Comparing Pioneering Industrialists Henry Ford and Henry Kaiser

Choosing The Correct Replacement For An Aged Roof
Choosing the correct replacement for an aged roof – or identifying the best choice for a new
building – is no easy task. The perfect roofing solution for one building may be the worst option for
another just down the street. That 's because no two buildings are precisely alike, even if they
closely resemble each other. So how do you choose a new roof, given all the choices in the
marketplace? You can start by asking a series of questions, before you choose the roof, the roofing
contractor or the manufacturer.
1. What is this building 's mission statement?
Before calls are made to roofing contractors or manufacturers, the first item to address is the
company 's mission statement as it relates to the building.
Whether you are building new facilities or managing existing properties, you want to be confident
that the roofing systems you select deliver the performance you expect. More often than not, the
building itself dictates the appropriate roofing system specification.
You need to know as much about the building and its future as possible. Does the company plan to
keep this building as part of its real estate assets for the next 10 to 20 years? Are there any plans to
expand it in the near future, or to change its use? What are its current and future occupancy,
insulation requirements, aesthetic priorities and even the maintenance schedules for rooftop
equipment?
These and other mission statement issues will help shape answers to types of roofing to consider and
how much
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Managing Erp Implementation Process Implementation
MANAGING ERP IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS
Introduction
The current world is faced with stiff technological advancement and so does the business world.
Information and technology must be fully integrated and utilized in order to achieve goals and
objectives in any business. Research has shown that companies that have integrated their processes
in their businesses have experienced more success in terms of efficiencies in operations(Adam &
O'Doherty, 2000). It is important that information and data is efficiently shared between the business
organization, customers and suppliers who might be geographically dispersed. Enterprise Resource
Planning is a dream comes true for most companies since it helps in integration of all business units.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ERP has been found to reduce inventory since it gives room for better visibility and efficiency. ERP
also creates cost savings by reducing duplication of work. In addition to this, ERP is more efficient,
and this ensures that transactions are processed at the highest capacity levels. Research has also
indicated that use of ERP has a high return on investments majorly because it encourages lean
processing. Most of the companies agree that the use of ERP allows for maximum utilization of
employees as they become less transactional while becoming more analytical. Moreover, the process
of decision–making becomes easy through ERP since this depends on accurate and real time–data
(Anne & Shanks, 2002).
This paper seeks to conduct a case study on the quantitative and qualitative benefits of ERP for
Company X. This paper will go ahead and evaluate the cost of introducing and ERP system. The
paper will then compare the productivity of Company X with and without an ERP system.
Description of the business and technical drivers for the ERP project
Company X is a subsidiary company of Company P that specializes in metal–based components,
systems and integrated systems to the construction and engineering industries. Company P operates
in over 27 countries and has subsequently employed over 11, 000 people. Company P saw little
progress in terms of profits and revenues and was forced to come up

Advantages Of Prestressed Concrete
1. Prestressed concrete is a combination of high strength concrete and steel which can readily be
used in prefabricated structures.
Prestressed concrete is a procedure where the loadbearing strength of concrete is increased
significantly. Basically, it is a concrete in which suitable internal stresses of suitable magnitude and
distribution are introduced so that the stresses caused from the external loads are neutralized to an
anticipated degree. The benefit of prestressed concrete is that it can be used for construction of large
spans (more than 30m) with slender members, even on encountering with heavy loads. As enhanced
materials (controlled concrete and high tension steel) are being used, the modulus of elasticity is
higher and ultimate creep strain is smaller resulting in the reduction of cross section of the structural
components. Due to smaller dimensions, there is reduction in loads causing smaller deflections and
lead to saving cost in the supporting members and foundations.
Further, the pre–stressing technique has eradicated the weakness of concrete in tension obtaining
crack free members of structure wherein the tensile zones are minimized and cracks are limited
under permanent loads increasing the structural durability consequently. To cite an example, in a
prefabricated concrete slab on the steel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On comparing to a reinforced concrete component, an element made of high strength concrete will
have minor deflection, slighter camber change, lower pre–stress loss and longer life relatively.
Additionally, it gives heightened shear capacity of columns and stronger beam–column joints. The
other characteristics of high strength concrete are higher compressive strength, better tensile
strength and improved

Why Prefab Is A Q & A With Lane Office Ceo Gregory F. Burke
Why Prefab? A Q&A with Lane Office CEO Gregory F. Burke
Last month we featured an article that spoke of the benefits of prefabrication constructions in
interior design. In today's fast paced society, time is of the essence. Using prefabricated interior
solutions are an excellent alternative to conventional construction methods, as they make the
construction process quicker, more flexible and more efficient, as well as help cut down production
costs.
Learn more about prefabrication and its benefits with Lane Office CEO Gregory F. Burke, who
recently sat down to reflect on past projects, the future of prefabricated design, and answer some of
prefabrication's most commonly asked questions.
Q: What are some of the benefits of going prefab, especially in New York City?
A: Let's put it this way. New York City is about "how much?" and "how fast?" This is Number 1,
and a faster speed of construction is key. With prefab, we can construct interior spaces in a matter of
days instead of months. What does this mean for the client? It means a cleaner construction process,
which translates to fewer disruptions, less time and decreased cost. Number 2, from a green
standpoint, every day we're getting closer to net zero manufacturing at the factory level. On site,
DIRTT's solutions never need to find their way to a landfill or recycling facility due to innate
flexibility. Number 3 is all about flexibility. Our solutions easily accommodate churn, changing
technology and can be redeployed

Building Materials : A Sustainable Design And The Place Of...
"Buildings consume more resources than necessary, negatively impact the environment, and
generate a large amount of waste."
U.S. Department of Energy, 2003
The challenge, today, is to build intelligently, so that buildings use a minimum of non–renewable
resources and produce a minimum of pollution and wastes, while increasing the well–being of the
occupants.
This paper is an effort to understand the importance of building materials' selection in sustainable
design and the place of traditional materials in the contemporary sustainable architecture. Building
activity rapidly consumes finite resources and uses energy–intensive materials, while the
construction demand increases. In order to meet the future needs, we need to switch to more ...
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Designers should not overlook their qualities and capabilities, and sometimes their supremacy over
their energy–intensive counterparts during the material selection phase.
The research methodology of this study is based on review of literature written on the concept of
sustainability in constructions, the sustainability of building materials, as well as the sustainable
benefits of using traditional materials. Subsequently, it examines different approaches in the use of
traditional materials, through the presentation of successful examples of architecture from around
the world. It demonstrates that materials perceived as outdated or insufficient, can be used in a
contemporary way to minimise a building's environmental impact. It should be mentioned from an
early stage that the selected case studies focus only on addressing sustainability through the
selection or use of the examined materials and their contribution to the improved performance of the
construction; this paper does not take into consideration whether these buildings acquire other
sustainable attributes or utilise sustainable systems, although several of them perform exceptionally.
Dissertation Outline
This paper is structured in a way that aims to be easy to navigate and understand. It is structured in
the following chapters, gradually focusing to the role of traditional materials in sustainable
architecture.
In Chapter

Comparing Henry Ford And Henry Kaiser
To compare and contrast Henry Ford and Henry Kaiser you first have to realize that these men are
from a different era. Ford comes for the older age of business, while Kaiser should be consider a
new industrialists. Both men worked hard in order to be successful. Both men employed a version of
mass production, however, both men a different approach handling people.
Kaiser went out of his way to make certain workers were taken care of financially and personally, as
in the advent of childcare services. Ford had over 100,000 employees at the Detroit Willow Run
bomber plant did not provide for their needs at all, and many went without housing. Much could be
said about the Liberator Bomber, but the reality is it was not a quality product, and one that had
continuous malfunctions, therefore the quality of the product suffered greatly. Kaiser prided himself
on his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ford did not have a proven track record with his management style either especially when it came to
employing women. Ford expected, demanded that a women who became pregnant was to quit her
job, and as quickly as he could he would replace her with a male employee. Ford was however, the
brains behind the industrial giant. He spent very little if any time at all building anything, but he was
the design expert and expected his designed to be fully adhered to, while Kaiser, was anything but
the brains behind the design, he relied heavily on the aid and guidance of others. He was first and
foremost a businessman who found the funds to create others concepts that he approved. Kaiser won
billions of dollars of federal grants and loans for his business ventures. Henry ford seemed
disinterested in federal loans. Ford hired workers from all backgrounds and many were new
immigrants, while he did provide a living wage for most workers, he did not provide any additional
services for his employees. Kaiser provided healthcare, food, counselors who help workers with
financial issues as

Substandard Housing In The United States
With the advent of globalization and industrialization, urban migration and expansion of cities have
become a global trend. South American nations are amongst being most rapid urbanized countries.
As more people migrate to urban areas in search of better work opportunities, the cities here are
growing in size and number (Ferguson & Navarrete, 2003). This problem is native to not just Latin
American countries but is a major concern for most of the developing world. As estimated by the
UN (United Nations, 2016), 3 billion people or about 40% of the world population would be living
in substandard housing as a result of urban expansions and population growth. This is perceived to
be a direct impact of rapid urbanization and excessive strain on ... Show more content on
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In 2014, the sector accounted for 3.8% of the annual Gross Domestic Product (Bureau of Economic
Analysis, 2016). Over the past 15 years, the sector have experienced quite a fluctuations and
endured a challenging time. Starting with a decent share of 4.5% in the year 2000, the construction
sector experienced a frenzy growth with flourishing US economy till 2006. The sector was badly hit
during the December 2007–June 2009 recession with a net employment decline of 19.8% (Hadi,
2011). The loss of 1.5 million employment was the largest decline amongst the nonfarm industries.
Residential construction was the most badly hit with effect starting almost a year before the start of
the actual recession. The market and condition of this housing industry has improved ever since but
this improvement is coming at a considerably slower pace (U.S. Census Bureau, Housing units
started in the United States (2000–2015), 2016). As a result, the companies need to prepare
themselves to face any similar market failure in future. Development of a robust business model
with diverse market penetration could be one of the options to grow and prepare for any similar
catastrophe (Baack, Harris, & Baack,

The Origins Of Lean Thinking
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The origins of lean thinking is actually created from the
manufacturing industry. In the manufacturing or production industry, lean management design
approach main objective is focusing on the elimination of waste and having a smooth workflow
through a right process. Lean also enables the organization to improve performance. In the
construction industry, lean thinking still consider a new way or method of managing project in
construction. Lean in the construction is an issue of developing a new thinking, knowledge and
adopting new culture. On the other point, lean focused on value and the right process that would
maximised value and moving towards perfection. Moving from a traditional way of managing
construction project to lean will requires extra effort, not just changing the works procedure but far
from that. Changing the way we think about construction to a new paradigm; lean in construction.
On the other hand, off–site construction has been applied in the construction industry quite a while,
especially in United Kingdom construction industry. It just a matter of people perception on
accepting these off–site construction method. In other country off–site construction also known as
Industrialised Building System (IBS). Off–site construction method is about moving the site
activities away from the actual construction site into a controlled environment and organising the
work force into production line look alike. Due to changes in technology and

The Pros And Cons Of Modular Homes
The popularity of Modular homes is on the rise. According to Global Industry Analysts Inc.,
shipping of modular houses in the U.S. is expected to hit 112,000 units next year. As more people
embrace modular housing, understanding how to buy a modular home is becoming increasingly
necessary. It is no surprise that many people are choosing modular homes instead of the
conventionally built ones. Modular homes, also referred to as prefabricated (prefab) homes are
typically relatively inexpensive and environmentally friendly. In addition, most of them have sleek
and modern designs. The main difference between modular homes and the conventionally built ones
is the fact that modular homes are built in parts in a factory and then transported to the intended
location where it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, you must understand the laws in your state that govern prefab housing projects before
you get started. All the same, here are common pros and cons of modular homes. Pros of modular
homes Cost effectiveness Regardless of how much anyone has in the bank, we all do everything we
can to get the best bargains when buying a new home. We aim to do so without ending up with a
hovel for a home. This is what makes modular homes such an attractive option for so many people.
Because modular homes are constructed in factories and in bulk, manufacturers are able to source
raw materials at reduced prices. This reduction in the cost of materials translates to lower retail
prices for the modules with which you will construct your home. Construction delays caused by the
unpredictability of the weather is another reason why modular homes are often less expensive
compared to site–built homes. Moreover, the builder does not have to deal with the potential theft of
materials in the course of the building process. Quick

Bridges And Their Types Bridges Essay
BRIDGES AND THEIR TYPES
Highway Bridges
Bridges are an essential part of the transport infrastructure.
General Information:
A bridge is a means by which a road, railway or other service is carried over an obstacle such as a
river, valley, and other road or railway line, either with no intermediate support or with only a
limited number of supports at convenient locations. Fig: Docklands Light Rail Bridge, London,
England.
Basic features of bridges:
Superstructure
`The superstructure of a bridge is the part directly responsible for carrying the road or other service.
Its layout is determined largely by the disposition of the service to be carried. In most cases, there is
a deck structure that carries the loads from the individual wheels and distributes the loads to the
principal structural elements, such as beams spanning between the substructure supports.
Road bridges carry a number of traffic lanes, in one or two directions, and may also carry footways.
At the edge of the bridge, parapets are provided for the protection of vehicles and people.
Rail bridges typically carry two tracks, laid on ballast, although separate superstructures are often
provided for each track. They are narrow (about 2m wide) and are usually single span structures that
rarely span more than 40m.
Substructure:
The substructure of a bridge is responsible for supporting the superstructure and carrying the loads
to the ground through foundations. To support the superstructure, single span bridges

Essay On Construction And Backfilling
construction and backfilling processes in order to minimize the usage of natural aggregates and land
filling and 5) heavy building materials with high thermal mass will result in less energy
consumption and fewer carbon emissions. Nonetheless, Nielsen (2008) did not take into account
other greenhouse gases that constitute a considerable amount of equivalent carbon dioxide as
methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases. Valipour et al. (2014) proposed Zeolite material
which is considered as a type of natural pozzolanic material. The use of this material in concrete
decreases the global warming index compared to conventional concrete. They concluded that
replacement of 10%, 20% and 30% of cement with Zeolite would decrease global warming ... Show
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Gerilla et al. (2007) discussed two different types of buildings which are wooden buildings and steel
reinforced buildings. They illustrated that wood type housing represents 77% of all residential
houses while steel reinforced concrete buildings represent 15% in Japan. They illustrated that carbon
emissions dominate other air pollutants as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and suspended particular
matter by 93%. Carbon emissions of steel reinforced concrete buildings are greater than wooden
based buildings by 23%. However, Gerilla et al. (2007) did not account for other air pollutants
which constitute in the total equivalent amount of carbon dioxide as methane, nitrous oxide, and
fluorinated gases. Moreover, they did not consider the severity of different environmental pollutants.
Many efforts were conducted to link calculation of embodied carbon dioxide with optimization and
decision–making processes. Park et al. (2012) presented a methodology that is capable of
minimizing CO2 emissions and cost associated with material production stage. They applied their
model to a 35 story high rise building and they took into account composite sections. They studied
different types of steel reinforced columns taking into consideration the cost and carbon dioxide
emissions produced from these columns. They considered strength levels of concrete and steel.
Nevertheless, Park et al. (2012) did not consider construction phase,

Moose Creek Bridge
High rate of population grow and improvement in the technology forced individuals to move to rural
area. As a result, they use more and more personal vehicles for traveling and commuting to urban
areas and big cities each day. On the other side, most bridges in Canada and United States by now
are more than 50 years old. Therefore, soon or later, rehabilitation or replacement on bridges are
unavoidable (John R. Fowler). However, how to manage the bridge rehabilitation or replacement by
having minimum effect on traffic is one of the biggest concern for engineers all around the world.
In United States, in 2001, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) together started the research and
development team to find innovative construction method to save time and cost in build,
rehabilitation, or replacement of new bridges to reduce the impact on ... Show more content on
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In 2004, Moose Creek Bridge on highway 101, was the first Canadian bridge project that was fully
built by prefabricated elements for both substructure and superstructure. The bridge is a single span
22 m long integral abutment bridge with overall deck with of 14.64 m. Prefabricated restressed
slab–on–girder T–shaped beams was used for construction of superstructure (Canadian Civil
engineering 2011 Accelerated Bridge Construction).
Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) is type of bridge construction that is getting more common
all over the world and Canada. It is predicted that use of this kind of construction in bridge
structures will move on with more frequency in near future due to decreasing the overall cost, onsite
construction time, impact on traffic and environment (Multihazard Extreme Event Design for
Accelerated Bridge

Industry Analysis : The Boating Industry
Industry Analysis Paper: The Boating Industry
Intro and Description:
The boating industry ( SIC code 3732 and NAICS code: 336612) is a collection of firms that works
predominantly in the business of manufacturing boats. Within this particular NAICS entry are
manufacturers that specialize in the production of watercraft, not in shipyards, for the purpose of
personal customer use; Including: classic boats, airboats, inflatable plastic and inflatable rubber
boats, sailboats, yachts, underwater remote operated vehicles, pleasure boats and motor boats, just to
name a few.
Industry's Dominant Features:
The boat building market in 2008–2009 was down due to a worldwide recession. However, in 2015
the market was expected to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main thing that separates competitors today is price, delivery time, and quantity. If a company
does not measure up to its competition in these three areas then they run the risk of losing business.
Potential Entrants: To open a business in this industry requires a large amount of start–up capital and
is quite difficult to acquire the needed inputs due to high prices. In addition, it is hard to get in
contact with the suppliers and government agencies needed to successfully run the business. New
entrants also face the challenge of attracting and retaining customers. The business is currently in
the growing phase with multiple firms already pining for customer attention or have acquired a large
pool of loyal customers. That being said the threat of new entry is low to this industry. Starting a
new company is so difficult that it is unlikely that firms in this industry will pay new entrants much
mind. More likely than not firms trying to enter the industry will not be seen much of a threat.
However, it would be wise for those already active to be on their guard to make sure that they don't
underestimate their new competitions potential to outwit them.
Power of Buyers/ Customers:
The main buyer in this industry has been upper–class White males. More specifically Baby
boomers. This demographic has slowly gone down over the past couple years, due to old age. On the
bright side, it has been

The Current State Consists Of Fragmented Processes
The current state consists of fragmented processes, which is the source of all productivity issues and
inefficiency in the construction industry. The future state should be "project focused" rather than
"process focused". To achieve this desired future state it is essential that these processes are
transformed to a more integrated approach. There should be better collaboration between the
different stakeholders in the industry such as architects, builders, owners and regulatory agencies
that issues permits. In the current, traditional system of project delivery, the relationship between
these involved parties are adversarial. This can lead to the project being marred with schedule
delays, budget overruns, poor quality, and disputes and litigations between the parties involved, as
they play the "blame game" refusing to take liability or responsibility for the different processes.
The desired future state can be reached through incorporating the more collaborative delivery
methods that are gaining popularity, like Design Build and Integrated Project Delivery. These
systems are based on information and risk sharing. IPD especially has a potential to incorporate
Lean Construction practices and Target Value Design in the process. The alliance of the owner,
builder, design professional and other specialty consultants for the project, can communicate
effectively with each other on a common platform of knowledge sharing. Problems that may arise
during construction or design

Premier Inn Essay
1.1Background information
Premier Inn is the one of the UK's hotel brands.(Whitbread, 2014) As indicated on the Whitbread
website Premier inn has been consistently rated the UK's best value hotel chain by Yougov with over
670 hotels and more than 55000 rooms across the UK and Ireland. It is one of the most
recommended budget hotels in the UK offering quality comfortable rooms and friendly service to
customers. Premier inn caters to everyone so whether you are staying for business or leisure you
will always be welcome. Premier inn has expanded to countries like India and Dubai.
1.2 Factors that affect the operation
Although premier inn is the leader in the UK hotel market it faces competition from other budget
hotels. Its main competitor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The success of any business is a result of the interaction between the two major factors. The ability
to use its internal resources which are the inputs. In terms of Premier Inn; the hotel rooms have to be
clean and in ready for the guest to check in to them. The team members have to friendly and
welcoming to the guests and making sure they are well looked after.
2.2 The 4 V's volume, variety, variation, and visibility
Although operations processes are very similar in the way they transform inputs, they differ in four
ways which are the four V's. Volume is the number of products offered. The hotels are made from
accurate volumetric prefabrications. The rooms are designed for single occupancy as well as
families. There is a medium to high repetition of tasks which allows for specialisation in hospitality.
Everything has to be done systematically for example in terms of the check in process or cleaning of
rooms.
Variety are the different range services offered. Premier Inn offers a variety of rooms. The rooms are
arranged in various configurations to suit the needs of a particular site. The rooms are designed to be
attractive, functional and comfortable. They are designed in such a way that they are easy to get
around for maintenance purposes and to make easy for the guest. All of the rooms are have the same
furnishings this includes a double bed, a sofa which can be transformed into a sofa bed if need be, a

Sources of literature refer to prefabrication, off-site...
Sources of literature refer to prefabrication, off–site construction, pre–assembly and modularisation
concepts either respectively or collectively, (Haas et al., 2000). Prefabrication –Haas et al (2000),
prefabrication normally involves a single skill or trade, such as electrical, or piping, and this can be
defined as "a manufacturing process, which generally takes place at a specialized facility, in which
various materials are joined to form a component part of a final installation" (Tatum et al., 1987).
Components manufactured off–site and is not a complete system can be referred to as prefabricated
components. Furthermore Jaillon & Poon (2009) proceed to describe prefabrication as, a
manufacturing process, commonly conducted at a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The components of preassembly may be completed at the job site eg specialized factory, in a remote
location other than the place of final installation. Usually preassembly often contains portions of
systems, and work that is from a variety of crafts is naturally necessary for the installation. It is
considered to be a combination of prefabrication and modularisation and may make use of
fabricated components completed off–site and then assembled near the site. These units can then be
installed, similar to modules (on site). (Klerk, 2013) It is apparent that no single definition exists for
these concepts but it does however seem that these terms all adhere to a general theme, specifically:
Components manufactured in a controlled environment, either on– or off–site and then assembled at
the project location. (Klerk, 2013) Industrialisation– this term is used to try incorporate all three
aspects of offsite construction work which is; modularization, prefabrication, and preassembly. The
industrialization process can be described as an investment in equipment, facilities, and technology
with the intention of an increase in output, a decrease in manual labour, and improving quality of
work (Warszawski 1990). The process uses the concepts of manufacturing and applies them to
construction. It also implies the use of a fully integrated and automated project process to a certain
extent. The term industrialization was commonly used in the 1970's to define all forms of

Rammed Earth
Rammed earth is a building technique which has been used for hundreds of years. The technique
involves earth (similar to cob) which is compacted, in–situ, between forms which are created by
shuttering (Figure 12 & 13). This creates a monolithic wall which is strong and durable with a
variety of colours, depending on the earth within the site. Two or more soil components must be
used to create the correct size appropriate wall (Windstorm & Schmidt, 2013:402). The walls are
mainly 300 – 600mm thick and can be free–standing and, unlike cob, load bearing (Hall & Djerbib,
2004:281). The final product does not need any further finishing such as plastering and can be left to
expose the different layers of earth. Post–industrial materials such as brick, tile and concrete can be
recycled by adding it to the mixture, this will enhance the colour and the strength of the walls, the
materials can also add to the fire safety of the walls. This method of recycling alongside the use of
rammed earth can have an even greater and more positive effect on the environment (Hall &
Djerbib, 2004:367). Rammed earth also has the highest density and compression strength of all earth
construction techniques and therefore a more efficient material when it comes to structural qualities
in construction. To increase the structural qualities of rammed earth, small amounts of concrete (5 –
10%) is added to the mixture (Mačková & Spišáková, 2015:133). Due to the high compressive
strength the chances of erosion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Examples of Rammed earth construction
– Garangula Art Gallery, Harden, NSW.
The building is made up of crafted, recycled and locally sourced materials. This created an
opportunity for artwork to be created within the architecture and interior. Rammed earth walls were
mostly used to construct the building, alongside recycled wood, and concrete. The rammed earth
walls were constructed using the earth from within the site and the wood was also locally sourced
(Rinaldi,

Building Materials : Concrete Building Material
Concrete is known for being an enticing building material because of its economic availability.
While steel and wood can be expensive, reinforced concrete has consistently proven to be cheaper
and efficient. When forms go beyond rigid structure, reinforced concrete provides the next level of
opportunities blurring the line between structure and architecture. This gray zone is where the
capabilities of structural art falls. Within reinforced concrete building, pre–fabricated systems link
the desire to economically create sculptural design that continues a relationship with classical
architecture. Reinforced concrete holds the potential to bridge the expressiveness of design with the
functionality of monumentality. Today, thin shell ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While his first all–concrete building was only a small theater in Naples, Italy in 1927, it received
plenty of attention from critics and the public alike. Many saw the building collapsing due to lack of
proper support. Despite these original pessimistic opinions, the cinema has made it through years of
weathering and the shelling during World War II. It wasn 't until a year later he was commissioned
for his first major project. The Italian royal Air Force contracted the structural engineer/architect to
build a set of six airplane hangars. The program called for a series of ribbed vaults with a geodetic
structure to house military equipment. Nervi's solution called for a number of overlapping arches
that spanned the length of 50 meters. The results were impeccable. An entire hangar could stretch
the length of 330 feet by 130 feet with no supporting pillars. Nervi had devised an experiment that
mirrored the initial schemes for the Ciampino Airport in Rome, and tested the overlapping arches
strategy. By fully researching the building method through drawings and scale models, he was able
to efficiently approach construction of the structures. This included pre casting a majority of the
forms on site which cut back on material waste. The building yard had become a prefabrication
work area for the lightweight joints of the ribs so the limited resources could be given to the load
bearing bases. By

Integrated Project Delivery ( Ipd )
According to the Associated General Contractors of New York State, "The construction industry is
the second largest employer in the US, second only to all government employees including the
armed forces." (Associated General Contractors of New York State, 2014). This is a staggering
number. However, in spite of this, the industry has suffered a decline in labor productivity beginning
in the 1960's that has continued its trend since that time and seems to be in no hurry to reverse its
course (Teicholz, 2013). This paper will explore how Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) can be
implemented by the construction industry to solve this issue by greatly decreasing (or even in some
cases, eliminating) low productivity and waste, time/cost ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Low productivity and waste are the first things to go, because efficiency and the enhanced level of
project knowledge allows for owners to gain early cost insight as well as to focus on realizing their
vision more fully in the design process, while contractors and builders can focus on project quality
and ideal financial performance, and architects are allowed more time for exploration of the project
design without having to worry about rushed documentation time in addition to being able to
improve budget management and cost control (Cohen, 2010; American Institute of Architects,
2011). All of these benefits lend themselves to reducing, if not eliminating, any risk that low
productivity and waste will be an issue throughout the duration of the project. The level of mutual
trust and respect that is encouraged and facilitated allows each discipline to focus on their own
assigned tasks and responsibilities while remaining confident that their colleagues will contribute
just as much as they themselves plan to do. Rather than wasting materials, money, and labor while
waiting during the painstaking process of Requests for Information (RFI) or Change Orders to be
submitted and approved, each individual discipline can

Technology Building Information Modeling ( Bim ) And The...
1 INTRODUCTION This report will focus on the technology Building Information Modeling (BIM)
and the connections between ethics, environment and innovation. As part of the course TFL200 one
of the main topics was to apply the philosophy of systems thinking in order to get a holistic
overview of the topic. The concept of BIM has existed since the 1970s, but has just recently started
to see an increase in use as better software becomes available and the value is recognized. As
facilities become more complex, BIM–software assist with virtual construction prior to its actual
physical construction, this aids in reducing uncertainty, improved safety, collision detection and
problem solving as well as to simulate and analyze the construction. Compared to traditional
methods of building design, there is considerable more useful information that can be put into a
BIM–model. This leads to better quantities and shared properties of materials extraction, as well as
waste minimization and prefabrication of products delivered just in time rather than being stockpiled
on site. 2 Research question(s) Building information modelling is a relatively new and developing
technology which many companies have implemented in their practices. This leads to the research
question(s) in this report: What are the benefits and challenges of using BIM over the traditional
methods in the Norwegian construction scene, and how will innovation in this field affect the future
of construction? 3 THEORY AND

Essay On Mendes Da Rocha
Born in Brazil in 1928, Mendes da Rocha began his career as an architect in São Paulo around the
early 1950s. He opened his office in 1955 and soon created an outstanding masterpiece with
devotion and passion, the Athletic Club of São Paulo (1957). During his early career, Paulo Mendes
da Rocha was a professor, teaching at the University of São Paulo and later became as President of
the Brazilian Institute for Architects. He has received many awards such as the Mies van der Rohe
prize for Latin American Architecture (2000).
In 2006, Mendes da Rocha received the Pritzker Architecture Prize. The jury cited his "deep
understanding of the poetics of space" and an "architecture of profound social engagement." He said
that "All space must be attached to a value, to a public dimension. There is no private space. The
only private space that you can imagine is the human mind." Throughout his works, simple and
powerful are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He processes "Brutalism Architecture" in which is a movement in architecture that came from
around the 1950s to the mid–1970s. Brutalist buildings are usually formed with repeated modular
elements forming masses representing specific functional zones, distinctly articulated and grouped
together into a unified whole. Concrete is used for its raw and unpretentious honesty, contrasting
dramatically with the highly refined and ornamented buildings constructed in the elite Beaux–Arts
style. Surfaces of cast concrete are made to reveal the basic nature of its construction, revealing the
texture of the wooden planks used for the in–situ casting forms. Brutalist building materials also
include brick, glass, steel, rough–hewn stone, and gabions. Another common theme in Brutalist
designs is the exposure of the building's functions–ranging from their structure and services to their

How Lean Construction Affects The Industry
The assignment will be an essay on lean construction where I will pick a practical example where I
will relate it to the construction industry to see how lean can affect the industry and how the industry
can benefit from lean. The aim of lean is to remove waste complete where the product is the most
valuable. The construction industry is known for wasting material or leaving project uncompleted
due to finical or other reason I will analyse the the time and cost of lean seeing how it impact the
practical example and hoe much time it will save for a project as well as the cost.
Lean production is known as lean where the aim is to remove waste, which is known as Muda a
Japanese word which means waste, where the first company to use lean was Toyota. The company
caught the "world attention in 1980" (Liker, 2004) as cars where lasting longer than American cars
and Toyotas finical turnover was increased as well its shares increased by 24% when the market was
crashing. Toyota production system (TPS) and lean production are similar as the aim is to remove
waste and make the best quality product aswel to make the product the most valuable as this will
make the production line will only have adding cost to the product none adding value. There is three
types of waste the first waste is Mura a waste caused due to variation between products which can
cause delay and further costing. The second waste is Muri which is cause by overworking employers
to the maximum to the point where they

The Industrial Revolution And Its Impact On Architecture
Armand Gorrell
10.13.16
Theories II– N. Leach
Made by Robots: Challenging Architecture at a Larger Scale
The section I read covered the history of the Industrial Revolution and its impact on the building
process from the 18th century to the 19th century. Beginning in the 18th century and throughout the
19th century, new machinery, and industrially fabricated materials began to appear on construction
sites. Entering the 20th century there was a real attempt to adopt the industrial manufacturing
processes from the previous centuries, due to a high demand for housing and construction during the
post war period. It wasn't until this time mass production of materials and machinery altered the
building process which led us in a direction of robotics in architecture. With the increasing interest
of time and cost saving, and increasing population of cities, by the end of the 20th century distinct
change had occurred in the design process– resulting in new technology development to keep up
with the transforming society. Looking at the history of the industrial revolutions impact on
architecture I can understand the consistent pursuit on innovation and the demand to improve the
building process, and what architecture has become today– the introduction of robotics in my
opinion, is much needed. Without the constant evolvement of previous technology the modern world
we live in today wouldn't exist but because of the great adaption to society, building has entered a
realm where human

Essay On Habitat 67
INTRODUCTION:
Today we see different amazing and unique structures of civil engineering, it should be noted that
these are not only the structures these are wonders of civil engineering.
What civil engineering actually is?
Civil word comes from civilized. Civil engineering is that engineering in which different type of
construction is done just to benefit humanity. Civil engineers work for civilization. Civil engineers
are the cause of materialistic wonders nowadays. One of the wonder of civil engineering is Habitat
67.
HABITAT 67:
Location:–
Habitat 67 is located in Marc–Dourine Quay on the Saint Lawrence River Montreal, Quebec,
Canada. If you want to visit Habitat 67 just follow the address: 2600 Pierre–Dopuy Avenue,
Montreal, QC H3C 3R6, Canada.
Engineer involved in constructing Habitat 67:
Moshe Safdie an Israeli / Canadian architect, designer and an urban designer. Moshe Safdie's works
are mostly based on open and clear spaces, geography, location and especially culture. Habitat 67
was his one of the best work and he also won exciting medals and awards such as the 1967
Construction Man of the Year Award from the Engineering News Record and the Massey Medal for
Architecture in Canada for Habitat 67. Habitat 67 is the perfect example of open structure with clear
geography and breathtaking view. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It as a project of very low cost and gave many new type of designs and future ideas for construction
of new structures. It removed the concept of tall buildings and gave the idea of asymmetrical
layering of modules. Moshe Safdie's work inspired the whole world and made everyone to look
forward to Canada. In my opinion this a great work and was something new at that time and still this
building is serving people. If someone ever visits Canada he/ she should visit Montreal to see
exciting views of St Lawrence River and a breathtaking structure "HABITAT

The, Made By Robots : Challenging Architecture At A Larger...
Alexandra Morales
ARC 5205 Advanced Theory Professor Neil Leach
Pages: 16–45
Gramazio + Kohler, Made by Robots: Challenging Architecture at a Larger Scale
The book questions whether the new digital technologies can impact and change the architectural
and material practice of today, Gramazio & Kohler explored the potentials of robot– induced design
and how robots can help enrich the physical nature of architecture, to inform the material processes
and to merge the computational design with the construction realization.
The employment of robotics in architecture is creating an entirely new aesthetic and functionality
that could alter and challenge the architectural design at a larger scale. By using the cost–efficient
fabrication machines that are both reliable and flexible such as the articulated arm robots or the
industrial robots that are known for their versatility and their ability to perform an unlimited variety
of non–repetitive tasks that can help expand the range of the architectural design and the production.
The initial introduction of the robotic systems to the building construction was not a success, the
book explains how the robots used in the building construction before were exclusively used to
optimize the productivity without taking into account the design process and not adding any real
lasting architectural value, this changed with time and now the architectural design and its
production process has to inform the approach to the robotic fabrication and not

Career Profile. I Am Actively Pursuing A Challenging New
CAREER PROFILE I am actively pursuing a challenging new role as a Piping Supervisor where I
can utilise my extensive training, skills and experience working on various oil & gas, energy and
construction projects over the past 14 years. As a capable and effective leader, I am confident I
would make a valuable addition to your team with proven capabilities in supervising and developing
work crews to ensure maximum productivity in line with project plans and specifications.
Demonstrating hands–on experience in pipe and structural steel fabrication, welding, maintenance
and commissioning, together with extensive experience in punch–listing, materials management and
procurements activities. I possess strong technical skills and a sound ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
 Committed to ongoing training and development with the ability to learn new skills quickly. 
Consistently adheres to workplace OH&S and Environmental policies and procedures. CURRENT
LICENCES  New Zealand Passport  White Card, Queensland Government  'C' Class WA
Drivers Licence (exp. 2021)  MSIC – Maritime Security Identification Card (exp. 2018)
COMPUTER SKILLS  Navisworks, SitePro, Microsoft Office  Capacity to learn new systems
quickly & easily EMPLOYMENT HISTORY Sep 2016 – Current CB&I | www.cbi.com Wheatstone
LNG – Ashburton North, Western Australia Piping Supervisor Chicago Bridge & Iron Company,
known commonly as CB&I, is a large American conglomerate engineering, procurement and
construction company, specialising in projects for oil & gas organisations. The Wheatstone Project
includes an onshore facility located at Ashburton North Strategic Industrial Area (ANSIA), located
12 kilometres west of Onslow in Western Australia's Pilbara region. The foundation project includes
two LNG trains with a combined capacity of 8.9 mtpa and a domestic gas plant. Key Duties:
Contribute in the capacity of Piping Supervisor at the Ashburton North Strategic Industrial Area
(ANSIA). Supervise a crew of up to 20 multifaceted tradespeople for all Train 2 and Train 3 piping
activities. Provide supervision to safeguard the timely construction of pipe lines and

Current Trends On The Construction Industry
Current Trends in the Construction Industry
Beginning a new year of the construction industry with a report of 6% growth (achieved
approximately $712 billion) in the financial profit of construction from Dodge Data & Analytics '
2016 Construction Outlook, many analysts and experts predict that potential values for the
construction business will be progressively increased with extensions of modern technologies and
state–of–the–art concepts for improving construction performance, especially in project cost and
schedule achievements (Peiffer, 2016). Although it is noticeable that diverse tendencies, including
prefabrication or offsite constructions, green buildings, remodeling, etc., are taking higher place in
the next decades, true collaborations, sophisticated building modeling tools, and practical value–
boosted procedures are always bottom lines for a blossoming construction project. It is
unquestionable that construction project costs and schedule are spectacularly difficult to predict by
reason of complexity of building procedures and presence of thousands of dependent variables
throughout a project. As a result, duties and responsibilities of forecasting and envisioning project
cost and schedule performance are considered as momentous challenges and complicated issues for
all construction experts and professionals (Ai et al., 2015). Growing from these concerns, a
suggestion of synergizing components that particular affect the cost and schedule efficiency is
becoming an

How Will 3d Printing Affect the Process and Quality of...
USCSOA 5/2/2013
ARCH 470
Charles Lagreco
Guillermo Heuze
Final Paper:
How will 3D printing affect the process and quality of constructing housing in the 21st Century?
The role of Technology in the 21st century cannot be over looked. It has completely transformed the
way we live and the way we interact with each other. It has enabled the formation of numerous
possibilities that were not previously imaginable. 3D printing has evolved so much in the past 5
years where we can now virtually make any shape using this technology. Although in the past it was
reserved for smaller items such as machinery parts, it is now being used to create much bigger items
such as cars and even houses. It has also become much cheaper ... Show more content on
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This is something that evolution in technology can change, like anything in our society, as time
progresses these technologies become more and more open to the public.
(Picture A)
The History
Throughout history we can see that housing has followed certain trends. These trends are most
heavily influenced by the technology available to the public at that time. As can be seen throughout
history, living conditions in general have improved, as there are more access to resources and
building technologies. Although the world we live in has changed greatly, the basic type of shelter
needed for everyday life and the resources needed to construct them has changed very little. This is
why we can see a lot of parallels between the ways people live throughout history. However, the
biggest change is in the way we construct buildings and especially housing. History has taught us
that as time goes by, technology increases, making it easier for us to build structures. For example
the Egyptians relied solely on Adobe (sun dried mud bricks) and slave labor for construction. Then
came the development of hydraulic lime mortar, the Treadwell cranes (which is a wooden, human
powered hoisting and lowering device) as well as the start of domes and arches, as structural

components in architecture. Followed by the Middle Ages, which saw a huge emphasis on the
construction of massive public buildings such as Cathedrals, Churches, Fortifications

The Beginnings of Newnham College
When liberal reformers presented proposals for women to attend university, they were greeted with
incredulity; so radical and extreme was the concept in the 19th century. However, pioneering liberals
are nothing if not persistent and in 1871 Newnham College was formed by philosopher Henry
Sidgwick, a fellow at Trinity, along with his future wife Eleanor Balfour, local suffragist Millicent
Garrett Fawcett, and the college's first principal Anne Clough. 'The Association for Promoting the
Higher Education for Women in Cambridge' had done a lot of lobbying but was considered high–
minded by Sidgwick for totally ignoring such practical considerations as student accommodation. To
this end he set up Newnham Hall Company Ltd with the stated aim of building an approved
boarding house. Started life as a hostel Originally situated at 74 Regent Street, the college was a
hostel for five women who wished to attend university lectures, a privilege granted at the discretion
of the lecturer. Following an increase in demand the hostel moved to Merton House at Queen's
Road, then settled at its current home at Newnham in 1875. As with many colleges there was no
master building plan, but a haphazard development around the original E–shaped, Basil Champney's
red brick designs constructed between 1873 and 1913 – the first World war bringing an end to this
phase of building. Basil was at Trinity at the same time as founder Sidgwick and when he failed to
get a first, he turned his attention to

The Impact Of Diy On New Zealand Essay
2.1 Project Background
In the past, a home had meaning, a connection with the people who inhabited it. As a society, DIY
was always at the forefront of design and construction in New Zealand; because of this we had a
strong sense of connection with our homes and surroundings. This connection that we had has been
slowly watering down and disappearing as the house is being seen as little more than commodity
today. What if we could start to re–strengthen that connection that we have with our homes through
adaptability?
We are living in a time where housing is becoming more and more unaffordable for the everyday
buyers in New Zealand, especially for first home buyers. What if a homeowner could build small to
save money initially and easily be able to expand when needed later?
Currently in New Zealand someone would build or buy a house and that 's it, they have a house. It 's
not particularly changeable once it 's built (not easily at least) so people need to fork out a large
amount of money initially to build for what they predict they may want or need in the future.
My proposed scheme would involve the potential home owner (targeting first home buyers initially)
to buy, lease or have access to some land and build a small, basic version of my housing scheme
(which will be resolved in my research project). Then, as they can afford more or as the family
grows, they would look at getting more spaces to add to, and upgrade, the house as time goes on. If
the owners got tired or

The Crystal Palace : The Great Exhibition Of 1851
"The greatest day in our history, the most beautiful and imposing and touching spectacle ever seen...
It was the happiest proudest day in my life" (–– removed HTML ––) Queen Victoria described as
she opened the Great Exhibition on May 1st 1851. The Crystal Palace was constructed for the Great
Exhibition, which displayed the international advances in technology, and foremost, the manufacture
and industrial accomplishments of the British. The structure accompanied the innovations of the
Industrial Revolution that the Great Exhibition of 1851 embodied. The increase and improvement of
material production and the versatility brought by the Industrial Revolution impacted architecture in
the 19th Century. It is crucial to acknowledge these innovations; dynamic on their own, influenced
the design and the construction of the Crystal Palace. The outstanding agricultural and rustic
lifestyle of the societies in Europe and America observed a drastic change; a revision that
inaugurated the Industrial revolution from the 18th to 19th centuries (–– removed HTML ––) . The
revolution obliterated the goods created in residencies by hand and small machineries, and turned to
heavy–duty machinery, mass production and factories. Moreover, the industrialization of the iron
and fabric industries resulted in manufacture growth; allowing abundance and variety of the
materials (–– removed HTML ––) . This resulted in a modern approach to architecture; testing the
limits and capabilities of the

The Superstructure Elements And Its Effect On The Portion...
.0 Superstructure
The superstructure elements will be defined as those inclusive to the portion of the bridge structure,
which forms the horizontal span, all components above the bearings. The following will delineate
the major superstructure elements, and investigate accelerated bridge construction techniques and
technologies, which can be applied. The major structural components, which will be examined in the
following section, will include girders, stay–in–place deck forms, deck panels and modular
superstructure construction systems.
1.1 Girders
Bridge girders for the purpose of the following examination will be divided into two (2) sections:
steel girders and precast – prestressed concrete girders. The use of shop fabricated girders ... Show
Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Accelerated bridge construction
manual "Adjacent butted precast girder systems such as double tees and deck bulb tees create
opportunities for ABC. These girders function as both the beam and the deck, thereby eliminating
the need for deck placement in the field." (U.S Department of Transportation, 2011)
1.2 Stay–in–Place Deck Forms
A significant portion of the bridge construction schedule can be attributed to the forming and
stripping of concrete deck forms. Stay–in–place concrete deck forms are used to eliminate the need
to strip forms after the concrete deck has been cast and cured. The two (2), most common forms of
stay–in–place deck forms are corrugated steel sheets and partial depth precast concrete panels. (U.S
Department of Transportation, 2011)
1.2.1 Corrugated Steel Stay–in–Place Deck Forms
Galvanized corrugated steel sheets are placed above the bridge girders from flange to flange to act
as a stay–in–place deck form. Furthermore, these steel deck forms act to provide support for the
reinforcing steel in the deck slab as well as supporting the weight of weight concrete during the
construction process. Corrugated steel stay–in–place deck forms remain in place for the live of the
structure thus serving to eliminate the need of form stripping and the associated schedule time.
Corrugated Steel Stay–in–Place Deck Forms can be used on steel and precast – prestressed

PMBOK guide defines TM as the “Use of available time and...
PMBOK guide defines TM as the "Use of available time and your own productivity along with the
appropriate planning and management of the project schedule" highlighting the link between Time
Management and productivity and its closely knit relationship to scope and cost areas. Max
Wideman presents a wider definition for TM as the "function required to maintain appropriate
allocation of time to the overall conduct of the project through the successive stages of its natural
life–cycle, by means of the processes of time planning, time estimating, time scheduling, and
schedule control." Ultimately at it's core however, TM is about time, its planning and control during
all stages of the project. A further look into Wideman's definition of TM ... Show more content on
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Time management of the "seamless integration and flow" from one value adding step to the other
highlights the efficiency concept of lean construction. An extension of Lean construction is
prefabrication and preassembly considerations. When adopted in the project life cycle, for the design
of both components and processes, higher quality and cost and time savings can be achieved and
ultimately increase productivity. Building information modeling (BIM) is a coordinated set of
processes, supported by technology, that adds value by creating, managing and sharing the
properties of an asset throughout its life–cycle. "Right the way through the asset life–cycle, BIM
saves time and money. It enables more effective integration through–life information management
as well as stronger business continuity." Due to the "Faster and more effective processes"
information is more efficiently and easily shared, can be value–added and reused. Of importance is
the timely implementation of BIM during the inception phase to allow for the greatest productivity
yield. Exploiting opportunities of uncertainty during the early project phase can yield return by
controlling risk and increasing productivity. Research shows that many project owners are
conservative risk avoiders in their strategic choices concerning risk reduction. "Lack of time" and "
time pressure in the

Designing A Computer Controlled Machine
Robots, like any computer–controlled machine, can be programmed in their movements. But the
production of control data in the form of coded machine instructions requires programming skills as
well as an understanding of robotics concepts such as kinematics, which lie outside most architects'
domain of expertise. To address this problem, the custom robot programming library YOUR, which
aims at making robot control intuitively accessible to students, has been implemented. Based on
this, a toolkit of visual programming components for GrasshopperTM, allowing students to directly
assemble graphical components for the control of their robotic fabrication sequences, was
developed. The technologies for controlling robot arms are especially ... Show more content on
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Robotic fabrication and computational design augment each other in several ways. In addition to the
direct materialization of digitally conceived designs, the physical working model provides students
with a differentiated and sensual feedback on their design, whereby they can immediately engage
with its constructive and structural aspects. As part of an iterative process, these insights can then be
re–integrated into the computational design strategy.
Architectural design practice will be increasingly mediated by digital technology in the future.
Digital fabrication technology allows architects to conceive designs both digitally and physically,
and may empower them to take a more active role in the materialization and construction process.
Nested voids
The robotic fabrication process is based on the integration of non–standard element prefabrication
and robotic assembly. The model's walls and floors are laser cut out of cardboard sheets, which are
placed on a custom–designed feeder system (left). From there the robot picks the elements (centre),
applies glue and places them directly on the model (right).
Mesh towers
For the final tower model, foam blocks are placed on a specially designed feeder. The robot cuts
each of them differently, optimised to transfer the loads and shaped to accommodate various
functions. This

New Brutalism
In the following years, the Smithson and Banham would make several more remarks on New
Brutalism. All these later remarks, as demonstrated by recent scholarships, only created an even
more murky definition of New Brutalism. More than a decade after the initial surge of writings, the
New Brutalism debates was reignited following Banham's 1966 publication New Brutalism: Ethics
or Aesthetic. It was also at this moment that the Smithson reinstated the importance of Crosby's
contribution to the New Brutalism discourse and distant themselves from the interpretation offered
by Reyner Banham. In 1973, Alison and Peter Smithson published Without Rhetoric; an
Architecture Aesthetic, 1955–1972, which began with a revised version of the 1955 AD New
Brutalism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(FIG.4) The proposed building was a space–frame construction that was common to their works of
the period. What was notable about the Milbank project was that the Smithsons created a series of
drawings that looked like Japanese scrolls for the competition. The building was presented, with its
structural elements exposed, in an isometric view – an apparent reference to "oriental" paintings.
There was no furniture or interior fitting in the illustrations; instead one could only find scattered
Japanese figures dressed in traditional Kimono along the scroll. Not unlike in their New Brutalism
article, the Smithsons took pride in their superficial understanding of Japanese culture: they declared
that the ancient Japanese figures were cut out from a postcard from the Victoria and Albert Museum.
In the description of the project, the Smithsons made reference again to the idea of

Modernism And Its Impact On Art And Architecture
Modernism in oxford dictionary is defined as "A style or movement in the arts that aims to depart
significantly from classical and traditional forms." While this explanation defines modernism in
design and architecture very clearly, roots of modernism are deeper. The movement of modernism
has affected arts and design forever. Modernism was a start for designers to move forward and start
making necessary changes to their pieces. As discussed before during the module a design needs to
be functional and futuristic this only started to become the center of the attention of artist as the
modernism took place. Unnecessary details were removed and everything became more simplified
and artists had a whole new aspect of design to work with and ... Show more content on
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In 1911 he joined the German labor league. The German labor league was founded to ally designers
with machine production. Gropius believed that it was the designer 's job to ''breathe a soul into the
dead product of the machine''.
During his lifetime, he designed many famous buildings such as the Bauhaus school building and
faculty housing which was aimed at the design master teachers and himself to live in. The school
was moved from Weimar to Dessau 1925 because of Nazis. Following the movement of the school
Walter Gropius Designed a series of semi–detached houses which is known to be Bauhaus facility
housing. Lyonel Feininger, Oskar Schlemmer, and Gropius himself lived in these houses which were
built in a pine forest near the Bauhaus school. He also was the designer of Harvard University
Graduate Center and the United States Embassy in Athens.
He was against emulation. Therefore, he was able to break the boundaries and make the purpose of
his designs to not be masked behind unnecessary details. He invented a purposeful futuristic way of
design. Which has to this day been inspired by.
Walter Gropius could not draw Therefore he hired someone to assist him for getting in his
homework done, yet he became one of the founders of a revolutionary design school alongside
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier. This was all achieved because of his unique
perspective towards arts and

Building Information Model Research Paper
B.UILDING I.NFORMATION M.ODELLING INTRODUCTION: The construction industry in the
21st century is facing a huge challenge. Building Information Modeling(BIM) is emerging as a
technological, procedural and strategic new approach to the fields of Architecture, Engineering and
Construction providing a way for iterating, documenting and managing a design through most of its
life–cycle from conceptual design, design development to construction through operations and
management. The bulk of the time spent on a design project is in the detailed design and
construction document phases of a project, while the building's general appearance, performance
and cost are largely decided during conceptual design. Since CAD easily helps visualize the ... Show
Commercial data will be managed by enterprise resource planning software and integrated by
proprietary interfaces or bespoke middleware. This level of BIM may utilise 4D construction
sequencing and/or 5D cost information. The Government's BIM Strategy Paper calls for the industry
to achieve Level 2 BIM by 2016. Level 3 A fully integrated and collaborative process enabled by
'web services' and compliant with emerging Industry Foundation Class (IFC) standards. This level of
BIM will utilise 4D construction sequencing, 5D cost information and 6D project lifecycle
management information. In the future it is hoped that all members of the professional and
construction team will have invested in compatible technology, will have trained their staff, and will
have fed design information, costing and programming information and other material into the
single, centrally managed BIM model. It is likely to be some time before BIM systems are so
universally used, and to such a high degree of sophistication. Whilst many larger organisations are
already making full use of BIM systems, even they have some way to go to achieve the ultimate
fully–integrated BIM level. It will be years before the majority of construction firms make such full
use of BIM systems. In the meantime professional team members, contractors, and sub–contractors
with design responsibility will find themselves at different stages of BIM preparedness. There

Clt : A Sustainable Building Material Through An...
The building industry has long been overpowered by the use of a select number of construction
materials, largely concrete, masonry and steel. In more recent times however, an increased emphasis
has been placed on environmental sustainability within the architectural realm and as a result, cross
laminated timber (CLT) is becoming a more prominent building material due to its design flexibility,
cost–competiveness, structural integrity and most importantly, its sustainable attributes. CLT was
firstly developed during the 1970's although it wasn't until 1996 before it was highly regarded as a
building material throughout Europe, particularly Austria. This paper sets out to critically analyse
CLT as a sustainable building material through an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When compared to other building materials, "wood is by far the most sustainable choice" as well as
the most efficient material in regards to both embodied energy and environmental impact. Existing
comparisons between wood and traditional building materials have already been undertaken,
however the emphasis is on light wood framing as opposed to CLT. As CLT is subject to additional
manufacturing processes such as bonding, and involves the use of substantial more wood product (at
least three times more), it naturally has a higher environmental footprint than light wood framing
thus making these comparisons unreliable when comparing CLT to other building materials.
When manufacturing CLT, sourcing of the wood becomes vital in creating a sustainable material.
Approximately one–third of the land area on Earth is occupied by forestry. Therefore wood can be
regarded as a renewable material as it is capable of being continuously replenished through
sustainable forest management; a harvested tree is replaced by another tree therefore compensating
for any extraction, a distinct difference to most other materials.
The prefabricated nature of cross laminated timber is one of the major factors contributing to its
sustainable attributes. Prefabrication allows each CLT panel to be made to size as well as have all
openings and areas for services pre–cut into the panels. Whilst this requires a substantial amount of
design resolution to be produced

The Federal Emergency Relief Act, Tennessee Valley...
In 1932 during the worst of the great depression and prior to World War II, President Roosevelt's
administration implemented a series of initiatives or legislative reforms that all fell under the New
Deal. "The flood of New Deal legislation that followed produced major changes in government–
economy relationships and in government's role in American society generally." (Anderson, 2015, p.
72) Roosevelt's description of the New Deal was that it would help to provide relief, recovery, and
reform; this came to be known as the "3 Rs." Many of the reforms were highly successful like the
Federal Emergency Relief Act, Tennessee Valley Authority, Federal Housing Administration and the
Social Security Act. In 1933 the Rural Rehabilitation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The local welfare employees were actually the ones who chose which families were eligible.
Perhaps the problems began there. There were no requirements except for the employees thinking
that the families had minimal skills and could figure it out for themselves. Once chosen the families
had to decide very quickly if they would be making the move. Due to the short season for farming
and building, some families had only days to decide. The following were the guidelines for choosing
a family.
As far as possible, families should be selected first on their farming ability and secondly, those who
may have secondary skills and who may adjust themselves to a diversified farming activity and can
assist with carpentry on their homes and then those who may know something about machinery and
blacksmithing and who have leadership qualities. (Lundberg, 1998)
Adoption/Implementation
Using our current speed of government projects this resettlement endeavor moved at lightning
speed. The first survey was completed in June of 1934 and FERA agreed to the project in January
1935. It only took only eight weeks after that to acquire the 260,000 acres for the new colony. A
month later in late April, the construction workers and supplies were enroute to the valley. "Three
days later, the first of the colonists left Minnesota!" (Lundberg, 1998)
The families traveled to the west coast on the railroad. That first round of families from

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