infuse strength and courage into the "thin anaemic veins" of the nation. Only when the people see the example of the martyrs and become as strong and resilient as the molave tree on the hillside, able to withstand all storms, will Rizal and the heroes' dream of freedom be fully realized. The poem calls the martyrs to continue inspiring the people to carry
The document discusses literature in the Philippines under the republic from 1946-1985. It describes how the country transitioned from a Euro-Hispanic style of literature to an Anglo-American style due to US influence through programs like the Fulbright exchange. This led to a merging of traditions as indigenous styles blended with the two dominant foreign traditions. It also discusses how existentialist works came to the Philippines in the 1950s following the deaths of Ramon Magsaysay and Claro Recto, leaving the cultural scene open to more US influence. This period saw Filipino writers exploring identity and developing a uniquely Filipino literary tradition by combining multiple influences.
The document summarizes the development of Philippine literature from the Spanish colonial period through the American colonial period in the early 20th century. It describes how literature was written in Spanish, Tagalog and other local languages initially, but then transitioned to English as the Americans established English as the primary language of education. It outlines the three periods of Philippine literature in English - the Period of Re-Orientation from 1898-1910 as English was introduced, the Period of Imitation from 1910-1924 as writers imitated American and British styles, and the Period of Self-Discovery and Growth from 1925-1941 as Filipino writers established their own voices in English.
The document provides biographical information about Filipino author Nick Joaquin, noting that he was born in 1917 in Manila and had a career as a journalist and writer. It discusses his early education, including having his first work published at age 17, and career representing the Philippines in international literary events and serving on government commissions. The summary highlights key facts about Joaquin's background and career accomplishments.
The document provides historical context on the Period of Enlightenment in the Philippines from 1872-1898. It summarizes the key events and leaders of the Propaganda Movement that advocated for political and social reforms under Spanish colonial rule. This included writers like Jose Rizal, Marcelo Del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena who published novels, poems, and articles calling for equal rights and representation. As Spain did not implement meaningful reforms, this period transitioned to the Period of Active Revolution from 1896-1898 led by propagandists and Andres Bonifacio, which established the Katipunan organization and triggered the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonialism.
This document summarizes Philippine literature during the American period from 1900-1941. It describes 3 groups of writers - those writing in Spanish who focused on nationalism, those writing in Tagalog who lamented country conditions and promoted the native tongue, and those writing in English who initially imitated American styles and themes but later found their own voice. It provides details on notable writers from each group such as Nick Joaquin, Carlos Romulo, Paz Marquez Benitez, and NVM Gonzalez and their significant literary works.
Compilation Of Philippine literature during Pre-Spanish and Spanish ColonizationJ. Svlle
During the pre-Spanish period, the Philippines had its own indigenous literature as seen in folktales, legends, folk songs, epics, and other oral traditions that showed Filipino customs and culture. Our ancestors also had their own writing system before the Spanish introduced the Roman alphabet. When the Spanish colonized the Philippines in the 16th century, they sought to convert the natives to Christianity and imposed Spanish language and culture. Spanish missionaries collected and translated ancient Filipino works. Religious themes then dominated literature, and Spanish influences included use of the Roman alphabet, Christian doctrines, and Spanish words. Some of the earliest printed books in the Philippines were Christian texts and translations of biblical stories.
Philippine literature during the spanish periodDenzel Flores
Spanish colonization of the Philippines began in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. Literature flourished under Spanish rule, with works published in Spanish and translations to Tagalog. Some of the earliest works printed include the Doctrina Christiana catechism of 1593. National hero Jose Rizal was influential for his realistic novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, which criticized Spanish colonial abuses. Rizal also wrote poems that encouraged nationalism like Mi Ultimo Adios. Other notable works from this period include Florante at Laura, Ibong Adarna, and folk songs.
Philippines and Philippine Literature in EnglishEzr Acelar
This poem by Rafael Zulueta de Costa honors Jose Rizal and other martyred heroes who fought for Philippine independence. It urges Rizal and the spirits of the brave not to rest in peace yet, as there is still work to be done. The land and people need their young blood and example of sacrifice to infuse strength and courage into the "thin anaemic veins" of the nation. Only when the people see the example of the martyrs and become as strong and resilient as the molave tree on the hillside, able to withstand all storms, will Rizal and the heroes' dream of freedom be fully realized. The poem calls the martyrs to continue inspiring the people to carry
The document discusses literature in the Philippines under the republic from 1946-1985. It describes how the country transitioned from a Euro-Hispanic style of literature to an Anglo-American style due to US influence through programs like the Fulbright exchange. This led to a merging of traditions as indigenous styles blended with the two dominant foreign traditions. It also discusses how existentialist works came to the Philippines in the 1950s following the deaths of Ramon Magsaysay and Claro Recto, leaving the cultural scene open to more US influence. This period saw Filipino writers exploring identity and developing a uniquely Filipino literary tradition by combining multiple influences.
The document summarizes the development of Philippine literature from the Spanish colonial period through the American colonial period in the early 20th century. It describes how literature was written in Spanish, Tagalog and other local languages initially, but then transitioned to English as the Americans established English as the primary language of education. It outlines the three periods of Philippine literature in English - the Period of Re-Orientation from 1898-1910 as English was introduced, the Period of Imitation from 1910-1924 as writers imitated American and British styles, and the Period of Self-Discovery and Growth from 1925-1941 as Filipino writers established their own voices in English.
The document provides biographical information about Filipino author Nick Joaquin, noting that he was born in 1917 in Manila and had a career as a journalist and writer. It discusses his early education, including having his first work published at age 17, and career representing the Philippines in international literary events and serving on government commissions. The summary highlights key facts about Joaquin's background and career accomplishments.
The document provides historical context on the Period of Enlightenment in the Philippines from 1872-1898. It summarizes the key events and leaders of the Propaganda Movement that advocated for political and social reforms under Spanish colonial rule. This included writers like Jose Rizal, Marcelo Del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena who published novels, poems, and articles calling for equal rights and representation. As Spain did not implement meaningful reforms, this period transitioned to the Period of Active Revolution from 1896-1898 led by propagandists and Andres Bonifacio, which established the Katipunan organization and triggered the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonialism.
This document summarizes Philippine literature during the American period from 1900-1941. It describes 3 groups of writers - those writing in Spanish who focused on nationalism, those writing in Tagalog who lamented country conditions and promoted the native tongue, and those writing in English who initially imitated American styles and themes but later found their own voice. It provides details on notable writers from each group such as Nick Joaquin, Carlos Romulo, Paz Marquez Benitez, and NVM Gonzalez and their significant literary works.
Compilation Of Philippine literature during Pre-Spanish and Spanish ColonizationJ. Svlle
During the pre-Spanish period, the Philippines had its own indigenous literature as seen in folktales, legends, folk songs, epics, and other oral traditions that showed Filipino customs and culture. Our ancestors also had their own writing system before the Spanish introduced the Roman alphabet. When the Spanish colonized the Philippines in the 16th century, they sought to convert the natives to Christianity and imposed Spanish language and culture. Spanish missionaries collected and translated ancient Filipino works. Religious themes then dominated literature, and Spanish influences included use of the Roman alphabet, Christian doctrines, and Spanish words. Some of the earliest printed books in the Philippines were Christian texts and translations of biblical stories.
Philippine literature during the spanish periodDenzel Flores
Spanish colonization of the Philippines began in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. Literature flourished under Spanish rule, with works published in Spanish and translations to Tagalog. Some of the earliest works printed include the Doctrina Christiana catechism of 1593. National hero Jose Rizal was influential for his realistic novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, which criticized Spanish colonial abuses. Rizal also wrote poems that encouraged nationalism like Mi Ultimo Adios. Other notable works from this period include Florante at Laura, Ibong Adarna, and folk songs.
The Spanish colonized the Philippines for over 300 years beginning in 1565 under Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. During this time, Spanish influences led to changes like replacing the native Filipino alphabet with the Roman alphabet and spreading Christianity. Literature flourished as the Spanish printed early books in local languages on religious and educational topics. Traditional folk songs, plays, and poetic forms of storytelling also developed and incorporated European influences.
Mareng Mensiya was a mistress of a policeman who lived comfortably with her daughter Mely, but struggled as a widow working as a laundrywoman after her husband died. When her daughter Mely eloped and her son-in-law lost his job, they left Mareng Mensiya who worked as an unpaid servant in different households until she passed away in the home of the narrator who cared for her in her final days. The story depicts Mareng Mensiya's life and fate after losing her comfortable life and being abandoned by her daughter.
During the Spanish period in Philippine literature from 1565-1872:
- Literature flourished as the Spanish introduced Christianity, the Spanish language, and translated ancient Filipino works. Genres included religious texts, grammars, folk songs, plays, and poems.
- Early works were Christian doctrines and folktales translated to Tagalog. Poetry and plays grew increasingly popular and dealt with love, politics, and religion.
- Spanish colonialism influenced Philippine literature through the propagation of Christianity, the imposition of the Spanish language, and the introduction of European genres and traditions.
During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, Spanish colonizers introduced the Roman alphabet and banned the native Alibata script. They also brought European literature and established the first printing presses. This period saw the development of oral literature, religious drama, songs, and poetry in Tagalog as a form of resistance. The American period was characterized by the introduction of free public education in English, which led to the emergence of a new educated class and literature in English, including novels, short stories, poems, and works that imitated American models. Significant works during this time included Banaag at Sikat, the first Tagalog novel, and "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife", one of the earliest short stories in
The document provides a history of children's literature from its early beginnings in Anglo-Saxon times to the late 19th century. It traces the evolution of children's books from early religious texts and primers to illustrated books, picture books, fairy tales, and finally realistic stories about children's everyday lives. Some of the key developments mentioned include Aldhem of Malmesbury writing early lesson books for children in Latin, the popularity of chapbooks and New England Primers in colonial America, Jean-Jacques Rousseau's advocacy of education through experience, the Brothers Grimm collecting and recording fairy tales, Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and Louisa May Alcott's Little Women series. The document outlines the growing genre
This document provides an overview of Philippine literature from 1946 to 1999. It describes the major periods after independence from the US including the Rebirth of Freedom, Period of Activism, Period of the New Society, and Period of the Third Republic. Key developments are outlined such as genres that emerged, themes addressed, influential authors and works, and how literature reflected the political climate of the times. Media like newspapers, films, songs, and comics are also discussed.
Chapter 1:Introduction to the Study of Literature
Chapter 2: The Pre-Spanish Period
Chapter 3: The Spanish Period (1565-1898)
Chapter 4: The Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898)
Chapter 5: The American Regime (1898-1941)
Chapter 6: The Japanese Period (1941-1945)
Chapter 7: The Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970)
Chapter 8: Period of Activism (1970-1972)
Chapter 9: Period of the New Society (1972-1980)
Chapter 10 : Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985)
Chapter 11: Periods (1986-1999)
Part II – Representative Compositions through the Years
Part III – Literary Compositions from 1986-1999
A presentation I made during my college years, Hopefully it will be of service to someone else now. :)
Please let me know if I helped.
Don't forget to say thankyou.
ThankYou ^^
BTW. Some of the fonts I originally used got removed. Soooo feel free to substitute
PDF VERSION HERE (with the original fonts I used) : http://www.slideshare.net/JoanBarcelona/period-of-the-new-society-54071682
The document describes Grace Goodell's Reading Skills Ladder, which outlines 16 reading skills in a progression. It starts with basic sight words and progresses to more advanced skills like using reference books, borrowing library books, reading from the internet, and exposure to reading from mass media. The document provides details on sight words, including what they are, examples from the Dolch word list, and Ehri's four phases of sight word development. It also explains phonetic analysis and provides examples of phonetic classifications.
This document provides an overview of mythology and folklore. It defines mythology as the study of myths, which are symbolic stories that convey fundamental truths of a society. Folklore includes traditional aspects of a culture's way of life and creative expressions. The document discusses different types of myths according to various scholars, including pure myths about the gods, legends/sagas, and folktales. It also outlines theories for how and why myths developed, such as using myths to explain natural phenomena (naturalism) or accompany rituals (ritualism).
The period of the New Society from 1972-1980 in the Philippines saw a shift towards nation-building themes in literature and culture. The government established new oversight of publications and rebuilt cultural centers. Notable works produced focused on issues like family planning, nutrition, and the environment. Performing arts like plays, songs, and films flourished while promoting Filipino identity and values of discipline, family, and community. Annual literary awards recognized short stories, poems, and plays addressing national development.
Philippine Literature during the American Period (Group 4)Giancarlo Trani
Philippine literature during the American period from 1900-1941 saw the development of writing in Spanish, Tagalog, and English. Notable writers emerged in each language and explored themes of nationalism, freedom, and anti-colonialism. Newspapers also proliferated during this time, with some of the earliest including El Grito del Pueblo, El Nuevo Dia, and Manila Daily Bulletin. Literature was influenced by growing American presence through new education systems and the spread of the English language. Overall, this period marked the transition of Philippine literature across different mediums and languages.
What is 21st Century Literature? What are the different formats used by today's writers? Why should it be studied by senior high school students? I used these slides in one of our class discussions. I hope this could help senior high school teachers teaching literature.
As for the video, you may go to YouTube and look for Juan Miguel Severo's Ito na ang Huling Tulang Isusulat ko Para Sayo.
The document summarizes Philippine literature during the Spanish period from 1565 to 1898. It discusses how Spanish colonization introduced Catholicism and the Spanish language to the Philippines. It also describes the first books printed in the Philippines, including religious texts and grammars. Additionally, it outlines the influences of Spanish colonizers on folk songs, plays and poetry in various Philippine languages during this time period. Traditional forms like the Moro-Moro play and Balagtasan poetic debate emerged and flourished under Spanish rule.
The document provides a detailed overview of the history of Philippine literature from pre-colonial times to the present day. It is divided into several periods:
1) Pre-Colonial Period - Literature included riddles, proverbs, folk songs, folk tales, myths, legends, fables and epics that were part of oral tradition.
2) Spanish Colonization Period (1565-1863) - Religious literature like pasyon and secular literature like awit and korido were produced. Oral literature included songs, drama and religious drama.
3) American Colonization Period (1901-1946) - Literature in English emerged with genres like novels, short stories and poetry. Notable
This document contains a detailed lesson plan for an English 7 class. The lesson focuses on figures of speech such as simile, metaphor, and personification. Students will analyze examples of these figures of speech in a poem about the Philippines. They will play a game to practice identifying different figures of speech. The lesson aims to help students understand literature and communicate effectively using literal and figurative language.
The document provides an overview of Philippine literature during the Spanish colonial period. It discusses the genres that flourished at the time, including balagtasan (poetic debates), corrido (metrical romances), awit (heroic poems), pasyon (passion narratives), and zarzuela (musical comedies). It also summarizes the key differences between the Propaganda Movement, which sought reforms through literature, and the Revolutionary Movement, which used literature like the newspaper Kalayaan to inspire revolt against Spanish rule. Major figures associated with each movement, such as Rizal, Del Pilar, Bonifacio, and Mabini, are also briefly mentioned.
The document summarizes Philippine literature during the periods of the Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970), Activism (1970-1972), and the New Society (1972-1980). It describes the proliferation of newspapers and magazines after WWII and notes influential writers and their works. It also discusses the growth of activism in the 1970s, major Palanca award winners, and the role of theater, music, radio and television during the New Society period under martial law.
The document summarizes the period of activism from 1970-1972 in the Philippines. It describes how youth activism was driven by both domestic and global factors. This was a time of bloody demonstrations where youth protested through placards and campus newspapers to advocate for social change. Literature also became more rebellious as writers developed greater social awareness and used their work to support activism and fighting for change. The period represented a peak in addressing issues facing the poor and irreverence through various forms of expression.
This document provides historical context and summaries of the development of Philippine literature from 1898-1941 under American rule. It discusses the transition from Spanish and Tagalog to English as the dominant language of literature. It outlines the key historical events in the Philippines during this period and describes the concurrent developments in literature, including the emergence of novels, poems, plays, short stories, newspapers and magazines in Spanish, Tagalog, English and other regional languages. The document examines the influences, styles and notable authors across each period and genre of literature.
This document provides an overview of Philippine literature during the American regime from 1898-1941. It discusses the various genres, languages, and notable writers that emerged during this period. It identifies 3 main groups that contributed to literature: those who wrote in Spanish and Tagalog initially, then a group that began writing in English in 1910. The document highlights important plays, poems, novels, and journalists/writers from each linguistic group, as the medium of literature transitioned over time with the changing political landscape in the Philippines under American rule.
The Spanish colonized the Philippines for over 300 years beginning in 1565 under Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. During this time, Spanish influences led to changes like replacing the native Filipino alphabet with the Roman alphabet and spreading Christianity. Literature flourished as the Spanish printed early books in local languages on religious and educational topics. Traditional folk songs, plays, and poetic forms of storytelling also developed and incorporated European influences.
Mareng Mensiya was a mistress of a policeman who lived comfortably with her daughter Mely, but struggled as a widow working as a laundrywoman after her husband died. When her daughter Mely eloped and her son-in-law lost his job, they left Mareng Mensiya who worked as an unpaid servant in different households until she passed away in the home of the narrator who cared for her in her final days. The story depicts Mareng Mensiya's life and fate after losing her comfortable life and being abandoned by her daughter.
During the Spanish period in Philippine literature from 1565-1872:
- Literature flourished as the Spanish introduced Christianity, the Spanish language, and translated ancient Filipino works. Genres included religious texts, grammars, folk songs, plays, and poems.
- Early works were Christian doctrines and folktales translated to Tagalog. Poetry and plays grew increasingly popular and dealt with love, politics, and religion.
- Spanish colonialism influenced Philippine literature through the propagation of Christianity, the imposition of the Spanish language, and the introduction of European genres and traditions.
During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, Spanish colonizers introduced the Roman alphabet and banned the native Alibata script. They also brought European literature and established the first printing presses. This period saw the development of oral literature, religious drama, songs, and poetry in Tagalog as a form of resistance. The American period was characterized by the introduction of free public education in English, which led to the emergence of a new educated class and literature in English, including novels, short stories, poems, and works that imitated American models. Significant works during this time included Banaag at Sikat, the first Tagalog novel, and "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife", one of the earliest short stories in
The document provides a history of children's literature from its early beginnings in Anglo-Saxon times to the late 19th century. It traces the evolution of children's books from early religious texts and primers to illustrated books, picture books, fairy tales, and finally realistic stories about children's everyday lives. Some of the key developments mentioned include Aldhem of Malmesbury writing early lesson books for children in Latin, the popularity of chapbooks and New England Primers in colonial America, Jean-Jacques Rousseau's advocacy of education through experience, the Brothers Grimm collecting and recording fairy tales, Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and Louisa May Alcott's Little Women series. The document outlines the growing genre
This document provides an overview of Philippine literature from 1946 to 1999. It describes the major periods after independence from the US including the Rebirth of Freedom, Period of Activism, Period of the New Society, and Period of the Third Republic. Key developments are outlined such as genres that emerged, themes addressed, influential authors and works, and how literature reflected the political climate of the times. Media like newspapers, films, songs, and comics are also discussed.
Chapter 1:Introduction to the Study of Literature
Chapter 2: The Pre-Spanish Period
Chapter 3: The Spanish Period (1565-1898)
Chapter 4: The Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898)
Chapter 5: The American Regime (1898-1941)
Chapter 6: The Japanese Period (1941-1945)
Chapter 7: The Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970)
Chapter 8: Period of Activism (1970-1972)
Chapter 9: Period of the New Society (1972-1980)
Chapter 10 : Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985)
Chapter 11: Periods (1986-1999)
Part II – Representative Compositions through the Years
Part III – Literary Compositions from 1986-1999
A presentation I made during my college years, Hopefully it will be of service to someone else now. :)
Please let me know if I helped.
Don't forget to say thankyou.
ThankYou ^^
BTW. Some of the fonts I originally used got removed. Soooo feel free to substitute
PDF VERSION HERE (with the original fonts I used) : http://www.slideshare.net/JoanBarcelona/period-of-the-new-society-54071682
The document describes Grace Goodell's Reading Skills Ladder, which outlines 16 reading skills in a progression. It starts with basic sight words and progresses to more advanced skills like using reference books, borrowing library books, reading from the internet, and exposure to reading from mass media. The document provides details on sight words, including what they are, examples from the Dolch word list, and Ehri's four phases of sight word development. It also explains phonetic analysis and provides examples of phonetic classifications.
This document provides an overview of mythology and folklore. It defines mythology as the study of myths, which are symbolic stories that convey fundamental truths of a society. Folklore includes traditional aspects of a culture's way of life and creative expressions. The document discusses different types of myths according to various scholars, including pure myths about the gods, legends/sagas, and folktales. It also outlines theories for how and why myths developed, such as using myths to explain natural phenomena (naturalism) or accompany rituals (ritualism).
The period of the New Society from 1972-1980 in the Philippines saw a shift towards nation-building themes in literature and culture. The government established new oversight of publications and rebuilt cultural centers. Notable works produced focused on issues like family planning, nutrition, and the environment. Performing arts like plays, songs, and films flourished while promoting Filipino identity and values of discipline, family, and community. Annual literary awards recognized short stories, poems, and plays addressing national development.
Philippine Literature during the American Period (Group 4)Giancarlo Trani
Philippine literature during the American period from 1900-1941 saw the development of writing in Spanish, Tagalog, and English. Notable writers emerged in each language and explored themes of nationalism, freedom, and anti-colonialism. Newspapers also proliferated during this time, with some of the earliest including El Grito del Pueblo, El Nuevo Dia, and Manila Daily Bulletin. Literature was influenced by growing American presence through new education systems and the spread of the English language. Overall, this period marked the transition of Philippine literature across different mediums and languages.
What is 21st Century Literature? What are the different formats used by today's writers? Why should it be studied by senior high school students? I used these slides in one of our class discussions. I hope this could help senior high school teachers teaching literature.
As for the video, you may go to YouTube and look for Juan Miguel Severo's Ito na ang Huling Tulang Isusulat ko Para Sayo.
The document summarizes Philippine literature during the Spanish period from 1565 to 1898. It discusses how Spanish colonization introduced Catholicism and the Spanish language to the Philippines. It also describes the first books printed in the Philippines, including religious texts and grammars. Additionally, it outlines the influences of Spanish colonizers on folk songs, plays and poetry in various Philippine languages during this time period. Traditional forms like the Moro-Moro play and Balagtasan poetic debate emerged and flourished under Spanish rule.
The document provides a detailed overview of the history of Philippine literature from pre-colonial times to the present day. It is divided into several periods:
1) Pre-Colonial Period - Literature included riddles, proverbs, folk songs, folk tales, myths, legends, fables and epics that were part of oral tradition.
2) Spanish Colonization Period (1565-1863) - Religious literature like pasyon and secular literature like awit and korido were produced. Oral literature included songs, drama and religious drama.
3) American Colonization Period (1901-1946) - Literature in English emerged with genres like novels, short stories and poetry. Notable
This document contains a detailed lesson plan for an English 7 class. The lesson focuses on figures of speech such as simile, metaphor, and personification. Students will analyze examples of these figures of speech in a poem about the Philippines. They will play a game to practice identifying different figures of speech. The lesson aims to help students understand literature and communicate effectively using literal and figurative language.
The document provides an overview of Philippine literature during the Spanish colonial period. It discusses the genres that flourished at the time, including balagtasan (poetic debates), corrido (metrical romances), awit (heroic poems), pasyon (passion narratives), and zarzuela (musical comedies). It also summarizes the key differences between the Propaganda Movement, which sought reforms through literature, and the Revolutionary Movement, which used literature like the newspaper Kalayaan to inspire revolt against Spanish rule. Major figures associated with each movement, such as Rizal, Del Pilar, Bonifacio, and Mabini, are also briefly mentioned.
The document summarizes Philippine literature during the periods of the Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970), Activism (1970-1972), and the New Society (1972-1980). It describes the proliferation of newspapers and magazines after WWII and notes influential writers and their works. It also discusses the growth of activism in the 1970s, major Palanca award winners, and the role of theater, music, radio and television during the New Society period under martial law.
The document summarizes the period of activism from 1970-1972 in the Philippines. It describes how youth activism was driven by both domestic and global factors. This was a time of bloody demonstrations where youth protested through placards and campus newspapers to advocate for social change. Literature also became more rebellious as writers developed greater social awareness and used their work to support activism and fighting for change. The period represented a peak in addressing issues facing the poor and irreverence through various forms of expression.
This document provides historical context and summaries of the development of Philippine literature from 1898-1941 under American rule. It discusses the transition from Spanish and Tagalog to English as the dominant language of literature. It outlines the key historical events in the Philippines during this period and describes the concurrent developments in literature, including the emergence of novels, poems, plays, short stories, newspapers and magazines in Spanish, Tagalog, English and other regional languages. The document examines the influences, styles and notable authors across each period and genre of literature.
This document provides an overview of Philippine literature during the American regime from 1898-1941. It discusses the various genres, languages, and notable writers that emerged during this period. It identifies 3 main groups that contributed to literature: those who wrote in Spanish and Tagalog initially, then a group that began writing in English in 1910. The document highlights important plays, poems, novels, and journalists/writers from each linguistic group, as the medium of literature transitioned over time with the changing political landscape in the Philippines under American rule.
The document summarizes Philippine literature during the American colonial period from 1898-1903. It describes how Filipino writers expressed nationalism through works in Spanish, Tagalog, and increasingly English. Literature in Spanish honored heroes like Rizal and lamented the country's situation. Tagalog works by poets like Lope Santos and Jose de Jesus also focused on nationalism and native language. The Americans suppressed nationalist plays but writing in English grew as some authors imitated American styles. Overall, the literature during this time reflected Filipino patriotism and resistance against colonial rule.
The document summarizes Philippine literature during the American period from 1900-1942. It discusses 3 main periods: (1) Imitation from 1900-1910 when English was introduced and literature imitated American models, (2) Self-discovery from 1910-1924 as writers gained mastery of English and explored original themes, and (3) Growth from 1925-1941 where all genres flourished with original, socially conscious works. Literature was written in Spanish, Filipino, and English by groups focused on nationalism, native languages, and imitation of American styles, respectively. The essay, short story, poetry, drama, and novel genres all grew during this time.
American colonial period (1910-1940) pdfyoshikasach
The document summarizes the American colonial period (1910-1945) in the Philippines. It was divided into two periods: the period of apprenticeship (1910-1930), where Filipino writers imitated English and American models, and the period of emergence (1920-1930), influenced by Western literary trends. Short stories became the most prevalent form. Notable writers during this time included Juan C. Laya, Zoilo Mercado Galang, and Amado V. Hernandez. Newspapers also played a role in publishing nationalistic writings. Plays often had themes of nationalism as well. Literature existed in languages like Tagalog, Ilocano, Kapampangan, and Visayan.
During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines from 1941-1945:
1) Philippine literature in English came to a halt as the Japanese banned English publications with the exceptions of the Tribune and Philippine Review. This led writers to shift to writing in Filipino.
2) Filipino literature experienced renewed attention and flourished as genres like poetry, drama, short stories dealing with nationalism and life in provinces.
3) Carlos P. Romulo won the Pulitzer Prize for his works documenting the fall of the Philippines and rise of post-war nation.
Brown Beige Vintage Old Group Project Presentation.pptxdencyblythe17
This document summarizes Philippine literature during the period of American colonial rule from 1898-1941. It discusses the different languages used (Spanish, Tagalog, English), genres (newspapers, plays), and notable writers who contributed works advocating for Philippine nationalism and independence. Some of the significant writers mentioned include Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Jesus Balmori, Manuel Bernabe, and Claro M. Recto. Their writings included poems, novels, newspaper articles that aimed to preserve Philippine culture and identity during the transition to American rule.
- The American period of colonialization in the Philippines lasted from 1898 to 1946, beginning with the U.S. acquisition of the Philippines from Spain after the Spanish-American War and ending with recognition of Philippine independence.
- During this period, Filipino authors wrote in various genres like newspapers, plays, poems, and novels to express their nationalism and longing for independence. Their works often faced threats from the American regime.
- Notable authors included Sergio Osmeña, Pascual Poblete, Aurelio Tolentino, Juan Abad, Severino Reyes, Cecilio Apostol, and Fernando Ma. Guerrero. Their works promoted nationalism and criticized American rule.
During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines from 1941-1945:
- Writing in English was banned except for two newspapers, forcing writers to switch to Filipino.
- Filipino literature experienced a revival as genres like poetry, drama, and short stories flourished with nationalistic themes.
- Three new poetic forms emerged - Haiku, Tanaga, and traditional forms.
- Philippine literature in English was suppressed but a few writers persisted, including Carlos P. Romulo who won the Pulitzer Prize.
- After the war, Philippine literature celebrated its rebirth of freedom across languages.
This document provides a historical overview of Philippine literature from 1898-1980, dividing it into several periods:
- American Period (1898-1941): Literature was written primarily in English as the country adjusted to American rule. Writers imitated American styles before finding their own voice.
- Japanese Period (1941-1945): Literature development was interrupted as writing in English halted under Japanese occupation. Writers turned to Filipino languages.
- Post-War Period (1946-1970): Literature revived in both English and Filipino. Writers addressed themes of nationalism, poverty, and resistance during the war.
- Period of Activism (1970-1972): Youth activism led to works criticizing society and government, with some writers
The document discusses Philippine literature during the American regime from 1898 to 1941. It covers various genres that emerged such as novels, news reporting, poetry, stories, plays and essays. Many works centered around themes of love for country and longing for independence. It highlights notable writers from each decade such as Paz Marquez Benitez in the 1920s and Jose Garcia Villa in the 1930s. The document also analyzes the characteristics of literature written in Spanish and English during this period, noting the transition to English as the dominant language in schools and literature by the early 1900s.
This document provides an overview of Philippine literature across different periods and regions. It discusses:
1. Pre-colonial Philippine literature was primarily oral traditions like riddles, proverbs, and folk narratives that reflected the people's livelihood and customs. Folk songs were also important.
2. During the Spanish period, the first works published in the Philippines included Doctrina Christiana and Ibong Adarna. Notable works also emerged in Tagalog, like Florante at Laura. Dramatic performances developed.
3. Literature diversified and flourished across regions with distinct traditions, like Ilocano epics and Bikolano protest drama. Different poetic forms evolved within languages like Cebu
The document provides an overview of literature from the Philippines during three colonial periods: Spanish, American, and Japanese. It discusses the historical context and political situations of each period. It also describes the major dimensions, genres, and notable writers that emerged during each colonial rule. Literature produced ranged from religious texts, folk songs, newspapers, novels, plays, and poems. Writers addressed themes of nationalism, morality, and resistance through their works during periods of foreign occupation.
Introduction of the Early Period (US Colonialism) of Philippine LiteratureCharissaCalinggangan
This document summarizes Philippine literature in English from 1900 to 1930, during the early period of US colonial rule. It discusses how English was established as the medium of instruction in schools, with American teachers replacing soldiers in 1901. The first novels, short stories, poems and publications in English appeared starting in the late 1900s. While early Filipino writing in English was formal and influenced by Spanish, the quality improved over time. The document outlines the development of essays, short stories and poems during this period, noting pioneering authors in each genre.
This document provides an overview of Philippine literature from pre-colonial times to the 21st century. It discusses the main genres and styles of literature that developed during different historical periods, which were influenced by Spanish, American, Japanese, and English rule over the centuries. The document also notes how literature reflected social and political changes, such as the themes of activism in the 1970s and the development of new media forms after the 1986 People Power Revolution.
This document provides an overview of Philippine literature from precolonial times to the contemporary period. It discusses the different genres of literature that developed during periods of Spanish colonial rule, American occupation, Japanese occupation, and postwar independence. Examples are given of notable authors and works from each historical period to illustrate the evolution and influences on Philippine literature over time.
During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines from 1941-1945:
1. Philippine literature in English came to a halt as newspapers and publications in English were banned by the Japanese, while Filipino literature experienced renewed attention as writers turned to writing in Tagalog.
2. Many writers produced plays, poems, and short stories in Filipino focusing on themes of nationalism, rural life, and faith. Popular forms included haiku, tanaga, and karaniwang anyo poetry.
3. While literature in English was suppressed, some writers like Carlos Romulo continued producing journalistic works addressing the occupation.
During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines from 1941-1945:
1. Philippine literature in English came to a halt as the Japanese banned English publications, while Filipino literature experienced renewed attention as writers turned from English to Filipino.
2. Many writers focused on themes of nationalism, rural life, and faith through forms like haiku, tanaga, and karaniwang anyo poetry as well as plays that were often translations of English works.
3. The short story flourished with works from writers like Brigido Batungbakal and NVM Gonzales addressing topics like homeland and hunger.
Philippine Literature during the Japanese Period.pptxKharissaMayCajes
During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines from 1941-1945:
1. Philippine literature in English came to a halt while Filipino literature experienced renewed attention as writers turned from English to Filipino.
2. Many writers focused on themes of nationalism, life in rural communities, and faith. Poetry genres like haiku and tanaga emerged.
3. The film industry declined so playwrights adapted English works to Tagalog. Short stories also grew in popularity with themes about the homeland.
4. Literature in English was suppressed but a few wrote propagandistic or journalistic works, with Carlos Romulo winning acclaim abroad for his books about the Philippines.
During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines from 1941-1945:
- Philippine literature in English came to a halt as newspapers in English were banned except for two publications.
- This led to renewed attention on Filipino literature as writers turned from English to writing in Filipino.
- Filipino literature experienced growth in genres like poetry, drama, and short stories during this period. Common themes included nationalism, life in rural areas, faith, and religion.
- After the Americans returned in 1945 and Philippines gained independence in 1946, there was a rebirth of Philippine literature in both English and Filipino as writers had more freedom of expression.
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2. • Philippine Literature in English reveals the
spirit of the Filipino.
• Gradually this literature has learned to
express the deepest of human experiences in
words that create memorable images.
4. HISTORICAL
• 1898- American forces occupy Manila
• 1900- On January 29th, Taal Volcano erupts,
killing 1,300 people and destroying 13
villages.
• 1901. Civil government is inaugurated with
Judge William H. Taft as governor.
• 1907: Establishment of the first Philippine
Assembly. Sergio Osmeña serves as the
speaker from 1907-1922
5. • 1908- University of the Philippines was
founded.
• 1909- Manuel L Quezon is appointed as
Filipino Resident Commissioner to the
United States.
• 1913-1931- Governor General Francis
Burton Harrison initiates policy of
Filipinizing the government.
6. LITERARY
• 1900- English becomes the official medium
of instruction of all public schools.
• 1901- The Philippine Normal School was
founded. Its purpose was to train Filipinos
in the Art of Teaching so that they could
eventually take charge of elementary
education.
• 1905- The Philippine Free Press was
founded
7. • 1910- The College Folio is published at the
University of the Philippines.
- This magazine printed the works of the first
promising writers in English. These early
selections were mostly ghost stories or folk
tales explaining natural phenomena.
• 1920- The Philippine Herald began
publication. It was founded by Manuel L.
Quezon and its magazine section was edited
by Paz Marquez Benitez.
• 1921- First Filipino novel in English, A
Child of Sorrow, is written by Zoilo M.
Galang.
8. • First volume of essays in English, Life and
Success, is published by Zoilo M. Galang.
• 1924- Philippine Education Magazine is
started. It is later renamed Philippine
Magazine.
• 1925- The Philippine Free Press offers a
literary prizes.
• 1927- The writers club was founded at the
University of the Philippines.
10. Historical Background
The Filipino Revolutionists won against the
Spaniards who colonized us for more than 300
years. Our flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898
as a symbol of our independence. Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo was elected the first President of the
Philippine Republic but this was short-lived.
The Fil.-American was resulted in the defeat of
Gen. Miguel Malvar in 1903.
The peace movements started as early as 1900.
Many Filipinos started writing again and the
nationalism of the people remained undaunted.
11. Filipino writers went into all forms of
literature like news, reporting, poetry,
stories, plays, essays, and novels. Their
writings clearly depicted their love of
country and their longings for independence.
The active arousal in the field of literature
started to be felt in the following
newspapers.
1. EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day).
Established by Sergio Osmeña in 1900. The
American censors twice banned this and
threatened Osmeña with banishment because
of his nationalistic writings.
12. 2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of the
Nation). Established by Pascual Poblete in
1900.
3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth). Founded
by Rafael Palma in 1901.
There were also plays written then but after the
first and second presentations, the Americans
put a stop to this because of the consistent
theme of nationalism. Included here were the
following:
1. KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS (Yesterday,
Today and Tomorrow).
13. Written by Aurelio Tolentino depicting the
suppression done by the Americans and their
plan to colonize the Philippines.
2. TANIKALANG GINTO of Juan Abad.
3. MALAYA by Tomas Remigio.
4. WALANG SUGAT by Severino Reyes.
A. Characteristics of Literature during This
Period
Three groups of writers contributed to
Philippine Literature during this period.
14. During the first year of the American period, the languages used in
writing were Spanish and Tagalog and the dialects of the different
regions, but Spanish and Tagalog predominated.
In 1910, a new group started to write in English.
Hence, Spanish, Tagalog, the Vernaculars and finally, English, were
the mediums used in literature during these times. While the three
groups were one in their ideas and spirit, they differed in their
methods of reporting. The writers in Spanish were wont to write on
nationalism like honoring Rizal and other heroes.
15. The writers in Tagalog continued in their
lamentations on the conditions of the
country and their attempts to arouse love for
one’s native tongue. The writers in English
imitated the themes and methods of the
Americans.
A. Literature in Spanish
The inspiration of our Filipino writers in
Spanish was Rizal not only because of his
being a national leader but also because of
his novels NOLI and FILI. These two novels
contained the best qualities of a novel ever
written, in English or in Filipino. Those who
were inspired to write in praise of him were
Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero,
Jesus Balmori, Manuel Bernabe and Claro M.
Recto.
16. CECILIO APOSTOL
Cecilio Apostol wrote poems dedicated to Rizal,
Jacinto, Mabini and all other heroes but his poem
dedicated to Rizal is considered the best poem in
praise of the hero of Bagumbayan.
FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO
It is believed that Fernando Ma. Guerrero shared
with Apostol the reign in the balagtasan in
Spanish during their time.
17. He also dedicated a poem to Rizal but he
collected the best of his poems in a book called
CRISALIDAS, meaning, a kind of black, wooly
caterpillar.
JESUS BALMORI
Jesus Balmori is well-known for his pen name
of Batikuling. He and Manuel Bernabe
participated in a debate on the topic –
(Remembrance and Forgetfulness). He was
elected Poet Laureate in Spanish besting
Manuel Bernabe.
MANUEL BERNABE
Manuel Bernabe is a lyric poet and the
fierceness of his nationalistic spirit was
unchanged in any topic he wrote about.
18. In his debate with Balmori, he was more
attractive to the public because of the
modious words he used. He defended
OLVIDO (Forgetfulness).
CLARO M. RECTO
In nobility of speech and theme, Claro M.
Recto can compare with the other writers of
Spanish. He collected his poems in a book
entitled BAJO LOS COCOTEROS (Under The
Coconut Trees).
Other Writers in Spanish
1. Adelina Guerrea was the first woman poet
in the Philippines who was good in Spanish.
She obtained the Zobel prize in her song El
Nido. (The Nest).
19. 2. Isidro Marpori became famous for his four
books entitled Aromas de Ensueño (Scents of
Dreams).
3. Macario Adriatico wrote of a legend of
Mindoro entitle La Punta de Salto (The Place
of Origin).
4. Epifanio de los Santos (known as Don
PAnyong). He was a good leader and biographer
during the whole period of Spanish literature.
5. Pedro Aunario wrote the Decalogo del
Proteccionismo.
B. Filipino Literature
FLORANTE AT LAURA of Francisco Balagtas
and URBANA AT FELISA of Modesto de Castro
became the inspiration of the Tagalog writers.
Julian Cruz Balmaceda classified three kinds
of Tagalog poets: They were:
20. 1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso). These
included Lope K. Santos, Iñigo Ed. Regalado,
Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias del Rosario,
Ildefonso Santos, Amado V. Hernandez, Nemecio
Carabana, and Mar Antonio.
2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay). Led by Lope
K Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Florentino
Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos Garmaitan,
and Amado V. Hernandez.
3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan).
Led by Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio Mariano,
Severino Reyes, and Tomas Remigio.
21. In the realm of short stories that started to
appear in the column Pangsandaliang
Libangan (Short-time Leisure) and Dagli
(Fast) we find here the names of Lope K.
Santos, Patricio Mariano, and Rosauro
Almario. In the Liwayway Publications, we
find Deogracias Rosario, Teodoro Gener, and
Cirio H. Panganiban.
Noted novelists or biographers were
Valeriano Hernandez Peña, Lope K. Santos,
Iñigo Ed. Regalado, Faustino Aguilar, etc.
Here are the autobiographies of some of the
writers mentioned:
22. LOPE K. SANTOS
Lope K. Santos, a novelist, poet and author,
and grammarian covered three periods of
Tagalog literature – American, Japanese and the
contemporary period. If Manuel L. Quezon is
called the Father of the National Language,
Lope K. Santos is called the Father of the
National Language Grammar. He was also
called the “Apo” of the Tagalog writers.
BANAAG AT SIKAT was his masterpiece.
JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS
Jose Corazon de Jesus is very popularly known
as Huseng Batute. He was also called the Poet
of Love in his time. ANG ISANG PUNONG
KAHOY (A TREE), an elegy, is believed to be his
masterpiece.
23. AMADO V. HERNANDEZ
Amado V. Hernandez was dubbed Makata ng
mga Manggagawa (Poet of the Laborers) in
our literature because he pictures in his
poem the intense love for the poor worker or
laborer. To him, a poem is a scent,
bittersweet memories, and a murmur of
flowing water. The pen is powerful and
according to him, even a king can be bent by
the pen.
24. He contributed a lot of writings to literature
like ISANG DIPANG LANGIT (A Stretch of
Heaven), BAYANG MALAYA (A Free Nation),
ANG PANDAY (The Blakcsmith), and MUNTING
LUPA (A Small Plot), but his masterpiece is ANG
PANDAY.
VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PEÑA
Together with Lope K. Santos he reached the
summit of his novel-writing. He was known as
Tandang Anong and his pen name was Kuntil
Butil (Small Grain). He considers NENA AT
NENENG his masterpiece.
25. IÑIGO ED. REGALADO
Iñigo Ed. Regalado was a son of a popular
writer during the Spanish time known as
Odalger. He proved that he not only followed
the footsteps of his father but also reached
the peak of his success by the “sumpong”
(whim) of his pen. He also became a popular
story-teller, novelist and newspaperman.
The Tagalog Drama
During the advent of the American period,
Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan
started the movement against the moro-
moro ( a play on the Spanish struggles
against the Muslims) and struggled to show
the people the values one can get from the
zarzuela and the simple plays.
26. The people one should not forget in the field of
writing are the following:
1. Severino Reyes. Father of the Tagalog
drama and author of the immortal WALANG
SUGAT.
2. Aurelio Tolentino. The dramatist in whom
the Kapampangans take pride. Included in his
writings were LUHANG TAGALOG, his
masterpiece, and KAHAPON, NGAYONG AT
BUKAS that resulted in his incarceration.
3. Hermogenes Ilagan. Founded the group
Campaña Ilagan that presented many dramas in
Central Luzon.
27. 4. Patricio Mariano. Wrote the novel NINAY
and ANAK NG DAGAT (Son of the Sea), his
masterpiece.
5. Julian Cruz Balmaceda. Wrote BUNGANGA
NG PATING (Shark’s Mouth). This gave him
much honor and fame.
The Tagalog Short Story
Two collections of Tagalog stories were
published during the American Period. First
was the MGA KUWENTONG GINTO (Golden
Stories) published in 1936 and %) KUWENTONG
GINTO ng 50 BATIKANG KUWENTISTA (50
Golden Stories by 50 Noted Storytellers) in
1939. The first was written by Alejandro
Abadilla and Clodualdo del Mundo that
contained the 25 best stories according to
them.
28. The second was written by Pedrito Reyes.
PAROLANG GINTO (Golden Lantern) and
TALAANG BUGHAW (Blue List) of Abadilla
became popular during this period.
Tagalog Poetry
Almost all Tagalog writers during the
American Period were able to compose
beautiful poems which made it difficult to
select the best. Even if poetry writing is as
old as history, poetry still surfaces with its
sweetness, beauty, and melody.
29. Other Forms of Literature
The following are those recognized in the field
of Ilocano Literature:
1. Pedro Bukaneg. Father of Ilocano
Literature. From his name was derived the
word Bukanegan, which means Balagtasan (a
poetic contest) in Ilocano.
2. Claro Caluya. Prince of Ilocano Poets.
Known as poet and novelist.
3. Leon Pichay. Known as the best
Bukanegero (from Bukaneg). Also a poet,
novelist, short story writer, dramatist and
essayist.
30. Literature of the Kapampangans
(Pampango Literature)
Two stalwarts in the literature of the
Kapampangans stand out: they are:
1. Juan Crisostomo Soto. (Father of
Kapampangan Literature). The word
CRISOTAN (meaning Balagtasan) in Tagalog
is taken from his name.
2. Aurelio Tolentino. He truly proved his
being a Kaampangan in his translation of
KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS into
Kapampangan which he called
NAPON, NGENI AT BUKAS.
31. Visayan Literature
The following are the top men in Visayan
literature:
1. Eriberto Gumban. (Father of Visayan
Literature). He wrote a zarzuela, moro-moro
and a play in Visayan.
2. Magdalena Jalandoni. She devoted her
talent to the novel. She wrote ANG MGA
TUNUK SAN ISA CA BULACLAC.
32. C. Philippine Literature in English
In a way, we can say that we can trace the
beginnings of Philippine literature in English
with the coming of the Americans. For this
purpose, we can divide this period into three
time frames, namely:
1. The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-1910
2. The Period of Imitation: 1910-1925
3. The Period of Self-Discovery: 1925-1941
33. (1) The Period of Re-orientation (1898-1910)
English as a literary vehicle came with the
American occupation in August 13, 1898 and as
they say, a choice bestowed on us by history.
By 1900, English came to be used as a medium
of instruction in the public schools. From the
American forces were recruited the first
teachers of English.
By 1908, the primary and intermediate grades
were using English. It was also about this time
when UP, the forerunner in the use of English
in higher education, was founded.
34. Writers of this period were still adjusting to
the newfound freedom after the paralyzing
effect of repression of thought and speech
under the Spanish regime. They were
adjusting the idea of democracy, to the new
phraseology of the English language and to
the standards of the English literary style
Writers had to learn direct expression as
conditioned by direct thinking. They had to
learn that sentence constructions; sounds
and speech in English were not the same as
in the vernacular. They had to discard
sentimentality and floridity of language for
the more direct and precise English
language.
35. Not much was produced during this period and
what literature was produced was not much of
literary worth. The first attempts in English
were in two periodicals of this time:
(a) El Renacimiento: founded in Manila by
Rafael Palma in 1901.
(b) Philippines Free Press: established in
Manila in 1905 by R. McCullough Dick and D.
Theo Rogers.
POETRY
In 1907, Justo Juliano’s SURSUM CORDA
which appeared in the Renacimiento was the
first work to be published in English.
36. In 1909, Jan F. Salazar’s MY MOTHER and
his AIR CASTLES were also published in this
paper.
It was also in 1909 when Proceso Sebastian
followed with his poem TO MY LADY IN
LAOAG, also in this same paper.
(2) The Period of Imitation (1910-1924)
By 1919, the UP College Folio published the
literary compositions of the first Filipino
writers in English. They were the pioneers
in short story writing.
37. They were then groping their way into
imitating American and British models which
resulted in a stilted, artificial and unnatural
style, lacking vitality and spontaneity. Their
models included Longfellow and Hawthorne,
Emerson and Thoreau, Wordsworth and
Tennyson, Thackeray and Macaulay,
Longfellow, Allan Poe, Irving and other
American writers of the Romantic School.
Writers of this folio included Fernando
Maramag (the best editorial writer of this
period) Juan F. Salazar, Jose M. Hernandez,
Vicente del Fierro,
38. and Francisco M. Africa and Victoriano
Yamzon. They pioneered in English poetry.
ESSAYS
The noted essayists of this time were: Carlos
P. Romulo, Jorge C. Bocobo, Mauro Mendez,
and Vicente Hilario.
Their essays were truly scholarly
characterized by sobriety, substance and
structure. They excelled in the serious
essay, especially the editorial type.
39. The next group of writers introduced the
informal essay, criticism and the journalistic
column. They spiced their work with humor,
wit and satire. These group included Ignacio
Manlapaz, Godefredo Rivera, Federico
Mangahas, Francisco B. Icasiano, Salvador P.
Lopez, Jose Lansang and Amando G. Dayrit.
SHORT STORIES
In the field of short stories, DEAD STARS by
Paz Marquez Benitez written in the early 1920’s
stand out as a model of perfection in character
delineation, local color, plot and message.
Other short stories published during this time
were but poor imitations of their foreign
models.
40. The UP College Folio was later replaced by
the Philippine Collegian. Newspapers and
periodicals also saw print during this time
like the Bulletin, the Philippines Herald
(1920), the Philippine Review, the
Independent, Rising Philippines and
Citizens, and the Philippine Education
Magazine 1924.
D. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth
(1925-1941)
By this time, Filipino writers had acquired
the mastery of English writing. They now
confidently and competently wrote on a lot
of subjects although the old-time favorites of
love and youth persisted. They went into all
forms of writing like the novel and the
drama.
41. 1. POETRY
Noteworthy names in this field include Marcelo
de Gracia Concepcion, Jose Garcia Villa, Angela
Manalang Gloria, Abelardo Subido, Trinidad
Tarrosa Subido and Rafael Zulueta da Costa.
They turned our not only love poems but
patriotic, religious, descriptive and reflective
poems as well. They wrote in free verse, in
odes and sonnets and in other types. Poetry
was original, spontaneous, competently written
and later, incorporated social consciousness.
2. THE SHORT STORY (1925-1941)
Probably because of the incentives provided by
publications like the Philippine Free Press, The
Graphic, The Philippine Magazine and college
publications like the UP Literary Apprentice,
poetry and the short story flourished during
these times.
42. Other writers during this time include
Osmundo Sta. Romana, Arturo Rotor, Paz
Latorena’s Sunset, and Jose Garcia Villa’s Mir-
in-isa. From 1930 to 1940, the Golden Era of
Filipino writing in English saw the short story
writers “who have arrived,” like Jose
Lansang’s The Broken Parasol, Sinai C.
Hamada’s Talanata’s Wife, Fausto Dugenio’s
Wanderlust, Amando G. Dayrit’s His Gift and
Yesterday, Amador T. Daugio’s The Woman
Who Looked Out of the Window.
Characteristics of the short stories during
these times:
There were still remnants of Spanish influence
in the use of expressions that were florid,
sentimental, exaggerated and bombastic. The
influence of the Western culture also was
already evident.
43. 3. ESSAYS AND OTHER PROSE STYLES
(1925-1941)
Essays during this period improved with the
years in quality and quantity, in content,
subject and style. Essayists like Carlos P.
Romulo became even more eminent editorial
writers.
The notable writers of essays during this
period were:
a. Political, social reflective essays: Through
their newspaper columns the following
became very popular: Federico Mangahas,
Salvador P. Lopez, Pura S. Castrence, Vicente
Albano Pacis, Ariston Estrada and Jose A.
Lansang.
44. b. Critical essays were espoused by Salvador
P. Lopez, I.V. Mallari, Ignacio Manlapaz, Jose
Garcia Villa, Arturo B. Rotor, and Leopoldo Y.
Yabes. An example of this is Maximo V.
Soliven’s THEY CALLED IT BROTHERHOOD.
c. Personal or Familiar essays were written
by F.B. Icasiano (Mang Kiko), Alfredo E.
Litiatco, Solomon V. Arnaldo, Amando G.
Dayrit and Consuelo Gar (Catuca).
45. Some of the notable works during this time
were:
1940:Salvador P. Lopez’ LITERATURE AND
SOCIETY which is a collection of critical
reflections and serious essays and which won
first prize in the Commonwealth Literary
Contest of 1940.
1940:Camilo Osias published THE FILIPINO
WAY OF LIFE, a series of essays on the Filipino
way of life as drawn from history, folkways,
philosophy and psychology of the Philippines.
46. 1941: F.B. Icasiano (Mang Kiko) was
reprints of the best of Icasiano’s essays in
the Sunday Times Magazine under the
column From My Nipa Hut. It is an essay of
the common “tao” and is written with humor
and sympathy.
August 16, 1941: Carlos P. Romulo had an
editorial printed in the Philippines Herald.
Entitled I AM A FILIPINO, it was reprinted in
his book MY BORTHER AMERICANS in 1945
in New York by Doubleday & Co.
OTHER ESSAYISTS INCLUDE:
Ignacio Manlapaz, Vicente Albano Pacis, I.V.
Mallari, Jose M. Fernandez, Leopoldo Y.
Yabes, Isidro L. Ritizos, Pura Santillan.
47. The Philippine Writer’s League put out a
collection of essays called Literature Under the
Commonwealth.
Amando G. Dayrit with his column Good
Morning Judge led others like Leon Ma.
Guerrero, Salvador P. Lopez, Vicente Albano
Pacis, Jose A. Lansang and Federico Mangahas.
4. BIOGRAPHY 1925-1941
In 1935, I.P. Caballero and Marcelo de Gracia
Concepcion wrote about QUEZON.
In 1938, THE GREAT MALAYAN won a prize in
the national contest sponsored by the
Commonwealth of the Philippines. This was
written by Carlos Quirino, the most famous
biographer of the period. He also wrote
Quezon, the Man of Destiny.
48. In 1940, I.V. Mallari’s The Birth of Discontent
revealed the sensitive touch of a writer who in
simple language was able to reveal his profound
thoughts and feelings.
5. HISTORY
Not much about history has been written by
Filipino writers. In 1937, with regard to
literary history, we can cite Teofilo del
Castillo’s The Brief History of the Philippine
Islands.
6. PUBLICATIONS
The Philippine Free Press provided the first
incentives to Filipino writers in English by
offering prizes to worthwhile contributions.
Other publications followed suit.
49. 7. THE DRAMA (1925-1941)
Drama during this period did not reach the
heights attained by the novel or the short
story. The UP provided the incentives when
they introduced playwriting as a course and
established the UP Little Theater.
50. Exercises
1 The Philippine flag was hoisted on _______
as a symbol of our independence.
2. The peace movement started as early as
_______.
3. Written by Aurelio Tolentino depicting the
suppression done by the Americans and
their plan to colonize in the Philippines.
4. Why Rizal became the inspiration of the
Filipino writers.
5. A book of Fernando Ma. Guerrero which
means kind of black, wooly caterpillar
51. 6. The first woman poet in the Philippines
who was good in Spanish
7. The Father of the National Language
Grammar.
8. According to ________ even a king can be
sent by the pen.
9. A son of a popular writer during the
Spanish time known as Odalager
10. The Father of Kapampangan Literature
52. 11. His name derived from the word Bukanegan
12. In what year did English become a medium
of instructions in the public schools.
13. The first to break away from the
conventional forms and themes of
Philippine poetry placed the Philippines on
the Literary map with the publication of
his books in the U.S.
14-15 Their essays were truly scholarly
characterized by sobriety, substance and
structure
54. Historical Background
Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was
interrupted in its development when the
Philippines was again conquered by another
foreign country, Japan. Philippine literature in
English came to a halt. Except for the
TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost
all newspapers in English were stopped by the
Japanese.
This had an advantageous effect on Filipino
Literature, which experienced renewed
attention because writers in English turned to
writing in Filipino. Juan Laya, who use to write
in English turned to Filipino because of the
strict prohibitions of the Japanese regarding
any writing in English.
55. The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed under
strict surveillance until it was managed by
Japanese named Ishiwara.
In other words, Filipino literature was given
a break during this period. Many wrote plays,
poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes
were often about life in the provinces.
A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD
The common theme of most poems during
the Japanese occupation was nationalism,
country, love, and life in the barrios, faith,
religion and the arts.
56. Three types of poems emerged during this
period. They were:
1. Haiku – a poem of free verse that the
Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables
divided into three lines. The first line had 5
syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the third,
five. The Haiku is allegorical in meaning, is
short and covers a wide scope in meaning.
2. Tanaga – like the Haiku, is short but it had
measure and rhyme. Each line had 17 syllables
and it’s also allegorical in meaning.
3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) – like those
mentioned earlier in the beginning chapters of
this book.
57. B. FILIPINO DRAMA DURING THE JAPANESE
PERIOD
The drama experienced a lull during the
Japanese period because movie houses showing
American films were closed. The big movie
houses were just made to show stage shows.
Many of the plays were reproductions of
English plays to Tagalog. The translators were
Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, and
Narciso Pimentel. They also founded the
organization of Filipino players named
Dramatic Philippines. A few of playwriters
were:
1. Jose Ma. Hernandez – wrote PANDAY PIRA
2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo – wrote sa PULA, SA
PUTI
58. 3. Clodualdo del Mundo – wrote BULAGA (an
expression in the game Hide and Seek).
4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda – wrote SINO BA
KAYO?, DAHIL SA ANAK, and HIGANTE NG
PATAY.
C. THE FILIPINO SHORT STORY DURING
THE JAPANESE PERIOD
The field of the short story widened during
the Japanese Occupation. Many wrote short
stories. Among them were: Brigido
Batungbakal, Macario Pineda, Serafin
Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo, Narciso Ramos,
NVM Gonzales, Alicia Lopez Lim, Ligaya
Perez, and Gloria Guzman.
59. The best writings in 1945 were selected by a
group of judges composed of Francisco
Icasiano, Jose Esperanza Cruz, Antonio
Rosales, Clodualdo del Mundo and Teodoro
Santos. As a result of this selection, the
following got the first three prizes:
First Prize: Narciso Reyes with his
LUPANG TINUBUAN
Second Prize: Liwayway Arceo’s UHAW ANG
TIGANG NA LUPA
Third Prize: NVM Gonzales’ LUNSOD
NAYON AT DAGAT-DAGATAN
60. D. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
(1941-1945)
Because of the strict prohibitions imposed b
the Japanese in the writing and publishing of
works in English, Philippine literature in
English experienced a dark period. The few
who dared to write did so for their bread and
butter or for propaganda.
Writings that came out during this period were
journalistic in nature. Writers felt suppressed
but slowly, the spirit of nationalism started to
seep into their consciousness. While some
continued to write, the majority waited for a
better climate to publish their works.
61. Noteworthy writer of the period was Carlos P.
Romulo who won the Pulitzer Prize for his
bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THE
PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILIPPINES RISE and
his MOTHER AMERICA AND MY BROTHER
AMERICANS.
Journalists include Salvador P. Lopez, Leon Ma.
Geurrero, Raul Manglapuz and Carlos Bulosan.
Nick Joaquin produced THE WOMAN WHO
LOOKED LIKE LAZARUS. Fred Ruiz Castro
wrote a few poems.
F.B. Icasino wrote essays in The Philippine
Review.
62. Carlos Bulosan’s works included THE
LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER (1944), THE
VOICE OF BATAAN, 1943, SIX FILIPINO
POETS, 1942, among others. Alfredo
Litiatco published With Harp and Sling and
in 1943, Jose P. Laurel published Forces that
Make a Nation Great.
The Commonwealth Literary Awards gave
prizes to meritorious writers. Those who
won were:
1. LIKE THE MOLAVE – by Rafael Zulueta
da Costa (Poetry)
2. HOW MY BROTHER LEON BROUGTH
HOME A WIFE – by Manuel E. Arguilla (Short
Story)
63. 3. LITERATURE AND SOCIETY – by Salvador P.
Lopez (Essay)
4. HIS NATIVE SOIL – by Juan Laya (Novel)
President Manuel L. Quezon’s autobiography
THE GOOD FIGHT was published posthumously.
Radio broadcasts echoed the mingled fear and
doubts in the hearts of the people.
Other writers of this period were Juan Collas
(19440, Tomas Confesor (1945), Roman A. de la
Cruz and Elisa Tabuñar.
64. Exercises
1-2. Almost all newspapers in English were
topped by the Japanese except for this two
3. It is made up of 17 syllables divided into
3 lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the
second, 7 syllables and the third , 5.
4. Like Haiku, is short but it had measure and
rhyme
5. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers
I SAW THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES, I
SEE THE PHILIPPINE RISE and HIS
MOTHER AMERICA and MY BROTHER
AMERICANS.
65. 6. The title of President Manuel L. Quezon’s
autobiography
7-10. Common themes of most poems during
the Spanish Occupation.