detail the importance of cell culture to the field of virologySo.pdf

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detail the importance of cell culture to the field of virology Solution Virology is a study of viruses and cell culture is culturing of cells under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Traditionally cell culture based viral diagnostic products are developed to produce vaccines.Viral disease dignosis traditionally developed using these cell cultures. Animal cell cultures are used to replicate the viruses instead of producing vaccines.Cell culture also used to detect and isolate viruses, study the mode of infection from viruses and development cycles. Recent advances in using cell culture based viral diagnostic products involve use of novel cell cultures, cryopreserved cell products etc..

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1.) In some forms of epigenetic modification, when a gene is “marked”, a.) its expression is semi-permanently altered. b.) it is tagged for deletion. c.) its genetic code is temporarily modified. d.) all of the above 2.)A case in which Littorina snails upregulate shell deposition and develop a thicker shell when crabs are present is an example of: a.) seasonal polyphenism b.) phenotypic plasticity c.) genomic imprinting d.) amplification Solution 1. (a) its expression is semi-permanently altered. 2. (b) Phenotypic plasticity Phenotypic plasticity refers to the ability of a genotype to exhibit alternative morphological, behavioral and physiological characteristics in response to environmental condition. Inducible defenses are a ubiquitous form of plasticity that involve the production of chemicals, morphologies, or behaviors by prey species in response to predator cues. These changes reduce prey vulnerability to inducing predators or herbivores..

1.) In some forms of epigenetic modification, when a gene is “marked.pdf

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Will th ebelow code work andif not please help me fix it. Basically I am taking in a line of code and we are supposed to use fail state to figure out which kind of format the line will follow. It will either follow one of two formats. So I am trying to say if while reading in it hits something that doesn\'t work it must be the OTHER kind of line. Am I using clear and fail functions correctly? It is important that when it fails the next value being read in goes into the place where it failed reading in. So if it tries to read something in and it fails the next value read in should go into THAT value and not the next one. Solution Reasons: i) You cannot start read vertexOne or vertexTwo, before you open the stream ii) Set up your file reading in streams based on the layout of your files, so what you can do is to have if-else statements that select the right stream setup bases on the filname. Program: #include \"Triangle.h\" #include \"Graphics.h\" #include \"Shape.h\" #include using namespace std; Triangle::Triangle() { } Triangle::Triangle(Point pt1, Point pt2, Point pt3, Color color) { vertexOne = pt1; vertexTwo = pt2; vertexThree = pt3; vertexOneColor = color; vertexTwoColor = color; vertexThreeColor = color; } Triangle::Triangle(Point pt1, Color col1, Point pt2, Color col2, Point pt3, Color col3) { vertexOne = pt1; vertexOneColor = col1; vertexTwo = pt2; vertexTwoColor = col2; vertexThree = pt3; vertexThreeColor = col3; } void Triangle::setColor(Color col) { vertexOneColor = col; vertexTwoColor = col; vertexThreeColor = col; } void Triangle::setVertexOne(Point pt) { vertexOne = pt; } void Triangle::setVertexTwo(Point pt) { vertexTwo = pt; } void Triangle::setVertexThree(Point pt) { vertexThree = pt; } Point Triangle::getVertexOne() { return vertexOne; } Point Triangle::getVertexTwo() { return vertexTwo; } Point Triangle::getVertexThree() { return vertexThree; } void Triangle::setVertexOneColor(Color col) { vertexOneColor = col; } void Triangle::setVertexTwoColor(Color col) { vertexTwoColor = col; } void Triangle::setVertexThreeColor(Color col) { vertexThreeColor = col; } Color Triangle::getVertexOneColor() { return vertexOneColor; } Color Triangle::getVertexTwoColor() { return vertexTwoColor; } Color Triangle::getVertexThreeColor() { return vertexThreeColor; } void Triangle::read(istream& ins) { // These are values of the each vertex and color Point vertex1; Point vertex2; Point vertex3; Color col; Color vertex1Color; Color vertex2Color; Color vertex3Color; ins >> vertex1 >> vertex1Color >> vertex2 >> vertex2Color >> vertex3; // Checks whether ins has entered a fail state of not if (ins.fail()) { ins.clear(); Triangle(vertex1, vertex2, vertex3, vertex1Color); } else { ins >> vertex3Color; Triangle(vertex1, vertex1Color, vertex2, vertex2Color,vertex3, vertex3Color); } } void Triangle::write(ostream& outs) { Point out_vertex1 = getVertexOne(); Point out_vertex2 = getVertexTwo(); Point out_vertex3 = getVertexThree(); Color out_vertex1Color = g.

Will th ebelow code work andif not please help me fix it. Basically .pdf

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The visual system that a mountain biker would use to identify changes in the trail or to perceive a rider in front of him or her is the: fovea. parallel processing system. ambient system. focal system. Solution The two types of pathways in visual systems are focal and ambient. The mountain biker uses ambient system to identify changes in the trial or to perceive a rider in front of him/her. The peripheral vision also referred as ambient pathway is concerned with movement and depth perception and is generally considered to be crucially involved in motion processing..

The visual system that a mountain biker would use to identify changes.pdf

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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breathing through the nose? extraction of heat and moisture from the air leaving the nasal cavity destruction of pathogens entering the nasopharynx filtration of the air entering the nasal cavity heating and moistening the air entering the nasal cavity Solution B. Destruction of pathogens entering the nasopharynx The pathogens are trappped by the mucous, but are not destroyed. The mucus is driven off and either enters the GI tract or is spit out. This prevents the pathogens from gaining access to the epithelium, and subsequent infection..

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breathing through the nose.pdf

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Which is not a secure MAC address learning for port securityA. St.pdf

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what is the transport process for a methane gas leak? Solution Scientists have developed a material made out of a mixture of silica and water which can soak up large quantities of methane molecules. The material looks and acts like a fine white powder which, if developed for industrial use, might be easily transported or used as a vehicle fuel. Methane is the principal component of natural gas and can be burnt in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. The abundance of the gas and its relatively clean burning process makes it a good source of fuel, but due to its gaseous state at room temperature, methane is difficult to transport from its source. Many natural gas reserves are geographically remote and can only be extracted via pipelines, so there is a need to look for other ways to transport the gas. It has been suggested that methane gas hydrate could be used as a way of containing methane gas for transportation. The disadvantage of methane gas hydrate for industry use is that it is formed at a very slow rate when methane reacts with water under pressure. To counteract these difficulties, a method to break water up into tiny droplets to increase the surface area in contact with the gas can be used. Mixing water with a special form of silica – a similar material to sand – which stops the water droplets from coalescing. This ‘dry water’ powder soaks up large quantities of methane quite rapidly at around water’s normal freezing point. ‘Dry water’ could be more economical than other potential products because it is made from cheap raw materials. The material may also have industrial applications if methane could be stored more conveniently and used to power clean vehicles..

what is the transport process for a methane gas leakSolutionS.pdf

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Summarize the article \"Trading liberty for illusions\" by Wendy Kaminer in 300 words by following these steps: - the central idea of the passage - what, who, why, where, when and how - the author\'s conclusion - the subject of the description and it\'s key feature(s) Solution The central idea of the article is about how the September 11 attacks have affected the civilian population. In such circumstances, people are really scary and it is the responsibility of the government to take all necessary precautions to secure its citizens. But the actions adhered to go beyond the logical approach to safety by using several surveillance devices to track criminals or abnormal behavior. Kaminer accuses government of ignoring the civil liberties and the processes followed were pointless and demonstrated its failures. She further adds that Americans have had to trade their privacy with security, which means there is no privacy. The ways facial recognition was used and abused, she says it constitutes a threat to security and liberty, not a promise of security. The hard-core trained criminals fooled the intelligence surveillance system by suppressing their emotions, behaviors, and facial expressions which proved the systems to be highly inefficient. This leaves technology surveillance system a very controversial topic in the United States. She goes on to say that the government is divided between using law as it was intended or breaking law to meet special interest breaching security of the people it is supposed to protect. The government should not exploit the gullibility of the citizens, for dissenters will start questioning the credibility of the American philosophy. What she concludes is that though technological advancement is geared up at improving security, it should be relied upon as the most accurate measure against threat. The government need a sober approach to security and privacy and should not rely upon the existing systems, laws, and technology. *****.

Summarize the article Trading liberty for illusions by Wendy Kam.pdf

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what is a shared derived charterer and how is it useful for constructing a phylogeny ? Solution Phylogeny can be understood as the science of developmental history of an organism with respect to other organisms. Since the origin of an individual remains unknwon and developmental characters can be measures only relative to other known organisms, the science of phylogeny is based upon relavance of the features of a developing organism with respect to other organisms whose features have been already well studied. For this purpose, the extent of relatedness and differences between two or more organisms are generally studied. There are some features which remain exclusive for a species whereas some features are common in different species. These common features are termed as \'shared derived characters\' because it is supposed that owing to their presence, anatomical relavance and similarities in physiological function in different species, these features must have been orginated from a common ancestor and gradually shared by different species for development. Thus, the more is the number of shared derived characters between two or more species, the more likely is their evolutionary relatedness. For example, while constructing a phylogeny tree, the index of these shared derived characters remains highly useful. It helps in grouping and clssifying organisms based upon their evolutionary history and evident relatedness based upon number of shared characters. For example, all organisms with jointed feet are placed under phylum arthropoda. After that, organisms with paired feet and un-paired feet are differentiated either as millipeds or centipeds. After that, organisms are differentiated based upon their mouth structures and so on. Thus, the occurence of jointed feet, nature of feet and distribution of body plates on mouth cavity represent shared derived characters. These characters can be further elaborated at anatomical and molecular levels. Thus, this clearly explains the role of shared derived charterer and its usefullness for constructing a phylogeny tree..

what is a shared derived charterer and how is it useful for construc.pdf

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T/F: Unsaturated fatty acids have double or triple bonds creative kinks in the carbon chain. Fat at room temperature is an example of grouped unsaturated fatty acids. What does \"amphipathic\" mean? What does \"amphiphilic\" mean? Solution Unsaturated fatty acids have double or triple bonds = True Fats at room temperature is an example of grouped unsaturated fatty acids = false Amphipathic or amphipilic molecules are molecules having both polar and non-polar portions in their structure..

TF Unsaturated fatty acids have double or triple bonds creative kin.pdf

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samples, then compuie ine im samples, then cop me 9. Patient Waiting Times The Newport Health Clinic experiments with two different configurations for serving patients. In one configuration, all patients enter a single waiting line that feeds three different physicians. In another configuration, patients wait in individual lines at three different physician stations. Waiting times (in min- utes) are recorded for ten patients from each configuration. Compare the results. Single line: Multiple lines: 42 54 Solution.

samples, then compuie ine im samples, then cop me 9. Patient Waiting .pdf

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The figure below shows two normal distributions. A and B. The distribution that has the higher mean is A B The distribution that has the higher standard deviation is A B Solution a) B b) A Mean : mean lis in the middle most observation, The chart A clearly visible that it has lessar mean than B Standard deviation: It is the value distance from the mean, Figure A has longer distance b/w the edges to middle.

The figure below shows two normal distributions. A and B. The distrib.pdf

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Random signal analysis question (19). Not sure whether true or false.pdf

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Susa was occupied before the Mesopotamian city states rose to power .pdf

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Secondary active transport uses _____________ to move something out of a cell, and later ____________ to bring it and something else in to the cell. a. Active transport, facilitated diffusion b. Passive transport, Active Transport c. Active Transport, Endocytosis d. Exocytosis, Endocytosis Solution a. Active transport, facilitated diffusion Secondary active transport involves the use of an electrochemical gradient. This is a type of active transport which use the energy of established ion gradients (example, Na/K) to bring molecules across membranes to transport ions back..

Secondary active transport uses _____________ to move something out .pdf

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Q1. List 4 collaboration techniques that provides support to VE? Q2. What are the variations that are included to the electronic marketplaces? Q3. What are the technical requirements to support the Market of Resources? Solution 1) Ground rules for effective behavior Ground rules are explicit guidelines the group agrees to follow main purpose is to help guide constructive behavior. They will show outline process procedure. They frame expectations about the way things should be done at meetings. During discussion of ground rules ,the facilitator explains the purpose of ground rules and encourages the group to discuss them Eg) all ideas count,even wild ones. Everybody participates Respect different view points Ask questions.listen to understand each idea and interest Consensus Decision - making Framework Consensus builds group cohesion by incorporating everyone opinion in group. The framework includes five levels, but depending on group preferences, fewer may be appropriate. I can easily support decision or action I can support the decision or action ,but it may not be preference I can support the decision or action with minor changes I support will of the group, but I don\'t necessarily agree with decision or action. I cannot support the decision or action These are the possible five levels 2) independent e- market place is usually a business to business online platform operated by third party by registering on it you can access classified ads or requests for bids in your sector. Supplier- oriented e- market place is set up and operated by a number of suppliers who are seeking to establish an efficient sales channels via net to large number of buyers Vertical and horizontal e market place provide online access to business vertically up and down every segment of a sector such as chemical , construction,textiles.it connects buyers and sellers across different industries and regions ,you can see it to purchase indirect products Buyer- oriented e-market place will run by buyers in order to establish an efficient purchasing environment . As a supplier you can use a buyer oriented e market place to advertise your catalogue to a relevant customers who are looking to buy 3) Technical requirements are Market access includes government technical regulations and the conformity assessment measures that the government requires to demonstrate compliance with technical regulations Market Acceptance includes private sector standards and conformity assessment measures that retailers and consumers expect products to meet.these go above beyond market access requirements..

Q1. List 4 collaboration techniques that provides support to VEQ2.pdf

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Precise definition of basic concepts forms a sound foundation for the development of a science and prevents possible misunderstandings. True/False? What is the definition of Thermodynamics? What is the definition of Energy? State the First law of Thermodynamics. State the Second Law of Thermodynamics. What is the definition of a \"System\" in Thermodynamics? What is the definition of \"Closed\" system? In a closed system; can energy such as Heat, Work, etc. cross the boundary? Yes/No What is an \"Isolated System\", Definition? What is an \"Open System\", Definition? What is the definition of \"Intensive\" properties of a system? What is the definition of \"Extensive\" properties of a system? Write a statement (two-three lines) about \"Continuum\". Solution 2) Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. In particular, it describes how thermal energy is converted to and from other forms of energy and how it affects matter. 3) Energy : Measure of the ability of a body or system to do work or produce a change, expressed usually in joules or kilowatt hours (kWh). No activity is possible without energy and its total amount in the universe is fixed. In other words, it cannot be created or destroyed but can only be changed from one type to another. 4) First law of thermodynamics: The First Law of Thermodynamics states that heat is a form of energy, and thermodynamic processes are therefore subject to the principle of conservation of energy. This means that heat energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can, however, be transferred from one location to another and converted to and from other forms of energy. 5) Second law of Thermodynamics : The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time, or remains constant in ideal cases where the system is in a steady state or undergoing a reversible process. The increase in entropy accounts for the irreversibility of natural processes, and the asymmetry between future and past. 6) System : A thermodynamic system is a quantity of matter of fixed identity, around which we can draw a boundary. 7)Closed system : Closed systems exchange energy but not matter with an outside system. 8) Yes, In closed system energy may cross the boundary. 9) Isolated system: In Isolated system there is no transfer of heat and mass with surroundings. 10) Open systems: In Open systems there is transfer of both heat and mass with the surroundings. 11) Intesive property: An intensive property, is a physical property of a system that does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system. eg: density, pressure and temperature 12) Extensive Property: An extensive property of a system does depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system. eg : volume, internal energy 13 ) continuum : Anything that goes through a gradual transition from one condition, to a diff.

Precise definition of basic concepts forms a sound foundation for the.pdf

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Patient was diagnosed with x-linked agammaglobulinemia leading to recurrent bacterial infections. Patient was determined by DNA sequencing to have a nonsense mutation in the btk gene on his X chromosome resulting in premature truncation of the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) protein. This mutation has been previously reported in patients with susceptibility to bacterial infections resulting in recurrent infection. Mother is heterozygous for the mutation and received genetic counseling in case they decide to have additional offspring as ~50% of male children will have similar disease, and 50% of daughters will be asymptomatic carriers. How would you treat this patient? What are some possible side effects associated with this treatment? Do the pros outweigh the cons? Please be specific. Solution There is 30-50% chance of XLA patients having a positive family history of genetic inheritance. The rest of the cases occur as random mutations. XLA diagnosis usually begins due to a history of recurrent infections, mostly in the respiratory tract, through childhood. This is due to humoral immunodeficiency. The most common treatment for XLA is an intravenous infusion of immunoglobulin (IVIg, human IgG antibodies) every 3–4 weeks, for life. IVIg is a human product extracted and pooled from thousands of blood donations. IVIg does not cure XLA but increases the patient\'s lifespan and quality of life, by generating passive immunity, and boosting the immune system. With treatment, the number and severity of infections is reduced. With IVIg, XLA patients may live a relatively healthy life. A patient should attempt reaching a state where his IgG blood count exceeds 800 mg/kg. The dose is based on the patient\'s weight and IgG blood-count. Antibiotics are another common supplementary treatment. Local antibiotic treatment are preferred over systemic treatment (pills) for long-term treatment, if possible.One of the future prospects of XLA treatment is gene therapy, which could potentially cure XLA. Gene therapy technology is still in its infancy and may cause severe complications such as cancer and even death. XLA patients are specifically susceptible to viruses of the Enterovirus family, and mostly to: polio virus, coxsackie virus and Echoviruses. These may cause severe central nervous system conditions as chronic encephalitis, meningitis and death. An experimental anti-viral agent, pleconaril, is active against picornaviruses. XLA patients, however, are apparently immune to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as they lack mature B cells needed for the viral infection. Patients with XLA are also more likely to have a history of septic arthritis. Agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is similar to the primary immunodeficiency and their clinical conditions and treatment are almost identical..

Patient was diagnosed with x-linked agammaglobulinemia leading to re.pdf

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Maria deposited $ 25,000 in an account today. The annual interest rate is 3%. After 4 years, how much is in the account if interest is compounded quarterly? How much will be in the account after 4 years if interest is compounded continuously? Solution Principal,P= $25000 Interest rate,r=3%=.03 Time,t=4 years A=P(1+(r/n))n*t = 25000(1+(.03/4))4* 4 = 25000(1.0075)16= $28,175 Compounded continuously A= P ert = 25000 e.03 *4 = 25000 e.12 = $28,187.

Maria deposited $ 25,000 in an account today. The annual interest rat.pdf

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Olfactory Nerve Solution olfactory nerve is a type of a cranial nerve. It is first of the twelve cranial nerves and is shortest of all. It\'s sensory data is responsible for smell and partially responsible for taste. It\'s olfactory receptors are located in the mucosal membrane of the nasal cavity. It bypass the brain stem and connects directly to the brain. Mechanism of smell: chemicals enters nose -----> enters into a nasal cavity ---->region of olfactry epthelium covered with cilia on side and axon of the olfactory nerve on the other ----> these axons enter into skul through cribriform plate-----> then they get together at olfactory bulb------> passes signal to olfactory tract -----> brain-----> brain interpretate specific pattern of impulses as specific smell..

Olfactory Nerve Solutionolfactory nerve is a type of a cranial .pdf

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Let R be a ring such that 0 is both the additive identity and the mu.pdf

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