How does wolbachia manipulate the reproduction of its insect host.pdf

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How does wolbachia manipulate the reproduction of its insect host? Provide at least two examples How does wolbachia manipulate the reproduction of its insect host? Provide at least two examples Solution Wolbachia is a bacterial parasite of arthropods and nematodes. It invades egg of the female host for its transmission and four possible manipulations are carried out by it and are as follows, 1) Feminization of infected males : It converts the infected genetic male offspring into females. 2) Induced parthenogenesis : It induces the production of female offspring without fertilization by sperm 3) Killing of infected males : It kills infected males 4) Cytoplasmic Incompatibility (CI) : When a Wolbachia infected male mates with an uninfected female it kills all the offspring produced because it is an incompatible cross. But when the same infected male is mated to an infected female there will be no mortality..

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EBOLA • Reservoir: A deadly disease that is caused by infection due to Ebola virus. Its reservoir remains unknown. However, on the basis of evidence and similar viruses, it is believed that the virus us animal-borne and bats are the likely reservoir. •Transmission: This virus spreads by direct contact through blood of an infected human or animals. It may also occur through an object contaminated with body fluids. Semen or breast- milk of a person after recovering from the disease is a potential possibility. •Number of cases: 28652 reported from march 2014 to march 2016. •Mortality rate: 11 deaths per 1000 people in a year. INFLUENZA •Reservoir: Humans are the main reservoirs of infection for influenza virus A. Wild birds like ducks, geese and shorebirds carry avian influenza virus. It has also been reported from pigs and horses. • Transmission: It is spread by: 1. Direct contact with the infected patients. 2. Direct contact with objects contaminated with virus. 3. Inhaling aerosols laiden with viruses. • Number of cases: According to WHO, about 3 to 5 million people are affected every year. • Deaths: According to WHO, approximately 250000-500000 deaths occur annually. AIDS This is a deadly disease caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). • Reservoir: Infected cells in central nervous system and male urinogenital tract are mostly responsible. But the most potential resource is memory T-cells infected with HIV-1 DNA. • Transmission: It is transmitted through: 1. Body fluids; blood, semen, pre-seminal fluids, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, breast milk. 2. Sexual intercourse with an infected partner. 3. Sharing contaminated syringes and needles. 4. From mother to her unborn child during pregnancy and childbirth. 5. Through organ transplantation. • Number of cases: According to AVERT, there are about 36.7 million people affected and living with HIV. • Deaths: According to AVERT, approximately 1.1 million people died due to HIV. Solution EBOLA • Reservoir: A deadly disease that is caused by infection due to Ebola virus. Its reservoir remains unknown. However, on the basis of evidence and similar viruses, it is believed that the virus us animal-borne and bats are the likely reservoir. •Transmission: This virus spreads by direct contact through blood of an infected human or animals. It may also occur through an object contaminated with body fluids. Semen or breast- milk of a person after recovering from the disease is a potential possibility. •Number of cases: 28652 reported from march 2014 to march 2016. •Mortality rate: 11 deaths per 1000 people in a year. INFLUENZA •Reservoir: Humans are the main reservoirs of infection for influenza virus A. Wild birds like ducks, geese and shorebirds carry avian influenza virus. It has also been reported from pigs and horses. • Transmission: It is spread by: 1. Direct contact with the infected patients. 2. Direct contact with objects contaminated with virus. 3. Inhaling aerosols laiden with viruses. • Numbe.

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