Vestibulo-Ocular Sickness Essay

Vestibulo-Ocular Sickness Essay
Vestibulo–ocular Reflex and Motion Sickness in Figure Skaters Bailey Sernett Biology 1009
08/01/2016 Introduction Previous experimentation involving monkeys, cats, and humans shows that
the repetition of vestibular stimulations will eventually cause a decrease in gain(the ratio between
maximum slow phase eye velocity and head angular velocity) along with the shortening of the TC
(time constant of the exponential decrease). The result is called habituation. Ballet dancers,
gymnasts, and fighter pilots are amongst other groups who have been studied in attempts to better
understand the plasticity of the vestibular system. This topic is of interest with the long–term goal of
helping sufferers of motion sickness. This experiment aimed to determine ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Graybiel test measures ataxia, or the loss of bodily control which is often caused by dizziness or
other similar responses. The error bars show that there is a significant difference between figure
skaters and the controls on a 99% confidence interval. Discussion/Conclusion Figure skaters' VOR
gain was 27% less than the control group during sinusoidal stimulation and the skaters' responses
are 10° phase advance when compared with the controls. VOR gain is 32% lower for the skaters'
during the velocity step, but there was no notable difference in the TC between the groups. The MS
score is much lower for the skaters' after vestibular stimulation (2.8+/–2.8 vs. 16.2 +/– 13.7). The
findings were striking in the way that during the velocity step test the figure skaters' gain is 32%
lower than the control group. According to the researchers, this is quite significant. The figure
skaters are much less likely to experience MS and VOR gain because of these findings. The results
show that despite the young ages of the figure skaters, they are already showing signs of vestibular
habituation. The hypothesis was generally supported because the VOR modifications seen in the
skaters are in agreement with previous experiments on
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Ethics Of The Good Life For A Human Being
In his work, Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle divulges into a philosophical inquiry into the nature of
the good life for a human being. Through living with the mean state and with moral virtue, the
disposition to behave in the right manner and as a mean between extremes of deficiency and excess,
Aristotle explains how one can reach the end purpose of life and achieve eudaimonia, human
flourishing. Aristotle's fundamental claims surrounding moral excellence and habituation allow to
one enact the necessary process of moderating thinking and feeling to become a morally excellent
person. In order to reach human thriving, one must habituate themself to continually make good
choices of the mean state, so that through acting virtuously, one can develop moral excellence in all
aspects of their lives. In my experiment, I attempted to habituate temperance in relation to diet.
Though somewhat rigorous, my parameters allowed me to succeed in moderating my unhealthy
eating tendencies. My baseline parameter of eating three nutritionally balanced meals a day was the
most challenging, especially with the limited options in the dining halls. I had relatively few issues
with complying with my other parameters of eating a healthy snack per day, limiting myself to one
soda per day, and increasing stress relieving activities. Though I was strict with obeying my
parameters, I believe that they were successful in allowing me practice using temperance in my diet.
Throughout the process, I learned

Case Study Applying the Model of Human Occupation Essay
The Model of Human Occupation
The Model of Human Occupation is an occupation–focused theoretical model that is categorized
into concepts that examine the person's volition, habituation, and performance capacity when
participating in an occupation (Forsyth et al, 2014, p. 506). By applying MOHO to my community
partner Sunshine, the dynamics of how his personal factors and environmental factors influence his
overall occupational participation are analyzed.
Volition
According to Forsyth et al. (2014), Volition is defined as the motivation an individual has to
participate in an occupation. It essentially helps the individual choose occupations to engage in.
Volition is categorized into three subcategories that reflect the person's ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
His caretaker is with him from Monday through Friday. On Monday, Wednesday, and Friday he
works at a disability center, and he volunteers at a local skating ring. Every Wednesday he
completes many of his IADL's, such as grocery shopping and paying his bills. Tuesdays and
Thursdays are his days to engage in leisure activities. He enjoys going to the park and going out to
eat. The weekend is dedicated to family bonding and soccer. He spends the entire weekend with his
family, and every Saturday he either has a soccer game or practice. A major habit that supports his
participation his daily occupations is his automatic response of grabbing the wheelchair controller.
This has perfected his ability to maneuver the wheelchair without it hindering his navigation. His
occupational roles of being a son, special team's athlete and teammate, volunteer, and employee help
promote independent engagement in occupations.
Performance Capacity
Performance capacity is the final aspect of MOHO that is directly related to the person. It is
determined by the physical and mental abilities needed to complete an occupation (Forsyth et al.,
2014). There are many aspects that impede Sunshine's performance ability. The inability to
physically walk and use his lower extremities is his greatest impairment. Since his schedule is
always full, he is usually tired by end of the day. Thus, his endurance to complete some activities
towards end of

The Model Of Organizational Therapy
There are many different conceptual models available to occupational therapists today. These
include the Canadian model of occupational performance and engagement (CMOP–E), the Model of
Human Occupation (MOHO), the biomechanics model, the Kawa model and the rehabilitation
model. These are very important to the profession and in guiding the occupational therapy process.
The focus of this essay will mainly be on the MOHO. The occupational therapy process is the
client–centred delivery of occupational therapy services. (AOTA, 2008) There are many variations
to the occupational therapy process and how it is carried out but it does have a clear beginning point
and stages throughout the process. These are evaluation, intervention, revaluation and therapy
outcomes. Evaluation (often called assessment) is the gathering and analysing of information whose
results are used by the occupational therapist to organise and administer interventions to to help
clients in changing their occupational performance in a positive way. Intervention is the application
of actions aimed at aiding the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As cited in Ikiugu (2011) Kielhofner states that "a theoretical conceptual practice model refers to a
framework for explaining something of importance to occupational therapy practice and for
providing practice resources such as assessments and intervention procedures to guide clinical
practice". This highlights the importance of conceptual models to the occupational therapy
professions. To claim professional status, occupational therapists must make use of theory to aid
their practice and decision making (Ikiugu,

biology report for habituation of snail
TITLE
Habituation of snail.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of habituation of snails to a stimulus
To develope certain experiment skills, such as working safely, producing valid results, recording
results and drawing valid conclusions from results.
INTRODUCTION
The snails
Figure 1: Garden snail
Taken from http://abugblog.blogspot.com/2011/05/handsome–snail.html
Snails are one of the earliest known types of animals in the world. There is evidence that they
evolved more than 600 million years ago. They are able to adapt to a variety of living conditions and
they don't require large amounts of food. They have been able to continually evolve to survive the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The snail is allowed to acclimatize to its new surroundings for a few minutes and its acclimatization
is indicated when its head has fully–emerge from its shell.
2. A clean cotton wool bud is dampened with water.
3. Between the eye stalks the snail is firmly touched with the dampened cotton wool bud and the
stopwatch is immediately started. The length of time between the touch and the snail being fully
emerged from its shell once again, with its eye stalks fully extended is measured.
4. As soon as the eye stalks fully reappeared, steps 3 to 5 is repeated for a total of 10 touches, and
how long the snail takes to re–emerge each time is timed.
5. The results is recorded in a suitable table and presented in an appropriate graph.
RESULTS
The number of stimulations
The time taken for eye stalks to emerge from the head of the snail/ seconds, s
1
26
2
25
3
23

4
19
5
20
6
17
7
15
8
15
9
12
10
11
Table 1: Time taken for eye stalks to emerge from the head of the snail for 10 touches of stimulus
Graph 1: Graph of time taken for snail to fully re–emerge from its shell against number of
stimulation
DISCUSSION
From the graph, we can see that the snail showed the habituation response towards stimulus. During
the first touch, the time taken for the snail's both eyes to fully re–emerge was 26 s. The duration of
time taken continue to decrease as the number of touches received

Psych
Using the Habituation Technique to Evaluate a Piagetian Hypothesis The purpose of this paper is to
use the habituation technique in young infants to evaluate one hypothesis derived from Piaget's
theory of cognitive development. I will compare 5–month olds in a task that involves possible and
impossible outcomes. Piaget's theory specifies the cognitive competencies of children of this age.
1a. According to Piaget, children in the sensorimotor stage experience the world and develop
cognitively by using their five senses, sight, sound, smell, taste and touch. 1b. Until an infant is 8
months of age, Piaget believes that infants do not comprehend object permanence. This means that
until they are 8 months, when an object disappears from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 1 3a. In the depicted procedure, an infant is shown two dolls in a case. A screen rises,
covering the two dolls. Then, a hand is shown entering the case, and appears to take away one of the
two dolls. Then, there are two possible outcomes. First, when the screen goes down, one doll is left,
presenting the possible outcome. And the second, when the screen drops down, two dolls are left,
which is the impossible outcome. 3b. This experiment contains two different conditions, the
possible and impossible outcome. The impossible outcome is considered the experimental condition
because they are manipulating the independent variable. Different infants of the same age should be
tested in each condition to measure the dishabituation, and if you were to use the same infants in
both outcomes, they may get habituated to the first outcome and it may affect the results of the
second outcome. A separate control group from the two outcomes would not be necessary. However,
a possible control group could be a group of infants that see two dolls, see the screen appear, and
when it drops have two dolls remaining, without any vision of the hand entering the area. 3c. The
habituation technique is used in this experiment by determining whether an infant can be
dishabituated when presented with an impossible outcome. If an infant understands basic
subtraction and is not affected by the possible outcome, they

Investigation on the Habituation of Snails to Touch
Objectives: To investigate the habituation of snails to harmless stimulus. To develop problem
solving and experimental skills, for example, information is accurately processed and presented,
experimental procedures are planned, designed and evaluated properly, producing valid results,
recording results, and valid conclusion is drawn. To learn the correct way of poking the snail.
Problem Statement:
When a garden snail is touched, it withdraws its eye stalks into its body quickly. This is a quick
response of the snail to avoid dangers and ensure survival. Do snails habituate to the stimulus of
touch with repeated stimulation?
Abstract:
The main objective of this experiment is to investigate the habituation of snails to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A correlation test is done to show the correlation between the manipulated and responding variables
of this experiment.
Hypothesis:
Snails will be habituated to the touch stimulus. After a few times of repeated stimulation, the snail
will no longer respond to the stimulus. The time taken for eye stalks of snails to re–emerge will
decrease with increasing times of touching until the snails do not respond the stimulus anymore.
Null Hypothesis:
The time taken for eye stalks of snail to re–emerge will remain unaffected by the increasing number
of touching.
Variables:
Manipulated variable: Repeated number of harmless stimulation
Responding variable: Time taken for the snail to re–emerge their eye stalks after the touch stimulus
is being applied
Constant variable: Strength and location of the stimulus given, the snail used and surrounding
temperature.
Materials:
Land snail and one dampened cotton wool bud.

Apparatus:
Stopwatch and a clean surface for the snail.
Procedures: A land snail is collected from its natural habitat the day before the experiment and
grown in a box with leaves as its food. The land snail is placed on a clean, firm table surface on the
day of experiment and it is allowed to get used to the new surroundings until it fully emerged from
its shell. A cotton bud is dampened with water. The snail is touched between the eye stalks with the
dampened cotton bud

Essay about The Dual-Process View of Nonassociative Learning
Marcus, Nolen, Rankin, and Carew (1988) conducted a series of experiments to address the debate
over the dual–process view of nonassociative learning. The dual–process view of nonassociative
learning relies on the relationship between a decreasing process producing habituation and an
increasing process that allows dishabituation and sensitization to occur. Habituation is a decrease in
response due to repeated stimulation. On the other hand, sensitization is an increase in response due
to repeated stimulation. Dishabituation is the elicitation of a habituated response after a
dishabituating stimulus is presented. Marcus et al. (1988) developed the multiprocess view of
nonassociative learning as an alternative to the dual–process view. Using ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The weaker the tail stimuli, the greater the magnitude of dishabituation observed.
The second set of experiments focused on sensitization. The same process used for dishabituation
was used to asses sensitization, but this group was only presented with two baseline stimuli to the
siphon. Sensitization was not expressed until twenty to thirty minutes after the tail stimulus leading
Marcus et al. (1988) to conclude sensitization has a delayed onset. Further, significant sensitization
was only exhibited after a stronger stimulus was administered.
Marcus et al. (1988) concluded dishabituation and sensitization vary by time of onset, stimulus
requirements, and developmental onset. They attributed these differences to varying cellular
processes and mechanisms related to each dishabituation and sensitization. Future research needs to
be conducted to determine the level to which these differing underlying processes relate to the
multiprocess view of the behavioral displays of dishabituation and sensitization in the Aplysia. By
using the Aplysia, Marcus et al. (1988) were able to gather baseline data on dishabituation and
sensitization as well as challenge the dual–process theory. Research has been conducted in human
infants to determine the effect of repeated stimulus presentation on their looking behaviors. Future
research in human behavior should use the principles of Marcus et al. (1988) to investigate the
various

The Pros And Cons Of Self Censorship
In today's society, people no longer communicate with each other on a respectful level. Although
everyone has their own opinion, this generation does not take other people's opinions into
perspective. There are very few leaders who are setting examples for their peers. They are
constantly bashing their objectors for not having the same opinions and ideas that they think are
competent. This causes this generation to self–censor themselves because they do not want to
receive negative backlash on their opinions and ideas. Self–censorship is exercising control over
what one has to say and how he or she may act in order to avoid castigation (English Oxford Living
Dictionaries). It also obstructs creativity and prevents individuals from forming their own opinions
and ideas.
Self–censorship prevents this generation from exploring the depths of creativity and forces people to
hold back opinions that may be bottled up on the inside. It can affect everyone. Adults often have
business ideas that they think can impact our younger generation and that generation to come, but
because of the fear of co–workers disagreeing with them, they may contradict their original thought.
This precludes their talents from advancing on to the next level of success (OxBow School).
Students sometimes can have different opinions than their teachers, but out of fear of getting in
trouble, they never vocalize their opinions. This can at times affect the relationship between the
teachers and their students

Jump Scare Research Paper
The ethic responsibility of Hollywood regarding jump scares
Begun as a gimmick in Hollywood horror films to startle the mess out of viewers, the jump scare
has become a part of people's everyday lives. We find it when we search the internet, play a video
game, in advertising, cell phone tones, and even as dares such as the ice bucket challenge. The
problem is that in our desire to experience a rush, we have become thrill–seekers and it would seem
we have become habituated to actual violence with the thrill of the adrenaline rush being our
conditioned response and the startles as our stimulus. This leads me to wonder if jump scares have
become so pervasive in society that we are habituated to them as well as if a jump scare can cause
physical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But the entertainment industry is just that, entertainment, and is legally responsible to warn the
public through ratings, such as V for Violence, as well as descriptions of content such as
Horror/Drama/Comedy. So the entertainment industry is acting ethically, however other industries
and people employ the scare tactic with no notice or responsibility which, if it results in a death is
legally considered murder. Ultimately, there are no ethical reasons the entertainment industry
shouldn't use jump scares since they give the public fair warning they are about to experience
something that may frighten them to death. The same can't be said for the rest of society but then it
would be unethical to monitor their ethics so

Piaget Observation Paper
The purpose of this paper is to use the habituation technique in young infants to evaluate one
hypothesis derived from Piaget's theory of cognitive development. I will compare 5–months old's in
a task that involves possible and impossible outcomes. Piaget's theory specifies the cognitive
competencies of children of this age. 1a. During the sensorimotor stage children experience the
world around them differently than how older people do, this of course this can be seen by
observing the way in which children gather and process new information that is within their grasp.
What the sensorimotor stage does is bring about the five senses into play, children that are just
below the age of two years would use most of their five senses. These children ... Show more
2a. Habituation is the way in which people respond to things are after constant repetition. What this
means is the way in which people respond is the exact same way in which people get over a new hit
single, or trend. After constant simulating repetition of the response of a person to said thing would
decrease, meaning they pay less mind to what is being shown, told or given. Dishabituation is
basically the opposite of habituation in the sense that instead of unable to not have a decrease in
response to a stimulation that repeats, it is when after the person has undergone habituation he/she
would come to go back to the way they were. What this means is that if a person goes through
habituation, they would revert back as if they had never gone through habituation in the first place,
and in turn would come to have the same response that they had undergone when they were first
stimulated by whatever they were shown or given. Habituation helps researchers study the cognitive
process in infants by allowing them to monitor and measure exactly at what age is an infant able to
thoroughly process information and how fast is said infant able to learn it. Which in turn allows
these researchers to know exactly how the child would learn to respond after constant stimulation.
Take into mind for instance a 5–month old child, the child would be playing peek–a–boo with
his/her mother, at first glance the

Jean Piaget Habituation Essay
hypothesis derived from Piaget's theory of cognitive development. I will compare 5–months olds in
competencies of children of this age. 1a. From birth to two, children go through the sensorimotor
stage, experiencing the world through the senses; they look, hear, and touch. 1b. Object permanence
is the awareness that things continue to exist even when they are no longer being perceived. Jean
Piaget's explanation for the infant's lack of object permanence is that prior to six months old, the
brain is still undeveloped and cannot understand that the object ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The results bear strongly on the experimental hypothesis. 4a. The experimental hypothesis using
Piaget's theory is that infants do not have an innate sense of numbers because they lack object
permanence; the infant would not be able to notice if there is a change in quantity in either outcome.
However, McCrink and Wynn had an alternative hypothesis that said that infants did have an innate
sense of numbers and if an object was removed they would know that there is a difference in
quantity or if there is an impossible quantity. 4b. The outcome of the experiment that would support
the experimental hypothesis is if the infants shows no dishabituation where there is no difference in
the time spent staring at the object between the possible and impossible scenario. This would prove
that the infant did not notice how many objects there were thus supporting that Piaget's theory. The
outcome that would support the alternative hypothesis is if there was dishabituation indicating a
difference in the reaction and time spent staring at the objects. This would mean that the infant
clearly recognizes the original number of objects and what the expected possible outcome is.
Therefore, when they notice the impossible scenario, they know that there is something wrong with
the number of objects that is being presented leading them to react differently and/or stare longer at
the object because they are confused. 4c. Looking at Figure 2, we can

The Effects Of Stimulus Exposure And The Application Of...
Simple Stimulus Learning
Learning is described as reasonably lasting change in behavior through a variety of experiences
(Terry, 2009). Typically, learning evolves sensory learning such as habituation, perceptual learning,
experiencing different stimulus influences, or simple stimulus learning (Terry, 2009). Normally
stimulus in an individual's environment will evoke a response. When a person is exposed to the
same stimulus continually it causes a decrease in the response, this is called habituation. For
instance, the sound of a bell might at first capture your attention. However, after hearing the sound
of the bell over and over again, you might become less distracted as the response to the stimulus
decreases. The decreased response ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the sound of a ticking clock may be quite irritating to a person initially (Raygor,
2005). However, as time goes on and the ticking continues, the person gradually learns to adapt to
the sound of ticking clock while performing other task unaffected by the sound of the clock.
There are two important elements that greatly influence the occurrence of habituation in an
individual. The first is the amount of time between the first introduction of the stimulus and the
second introduction. The second element would be the amount of time the stimulus is presented.
The concept of habituation implies that longer periods of time that a stimulus is present, increases
the rate of habituation occurring. Researchers measure habituation by response times, which include
conducting experiments using eye blink response, startle response, blood flow, and galvanic skin
response that are changes in the skins ability to conduct electricity caused by an emotional response
(typically lie detector test). In addition, researchers measure habituation in infants by changing
quantity, length of time, or visual fixation on the stimulus (Terry, 2009).
Perceptual Learning
Exposure to a stimulus can affect later learning experiences (Terry, 2009). Multiple factors
contribute to the affect of perceptual learning. When a person is exposed to a stimulus they also are
able to learn many things about that

Habituation of Exploratory Behavior in Rats
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of displaced objects and spatial reorganization on habituation of
exploratory behavior. The subjects, rats, each individually spent 5 minutes in an open field for 6
trials. Throughout the study, exploratory behavior was measured in the number of contacts the
subject made, the number of ambulations, and contact time (seconds). Trials 1–5 were mainly used
to familiarize the subject with its surroundings, naturally leading to decreasing amounts of
exploratory behavior. Trial 6 involves the same routine, except displaced objects are introduced in
an attempt to renew exploratory behavior and promote the building up of environmental maps and
representations. Additionally, the measured behavior ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this present study, behavior tests were used in order to determine the likelihood of renewed
exploratory behavior in a familiar environment after the introduction of displaced objects.
Additionally, renewed exploratory behavior seems to play a critical role in building environmental
maps, leading to the integration of new spatial relationships Poucet et al. (1986).
The primary aim of this experiment was to determine if rats would gain a renewal of exploratory
behavior due to displaced objects after habituation had settled in. Based on results from these
previously mentioned experiments, we hypothesized that subjects were capable of renewing
exploratory behavior in a spatially reorganized environment. However, this was under the
assumption that complications such as age and species type were inapplicable.
Method
Subjects
The subjects were Sprague–Dawley male rats. Their age is 150 days. The supplier is Harlan
Sprague–Dawley. They are maintained on a 12:12 h light/dark cycle and are provided with ad
libitum access to food.
Apparatus
Materials include an open field (OF) apparatus with a 6x6 grid drawn on the inside. Three objects, a
coca–cola can, a plastic cylindrical container with rocks inside, and a plastic bear–shaped bottle
were used as the objects.
Procedure

The study period included one week of familiarization and a second week devoted to
experimentation.

Nonassociative Learning is the Repeated Exposure to a...
Nonassociative learning refers to a change in the magnitude of a response following the repeated
exposure to a particular stimulus. More often than not, nonassociative learning is divided into three
forms: habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization and explained through a dual process view in
which one process yields habituation to a stimulus, and yet another, separate, process causes both
dishabituation and sensitization. Emilie A. Marcus, Thomas G. Nolen, Catharine H. Rankin, and
Thomas J. Carew (1988) challenged this perspective by suggesting that dishabituation and
sensitization, as well as inhibition, can stand independent and be dissociated in adult and juvenile
Aplysia. According to Marcus et al. (1988), habituation and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, there were only significant results in the 90– second test; the 10 and 20–minute tests
showed no significant results in either condition. To finish the first series of experiments, Marcus et
al. (1988) examined how dishabituation varied following variation in intensity of the tail stimulus.
To do so, experimenters compared tests on animals in which the intensity of tail stimuli varied from
mild tactile stimulus, like touch, to intense electrical shocks. As before the dependent variable was
the magnitude of dishabituation when the independent variable, intensity of stimuli, was
manipulated. Results from this experiment showed that there was significant dishabituation
following tactile, weak, and intermediate stimuli; however, there was no significant dishabituation
produced by both the strong or multiple (4x) stimuli. Concluding that the greatest amount of
dishabituation followed weaker stimuli and progressively less dishabituation took place as the
intensity of stimuli increased. The second series of experiments examined sensitization by
determining both the time of onset of sensitization, as well as, the magnitude of sensitization when
intensity of stimuli is manipulated. To do so, experimenters utilized the same experimental design as
that of the dishabituation experiment; however, the animals were presented two baseline stimuli at
equal intervals before tail stimulus and then an additional

Virtue In Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics
In Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, ethical virtue is at the base of every Aristotle argument.
Aristotle's goal is to discover: what constitutes human excellence? A key position Aristotle takes in
ethical virtue involves habit among human actions, "Neither by nature, then, nor contrary to nature
do the virtues arise in us; rather we are adapted by nature to receive them, and who are made perfect
by habit." (Nic.2.1.1103a23–25). Through this statement, Aristotle believes that humans do not have
virtues by nature, which means humans cannot be born with virtue. However, nature equips humans
with the potential to acquire virtue over time through social training and habituation. Aristotle's
concept is on the same grounds as Roger Bergman's, author of Catholic Social ... Show more
the mean relative to us, this being determined by a rational principle... which the man of practical
wisdom would determine it." (Nic.2.6.1107a1–4). Aristotle is saying that each person differs in how
they must act to achieve the mean because everybody has their own intermediate through his
doctrine of the mean. Bergman's approach is slightly different as his service–learning idea sparks a
response rather than an uninfluenced action. Bergman states that this reaction happens as "the
students are expressing disequilibrium or dissonance between what they thought they knew and
what they are finding to be true, and their emotional reactions to that dissonance." (CSL 85). Many
of Bergman's idea are parallel with those of Aristotle's besides their differences among the initiative
action and reaction. Bergman's reaction idea gives students a source to base their actions off,
whereas Aristotle's belief is that humans should perform an action in the sake of goodness in itself
and not that of any other motives. Aristotle's proactive actions provoke a greater good compared to
Bergman's reactive

John: Fire Nation: A Short Story
The reason was because he got so clear on what was most important to him and all of those
opportunities, invitations and people that came into his life, were merely distractions and the way
that he stayed grounded was by saying no to the majority of things, so that he could say yes to the
right things.
John: What is a personal habit that contributes to your success?
Peter: For me, it comes down to fitness. I am such a believer that your body is the tool to create
personal power and my habit is to literally being in motion or sweating every single day. I have a
morning ritual that includes meditation, green smoothies, and reading, but the foundation to it is
movement and working out every single day.
John: I am doing some squats right ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, they go to designafearlesslife.com/fire. This is uniquely for Fire Nation, just for EO Fire
listeners. They can pick up the interview there and of course, if you want to connect with me on
social media, I would love that, you can find me by searching Peter Scott IV as in the fourth.
John: Fire Nation, you are the average of the five people that you spend the most time with and you
have been hanging out with P.S. and J.L.D today, so keep up the heat, and head over to eofire.com
and just type Peter in the search bar. His show notes page will pop up with everything that we have
been talking about today. His recommended resources and his recommended book is linked to his
book, which I highly recommend you pick up, read and consume.
It is called The Fearless Mindset. Of course, we have a killer gift from Peter, which such a
generosity mindset, designafearlesslife.com/fire. Go there directly or the link will be on the show
notes page and check him out on social media galore. Peter, thank you brother, for sharing your
journey with Fire Nation today and for that we salute you and we'll catch you on the flip side.
Peter: Thank you John, a true

Objecthood In Early Childhood
This essay will review the concept of objecthood and whether or not it is innate and can be found
during very early on in infancy. Much research has been done looking into when exactly when a
child will identify an object. Baillargeon, Spelke & Wasserman (1985) conducted an experiment,
this experiment consisted of infants being exposed to a moving three dimensional stimulus
(habituation event). The habituation has been said to have an occurred only once the infants start
looking away. Baillargeon, Spelke & Wasserman (1985) habituation event was a 'drawbridge' by
rotating though 180°. After the habituation, a coloured block was then introduced to the infants. The
five month old infants were then shown the test events to where the block had been placed behind
the drawbridge, so that the rise of the drawbridge to vertical occluded the block. In the event that the
drawbridge contained on its accustomed path, by passing through the space that had been previously
occupied by the block. In both of these events the drawbridge had reversed at the end of its ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bower, Broughton and Moore (1972) work also found similar results to objecthood being found in
early infancy. They used a lab experiment of the study, instead of using Piaget's blanket technique
they waited for the infant to reach the object. They found that the infant counted to reach for the
object for up to 90 seconds after it had become invisible. This is a clear indication that the infant
thought it would be in the same place however it wasn't. The limitations of these studies would be
the ages of the infants, as in order to find out whether objecthood is innate and from birth younger
infants would need to be tested. On the other hand most research is out dated, more resent work will
need to be done in order to get a better look into how early an infant can identify an

Piaget Habituation Method
Djenaba Diallo
Psy 10000
B. Melara
Using the Habituation Technique to Evaluate a Piagetian Hypothesis.
hypothesis derived from piaget's theory of cognitive development. I will compare 5–months olds in
competencies of children of this age. Children in the sensorimotor stage experience the world
through their senses and actions by looking, hearing, and touching. Object permanence is the
recognition that things continue to exist even when they do not. Piaget would explain the absence of
object permanence in young infants in which that infants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In the first step, there were two objects placed in a case. In the second step, a screen cam up and
cover the two objects in the case. Third, an empty hand enters the case and fourth, one object was
removed from the case. Lastly, There are two different outcome. As one being the possible in which
the screen drops and reveals one object in the case or the impossible outcome in which the screen
drops and revealing two objects in the case. There are two conditions in this experiment. The most
condition that is appropriately to be the experimental condition is the kids that will see the
impossible outcome because they are being presented the independent variables. There would be
different infants being tested in each conditions because it gives equal chances to both groups. It is
necessary to have a separate control group because. A possible control group will be the infants that
will see the possible outcome which will reveals two objects from the case. The habitation technique
is used in this experiment by acknowledging how infants will respond to a stimulus given to them.
The independent variable in the experiment is the amount of objects that were put in the case and
the dependent variable is the different outcomes.
Figure 2 contains results from the experiment. The results bear strongly on the experimental
hypothesis. The experimental hypothesis is that infants will be able to use words and images

The Pros Of Non-Associative Conditioning
Introduction
Organisms throughout many generations have evolved and developed adaptations that allow them to
survive in their given environment. Additionally, these organisms are capable of increasing their
chances of survival by learning new behaviors throughout their lifetime. The process of learning
requires the organism to properly assess the environment and then appropriately respond to future
conditions. A common form of learning is association in which a specific stimulus is associated with
a particular response creating a relationship between the two. The stimulus can be classified as
either an unconditioned stimulus (US), a stimulus that causes a response without prior exposure, or
a conditioned stimulus (CS), a neutral stimulus at first but then stimulates a ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Two forms of non–associative conditioning are habituation and sensitization. Habituation involves a
no US and a novel stimulus being continuously presented to the organism. Organisms will learn that
the novel stimulus will not predict another stimulus after repeated occurrences, and subsequently the
organism will form this in their memory and decrease or cease its response to that stimulus. This is
beneficial to survival because it helps the organism filter out insignificant repetitive stimuli and
therefore save energy and improve its efficiency [3]. The second form of non–associative learning is
sensitization, in which a strong stimulus that is presented will increase the organism's responses to
different stimuli in the future. In other words, the organism will be more alert and have an enhanced
response to the stimulus. This allows the organism to be alert of dangerous constituents in their
environment [4]. Overall, non–associative learning improves selective attention and response to
important stimuli which is crucial to survival and

Aplysia Sea Slugs
Aplysia are sea slugs which breathe through gills. The Aplysia have a gill–withdrawal reflex
meaning if any immediate danger is present, the sea hares will retract their gills underneath the
protection of their mantles, which is the animals outer covering. The Aplysia sea slugs also have a
rather simple nervous system of about only 20,000 neurons, some of which are large, making it
fairly easy for a neuroscientist to understand how their brain can encode new memories (Gluck,
2014, p. 98). Just like humans, these particular sea slugs show sensitization, habituation, and other
types of learning. In the Gluck lecture the neurobiologist demonstrated how touching the siphon of
an Aplysia triggers a withdrawal reflex. The length of time the gill

Habituation Definition
The habituation paradigm is an experimental designed specifically for infants due to their inability
to verbally communicate. The concept of the paradigm is simple: a stimulus is presented to the
infant(s) either for a long duration of time or multiple times over a predetermined interval. When the
stimulus is initially presented and it is novel, the infants attend to it. However, as they become
familiar with it, their interest wanes. Once they have become familiarized with the stimulus, a new
one is presented and the reactions of the infants are measured. According to a meta–analysis done
on visual habituation and dishabituation in preterm infants by Kavšek (2010), the expectation is that
interest in the original stimulus will decline but the new, novel stimulus should regain their attention
providing it does not fit into the mental representation the infants would have constructed. In the
meta–analysis, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ages ranged from four and a half months up to nine months. The SFM was projected onto a surface
which rotated until the point of habituation. The infants were then presented with familiar and novel
SFM displays as well as random motion displays (RM). It was their belief that if the infants were
able to perceive the three–dimensional forms of the habituated stimulus, even the presence of the
novel stimulus would not be sufficient to draw their attention. According to Hirshkowitz and
Wilcox, this was indeed the outcome of their research. The habituation paradigm allows researchers
to explore otherwise unanswerable questions using common–sense tactics. It is the nature of
children that they will attend to what interests them and ignore what does not. This paradigm affords
us the capacity to peer into the mind of an infant to determine how he perceives the world around
him as he

Nothing Yet
Name: __________________________ Date: _____________ 1. Young children typically try to
stay very close to their parents when they are in an unfamiliar setting. This best illustrates the
adaptive value of: A) habituation. B) conservation. C) the rooting reflex. D) attachment. E)
egocentrism. 2. The branch of psychology that systematically focuses on the physical, mental, and
social changes that occur throughout the life cycle is called: A) clinical psychology. B) social
psychology. C) personality psychology. D) developmental psychology. E) biological psychology. 3.
One of the most consistently damaging teratogens is: A) epinephrine. B) testosterone. C) serotonin.
D) dopamine. E) alcohol. 4. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B) conservation. C) the rooting reflex. D) object permanence. E) habituation. 18. The process by
which certain birds form attachments during a critical period very early in life is called: A)
imprinting. B) assimilation. C) habituation. D) bonding. E) the rooting reflex. 19. Identical twins
typically begin walking on nearly the same day. This best illustrates the importance of _______ to
motor skills. A) responsive parenting B) maturation C) accommodation D) secure attachment E)
habituation 20. Fred has no meaningful occupational goals and has switched college majors several
times. Erikson would have suggested that Fred lacks: A) identity. B) initiative. C) trust. D)
autonomy. E) competence. 21. Researchers have sneakily dabbed rouge on young children 's noses
in order to study the developmental beginnings of: A) egocentrism. B) object permanence. C)
habituation. D) conservation. E) self–awareness. 22. According to Kohlberg, morality based on the
avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents a(n) ________ morality.
A) egocentric B) conventional C) preconventional D) concrete operational E) postconventional 23.
The ratio of males to females first begins declining during: A) adulthood. B) infancy. C) childhood.
D) adolescence. E) prenatal development.

Bilingual Infants Have A Cognitive Advantage
Abstract
Cognitive development advances gradually during infancy. Bilingual infants have often been treated
as a special population with unique advantages or disadvantages as compared to monolinguals. A
recent collection of studies has demonstrated advantages in infants exposed to two languages,
however the specificity of this advantage remains unclear (Singh et al., 2015; Brito & Barr, 2013).
Although, one component such as memory can show a hallmark of an infant's flexibility in
development. Summarized in this paper are two studies in which researchers investigated whether or
not bilingual infants have a cognitive advantage. With comparisons between monolinguals and
bilinguals both studies reveal a bilingual advantage in cognitive control. The studies utilized two
different methods, the visual habituation procedure and the deferred imitation of memory retrieval.
Taken together, the studies evaluated how bilingualism may be correlated to a general enhancement
of the cognitive control system.
The Bilingual Advantage
There has been substantial amount of empirical research done on bilingual infants in which
researches have come up with the term "bilingual advantage." Previous studies conducted have
shown advantages associated with exposure within two languages (Singh et al., 2015; Brito & Barr,
2013). One study argues that visual habituation has been shown as the best predictor of later
intelligence, and is the most basic experimental test of information in infancy. During

Neonatal Approach Essay
From the first day of their lives, infants are able to see, hear, feel, taste, and smell. The visual cortex,
which processes visual information, is immature at birth (Gross, 2012), thus resulting in poor vision
early in life. Infants, before 2 months, have trouble tracking objects, but are able to discriminate
between white and a number of other colors (Gross, 2012). Gross (2012) also reports that by age 4
months, infants are able to perceive depth. In terms of sound, infants are able to respond to sound
consistently and accurately by age 4–5 months, and from birth infants are able to perceive speech
sounds categorically (Gross, 2012). Touch is imperative to an infant's growth and development.
Neonatal reflexes and the ability to feel pain, begin at birth, and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This theory is widely accepted. Anyone who has raised a child from birth, as seen firsthand, how an
infant is very interested in a toy, but after some time does not have interest in that toy and seeks
something new and better. We even see this theory in young children, when we buy that toy that
they have to have, they play with it for a few days, and now they want a different toy. This theory, in
terms of intelligence, represents that an infant is processing the information of the toy, for example
but the ball in a hole, once the skill is mastered and done a several times, the infant then displays
habituation, in search of a new challenge and new skill. In layman's term, one could say that the
brain becomes bored once the information has been processed and applied several times, and seeks a
new adventure. We see this as adults, as well, when we become bored of doing the same thing every
night, and start craving a different stimuli. In conclusion, habituation is a sign of intelligence, as it
represents an infant's ability to master a skill and is ready to accept a more challenging skill to

How To Evaluate Piaget's Theory Of Cognitive Development
Charly mancilla Psychology for the Modern world Due 10/16/14 The purpose of this paper is to use
the habituation technique in young infants to evaluate one hypothesis derived from Piaget's theory
of cognitive development. I will compare 5–month olds in a task that involves possible and
When a child's mind first start to form they go through fase called sensorimotor. A the sensorimotor
stage lasts from birth to around two years of a childs life. It helps them see the world through a
different perspective. Unlike an adult who sees things just by sight. A baby would see things from
all their five senses by ,sight,touch ,smell ,sound, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such as getting a child to get use to other people and not start to cry and the sight of being separated
from the mother.Another advantage to that is that when the infant grows to be an adult it won't have
to deal with a stimuli which would only be present at a n early age. Such as when a child touches a
hot surface, the child sense the stimuli and doesn't like it so it knows to stay away from that hot
surface. And if the child carries that on to it adult life it would help in the long run. What if the adult
works or simply is around the kitchen and hasn't developed the habituation of touching the hot
surface. It would constantly touch it and would not react to it causing the surface to burn the skin
and harm the adult. Something else would be coming accustomed to.The technique would also help
a infant stay away from harms way. By constantly seeing a familiar face the baby knows that the
person won't do anything to hurt the little toddler. Although if a random person were to walk up to
the infant it would walk away and towards someone

Titi Monkeys
While some Neotropical primate species use the forest floor extensively, others tend to exploit the
ground only when necessary. A recent overview of ground use by Pitheciidae covered Pitheciinae
(uacaris – Cacajao, cuxius – Chiropotes and sakis – Pithecia), but did not include titi monkeys
(Callicebiinae: Callicebus, Cheracebus and Plecturocebus). However, unlike the generally high–
canopy Pitheciinae, members of the Callibiinae often use low forest strata and disturbed fragments,
putting them in closer contact with the ground, but the terrestrial repertoire of this group is so far
unknown. We provide a comprehensive review that combines existing literature with unpublished
data and field observations of terrestrial behavior to encompass a total of 72 titi monkey studies
from 55 locations in South America. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We investigated whether terrestrial behavior in titi monkeys is affected by study duration, group
habituation, fruit availability, presence/absence of humans and predators, and forest height. Titi
monkeys used the ground to perform many standard activities, such as resting, moving, feeding, and
geophagy, as well as to disperse between forest

Self Habituation In Brave New World
Epicurus was a Greek philosopher born in 341 B.C., and he lived until 240 B.C. According to The
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, "He [Epicurus] claimed to be self–taught, although tradition
states that he was schooled in the systems of Plato and Democritus by his father and various
philosophers" (Columbia). These prior philosophers heavily influenced the ideals that Epicurus
would popularize later on in life. The ideals of Epicurus went on to be known as Epicureanism,
which essentially was a school of thought that recognized pleasure as the greatest virtue (James).
Epicurus grew up in the Athenian colony of Samos in the Mediterranean Sea. He began his
philosophical education at the age of 19 after the death of Aristotle (O'Keefe). After this ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Primarily the Epicurean ideal of self–habituation is exercised on a regular basis. In fact in the World
State, self–habituation is so idealized that even young children are encouraged to satisfy themselves
sexually as they please. This is made evident in chapter 3, where the children are observed taking
part in "a rudimentary sexual game" (Huxley 32). Aside from physical habituation, mental
satisfaction is heavy practiced as individuals in the world state consume soma, a drug that elicits
utter bliss, in any occasion of mental stress. The quote "Was and will make me ill, I take a gramme
and only am"(Huxley 111) exemplifies the extent to which citizens of the World State avoid
troublesome thought and instead turn to soma because it is pleasurable. Furthermore, the idea that
God/s take second place to science is another congruency between A Brave New World and
Epicureanism. As stated by the quote "Call it the fault of civilization. God isn't compatible with
machinery and scientific medicine and universal happiness" (Huxley 261) the ideals of both entities
mandate that God/s must take second place the sciences. For these reasons the ideals of the society
in A Brave New World, and the ideals of Epicureanism are incredibly

MOHO
There are many different conceptual models available to occupational therapists today. These
include the Canadian model of occupational performance and engagement (CMOP–E), the Model of
Human Occupation (MOHO), Person–enviornment–occupation model (PEO), the Kawa model.
These are very important to the profession and in guiding the occupational therapy process. The
focus of this essay will mainly be on the MOHO. The occupational therapy process is the client–
centred delivery of occupational therapy services. (AOTA, 2008) There are many variations to the
occupational therapy process and how it is carried out but it does have a clear beginning point and
stages throughout the process. Conceptual models interact with the occupational therapy process at
all stages. These are evaluation, intervention, revaluation and therapy outcomes. Evaluation (often
called assessment) is the gathering and analysing of information whose results are used by the
occupational therapist to organise and administer interventions to to help clients in changing their ...
These are Volition, Habituation and Performance capacity. Volition is a person's motivation for
occupation. Habituation refers to the way in which occupation is arranged into a routine or
sequence. Performance capacity is the various physical and metal abilities that are needed for skilled
occupational performance (Kielhofner, 2008). However where MOHO is concerned, the
environment is always take into account also. It is always in a person's life and therefore influences
their ability to carry out their occupations by impacting on their volition. habituation and
performance capacity. Therefore a person's occupational circumstances cannot be acknowledged
without an understanding of their environments (Ikiugu, 2012). Understanding this is key to a
therapist giving effective intervention, which is important to the occupational therapy

Slime Mold Essay
Previous research about slime molds have indicated that they possess a primal form of memory,
based on information stored within the thick ooze track the molds leave behind as they move.
However, research conducted by David Vogel and Audrey Dussutour of Toulouse suggest more:
they found that Physarum polycephalm, a bright yellow species of slime mold, are able to learn, and
then transfer that knowledge during and after fusion of mold cells. Vogel and Dussutour cultured the
P. polycephalm in dishes filled with an agarose gel/ oatmeal mixture, and then placed the molds next
to an area of food accessible only by means of an agar bridge. Half of the time, the bridges were
coated with quinine water or caffeine, which taste bitter to the slimes. The molds were reluctant to
cross the coated bridges at first (they took twice as long to reach the food compared to the molds
that crossed bridges that were free of the repellants), but after a few days, the slime molds "learned"
that the repellants were harmless. The slime ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the slime molds exhibited habituation, however, the researchers allowed the slime molds that
crossed salted bridges to fuse with slime molds that crossed plain bridges. After fusion, Vogel and
Dussatour timed all of the slime molds as they crossed the bridges, and observed that the "mega–
cells" formed from the fusion of a normal slime mold and a salt–habituated mold crossed the salted
bridges just as fast as the unfused salt–habituated molds. They also found evidence that the
habituation in the mega–cells was due to a transfer of knowledge, and not simply because the fused
cell was a mixture of the habituated and unhabituated slime molds. This transfer of knowledge
became apparent when the researchers noticed that the pseudopod that reached the food at the end of
the bridge first most frequently came from the unhabituated section of the fused slime

Fast And Slow By Daniel Kahneman
In Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman depicts the two very different but harmonious
thinking systems of our brains. They are conveniently labeled System 1 and System 2. System 1 is
responsible for quick and instinctive thinking and decisions whereas system 2 is much more
methodological and slow. An important aspect of both is attention – while one system hardly uses
any (consciously), the other monopolizes it. I believe attention is an important feature of thinking,
and psychology in general, since it is essential to everyday functioning and holds a central role in
development. Early on in development, the system most used is System 1, and the use of System 2
is greatly increased and improved with age. Attention plays a fundamental part in habituation since
habituation is the decrease of attention to a stimulus until there is no response (or just a faint one) to
it. Habituation is especially useful in measuring non–verbal measures in infants (Deloache, 1976).
Attention is greatly affected by biological development – specifically the brain (Reynolds &
Richards, 2008). It is generally known that control of attention increases with age and reason being
is that brain structures are developing and maturing. Biological development is not the only domain
that has a close relationship with attention – social development does as well. In order for infants to
begin socialization with their parent or caregiver, they need to pay attention to them first. This initial

Alain De Botton Analysis
Creating a Perception In the modern world, individuals are concerned with activities of daily living
and become bombarded with daily stress. In Alain de Botton's contemporary essay, he mentions a
quote," The sole cause of man's unhappiness is that he does not know how to stay quietly in his
room," (De Botton, 60). This quote references the stress and mundane of everyday life. It is difficult
to sit in the comfort of one's home and remain indifferent to the world outside because the outside
world still exists. However, instead of thinking about all the problems the world has, it is important
to create a perception; a perception that creates a balance between the inside and the outside. A
balance between the inside and outside world is necessary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In context to reverting the process of habituation, Alain de Botton states," I forced myself to obey a
particular kind of mental command; to look around me as though I had never been in this place
before. And slowly my travels began to bear fruit. Under the command to consider everything as of
potential interest, objects released latent layers of value," (De Botton, ). Here, he states that it is
necessary to adapt a mindset in which you look at your surroundings and familiar objects from a
way that one had previously not seen it before. By this, an individual can develop," latent layers of
value," (De Botton, 63). Familiar objects in a habituated surrounding can exhibit deep, hidden
meanings that one may not have realized before. At times it may feel like there is nothing to be
discovered because one has become so habituated to one's surroundings. Changing one's perspective
can reveal the true value of an object that had been long forgotten about. It can also remind an
individual of the memories and experiences related to the object. When adapting an "open–minded
mindset," an individual can help differentiate between the ordinary and the extraordinary

Essay on Method of Limits
Lab 4: Methods of limits
Elizabeth Bryan
Florida State University
Lab 4: Method of limits. Sound waves are created when an object vibrates. They have two main
components: frequency (pitch; measured in Hertz (Hz)) and amplitude (loudness, intensity;
measured in decibels (dB)). The method of limits is a psychophysical method in which a particular
dimension of a stimulus, or the difference between two stimuli, is varied incrementally until the
participant responds differently. The change in stimulus intensity is orderly and regular; so the
changes may become predictable to the participant resulting in two types of bias, expectation or
habituation. Expectations is when the participant expects the stimulus to change, and thus reports ...
For the descending trials we started at a very high dB level so the participant could not hear the
tone. We then decreased the dB level by 5 dB's until the participant could not hear the tone 2 dB's in
a row. When conducting our experiment, the experimenter concealed the remote switch so that the
participant did not know the sound was coming, we made sure to only press the button one time.
Results The means for ascending threshold, descending threshold, and the overall threshold were
calculated using the universal mean formula. We essentially took A1 and added it with A2 and
divided, and did the same with the descending. After the first row of Y's, we started to notice a
correlation among them and was easily able to calculate the rest in my head, checking my work after
with a calculator. Among the 250 Hz row, the ascending mean was 55 and the descending mean is
42.5, the overall calculated mean was discovered to be 48.75. In the 500 Hz row, the mean of A was
47.5, and D's mean was 37.5, averaging out to the total of 42.5. In the row of Y's for 1000 Hz, 37.5
was the ascending mean and 32.5 was the descending, leaving the overall mean of 30. For 2000 Hz,
27.5 was calculated for the ascending, while 32.5 was calculated for descending, making 30 the
overall mean. For 4000 Hz, 47.5 and 42.5 were the ascending and descending means with the
overall at 40 decibels. Lastly, the row of

Jean Piaget Observation Essay
Using the Habituation Technique to Evaluate a Piagetian Hypothesis The purpose of this paper is to
use the habituation technique in young infants to evaluate one hypothesis derived from Jean Piaget's
theory of cognitive development. I will compare 5–months olds in a task that involves possible and
1a. In the first stage of cognitive development, the sensorimotor stage is the simplest form of
cognitive development. At around two years old, toddlers use their five senses and actions to
perceive the world. When children are very young, if they do not see something, then they believe
the object is not there. However, as the child starts to get older, if they know the object is hidden,
then they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Piaget would agree that object permanence in toddlers is absent due to the fact that they do not have
the ability to recall memories or uncover patterns yet. Piaget claims object permanence occurs in
children around eight to nine months old. Object permanence occurs because children start to notice
recurring themes and patterns. 1c. Stranger anxiety is defined as a child showing unease in a novel
situation. According to Piaget, this trait develops around eight to nine months old as well. Stranger
anxiety develops around the age object permanence develops due to the fact that it is when a child
becomes familiar with certain people and objects. In a case where a strange item or person is
introduced, the child will seek a recognizable item or face; this gives the child comfort, and shows
the child is capable of remembering certain conditions. 1d. Koleen McCrink and Karen Wynn
believed that object permanence is a constantly developed occurrence, rather than a spontaneous
ability as Piaget theorized. Another difference between their theories is, McCrink and Wynn believe
that object permanence is

Using Three Habituation Technique For Evaluate A Piagetian...
Tarek Algabyali
Psychology 102
Instructor: Bob Melera
TA: Kseiina G.
Using three Habituation Technique to Evaluate a Piagetian Hypothesis
hypothesis derived from Piaget's theory of cognitive development. I will compare 5–months olds in
competencies of children of this age. 1a. During the first few months of life to the age of two,
children are developing senses and motor movements that allow them to experience the world. The
more the child interacts with any aspect of their environment, the more the child gains an emotional
understanding of the world. 1b. Object permanence is a skill that a child developed over time that
allows the child to realize that an object or a living thing still exists even while unseen or unheard.
Piaget explains the absence of object permanence by talking about the six substages of the
development of object permanence. Through the six substages, Piaget talks about how an infant's
initial thought to look for a hidden toy would be the last place the toy was seen. In this case, the
child has not yet fully developed object permanence. Object permanence begins to emerge at the age
of two for an average child. It emerges because over the past 24 months or so, children develop their
sensorimotor stage over trial and error. 1c. Stranger anxiety is when a child

Protagonist: Antisocial Stereotypes
The present study done by Hamlin, & Wynn in 2011 in their paper titled "Young infants prefer
prosocial to antisocial others" seeks to answer whether infants in the first year of life make
evaluations about those who behave prosocially and antisocially. To test for this, a two object–
oriented goal scenario is used involving an experiment of opening a box to get a toy. In this
experiment, infants observed the "Protagonist" as a plush animal hand puppet that was struggling to
open the lid of a clear plastic box that contained a brightly coloured rattle. The Protagonist received
help in opening the box from the "Opener", represented by a prosocial puppet, and was
interchangeably prevented from opening the box by the "Closer", represented by an antisocial
puppet that slammed the box lid closed. After this, infants were presented with the Opener and
Closer characters and supported in reaching out for one of them. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This was done to make certain that infants' preferences were established on the social, rather than
physical aspects of the characters' behaviour. The "Inanimate Control" condition involved an
inanimate mechanical pincer that performed identical physical actions on the box as the Protagonist
with the puppets that were opening and closing the box. Similar to the Social condition, infants were
encouraged to reach for one of the puppets to determine whether infants have social reason to prefer
one character in comparison to the other. It was demonstrated that inanimate objects do not engage
intentional reasoning in infants the way human or stuffed animals do. Thus, infants have no social
reason to prefer one character in comparison to the

MOHO Model
Completing a personal analysis of a positive and negative cycle of occupational behavior facilitated
a greater understanding of occupational behavior and the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO).
Findings indicated the addition of the role of OTD student resulted in both negative and positive
cycles to my life. Consequently, the negative cycle included an imbalance in roles and habits while
conversely the positive cycle included embracing learning with immediate application to my area of
practice. I identified strengths and weaknesses within all three subsystems. Within the Volitional
system, I identified weaknesses related to returning to college after 30 years which caused feelings
of incompetence and concerns regarding the ability to complete ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The MOHO is a client–centered holistic conceptual model for practice while the OTPF emphasizes
a client–centered approach in data collection identifying what is important and meaningful to the
client. The MOHO uses an open system approach to assess: Input, Person, Occupational
Performance, and the Environment. In contrast, the OTPF considers how Client factors (MOHO
Volitional subsystem), performance skills, performance patterns (MOHO Habituation subsystem)
and contexts and environment (part of MOHO) impact occupational performance. Both MOHO and
OTPF emphasize client–centered analysis. The MOHO has specific assessment tools while the
OTPF indicates the occupational profile should include information that is similar to MOHO,
regarding client values, interests, daily routines, patterns of engagement and feelings related to
occupational function (AOTA, 2014, p. S13). Additionally, MOHO indicates data is collected and
discussed with the client to help the client gain an understanding of their subsystems and how these
impacts occupational performance (Cole & Tufano, 2014). The OTPF indicates data is collected to
create an occupational profile through analysis of occupational performance skills. While both,
MOHO and OTPF support interventions that are specific, meaningful, and focused on occupational
performance. Also, the OTPF expands interventions to include therapist skills related to clinical
reasoning, therapeutic use of self and activity analysis (AOTA, 2014). Both reflect practice
guidelines appropriate for use across age spans and varying levels of need. I feel MOHO works well
within the OTPF based on the open system, use of Volition, Habituations, and Mind–brain–body
subsystems. Additionally, MOHO's consideration of both physical and social environments aligns
with the

Habit By Alain De Botton Summary
In "Habit" Alain De Botton, the author mentions different ways one could travel without leaving the
comfort of their home. The individual will come across the "traveler's mindset" and see everything
in a new light; what was the ordinary will become wonderous and exciting. One's ordinary home
will no longer be dull but quite entertaining. Developing the traveler's mindset, one will start
reversing the process of habituation; seeing the world through the eyes of the new. "Possible
Worlds: Why do Children Pretend" Alison Gopnik, has many similarities to De Botton's writing in
subtle ways. Gopnik goes in detail on counterfactuals and the necessity of imagination in order to
make possible worlds. Both authors explain the importance in realizing ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
By changing one mindset into one of a traveler, can cause a person to view everything around them
in a fresh light. Thinking counterfactually allowed De Maistre to see his own bedroom in a
picturesque way. He first sees everything around him as just tools to get him by, but as he went on
his journey, he came to realize the warmth that everything around him provided and "learns to
appreciate this complex piece of furniture" (61) from a "traveler's vantage point" (64). De Maistre
changed his thought process in order to view what is in front of him differently. He considered the
varying ways the world could possibly be. As Gopnik says, "Counterfactuals let us change the
future. Because we can consider alternative ways the world might be, we can actually act on the
world and intervene to turn it into one or the other possibilities" (165). De Maistre had to intervene
in order to make this possible future a reality, he was frustrated that many scenes that are deemed
ordinary go unnoticed by the public due to its averageness (62). De Maistre took it upon himself to
stop viewing the world as boring and instead decided to admire everything just by looking at what
was in front of him. In doing so he viewed the world in alternative ways. Imagining something in
another setting can cause different outcomes and possibilities to occur, it allows one to change the
future to fit his/her own

Vestibulo-Ocular Sickness Essay

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Melissa Jackson

More from Melissa Jackson (18)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Vestibulo-Ocular Sickness Essay