CA Seawater Desalination

Seawater Desalination In California
California used to depend on surface water but once we started to see that surface water was
depleting, we went straight to groundwater. After many years groundwater has also started to
disappear leaving the question "what are we going to do next?". This problem is causing the land of
california to sink, make the next drought we are going to have even worse, using most of the
groundwater we have left faster than it can get filled back up again, and ect. Therefore, the state of
California should conserve more groundwater by lowering the maximum capacity of pumping
extractions, recycling water to fill aquifers back up, and seawater desalination. One main way to
conserve more groundwater is to lower the maximum capacity of pumping extractions. ... Show
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We should be trying our best to help with these solutions because; one of the solutions are: lowering
the maximum capacity of pumping extractions helps save more water in aquifers, because right now
anyone can pump out a much water as they would like, and that is not helping with our drought.
Another solution is; recycling more water to fill aquifers back up because land has been sinking, and
also since we keep on pumping out water and not letting rain and snow melt to fill them back for us,
it will take about 5o years to fill back up, from the rate of pumping out the groundwater. The next
solution is; seawater desalination and one way seawater desalination could work for us is because
we do not have lots of water but we do have lots of oil and the process to clean the water is with lots
of oil to get a lot more water than we have now. So we should be conserving more water because it
could help the state of california, stop the land from sinking anymore, save up more water for the
next drought , and just help the people in the state of California more water so we do not ever run
out or need help getting
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Seawater Desalination
Desalination of sea and brackish water is a common technique to alleviate the increasing shortage of
fresh water in many areas of the world today. Nonetheless, desalination processes require large
quantities of energy. In addition, the cost of the different desalination techniques is very closely
linked to the costs of energy. Therefore, in a context of continuously rising energy costs and with the
impending exhaustion of the conventional energy resources, the development of energy– efficient
desalination technologies is a very attractive and promising prospect to solve these problems.
The general purpose of this work is to improve industrial seawater desalination process using
creative design approach application based on modified structured

A Short History Of Desalination Technology
Approximately 72% of the earth is covered in water, however, of that amount, 97% is undrinkable
because of the saline content. Theoretically, the ability to make that portion drinkable would mean
creating a renewable source of fresh water–– a concept that, if executed properly would mean the
end of water insecurity worldwide. The first record of desalination technology being used came
from the writings of Aristotle, a Greek philosopher who lived during the fourth century BC. Ancient
Romans used evaporation to remove the salt from water to make it potable. Since then, desalination
has become much more sophisticated, but the latest technology being used is still decades old ("A
Short History Of Desalination – Abengoa"). Although ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the greatest reasons for water scarcity over the past decade has been population growth in
heavily concentrated in urban areas– an excellent example of this phenomenon being China. Already
the world 's most populated country, China 's largest cities have evolved into what the United
Nations have begun to call "megacities"– defined as cities with a population of over ten million.
With urbanization expected to increase 60–65% by 2030, water insecurity is already a concern for
the Chinese government and one that is emphasized by Shanghai and Beijing (populations 14.35 and
11.51 million respectively) being coastal cities with little access to water inland ("Market Report:
Developing Desalination In China"). In recent years, China has begun to rely heavily on water
sourced from desalination plants, and desalination has grown into a 4 billion dollar industry, but
both the economic and environmental effects have become apparent. Water from desalination plants
is, on average, twice as expensive as naturally sourced fresh water. Although energy usage accounts
for much of the total cost of a desalination plant, China current technology is almost completely
imported and therefore very costly to ship and maintain. Introducing domestic technology would be
one solution, however, in China,

Desalination Process Of A Salt Water Environment From Water
Zhanna Shin
MSE 227
T–Th 2:00–3:15 pm
Professor Lisa Reiner
December 5, 2016
Desalination Processes
ABSTRACT
The process of desalination can be described as any process that removes salts and other mineral
particles present in a salt water environment from water. Desalination processes can help variety of
industries as well as human consumption. In the very beginning desalination processes were
associated with much higher costs but since the massive researched and improvements in the
technology started happening, desalination processes started competing with less expensive methods
for cleanliness of water (Krishna, 1). Two distinct techniques for water treatment processes use
either electrical–driven or pressure–driven technologies. For the purpose of this technical report the
main focus will revolve around pressure–driven membrane operation which will encompass four
overlapping membrane types. These categories compiled of Reverse Osmosis, Nanofiltration,
Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration (Pangarkar, Sane, Guddad, 2011).
INTRODUCTION
The groundwater storage has been depleted through the various sources of human consumption. In
many places the quality of groundwater became a concern that can harm human health because of
the overexploitation as well as contamination. Without a constant source of water human survival
can be threatened. Therefore, methods of supplying fresh water such as desalination processes have
become very popular and widely studied because of

Water Desalination In China
Water scarctiy is something that far too many coutries face. Everyday countries in Africa, the
Middle East, India, and China face the detrimental challenges of not having enough water to provide
to their population. Over the years there have been many propositions as to how we can help resolve
this issue and restore countries access to clean water. However one process has remained. This is
known as Water Desalination. Water Desalination is a process that was introduced many years ago
to continents and countries located near the equator such as Africa, Asia, the Middle East, India, and
China which are located on or near the solar belt. It has proven to help bring a substantial amount of
clean water to these countries and to overall help deplinish ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Although water desalination was introduced and has helped many countries in aleviating their scarce
water supply, the process itself is steadily decreasing in use due to the extreme cost it takes to run
each and every desalination plant in these countries. The technology, machinery, and fossil fuels
being used are far to expensive to continue using desalination as a method of providing water to
countries in need. For this reason it is necessary that solar energy and forward osmosis be introduced
into the desalination plants for the simple reason of being able to save countries fossil fuels and
money. With these two new sources of energy being implemented into the plants, the water that is
filtrated through the desalination process will be more efficiently spread throughout countries that
are located all throughout the solar

Desalination Water Treatment Of Water
Desalination Water Plant is a water filtration plant that takes salt water from the ocean and turn it
into fresh drinking water. Although the desalination process has been around for centuries,
desalination plants allowing large–scale treatment of water didn 't come until the 1950s. In the year
2002, 12,500 desalination plants in 120 countries provided 14 million cubic meters per day of fresh
drinking water (Ackerman, 2012).
Desalination process includes:
Thermal Processes
Thermal desalination is a process of cleaning water that includes removing salt and as well as other
toxins. Thermal desalination is the process of heating the water solution and gathering pure water
when the vapor cools and condensation occurs. It also involves the heating of blackish water and
collecting the condensed vapor (distillate) to create pure water (American Membrane Technology
Association, 2007).
Evaporative processes (vapor phase) are used for seawater conversion. Vapor phase consists of the
following methods:
Multi–Stage Flash Distillation is a process in which seawater is distilled by flashing a portion of the
water into steam in several periods of countercurrent heat exchangers. Seawater is heated in the
brine heater. Heated seawater flows into another vessel, called a stage. In this vessel, ambient
pressure is lower, causing the water to instantly boil (Buros, 2000, p. 7). Figure 1. MSP Process
(Source: Roplant website)
Multi–effect Distillation (MED) is used for industrial

Seawater Desalination Research Paper
Base on the assessment of all the five factors, the seawater desalination plant is necessarily built in
Point Lowly to sever the Olympic Dam Mine. Even if there are still some risks of the seawater
desalination plant construction as below:
The huge investment and maintenance of desalination plants.
Highly consume of energy, especially renewable power resource.
These risks provide that the desalination technology is not perfect now, and still has room to
develop. The south of Australia is experiencing a long term drying trend, therefore the seawater
desalination can be an integral part of base load supply in Olympic Dam Mine. However,
desalination plants require a heavy investment and has impacts on environment, the Seawater
desalination is becoming now one important tool to manage water supply in the dry places. Facing
these challenges that ensure the coastal cities remain livable, the economies remain productive, and
continuity mining process. For other Mines in Australia affected by drought, the seawater
desalination is becoming a best way to solve the problem of water shortage.
Further study of the research
Minimize energy utilize ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All major desalination plants in Australia incorporate energy recovery devices to minimize overall
energy requirements. Also, a worldwide research and development effort is currently devoted to
reducing the energy consumption of desalination processes. A report by CSIRO and WSAA has
identified that the energy demand profile for water supplies was influenced by the uptake of
desalination in Australian cities. "In South East Queensland, desalinated and recycled water made up
around 10% of the water supplied in 2009/10. The treatment energy for these rainfall independent
water sources made up more than 40% of the total energy for water supply treatment and pumping."
(Cook, Hall & Gregory

What Are The Advantages Of Desalination
Three advantages of desalination Without water, life is impossible. Water, from which every living
being is created, is the secret of life. However, in its drinkable and potable form, water does not
exist all over the world. This makes it difficult for people to live without it. What can a country with
limited natural drinkable water resources do to provide people with this essence of life? Desalination
is a key solution for the problem of potable water shortage. Three advantages of desalination are
providing a reliable alternative source of water, controlling the consumption of natural fresh water,
and contributing to the development and enhancement of urban life. Providing a reliable alternative
source of drinkable water is a key advantage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Salt water desalination is not only an alternative source of drinkable clean water, but also a
controller of the natural water resources which are regarded very limited compared to the copious
sea and ocean water. Consuming fresh water coming from lakes, rivers and springs may lead to
different problems, such as drought, pollution, and soil erosion. Shortage of pure water, thus, makes
large areas of land not dead, polluted and not suitable for living. Water unbalanced consumption
may result even in increasing desertification. Furthermore, there are many living beings and crops
which mainly depend on fresh water coming from lakes and rivers (Majumder, 2015). Such
imbalance endangers their life. It also influences the ecological system badly, and causes diseases
originated by water pollution. For this reason, increasing dependability on desalinated water can
help to control the consumption of fresh water and reserve it for a sustainable environment and a
balanced system of living. This saves soil from erosion, protects large areas of land from
desertification, prevents unhealthy diseases, and protects human, animals and plants life from being
endangered severely by water

Benefits Of Drinking Water Desalination
Hello everyone, this is Mohammed Uddin. I am a sophomore at Penn State Brandywine. Today I am
going to talk about how the ocean water is desalinated to drinking water. Desalination, or what is
commonly known as desalting, is a process which removes salt and other impurities from seawater
to produce fresh water. Many countries are using desalination as of way to have more reliable fresh
water. Some of the countries that are currently using desalination plants are Algeria, Aruba,
Australia, United Arab emirates, United kingdom, United States.[3] The process involves forcing
water molecules through semipermeable membranes, much like a filter in a coffee maker, to remove
salts and other impurities such as minerals and bacterials. In 1791 Thomas ... Show more content on
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When nature limits our accessibility to water by droughts, we face no other choice but to turn
toward the oceans for water. In that case we have to desalinate ocean water in order to purify it. The
two most commonly known methods for desalination used around the world are Reverse Osmosis
and Vapor Compression Desalination. We may take these two advancements in technology for
granted in our daily lives and overuse the constantly flowing water. We need to take into
consideration the amount of energy and effort required to purify water using these two processes. As
the population grows in the drought areas the need for producing desalinated water is also going to
increase, as

Is Desalination A Large Scale Desalination Plant? Essay
The earth seems is drying up in certain areas of the world at the moment. We have already seen
some of the hottest summers on record in the last decade. Summer 2016 was the hottest summer on
record since the records were started back in 1880 (Doyle, 2016). The effects of this heat have
manifested themselves as drought in areas of the western United States. One of those areas happens
to be our home of Southern California. Water resources have slowly declined and conservation has
been the key tool to battle the decline. In an effort to find new ways of conserving or creating fresh
water supplies, technology has been called upon. The need for technology that can help us meet our
fresh water demands becomes more important every day. One of the technologies that has gotten a
lot of attention recently is desalination. In fact a large scale desalination plant was just opened in
Carlsbad, Ca. The facility is capable of delivering 50 million gallons per day (MGD) (Bienkowski,
2015). Despite this impressive achievement the plant still only accounts for 8% of the total water
demand in San Diego County (CDP, 2016). In this paper I will explain the process of desalination,
identify a promising new technology, and provide a comparison of technologies.
Desalination is the process of removing salts and solids from brackish water and in turn making it
drinkable. Most Desalination technologies either use thermal or membrane separation means as their
basis (CDWR, 2015). An example of a

Desalination / Distillation ( Saline Water )
748 million people in the world do not have access to safe water. This is roughly one in ten of the
world 's population. Every year, around 60 million children are born into homes without access to
sanitation. Every year, around 60 million children are born into homes without access to sanitation.
People –– especially those in water–starved parts of the world –– have been searching for fresh
water solutions for centuries. Even in modern times, entire populations struggle with a cruel irony;
they are surrounded by salt water, but lack drinking water. Desalination, desalinization, and
desalinisation refer to any of several processes that remove some amount of salt and other minerals
from saline water. Desalination/distillation is one of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Distillation is perhaps the one water treatment technology that most completely reduces the widest
range of drinking water contaminants. Without safe water or sanitation, people are trapped in a cycle
of poverty and disease. Across the developing world, millions of women are wasting precious time
collecting dirty water, children are dying from preventable diarrheal diseases, and communities have
open sewers running through them. Salt water is desalinated to produce fresh water suitable for
human consumption or irrigation. Salt water makes a person thirstier and eventually would make
you suffer from dehydration. 2.5 billion People in the world do not have access to adequate
sanitation, one in three of the world's population. Using desalination can help lower this number by
a ton because it can open these people to a cleaner and more sanitized life. There are varying
degrees of salinity in water, which affects the difficulty and expense of treatment, and the level of
saline is typically measured in parts per million (ppm). The U.S. Geological Survey provides an
outline of what constitutes saline water: 1,000 ppm – 3,000 ppm is low salinity, 3,000 ppm – 10,000
ppm is moderate salinity, and 10,000 ppm – 35,000 ppm is high salinity. Water that contains saline
levels less than 1,000 ppm is generally considered fresh water, and is safe to drink and use for
household and agricultural purposes. For a reference point, typical ocean water contains about
35,000

Research Paper On Ocean Water Desalination
Ocean water desalination is the process of making ocean water drinkable. Seventy–one percent of
the world is covered in ocean water, and a significant number of people in the world live within
thirty miles of an ocean. Despite the abundance of resources, a large portion of the energy and
materials found in the ocean remains largely untouched. Desalination of ocean water is the only
solution for countries with a limited availability of existing sources of drinking. Areas such as parts
of the Middle East and Africa, where water is scarce, may use outside shipments of fresh water and
techniques to purify the abundant ocean water in order to survive. Some areas in South America
where water may be abundant, could be unsafe to drink due to the biological ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Osmosis itself is the tendency for water to move from a weaker saline solution to a stronger saline
solution until equilibrium is reached. The molecules move through a semi–permeable membrane,
which separates the two solutions. Reverse osmosis, being the opposite process, provides pressure to
the water, forcing the solvent to move from a strong saline solution to a weak saline solution. The
salt molecules are physically larger than the solvent molecules and can therefore not pass through
the semi–permeable membrane (Water Treatment Alternatives – Reverse Osmosis). Major
advantages of reverse osmosis includes the removal of all minerals too large to pass through the
membrane. A comprehensive list of the elements that reverse osmosis membranes will remove
includes: sodium, sulfate, calcium, potassium, nitrate, iron, zinc, mercury, selenium, phosphate,
lead, arsenic, magnesium, nickel, fluoride, manganese, cadmium, barium, and cyanide (What is
Reverse Osmosis?). Some disadvantages of reverse osmosis are that the process is unable to remove
chlorine, and most harmful organic compounds. After completing the process, the product is mostly
acidic water which can be harmful to the body in large quantities, and while not as ineffective as
distillation, reverse osmosis produces one gallon of pure water for every three gallons treated (Water
Treatment Alternatives – Reverse

Research Paper On Desalination
Desalination
Lyndsey Parnell
Mrs. O'Sullivan
English III
2 March 2016 Lyndsey Parnell
Mrs. O'Sullivan
English III
2 March 2016
Desalination
Imagine a world where seawater is the primary source of drinking water for almost all countries.
This water could provide towns and cities with safe, regulation–abiding nourishment, equipped with
all the minerals and purifiers added to modern drinking water. Of course, drinking straight seawater
day after day would not only taste unpleasant, it would be harmful to a person's body. The briny
mixture would have to be filtered and treated in processes similar to how wastewater is treated. But
wastewater does not contain nearly as much saline as seawater, so an additional process must be put
into place to fully treat seawater that is to be turned into safe drinking water. This process is called
desalination, and it is already being put into practice in several different areas around the world. It
has helped pull countries out of droughts and other natural disasters. Desalination is not flawless,
however, and more research on cost, environmental impacts, and energy efficiency, needs to be
conducted before considering it a sustainable drinking water system that the entire world can rely
on. As mentioned previously, desalination is the process in which salt is removed from water (DVS
Marketing).While this process sounds fairly modern, it is not a new technology: the first official use
was in 1791; this was shared in a technical

Ethical Decision Making Constructing the Wonthaggi...
Ethical decision making constructing the Wonthaggi Desalination Plant
Executive Summary
Water Forever is a media group writing for a business journal. The group has an interest in how
desalination directly benefits the various stakeholders. The Victorian desalination plant (WDP)
located in South Victoria off the coast line of Wonthaggi located has received much criticism. Many
controversial and ethical issues have been expressed by various stakeholders. Despite these
concerns, a decision has been made to go ahead with the multibillion dollar project and build
Australia's largest desalination plant. The Victorian government's target was to deliver drinking
water that is amongst the best in Australia and to ensure that Victorians no ... Show more content on
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Today, desalination is a common process that's used in seaside cities and towns worldwide. There
are more than 15,000 desalination plants around the world providing freshwater from salt and
brackish water alike (Planet Green 2011). This number continues to grow as researchers work to
improve the process, both in terms of cost effectiveness and energy efficiency (DSE 2011). But
countries such as Australia, Israel and even the United States are continually adding desalination
plants of various sorts into their water–management portfolios. The facilities are common in North
Africa and the Mideast, where freshwater is scarce (Chandler 2008).
Desalination is a proven technology; we know it works as we can see from other countries that have
desalination plants. We know it will produce water no matter the weather rain, hail or shin. The
Victorian Government believes that it's a good insurance policy, and has given the all go for the
WDP.
The Victorian Government has said it will buy renewable energy credits to offset the plant's power
requirement – about 3.5 kilowatt hours for each 1000 litres of drinking water, plus almost half as
much again to pump it to Melbourne (DSE January 2009). Dr Tim Fletcher, director of the Institute
for Sustainable Water Resources at Monash

Research Paper On Water Desalination
Topic: Water Desalination Title: Sustainable water desalination using Membrane distillation 1.0 Aim
The aim of this study is to analyze sustainable water desalination by using membrane distillation
process as well to highlight the significance sources of energy. Methods in harnessing this energy
includes the use of evacuated tube solar collectors and salinity gradient solar pond technology. 2.0
Central questions The main question of this study is: How can the lack of clean water in the entire
globe be reduced? Related questions may include; 1. What can international institutions,
governments, and research organizations do to reduce the problem of the lack of clean water? 2.
What type of technologies should be developed to improve ... Show more content on
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The cause of deaths every year in poorer countries is attributed to the lack of clean water and at the
same time, in affluent countries, the need for clean drinking water is continuously increasing
(Kucera, 2014). Thus, the need for the development of new means for the production of the clean
drinking water is a high priority for international organizations, governments, and agencies doing
research. Sustainable water desalination using Membrane distillation can make a major contribution
to meeting the demand for clean for distillation water. Membrane Distillation is a process that looks
more promising in the current approaches used. However, the process raises the issues of energy
efficiency. The process of water desalination involves the separation of dissolved salts and other
minerals contained in the water. The sources of water may include seawater, wells, rivers and
wastewater. There are some driving forces that are required to do membrane separation. These
include pressure, electrical potential, and concentration in order to overcome natural osmotic
pressures and to be able to force water through the membrane in an effective way. The plant using
this technology requires a lot of energy. The demand for energy and the production of wastewater
have made desalination plants controversial. The high energy demanded, therefore, has to be
reduced in order to continue the process easily. As a result, a new technology has been devised that
uses the very minimal amount of electricity and has the potential of saving huge amounts of water.
The technology used in membrane distillation uses waste heat to do the evaporation of wastewater
through a fine membrane.

The Benefits Of Desalination Plants
Desalination plants, are a poor route to go, if we are trying to reach an efficient and cost effective
way to end the California drought. They have considered a couple of solutions that would have a
similar outcome, but some residents do not agree with the other alternatives, such as waste water
recycling because they do not like the idea of reusing water. We should choose to go another route
other than a desalination plant because they are very expensive to run, there is no good location for
one, and the process has a mass amount of carbon emissions. The desalination plants do have their
benefits, but are not worth the risk.
The California drought has caused multiple ongoing problems throughout the last four years. This
drought has been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Desalination a process through which salt water is pumped from the ocean in to a treatment facility,
and then the salt is extracted to make it possible to be used domestically. This is a long drawn out
process, which involves seven different steps. The steps of desalination include the following steps
explained by Eco Chem "Step 1. Seawater enters the desalination plant through an intake system
about 300 meters offshore. Water enters at a low speed to avoid impacts on marine life. Step 2.
Seawater passes through an initial screening to remove any debris. Step 3. Seawater is filtered to
remove any fine particles. Step 4. Filtered seawater passes through the reverse osmosis membranes
Step 5. Desalinated water is treated to meet strict Australian Water Guidelines. Step 6. Drinking
water is pumped into the water distribution network. Step 7. Seawater concentrate is safely
discharged to the ocean and dispersed through outlet diffusers about 300 meters offshore." The steps
of desalination are a very difficult and tedious task, which can be problematic.
Desalination plants take up an unreasonable amount of space, which is one of the main issues in this
solution to terminate the drought and end water shortages for the state of California. These faculties
used for this lengthy process need a substantial amount of space due to all the equipment needed for
this process. It is almost un–logical to go forth with this because these faculties are humongous and
California does not

Desalination Essay
DESALINATION OF SEAWATER IN THE UAE
1. Desalination: What is it? Desalination is the process through which excess salts and other
minerals are removed from seawater so that it can be used safely as drinking water both for human
and animal consumption. This water can also be used for irrigation or in industries.
The need for desalination? Desalination is needed where there is a shortage of natural drinking
water due to a lack of water that comes about through rainfall. This is especially so in the Middle
East which lies in one of the driest regions of the world. These places with low or no rainfall need to
rely on other forms of water provision. It is for this reason that seawater is used to provide the water
that is necessary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another reason for this move is that solar power is a much cleaner type of energy. It is easier to
harness the heat of the sun considering the amount of sunshine days in the UAE and solar power by
itself is a clean energy form.
3. Desalination and its impact on the environment
Where water is needed and not naturally found, the only option for lots of it is desalination (Hamed,
2004). While desalination is good in providing water, it comes with adverse effects on the
environment as well. The good thing about it is that we can beautify the environment because we
have water for trees and plants, however, the desalination process can affect the environment
negatively. One area of concern is the marine life near desalination plants (Al Serkal, 2007; Dolnicar
& Schafer, 2007). Desalination means taking salt out of the water. Dolnicar & Schafer (2007) argue
that some salt can be used but some off–flow such salty brine may not dissolve when pumped into
the sea and thus affect marine life badly. Also, some chemicals are added to the cleansed water and
again some of these may flow into the ocean and upset sea–life. Al Serkal (2007) reports that a
German Company, Smart Creative, will distribute eco–friendly products to offset the harm done to
marine life. Another problem is that of the pipes used to extract seawater and those used for
discharging waste. These pipes when laid could damage the sea environment under water as well as
around the desalination plant

A Case Study On Merredin Desalination
A Case Study on Merredin Desalination in Australia
Merredin town, located in Western Australia 's wheat belt, is the subject of detailed groundwater
studies. Studies involving groundwater modelling with computers imply that lowering the water
table through pumping would effectively control the rising salinity. This salinity could be turned into
a resource through desalination to obtain pure water that could be supplied to the town (Australia,
2002).
Scientific modelling shows that, in order to protect the whole town of Merredin, nine bores would
have to be dug. Each would produce 50kl/day hence keeping the level of groundwater at a safe
depth. This way, the water tables which are currently at 2.5m to 3m beneath would be lowered. As a
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The project is a double success where pumping groundwater will remove the salinity risk and
provide a source from which drinking water can be produced. This will also supplement the town
water and reduce the pressure and dependency on piped water. Once successful, the project being a
pilot programme, would see the installation of an expanded and longer term plant. Similar projects
would also be rolled out to other saline towns in WA.
Penneshaw Case Study
South Australian Water Authority runs a reverse osmosis desalination plant at Penneshaw which
supplies portable water to the township of Penneshaw on Kangaroo Island. This area used to have
farm dams which would be too unreliable for the current populations and too polluted by the
agricultural activities going on (Australia, 2002).
This plant is a South African Design and uses RO technology. The design of the plant was to
minimise environmental impacts and the use of the chemical cleaners to favour the high tourism
activities in the area. Seawater is used as the feedwater with a salinity level of about 39000mg/l.
From this plant about 38% of the 250KL of sea water is treated daily and is converted into portable
water.
The plant operates on a continuous basis, powered by the mains electricity available to all residents
in the area through an underwater power cable from the mainland. The cost of

Salt Water Desalination
Water issues are big concern for every living thing on the planet. As the worlds population grows
and the demand of products increase, industries are growing too. This demand on the worlds
recourses especially water is becoming an issue. Around two percent of the worlds water is
drinkable with much being locked up in glaciers. Moving water to places in need is a common
practice, but this dose not make more drinking water. While salt water is easily accessible we can
not consume it. The water must be processed with the salt being removed.
The process of desalination has been around for a very long time Greek sailors use to evaporate the
salt water capturing the vapors and drinking the condensation of the newly filtered water. This
creates new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A scientist named used Jia Zhu wants to use a process much like the Greeks use of evaporation. Zhu
wants to use a low impact process that takes advantage of the sun. This requires the use of aluminum
oxide. The aluminum oxide gets the water to heat up and evaporate without boiling. This process
uses minimal impact on the environment and can be portable. Zhu states that the much needed
minerals in the water are lost in the process to health issues can arise, but the water can be used for
crops as well as for human and animal consumption.
Along with the desalination of water the article touches of the idea of floating green houses that use
desalination to water the crops while floating off land though completely theatrical the idea allows
for land to be freed up from agriculture and plants having immediate access

Desalination Plants And Its Effects
When one imagines southern California, they picture tall palm trees, crystal clear beaches, and the
bright, radiating sun creating a golden glow on the people's skin. However, as southern California's
four year drought drags on, the reality is the complete opposite. Rivers are drying up and run
through SoCal with a steady current. The once very fertile soil has turned into dust: superfine, dry,
and unpractical for farming. The almost too perfectly green grass has turned stiff and brown. At an
attempt to accommodate its water supply needs, the Huntington Beach city is now constructing a
desalination plant. Desalination makes millions of gallons of water by removing the salt and
minerals in seawater or brackish water. Desalination has been practiced for decades in Israel and has
been successful in other dry parts of the world. With the desalination plant, there are many benefits,
such as the production of water and jobs. Nonetheless, there are also setbacks that come along with
it such as the overuse of electricity and the production of brine. There are two sides on the
construction of the Huntington Beach desalination plant.
Understanding the desalination process is essential to determining whether desalination should or
should not occur in Huntington Beach. Desalination is the process of removing dissolved salt from
water, thus producing freshwater from seawater or brackish water. In desalination, the first step
includes saltwater or seawater being pumped through

Use Of Geothermal And Solar Powered Desalination
Fig. 3.1. Combined–cycle geothermal and solar powered desalination. The system is powered by SE
during daylight hours and by geothermal during night time and cloudy days. This combined cycle
operation allows the geothermal heat source to be regenerated and allows less expensive collection
wells to be drilled from [15]. There are three sorts of geothermal vitality frameworks; wet
rock/water stream (WR), common dry steam, and hot dry rock (HDR). In a wet rock framework,
warmth is removed from either normal water stream from springs or from wells bored into a high
temp water aquifer. The cooled water is hence released to the earth or is re–infused into the
groundwater framework at some separation from the source to permit warming and return into the
framework. It works like the warmth pump frameworks utilized as a part of building warming and
cooling frameworks [16]. Regular dry steam frameworks have a tendency to happen close dynamic
volcanic action where groundwater interacts with normally warmed shake and delivers superheated
water underweight in the subsurface. The boring of a well into the aquifer containing the
superheated water permits the collecting of the steam with ensuing entry through a turbine electrical
era framework. In HDR geothermal frameworks, warmth is extricated by making a man–made
arrangement of joined wells with manufactured breaks used to interface an infused liquid from an
infusion well, through the cracks where warmth is removed, and at last to an

The Effect Of Desalination On An Ecological Balance By...
1.0 Introduction
The process of desalination is to 'remove salt' (Oxford English Dictionary, 2014 ) from a currently
saline water source. This means that in places of very or relatively low precipitation, a source of
fresh water is still available. This method of obtaining drinking water is expensive, therefore only
certain nations can afford it.
Sustainability is defined as 'conserving an ecological balance by avoiding depletion of natural
resources' (Oxford English Dictionary, 2014 ). This comes in three forms. These are economic,
environmental and social sustainability. In terms of whether desalination is sustainable,
sustainability must be present in all three factors. If one of the forms is not present, then it is not
fully ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This figure is staggering and by constructing and developing desalination plants, this figure can be
reduced as more fresh drinking water will become available to people.
However, the process of desalination is not easy to do on a large scale in underdeveloped areas due
to the cost of the energy input, as well as taking into account the environmental issues alongside it.
Desalination is a difficult process to do inland, partly for accessing the water, which would have to
be obtained from aquifers (Elsaid et al., 2012) and partly for having to dispose of the brine.
Therefore, it is a process which is mainly found in coastal areas.
1.1 The desalination process
Desalination works through reverse osmosis, this process removes 99% of the salt and cleans the
water (Government of South Australia, 2014).
Water undergoing reverse osmosis goes through a number of stages. It starts with pre–treatment
where the water is treated to a certain level to get rid of any solids and to bring the pH to the
required level, as well as adding a threshold inhibitor which controls scaling from chemicals such as
calcium sulphate (Organisation of American States, 2014 ). After this pre–treatment, the water goes
through pressurisation, where the pre–treated water is filtered through membranes, reducing the
salinity of the water. Following this, a process of separation is used which inhibits dissolved salts,
while allowing the rest

Desalination Plant Research Paper
As the drought bakes its way toward a fourth year, the state has a string of secret weapons in the
works that could supply millions of gallons of new drinking water and help stave off disaster:
desalination plants.
Seventeen plants are in planning stages along the coast to convert salt water from the ocean or bays,
including one near Concord that would serve every major water agency in the Bay Area.
That plant is tentatively targeted to open in 2020, but could be kick–started earlier in an emergency,
officials say – and once online, would gush at least 20 million gallons a day of drinkable water.
Starting up this string of desalination plants would be no easy skate, though.
Machines that filter salt out of water still face the same opposition they have for generations from
critics who say they are too expensive to run, kill fish as they ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"If we didn't have it, the whole area would be in trouble. We're not under any rationing here, but
then we've been practicing conservation for years already, so we are responsible about our water
use.
"I would absolutely recommend desalination for other areas."
Bay Area project
Two hours north of Sand City, there is cautious enthusiasm for the $150 million Bay Area Regional
Desalination Plant – as well as serious reservations.
The biggest water agencies in the area, including San Francisco's, have been developing the plant
since 2003 and ran a successful small pilot version of it three years ago to make sure the location
would work. The plant would sit in windswept Mallard Slough outside Bay Point and draw from
delta waters flowing into Suisun Bay.
"Certainly, the project is years out from being done, but it could be in the back of people's minds as
a 'what if' – and if we got into dire straits, money could be mobilized fast to finish it," said Steve
Ritchie, assistant general manager for water for the San Francisco Public Utilities

Microbial Desalination
Pure water and energy are two critical element in every aspect of human life such as social equity,
human healthiness, ecology integrity and cost–effective sustainability[1]. The long–lasting partition
between energy and water attentions is generally obvious in the case of energy and water
managing[2]. The majority of existing water on the earth is categorized as salt water. The total
volume of water on earth is valued at 1.386 billion km³, with 97.5 percent as saline and 2.5 percent
as fresh water[3]. Water reuse and desalination are the only means to rise the available supply of
fresh water[4, 5]. Over the years, water desalination methods have developed promptly, particularly
with a view to decreasing energy requests[6]. For instance, desalination ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In order to a direct comparison, three MDCs with low concentration of buffer solution, high
concentration of buffer solution and areation were operated in parallel to explore the effect of
relatively low cost catholyte on MDC performance. The performance of the MDCs was evaluated by
determining the change in salt water conductivity, voltage produced and maximum power

Explain How A Simplified Description Of A Desalination
A Simplified description of how a desalination plant works: It begins sea water to enter the sea
water intakes through the refineries so as to prevent impurities from entering the sea water pumps,
which in turn pumped seawater evaporators. After that, sea water mix with sodium hypochlorite
when sea water intakes before entering the evaporator in order to process biological material
sticking out. This solution (sol) is treated in tanks and then is injected through the pumps in specific
amount on demand. There are electric power plates next to the sea water intakes for distribute
electricity power that feed pumps and other electrically equipment's, as there is also a measurement
required for this equipment and control devices. The seawater moves

Desalination Research Paper
After years of water shortages plaguing the southeast of Queensland the state government decided to
build a desalination plant, at Tugun, on the Gold Coast in 2009. After only 2 months after the taps
were finally turned on, the State Government's $1.2 billion desalination plant was shut down for five
weeks of repair. (task sheet) The main problem the desalination plant faced was corrosion. The two
giant stainless tanks used to store desalinated water had to be replaced because of corrosion and
more than 100m of rusting pipe had to be replaced.
DESALINATION
Desalination is the process of removing dissolved salts and minerals from seawater or brackish
water. (WaterReuse, Association, "What is Desalination?") A desalination plant essentially ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Capital Painting. "Factors That Affect the Rate of Corrosion.") Oxygen can affect corrosion as it
increases the rate of it. When an electrolyte is in contact with an area of metal containing high
amounts of oxygen it is cathodic relative to the remaining surface. Which results in an oxygen
concentration cell to form and causes rapid corrosion. The rate of corrosion is generally much
slower in an oxygen–deficient environment, because without oxygen the reduction reaction could
not occur, which would mean corrosion not being able to take place. (Capital Painting. "Factors That
Affect the Rate of Corrosion.") Temperature too can affect corrosion, as corrosion reactions are
electrochemical in nature and are normally accelerated with increasing temperatures. (Capital
Painting. "Factors That Affect the Rate of Corrosion.") Therefore corrosion reacts faster in warmer
temperatures. Another factor that can affect corrosion in chemical salts. Chemical salts increase the
rate of corrosion by them increasing the efficiency (conductivity) of the electrolyte. (Capital
Painting. "Factors That Affect the Rate of Corrosion.") Seawater contains the most common
chemical salt of sodium chloride therefore increasing the amount of corrosion. Humidity is another
factor that affects corrosion, as the wetter the environment, the more likely corrosion is likely to

How Desalination Plants Help For Aid California 's Water...
Robert Bergschneider
BRAE 340
Professor Gaudi
3/8/15
A Current Issue in California's Water Future
How Desalination Plants may help to aid California's Water Crisis
1.) Introduction
To whom it may concern;
The general problem is that California is in a drought. The state of California is searching high and
low trying to find a sustainable source of water. The specific problem is that California is not able to
produce a large amount of water, be that potable or water that may be able to be used in the
extensive agricultural and industrial sectors that California is known for world wide.
A.) Background Since the discovery that desalination could provide humans in California with clean
potable water from the ocean could be very effective, it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B.) History of the Issue The issue of building desalination plants has been a hot topic of Californians
in the past couple decades because researchers knew that our available surface and groundwater
supplies are becoming scarce. This problem is important because California is home to a large
population of people as well as extensive agricultural and industrial productions that need vast
amounts of water. With the reduction in available ground and fresh water brings other problems that
need to be addressed. Many farmers are having to impose stricter management policies in regards to
how they use the water the pay so much for. Crops sensitive to the amount of water they receive or
do not receive can be destroyed in a short amount of time if neglected of water. With the amount of
fresh water accumulated by both snow melt of California's mountains as well as ground water
retrieved from wells and pumps being depleted faster than we can recharge those sources, farmers
face further impacts. An article by Robert Glennon, "Unquenchable: Americas water crisis and what
to do about it" says "In the summer of 2009, California is facing mandatory water rationing. Many
farmers may be entirely cut off, costing the economy more than $1 billion and putting more

Desalination As A Last Resort
Our rivers are running dry faster than we expected. As we look for a solution to the scarcity of
water, we are relying on the most abundant resource that is available on Earth – the ocean. To make
the salty sea waters usable, scientists have developed desalination plants; a method that uses reverse
osmosis and is already being implemented in places like California. However, as with any possible
solution, the desalination process has its downfalls. Critics of the desalination project argue that it is
more expensive than other potential methods and that the amount of energy required will only aid
climate change. Those who support this method would argue that although it is currently expensive,
new, cheaper filters will be developed in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
S527). As much as it may seem as the golden key to all of our water related problem, it is not. One
problem desalination raises is its high cost. Some people argue that we can overlook this because, in
the future, scientist's will develop new, cheaper filters that will allow the process to be more cost
efficient. Another argument regards the energy cost of the desalination plant. It is no secret that one
of the major downfalls of the desalination project is the energy cost. According to Felicity
Barringer's "In California, What Price is Water?," the plant being implemented in Carlsbad "will
consume 5,000 kilowatt–hours of electricity to produce an acre–foot of water." While it is a
possibility of alleviating our current water crises, the amount of energy and pollution that it would
cost to pump and transport the water is too extreme. In 2016 if water is delivered where it belongs,
San Diego would be paying $113 million annually (Barringer). Due to its high cost, Fred Pearce
would argue against the desalination plant in San Diego. Throughout his book, When the Rivers Run
Dry, Fred Pearce comments a lot on the cost of multiple programs used in the world. For example,
in his chapter on "Riding the Water Cycle," Pearce stated "the world embarked on a vast investment
program, first in dams and then in irrigation canals to deliver that water to fields. With a typical bill
for supplying water from rivers to fields at between $400 and

Graphene And Desalination Research
Wondering How the Ocean Tastes: Graphene and Desalination
Introduction
If you have ever gotten into the water at beach, then you have without a doubt drank seawater. The
taste is terrible. It is a mixture of a seafood soup mixed with sand and other earthly materials that is
hard to swallow and stomach. However, imagine a world in which the human body could drink
saltwater without any negative repercussions. Imagine drinking seawater in a manner similar to a
freshwater source found in Maine. Scientists are on the verge of breakthrough technology that will
revolutionize how saltwater is used in human society. How, you may ask? Researchers have found
that graphene filters are the resource that can aid in desalination processes. This essay will explore
the production of graphene filters and how graphene will transform desalination for future
generations.
Definition/History
What is graphene? According to Merriam–Webster, graphene is defined as "an extremely electrical
conductive form of elemental carbon that is composed of a single flat sheet of carbon atoms
arranged in a repeating hexagonal lattice ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lead researcher Yi You discussed the team's breakthrough on graphene's importance to desalination.
You wrote that graphene oxide has properties that "allows a unique water permeation pathway, but
selectively hinders the motion of gases and non–aqueous solutions" (You et. al 117). Aqueous means
of or containing water. In other words, You described graphene oxide as a material that could
potentially separate salt from water with salt being a non–aqueous solution. You added that graphene
may achieve 100% salt rejection through nanoporous graphene. Graphene oxide does not have this
same chance of probability according to You. Overall, the research team affirms that graphene is an
important material that can be used for sustainable water filtration

Sea Water: What Does Desalination Mean?
water and increase the amount of it. However, it thought about desalination plant. What does
desalination mean? Many people do not know the meaning of desalination and it is important to
know the meaning to confident them when they use the water after desalination. It is the process of
removing salt and any gas from seawater to be valid for drinking, watering, manufacturing and so
on. The desalination plant has major challenges, which is the high cost because they need to use a
high–level technological to remove the gas and the salinity of the water. In addition, the water after
the process needs to test to be sure about the validity of using it. The UAE has desalinated seawater
because they cannot use the water directly, it consists salt and

Desalination Research Papers
Desalination Solving,The Global Water Crisis
The world is running out of clean water. We need new sources of clean water now. Lack of clean
water will affect human and economic development. Conservation can help, but we need more
sources of clean water like desalination. Desalination efforts are going on all around the world with
Reverse Osmosis and Thermal Desalination being the most popular methods. This project will study
at thermal desalination using solar energy for power. It will study, if different colored materials
change the speed of desalination. The purpose of the project is to find which colored material will
improve the rate saltwater desalination.
The world is in a water crisis and needs more fresh water. Desalination can be an enormous help.
The water crisis is the number one risk to the planet according to the World Economic Forum in
January 2015. Our planet is 70% water but only 2.5% is freshwater, and we only have access
0.007%. The earth has 7 billion people who need water and 6.8 million struggle everyday for clean
water. Today people even ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Water conservation is cheaper than desalination so many more people do conservation worldwide.
Water conservation includes drought resistant landscaping and check for leaks in pipes or drains.
Water conservation also saves energy which saves money and is excellent for our environment.
Desalination and conservation both work in different ways. Desalination is the process in which
water is changed into pure water for multi purposes. Desalination is being done worldwide with
more than 150 countries having desalination plants. Deslantion can transform saltwater, brackish
and waste into pure water. Saudi Arabia is number one in desalination, America, and third
worldwide is UAE. In 2007, desalination plants brought 5 million gallons a day of fresh new water

Desalination And Its Impact On The Environment
Desalination and its Impact
Authors: 1*Miles Smith
Affiliations:1Dartmouth College
*Correspondence to: Miles.F.W.Smith.19@dartmouth.edu
Abstract: In the last few decades, large scale desalination plants have been constructed in countries
where water scarcity is an issue in hopes of providing these countries with additional water
resources. As the number of water crises increases globally, the number of desalination plants is
expected to increase as well. Although the technology has rapidly advanced since the first use of
these plants, the financial and energy impact is deemed by some to not be worth the cost compared
to the use of traditional water treatment technologies. In this paper, I examine the pros and cons of
desalination by using empirical data, along with real examples to discuss the effectiveness and
potential of desalination plants long term.
One Sentence Summary: A comprehensive overview of desalination and its methods, negative effect
on the environment, and its large financial impact.
Main Text: Water scarcity is quickly becoming one of the most serious global challenges of our
time. Presently, over one–third of the world's population lives in water–stressed countries and by
2025, this figure is predicted to rise to nearly two–thirds (1).
Figure S1: This picture depicts the predicted water stress by country in the year 2040. Desalination
plants are used in most of these countries in an attempt to combat increasing water stress.
Water is

Desalination Process
Examining the process
When examining the process of desalination there are several advantages and disadvantages of the
process that need to be examined, starting with the advantages. One of the major advantages of this
process according to Gude (2016) is having the option to use renewable energy for the process
instead of using fossil fuels. He states this is better for our environment and there will always be
access to the wind, solar, or wave energy being produced compared to our fossil fuels which already
are at a risk of running out. Haddad has also stated that renewable energy resources are better for our
environment compared to fossil fuels, as they reduce our carbon footprint and the risk of climate
change. Another advantage that can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Gude, Nirmalakhandan, and Deng (2010) there are three different categories such as
phase, non–phase, and hybrid processes and among each one of those three groups is a list of the
different processes. Gude et al. (2010) explain the phase process as bringing the feed water to a
boiling point and collecting the condensation as useable water and this process is used for multi–
stage flashing distillation, solar distillation, or thermal vapor compression to list a few. Non– phase
process is when salts are removed either from seawater or brackish water through the use of
membrane technology and the desalination processes that use this technique is reverse osmosis or
electrodialysis (Gude et al., 2010). He refers to the hybrid process as being a combination of the first
two phases that can be used when doing membrane distillation or when adding multi– stage flash
distillation or multi–effect distillation to the process of reverse osmosis. Another process used in
California is called integrated pumped hydro reverse osmosis (IPHRO) process (Slocum, Haji,
Trimble, Ferrara, & Ghaemsaidi, 2016). Slocum et al. (2016) talked about how this is the process of
taking ocean water to use for both power and reverse osmosis, using the saline water to run the
plant, and once filtered the water will go back to the sea or go back

A Brief Note On Desalination And Its Effects On The...
Student Number: 21529159 Tutorial Class: Friday 11am Desalination is the process of using
seawater or brackish groundwater and converting to fresh water by removing the dissolved salts to
allow the water to be suitable for human and agricultural purposes (Kesieme et al., 2013). The
purpose of this process is a response to help meet the growing demand in water usage and protects
the regional water supplies against the negative effects of climate change. However, consideration
will need to be taken on the cost to maintain this expensive technology as well as the amount of
energy required to operate the machine which will cause an increase in greenhouse gas emissions
and an increase in water prices. The process of desalinating seawater provides a continuous amount
of high quality water without significantly affecting the natural freshwater ecosystems. However,
there are still concerns regarding the potential negative effects it has environmentally and
economically. It is estimated that the next decade will be the most rapid period of urban growth in
human history and that there will be an additional of approximately 2.6 billion urban dwellers to 9.1
billion people by the year 2050 (Liu, Sheu and Tseng, 2013). Only 2.5% of the total water volume
on Earth consists of freshwater (Liu, Sheu and Tseng, 2013) and as a result of the increase
population, there will be a greater demand for safe usable water. However, it is still unknown where
cities are able to obtain a vast amount

Condensation: Solar-Powered Desalination
The process of removing various salts and minerals from water through evaporation and
condensation is called solar–powered desalination. Though humans use expensive equipment to
speed up the process, water desalination occurs organically ("Desalination – An Overview"). In the
water cycle, water increasingly becomes hotter because of the Sun. Eventually, it evaporates and
leaves behind the salts and minerals it contained. When warm air containing the water vapor comes
into contact with a cool surface, water droplets form; this process is called condensation. For
example. water droplets can be found on a glass of lemonade if left outside on a hot summer day.
This is because the glass is cool and the air is warm. ("When a Cup Is Cold, and Creates

Desalination Is The Process That Removes Minerals From...
Desalination is the process that removes minerals from saline water. Desalination of water is more
costly than collecting freshwater from rivers or groundwater. Nevertheless, these sources are not
always available and the depletion of these sources is a worldwide problem. According to Global
Water Intel, "Currently, approximately 1% of the world 's population is dependent on desalinated
water to meet daily needs, but the UN expects that 14% of the world 's population will encounter
water scarcity by 2025." This shows that desalination will have a huge demand and impact on
human life in the near future. There are many key issues when it comes to desalination. These issues
include cost, methods used, and environmental issues. The process of desalination separates saline
water into two parts. One of them, has a lot higher concentration than the original feed water known
as the brine concentrate or simply as concentrate. The second part is one that has low concentration
of salt (treated water or product water). There are two major types of technologies used for
desalination and with that under each type, there's 3 different types of methods used. One of the
major types of technology of desalination is called thermal technology. The second type is called
membrane technology. The thermal technology also known as thermodynamic is the heating of
saline water. Thermal removes salts as well as other contaminants and It collects the condensed
vapor distillate to produce pure water.

Tampa Bay Water is a seawater desalination plant located...
Tampa Bay Water is a seawater desalination plant located in Tampa, Florida. Their method of
desalination of ocean water or brackish groundwater is another method to obtaining water from
fresh surfaces or groundwater sources. This could be used to replace the need for a water supply
dam. There are several different technologies that exist to remove salt and other impurities from
ocean water. The two most commonly used methods are thermal distillation and desalination.
Thermal distillation copies the natural water cycle by using heat to create a vapor that is converted
into freshwater. Desalination is a process that removes some amount of salt and other minerals from
saline water. The traditional process used is vacuum distillation, which ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The major advantage of dual–purpose facilities is they can be more efficient in energy consumption,
allowing for desalination to be a more viable option for the production of drinking water. The
advantages of desalination represents an opportunity to use oceanic water resources. If the
appropriate conditions are present, a desalination plant could potentially be used to replace an
existing or future dam. As existing sources of useable water run dry, desalination is a very effective,
alternative source of water. On top of that the distillation process produces one of the highest quality
water, with a range of 1 to 50 ppm tds, tds is also known as total dissolved solids. With the
recommended California standard being 500 ppm, this quality of water is far beyond any other water
quality seen before. The disadvantages of desalination is that in order for a desalination plant to be a
viable alternative to the water supply dam, the users must be located fairly close to a coast or large
source of oceanic water. The desalination technology can also have adverse environmental impacts
of its own. The plants are very energy intensive and must dispose of a highly concentrated saline
byproduct into the ocean, which can cause adverse affects to marine life in the surrounding and
exceeding areas. Waste brine can also

Persuasive Essay On Desalination
Everybody on earth needs and uses what is provided. Water is one of the main sources that we need.
We are unable to drink ocean water because of the salt. This is where the Desalination comes in.
Desalination is the process of removing salt from sea water so that it can be used for drinking and
irrigation. I think that they should remove salt from sea water so that people can drink from the
water. Desalination is a great way to help people. Many areas do not have fresh water resources such
as rivers and lakes. Taking out the salt from seawater will provide lots of people. This is needed
where there is not a lot of natural drinking water. "People are building the Carlsbad desalination
project. When it is completed, the huge plant will turn as many as 56 million gallons of seawater
each day into drinking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also have a really bad shortage of water. Fresh water is really important to have for them. The
largest desalination plant is being worked on. It will take 50 million gallons of fresh water a day.
Turing ocean water into fresh water will be the best thing to do in California. On the other hand,
desalination cost a lot of money. The project is expected to cost 1 billion dollars. "Customers in the
city of San Diego will help pay for the plant through their water bills, which could go up by $5 a
month." Desalination cost a lot of money in the process and will take a long time to do. People
might face challenges. This takes a lot of energy as well. Also, people can have a reaction due to the
chemicals in the water.
I think that that they should remove salt from sea water so that the water can be drinkable. Also for
the people who don't have water will be provided. I hope that California will have desalination
because they have no natural water. Turning salt water into freshwater is a good idea, so people
won't get diseases. Water is the most important resource that we need and everybody should be able
to use it or drink

CA Seawater Desalination

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