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- 1. Feudalism, Social Orders, and Political Reorganization New Styles of Kingship and Political Organizations Political Re-organization, 800-1000s EnglandStrong forms of KingshipAlfred the Great (r. 871-899), King of the Anglo-Saxons King Cnut (r. 1017-1038Translation of religious works into Anglo-Saxon Conversion to Christianity Reform of the Legal SystemCentralization of Power Cultural ties with Scandinavia Spread of Christianity, conversion of Viking invadersTenuous
- 2. royal control Political Re-organization, 800-1000s Frankish Kingdom (West Francia)Weak but prestigious KingsHugh Capet (r. 987-996) inaugurates Capetian DynastyRoyal rituals: anointing and coronation ceremonies Paris established as the capital of France, important cultural, economic, and intellectual centerFrom strong forms of rulership and centralized authority to weak forms of rulership and decentralized authorityInternal fragmentation, limited royal authority Political Re-organization, 800-1000s Germany (Holy Roman Empire)Strong kingshipOtto I, (r. 936- 973), King of Germany, King of Italy, and Emperor since 962. Otto II (r. 973-983) Otto III (r. 983-1002)Ottonian Renaissance: Spread of education and learning (including women) Adoption of Arabic numerals Production of manuscripts Byzantine influencePolitical gains during the Carolingian era remained under the OttoniansAdopted primogeniture and patrilineal succession, thus avoiding division of the state. Strong polity Political Re-organization, 800-1000s
- 3. Iberian Peninsula (Christian Iberia)Warrior KingsAlfonso the Great (r. 848-910), founder and ruler of Kingdom of Leon (first Christian Kingdom in Muslim occupied Iberia). Knighthood culture, strong military ethos Poem of “El Cid” (Famous Castilian who conquered territories from Muslims)Christian rulers continued to expand onto Muslim territories in a process known as the Reconquista (Reconquest) Political Re-organization, 800-1000s Italian PeninsulaDifferent polities: Communes and City-States controlled by a number of families Factional politics Strong Papacy Pope Sylvester II (r. 999-1003)Adoption of Arab number system and arithmetic Revival of liberal arts curriculum Most sophisticated culture due to mercantile activitiesEmergence of communes and city-states with shared governancePolitical fragmentation Discussion question Based on what you know about feudalism and politics in this period, in what ways is this map depiction of the distribution of power in Europe around 1050 deceptive?
- 4. 1Research Proposal Guidelines: 30 PointsA research proposal details what you intend to accomplish with your research project. It describes what you have and intend to do as well as indicate the value of your work. The purpose of the proposal is to set the writing the goals and purpose of your research project. While the content is subject to change as you continue your research, write with certainty and provide concrete details, clarifying for the reader how and why this research project is meaningful. Write a 200-300 word proposal on a Business related topic that previews the argument and possible research for your final paper. Be sure to include a research question and a potential working thesis statement. Keep in mind that your thesis and research may change. Write this assignment for an academic audience and be sure to include not only formal English usage but also appropriate discourse for your topic and a college level reader. This includes tone and word choice as well as challenging material. Use the same manuscript format as the example Research Proposal on page 415 of our textbook (see copy on page 2 of these guidelines). Before you submit for grading, make sure that you proofread for errors in grammar and mechanics. Grading Rubric: Criteria Excellent:10 points Satisfactory: 7 points
- 5. Needs Improvement: 0-6 points Content and Development Provides a detailed overview of the research project that challenges an academic audience. Provides an overview of the research project including the limits of the topic, avenues of research, and the overall purpose. Does not provide an overview of the research project topic. Research Question and Working Thesis Statement Includes an appropriately complex research question and a working thesis statement that makes an argument that can be viewed from multiple perspectives. Includes a research question and a working thesis statement that makes an argument that can be viewed from multiple perspectives. Does not include a research question or a working thesis statement that makes an argument that can be viewed from multiple perspectives. Uses Appropriate Writing Style Writes fluently and is clearly understandable. Actively engages an academic audience with tone and word choice. Correctly employs manuscript format. Writes with some errors but is easily understandable. Addresses an academic audience with tone and word choice. Closely aligns to manuscript format. Is hard to understand, does not address an academic audience and/or does not use manuscript formatting. Example Research Proposal: This text was adapted by Saylor Academy under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License without attribution as requested by the work's original creator or licensor. https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_writing-for- success/s15-02-steps-in-developing-a-research.html
- 6. The Roman Empire Legacy to the Medieval World Ancient Italy City of Rome Roman Republic Expansion of Rome during the Republican Period Roman Roads, Italian Peninsula Roman Roads Roman Aqueducts, Segovia, Spain Nimes, France
- 7. Augustus, 63 BC – 14 CE First Roman Emperor, Founder of the Roman Empire, ruled from 27 BCE until his death in 14 CE. Cultural Features of the Roman World Panen et Circenses (Bread and Circuses) Roman Theater in North Africa Coliseum of Rome The Crisis of the Third Century Succession Crisis Size Army External Threats
- 8. Inflation Diocletian’s Reorganization of 293 16 The Persistence of Polytheism To a limited degree, polytheism and Christianity influenced each other. But people disagreed about the relationship of divinity or divinities to the human world. Polytheists found aspects of Christian belief troubling. Specifically, Christ’s crucifixion seemed a symptom of weakness, the Christian embrace of sinners was troubling, and the Christian claim to universality and truth seemed unjustified. Yet, Polytheism remained deeply held by many and the path to acceptance, legalization was difficult. Diocletian’s Great Persecution and the Conversion of Constantine Believing that Rome’s problems were caused by the gods’ anger at the Christians who rejected them, Diocletian launched the Great Persecution in 303 C.E. in an effort to please the gods. Unevenly applied by the tetrarchs, the persecution involved a purge of Christian officials, confiscated property, the destruction of churches, and gruesome executions. Social stability was damaged, but Christianity was not destroyed and the persecutions aroused sympathy for Christians among some Roman polytheists. The Great Persecution ended dramatically when Diocletian’s successor Constantine attributed his success
- 9. in a battle in 312 C.E. to the Christian God and converted to Christianity. Emperor Constantine’s Conversion Edict of Milan Despite his conversion, Constantine did not outlaw polytheism or make Christianity the official religion. While personally promoting Christianity, in the Edict of Milan in 313 he decreed religious freedom for all faiths. Constantine attempted to find middle ground between polytheism and Christianity by supporting both. He returned Christian property seized under the Great Persecution and compensated polytheists who had bought the confiscated property. Constantine also continued to hold the traditional office of Pontifex Maximus (“chief priest”) to honor his non-Christian subjects, who still greatly outnumbered Christians. Making Christianity Official After Constantine, there were sporadic attempts to eradicate the gains made by Christianity. But they were not successful. In 391 Theodosius I made Christianity the state religion by enforcing a ban on polytheist sacrifices. Pagan temples were often converted into churches, and Christians received advantages in official careers. Jews and determined polytheists became second-class citizens. Spot Map, The Empire’s East/West Division, 395
- 10. 22 The Roman Empire and the Barbarians, 284 AD Roman Empire and the Barbarians Peoples and Kingdoms of the Roman World, 526 25