Components Of The National Aeronautics And Space...

Components Of The National Aeronautics And Space...
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) prior optical communication
endeavours have concentrated on lunar and space communication work involving uplinks and
downlinks. Prior programs/projects in the public domain have included collaborative efforts among
Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), MIT Lincoln
Laboratory (MIT–LL), and the European Space Agency (ESA). In the remainder of this section,
efforts are listed under the lead organization. However, other organizations may have participated in
the referenced programs/projects.
Goddard Space Flight Center
The Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration (LLCD) mission was able to ... Show more
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GRACE–FO (Gravity recovery and Climate Experiment– Follow–on) is one of JPL's newest
satellites missions in partnership with the German Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ). While
current, openly available literature, does not detail a laser communication crosslink, the mission
does incorporate a laser technology experiment designed to precisely measure the distance between
the twin satellites (Walbolt, n.d.). This mission and, more specifically, this particular payload may
provide an analogous reference point for future laser crosslink missions. However, it may be
difficult to ascertain the value of foreign contributions.
Figure 7: Artist Rendering of Laser Experiment aboard GRACE–FO
In addition, JPL has provided ancillary support for research being conducted by MIT Lincoln
Laboratory (MIT–LL) regarding optical satellite communication links for small satellites in
particular CubeSats.
U.S. Navy
Using CubeSat architecture, the U.S. Navy has initiated the HALO–Net (high–band Anti–jam LPI
[Low Probability of Intercept]/LPD [Low Probability of Detection] Optical Network) project to
develop an optical communication network. It is known that shock test took place in 2016. (Space
and Naval Warfare Systems Command, n.d.). Additional information regarding the project has not
been located.
Future Activity
NASA has created a roadmap to

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Curiosity: A Robotic Rover
On August 6, 2014, a robotic rover Curiosity, which worth about 25 million dollars, was
successfully landed on Mars and immediately sent back images of the areas around the mission's
landing site. Radioactive isotopes are used for the first time as the power source for this car–sized
robotic rover. As a part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission, Curiosity was launched on
November 26, 2011, and it was the most ambitious and expensive exploration mission on Mars in
history. (Wall, 2012) Curiosity rover takes along with a variety of advanced instruments and
equipment, planning to determine if there were conditions for life existed in the past on Mars or to
search for signs of life in rocket around landing area. It would work continuously ... Show more
After the specific mineral elements in rock samples are determined, Curiosity grinds rock into fine
powdery sample and pours it into a chemistry and mineralogy analyze system ––– CheMin. CheMin
then directs a beam of X–rays at the powder and the crystal structure of the minerals deflects it at a
characteristic angle, which allows the scientists to distinguish the minerals being analyzed. CheMin
provided the valuable information about the varieties of the minerals exists on Mars, as well as each
mineral's reserves. Analyzing each mineral on Mars allows scientists to find major leads of
temperature, pressure and acidity of Mars' environment during the time when these minerals were
formed. Therefore, CheMin has the potential to reveal whether Gale Crater is a suitable place for
life exists. (Anderson, 2010) However, whether it is possible to find the signs of life on Mars
remains unsure, since it is an extremely difficult task to make a clear conclusion about life existence
on exterior planet. Nevertheless, by searching for organic molecules, Curious tries its best to find
the solutions to this

Coral Reef Airborne Laboratory Report
The COral Reef Airborne Laboratory, or CORAL, is a water mission in the biosphere that will
attempt to measure the condition of certain coral reefs and create empirical models that show the
relationship between the condition of these reefs and other factors using both field and air
observations. The biogeophysical factors being observed include biodiversity, sea surface
temperature, photosynthetically available radiation, aragonite saturation state, significant wave
height, and the threat levels of coastal development, marine pollution, overfishing, watershed
pollution, and integrated local threat (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, n.d.). CORAL will help marine
biologists monitor the condition of coral reefs and predict the future of those reefs with both field
and air observation.
CORAL is currently running: field testing runs from June 6, ... Show more content on
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Field observation is then performed to validate the observations made using the spectra of light
reflected from the ocean to PRISM. This spectrum will provide a uniform picture of reef condition,
and the in situ data, or data that is not exposed to an external environment, will show if the spectrum
is accurate (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, n.d.). The nominal operational altitude for the mission is 8.5
kilometers, with a PRISM swath range at around 4.7 kilometers and ground sample distance around
7.5 meters (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, n.d.). This will allow data to be collected in a wide distance,
allowing for a high amount of data collection in a short amount of time. CORAL also hopes to
influence future use of satellites. It is a new idea to utilize satellites to observe coral reefs, and
several other groups, some American and others international, plan to launch satellites that can
collect data that, rather than just snapshots, show the way reefs change over time (Slezak,

Geckos Research Paper
Two pairs of sticky feet, a round body and some inspiration by geckos, the amazing lizards that can
climb easily on walls, were enough for NASA to create a next generation climbing robot to help the
engineers carry repair work on the ISS (International Space Station). After that and the NASA's
news rocket design to get us to Mars, you'll believe that everything is possible. GECKOS? Geckos,
according to the Wikipedia are lizards living in warm climates and their size ranges from 0.62 to
23.6 inches. Their toes have an adaptation that allow them to adhere to most surfaces using their
spatula–shaped setae on their footpads. That was the concept that Aaron Parness and his colleagues
from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California used and

Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Jet Propulsion Laboratory by vpnacek | studymode.com
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Harvard Business School Case 9–110–031 1.1 Should Gentry Lee
recommend launch or delay for the Mars Biological Explorer (MBE) mission?
Gentry Lee should recommend the launch for the MBE mission. As stated in the case study,
Gentry Lee is introduced to the project with a significant amount of experience working with
NASA and interplanetary exploration missions (Kaplan and Mikes, 2010). Multiple review boards
took place to discuss in detail the consequences and likelihood of risks occurring. Tiger teams were
established to find resolutions to existing problems weeks before the launch date. The case study
eludes to a high probability of the budget ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The risk review boards also define time and cost reserves for the project. According to the case
study the reserves provide a bumper for parts of the project that can go wrong, while still allowing
those parts to continue to move forward and meet its intended goal (Kaplan and Mikes, 2010).
2.2 What Role does each play, and what is critical for success?
2.2.1 What is the role of the risk review board?
Redmill (2002) stated that "It is often claimed that the greatest value of risk analysis lies not in the
values derived but in the fact that the process forces us to think deeply about, and therefore better
understand the risks." The methodology and processes established as part of the risk review board
were imperative for the success of the MBE program because it forced all parties involved to better
understand the risks of the project. The role of the risk review board was to do a deep dive into
critical risks and determine the likelihood and consequence of that risk occurring during the project.
The review board is made up of skilled and highly qualified experts, they are tasked to review each
risk critically and thoroughly. Although the board was made up of
12 people in JPL, NASA and the main contract, it was the responsibility of the project team
engineers to effectively communicate the mitigation strategy for each risk. Kaplan and Mikes
(2010) noted in the case study that Lee explained the

What They Haven T Told You About Climate Change Summary
In his video "What They Haven't Told You about Climate Change" for conservative media
organization Prager University, environmentalist and former President of Greenpeace Canada
Patrick Moore expresses his skepticism of humans being a major cause of climate change. While it
is true that humans have not been the sole contributors to climate change, Moore significantly
downplays the impact that humans have had on the climate. The overwhelming, international, peer
reviewed scientific consensus is that recent human activity has caused an unprecedented increase in
global warming ("Climate Change: How do we know?"). Moore's characterization of humanity's
impact on climate change omits important data and research to spin a misleading narrative on
climate change. Moore begins his argument by stating that global temperature has fluctuated
upwards and downwards in the past two thousand years, claiming that the Medieval Warm Period
was at least as warm, if not warmer than today. This characterization of the Medieval Warm ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, it is important to examine Moore's environmental experience and motives in making
such claims. Moore attempts to ground his credibility by marketing himself as the co–founder of
Greenpeace, a claim that has been disputed by Greenpeace itself. Greenpeace states that "while it is
true that Patrick Moore was a member of Greenpeace in the 1970s, in 1986 he abruptly turned his
back on the very issues he once passionately defended.", he has since "gone from defender of the
planet to a paid representative of corporate polluters." ("Greenpeace Statement on Patrick Moore").
Moore exploits his former position at Greenpeace to appear reasonable in his climate change skeptic
positions, most of which Greenpeace oppose. In addition, Prager University, the publisher of
Moore's video, is not an accredited university that neither conducts academic research nor offers
degree

Essay on Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Harvard Business School Case 9–110–031
1.1 Should Gentry Lee recommend launch or delay for the Mars Biological Explorer (MBE)
mission? Gentry Lee should recommend the launch for the MBE mission. As stated in the case
study, Gentry Lee is introduced to the project with a significant amount of experience working with
NASA and interplanetary exploration missions (Kaplan and Mikes, 2010). Multiple review boards
took place to discuss in detail the consequences and likelihood of risks occurring. Tiger teams were
established to find resolutions to existing problems weeks before the launch date. The case study
eludes to a high probability of the budget increasing if the launch is delayed, and the probability the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The role of the risk review board was to do a deep dive into critical risks and determine the
likelihood and consequence of that risk occurring during the project. The review board is made up
of skilled and highly qualified experts, they are tasked to review each risk critically and thoroughly.
Although the board was made up of 12 people in JPL, NASA and the main contract, it was the
responsibility of the project team engineers to effectively communicate the mitigation strategy for
each risk. Kaplan and Mikes (2010) noted in the case study that Lee explained the "engineers have a
forest and a tree problem", making it difficult for them to see beyond the issue in front of them and
actually seeing the impact the risk may have on mission success. Because of this, the review board
is responsible to challenge, debate and argue over each risk to make sure every possible solution is
discussed and the best one is decided to be implemented.
2.2.2 What is the role of risk maps?
The role of risk maps are to visually model and communicate the criticality of each risk. It is
displayed in a two dimensional map.

Case Study Freeflyer
Hi Jun,
Thank you for evaluating FreeFlyer and your patience while we worked through your issue. Our
Tech Support team has spent some time analyzing your Mission Plan's (MP). We are happy to see
you using the Orbit Determination (OD) abilities of FreeFlyer. We do have some suggestions to help
in simplifying your MP and evaluating your results.
To recap, you have three separate MP's; the first is to setup your spacecraft and export the state
vector as an ephemeris. Then the second MP is used to apply the Black Jack point solution data file
to the ephemeris file using a Kalman Filter tool. The final MP then uses the Tracking Data Editor to
generate a new Black Jack point solution data file from the original Black Jack point solution.
Although, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
o In your spacecraft GUI there is a tab for the propagator step size (Spacecraft1  Motion Model 
Propagator  Step Size) set to 300 seconds, where as your Kalman Filter step size is only 60
seconds. The Spacecraft step size should be identical to the Kalman Filter step size. This is mainly
due to the Kalman Filter step size taking precedent in FreeFlyer and wanting to ensure that the
spacecraft propagation is synced with the Kalman Filter. o Also under the "Motion Model" you are
using 22 Zonal and Tesseral potential fields and the "Analytic" density model. Although this is not
incorrect you would receive a better estimate if you used the Jacchia Roberts density model and
increased your Zonals to a larger number. I have updated the Zonals and Tesserals, in the attached
MP, to use 40

Nili Fossae Research Paper
Nili Fossae Trough: The Red Planet's Landing Site Is Arrayed With Fantastic Colors; Blue Color
Dominates
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) reveals that Nili Fossae trough, a possible landing site in
Mars, have the most colorful spots on the Red Planet. It shows green, blue and red patches, as
shown in the photos taken by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO).
NASA confirmed that red is not only the color of Mars. There is an array of colors under Mar's
bedrock. The blue that dominates the part of the landing is due to "homogenized dust." These
fantastic colors of the Nili Fossae are credited to the rich geologic history of the area.
The Omega spectrometer on Mars Express and the CRISM spectrometer on MRO discovered that
the Nili Fossae

Mars Research Paper
1. MARS' ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
The atmosphere of Mars is very thin in comparison to Earth's atmosphere. So thin that the carbon
dioxide is incapable of holding in any infrared radiation. In addition to this, lack of ozone layer
makes the surface highly exposed to harmful UV rays [1]. Hence, the manipulator arm should be
able to withstand high amount of radiation.
The approximate average temperature on Mars is around –63 °C with high/low range of 30/
–140 °C [2]. Mars' elliptical orbit results in severe planet wide dust storms [1]. So, the arm and its
electrical components should survive harsh weather conditions.
2. POWER SOURCE
2.1 Radioisotopic Thermoelectric Generator
Radioisotopic power systems take advantage of heat released by ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
NASA. (2008, Jan). Design of a Radioisotopic Thermoelectric Generator [ONLINE].
Available at: http://mars.nasa.gov/msl//files/mep/MMRTG_Jan2008.pdf
Figure a, Energy Matters. (2012, Feb 24). Dust coat on NASA's Mars Rover [ONLINE]. Available
at: http://www.energymatters.com.au/renewable–news/em3068/ 3.2 Websites
University of Chicago. (2002, August 4). Mars [ONLINE]. Available at:
https://www.ucls.uchicago.edu/students/projects/martiansuntimes/docs/mars_stats.html
NASA. (n.d.). Mars Facts [ONLINE]. Available at:
http://mars.nasa.gov/allaboutmars/facts/#detailedFacts
Jet Propulsion Laboratory. (2008, Jan). Power. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/technology/technologiesofbroadbenefit/power/
Energy Matter. (2012, Feb 24). Dust coat on NASA's Mars Rover [ONLINE]. Available at:
http://www.energymatters.com.au/renewable–news/em3068/

NASA. (2014, Jan 18). The Heartbeat of the Mars Exploration Rovers [ONLINE]. Available at:
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=252
Justin Fitzgerald and Nancy O'Bryan. (2008, Jul 11). Fuel Cells: A Better Energy Source for Earth
and Space [ONLINE]. Available at:

Aviation Development With Jet Propulsion Projects For...
Through the course of the Second World War, Germany partook in numerous courses of research
and development of weapons systems and platforms that were believed that they could help win the
war more quickly and later hopefully turn the tide of the war. Of these the more ambitious and
advanced attempts without doubt were the projects dubbed as Germany's Wunderwaffen, or
"Wonder Weapons", by the nation's Propaganda network. Several of these projects proved
instrumental to advancement of many people of the world after the war, be such for military or
civilian development, and they ranged between the practical to outright insane in scope. Through the
course of this paper I will present and analyze a variety of these Wunderwaffe projects from
different areas of development and what effect they had during or after the war for technological
development. The first topic that will be covered will be that of Aviation development with Jet
propulsion projects for aircraft within the Luftwaffe. Second will be projects involving several
munitions projects that Germany had undertaken during the course of the Second World War.
Aviation Projects Prior to and through World War Two, Germany pursued numerous projects of
advancement for its new fledgling Luftwaffe, one of such being the pursuit of Jet propulsion and
how to apply them to designs. One of the first of these combat designs with Jet engines was the
Messerschmitt Me 262 "Schwalbe." Messerschmitt's Me 262 is widely known as

Elnino: A Global Impact On Weather Patterns
Elnino is a warming cycle in the water that had been warming up every year. Every year the
temperature has come to increase. This is very dangerous if the water gets too hot something can
happen to the crops air and destroy everything in society if it becomes hotter. For now in 2017 the
water cold increase in hurricane season . Thats is not good because it could damage our world even
more , by creating more hurricanes. Heer are many topics on Elńino What is El´nino:" El Nino is a
climate cycle in the Pacific Ocean with a global impact on weather patterns. The cycle begins when
warm water in the western tropical Pacific Ocean shifts eastward along the equator toward the coast
of South America."(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
ElNino is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific, as opposed
to La Niña, which is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific. ...
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"ElNino is the warm phase of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation cycle"(ENSO). The ENSO cycle is
the way scientists describe the fluctuations in temperature between the atmosphere and the ocean in
the east–central Equatorial Pacific. Basically, ElNino is a naturally occurring phenomenon that is
linked to a periodic warming in sea surface temperatures across the central and east–central
Equatorial Pacific.
What causes El Nino: "Scientists do not yet understand in detail what triggers an El Nino cycle. Not
all El Ninos are the same, nor do the atmosphere and ocean always follow the same patterns from
one ElNino to another. There isn't one big cause, which is one of the reasons why we can't predict
this thing perfectly,"

Research Paper On Mars Exploration Rover
ESS 102 Research Paper
Bo Wang In 2017, scientists discovered a planet hidden beyond Pluto, they named it planet X.
Twenty years has passed. In 2037, NASA decided to launch a robotic mission on planet X. The goal
of the mission is to find the existence of water and detecting the major components of atmosphere
and soil. The ultimate goal is to determine whether planet X can become our second Earth. The
science fiction paper will be in the form of a log in the perspective of the space rover landed on
Planet X. Opportunity was launched in July 2003 for an exploration on Mars. Its mission was to
search for signs of past life on Mars [1]. In particular it was searching for geological clues about the
existence of water on Mars and whether Mars was wet enough to be hospitable to life [2].
Opportunity was lucky that it landed close to a thin out crop of rocks and it was able to find the
evidence of existence of deep salty water flowed over the area from those rocks [2]. Moreover, those
rocks could also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Mars Exploration Rover – Opportunity". NASA. RetrievedFebruary 2, 2014.
[2] California, United States. NASA. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA Facts: Mars Exploration
Rover. NASA: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Oct. 2004. Web. 29
Jan. 2016.
[3] Showstack,R., (2011), Mars Opportunity rover finds gypsum veins, Eos Trans. AGU, 92(51),
479.
[4] Hamran, S. E., et al. "The RIMFAX Ground Penetrating Radar on the Mars 2020 Rover." AGU
Fall Meeting Abstracts. Vol. 1. 2014.
[5] Berthling, Ivar, et al. "Rock glaciers on Prins Karls Forland. II: GPR soundings and the
development of internal structures." Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 11.4 (2000): 357–369.
[6] Rapp, Donald, et al. "The Mars oxygen ISRU experiment (MOXIE) on the Mars 2020 rover."
Space forum. 2015.
[7] Beegle, Luther, et al. "SHERLOC: scanning habitable environments with raman & luminescence
for organics & chemicals." Aerospace Conference, 2015 IEEE. IEEE,

The Mars Exploration Rover Mission (Spirit and Opportunity...
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched two similar twin robotic rovers
which were Spirit and Opportunity toward Mars on 10 June and 7 July 2003 (NASA 2012). Spirit
and Opportunity landed in Gusev Crater on 4 January 2004 and in Meridiani Planum on 25 January
2004 respectively (NASA 2012). Opportunity is still operating and roving after 10 years on the
Martian surface while final communication of Spirit to the Earth took place on 22 March 2010,
which is around six years into its mission (NASA 2012). The rovers were thought to last 20 times
longer as compared to its original design. As part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, the Mars
Exploration Rover mission is a continuous multi–mission effort to study Mars as a possible
habitation for past or present life and to look for signs of life as well as to prepare for human
exploration. Primary objective of the Mars Exploration Rover mission is to explore and characterize
a wide range of soils and rocks that possess clues or evidences to past water activity on Mars
(NASA 2012).
It is hard to get to Mars and it is even harder to land on Mars, thus Spirit and Opportunity had to
overcome numerous challenges in order to land on Mars and to carry out their missions. These two
rovers were required to fly through approximately 483 million kilometers of deep space and a very
precise landing spot had to be targeted (Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2011). Although their flight paths
can be adjusted along the way,

Communication Between Aliens And Human Beings
Yue Zhang
02/04/2015
Space Communication
In every space mission, communication is one of the most important part but there is not so many
people put their focus on it. I would like to write my fiction depend on the communication between
people on the Earth and people in the space. My story is happened in 22nd century and people have
a developed technology to send the robots to the very far planets. At a different galaxy, aliens find
our robots are sending signal back to the satellite around the Earth. They change the signal and
begin to communicate with the people on the Earth by our space communication function of the
robots or the satellite. The difference of hopes between the aliens and the human beings can be
shown during the communication. The war is about starting. Since my story is mainly depend on the
communication between aliens and human beings, my research paper will focus on the different
ways and the basic principles about aliens and human beings used to communicate.
At first, I would like to talk about DSN which is a basic telecommunication systems in the world.
According to the NASA DSN official website, the full name of DSN is Deep Space Network, which
is famous as the system used to do the two–way communication between the Earth and the
spacecraft or satellite in the space. (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory)Two–way communication,
contains the uplink and downlink, means it can send information to the space and collect
information from

The Martian
Written over a period of 3 years, The Martian by Andy Weir became quite the success. Originally
self–published as an e–book on Amazon the book later became a huge hit in the science–fiction
genre. This is due to the fact that it appealed to both the casual readers and the hard–core science
fans. In 2014 the book was officially published by Broadway Books. It contains a total of 369 pages
The book takes place on Mars and more specifically Acidalia Planitia, a plain in the North part of
the planet. The habitation module or Hab for short is where our survivor will be spending most of
his time while not in his rover. Another location is the Hermes, the spaceship where the rest of the
crew is. The last major location is NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory ... Show more content on
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While evacuating due to the severity of the storm the communications antenna breaks and hits Mark
Watney knocking him out. Believing him dead his crew reluctantly continue the evacuation. Waking
up to find out he is the only person on the planet Mark starts preparing his plan to survive. Using his
home made dirt and rationing his food he hopes to be able to live until the Ares 4 mission arrives a
couple of years later. Watney regains communication with NASA after bringing Pathfinder, an old
rover that died in 1997, back to life. While attempting to create water Mark creates an explosion that
causes the death of many of his crops. Realizing he will no longer have enough food to last the 3
years of wait, NASA hastily prepares a resupply mission. Cutting some corners to save time causes
some safety procedures to be overlooked. The resupply mission ends up exploding shortly after
launch. Having little to no choice the crew aboard Hermes decide to use a manoeuver to flyby Earth
and return to Mars for Mark. Watney proceeds to the Ares 4 mission site to be able to reach the
Hermes with the Ascent Vehicle. After making modifications to the vehicle to make it lighter Mark
gets ready to return home.
Mark Watney: Main Character, is a botanist and an engineer. He is a very important part of the book.
The Crew: Other than Commander Lewis, very little is said about the crew which includes
Martinez, Beck, Johanssen and Vogel.
Commander Lewis: Head of the Ares 3 mission, Lewis is responsible for everyone. She is the one
that calls the shots and decides to reroute Hermes to go back for Mark.
Mitch Henderson: Head of the Ares 3 mission. He is the one that sent the Purnell manoeuver to

What Is Sputnik?
Before Sputnik had been launched by the Soviets, the United States was working on a satellite of its
own, called Vanguard (see image #). The development of the Vanguard began in September 1955
when the proposal for the design from the Naval Research Laboratory was accepted. It had a 3.5
pound payload, and was less impressive in regards to size, compared to Sputnik. The satellite was
meant to test a three–stage launch vehicle and to obtain geodetic measurements through orbit
analysis. It was the first satellite to use solar cell power and was launched on March 17, 1958, at
Cape Canaveral Florida. Although the Vanguard satellite had been the first one to begin being
developed by the U.S., it was the second one to be launched; the first satellite

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL): The Curiosity Crater
The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), also known as the Curiosity rover, is a NASA mission with
the goal of discovering details about past and present–day Mars. The primary purpose of the mission
is to determine if Mars once had a suitable environment for microbial life. The area of Mars chosen
to be studied is an ancient impact crater called the Gale Crater. It has many unique geologic features
that piqued the interest of astronomers and geologists and could be indicative of past water flows
and possibly habitable environments. Since landing on the crater in 2012, the rover has been very
successful and has given a lot of information about the past and present of the plant.
The Gale Crater The Gale Crater is a large, ancient impact crater found ... Show more content on
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It has six wheels for travel, and a robotic arm used to collect samples and bore into rocks with an
attached drill. The rover generates power through radioactive decay from plutonium–283. According
to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, CA, the rover is equipped with the most
advanced technology in order to study the present geology and environment of Gale Crater. Ten
different instruments are being by the rover. One important instrument is called Sample Analysis at
Mars (SAM) which is used to analyze materials collected by the rover and take samples of the
atmosphere in order to determine abundance of elements of different isotopes and compounds
present. The Mast Camera is used for high resolution imagining in order to view the rover's
surroundings. The CheMin instrument analyzes materials collected by the rover using X–ray
diffraction and fluorescence. The ChemCam instrument is used to vaporize rocks by using a laser,
and a telescope is then used to image plasma light from the rocks, and identify elements present.
Located on the robotic arm, the Mars Hand Lens Imager is used to take very detailed images of
small features. The Alpha Particle X–ray Spectrometer is also located on the robotic are and is used
to determine amounts of elements present. The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) is used to
determine amounts of radiation in the crater. Another instrument is the Mars Descent Imager was
used to film video during landing in order to map geology of the landing site. The Rover
Environmental Monitoring System is used to measure environmental factors such as pressure,
humidity, temperature, and winds. Lastly, the Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons instrument is for
detecting the presence of hydrogen beneath the surface (Jet Propulsion Laboratory,

Analysis Of Sally At Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Sally has been at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for the past 50 years. She was originally
hired, 1958, as a human computer to calculate math problems that helped rocket and spacecraft
trajectories. Her job is exactly what is described in the movie, Hidden Figures. Sally once quoted,
"Oh, I love numbers, much better than letters" which landed her a position working with numbers
instead of the typing position she applied for. She eventually, after getting married and having two
sons, decided to look for a job closer to home, which is how she arrived in Pasadena at JPL. The rest
is history! She has been involved in several projects and has no plans leaving. Interested about more
women in science? Here is link directing you to some

Trends Of Optical Communication
Industry Trends
Large, monolithic satellites are slowly being overtaken by Distributed Space Systems (DSS)
comprised of a network or networks of multiple inexpensive, small, smart satellites. Thus,
necessitating the need for intersatellite communications. This trend is primarily prompted by cost
and the commercialization of space. An ancillary by–product of this trend is the push towards the
use of Commercial Off–the–Shelf (COTS) Plus (aka.: upscreened) parts. Foregoing space–rated
parts has been made possible as a result of the standardization and accreditation of the terrestrial
fiber optics industry.
Industry Players and Space Agencies
This paper focuses on the primary players in the public domain, providing Free Space Optical ...
It is possible this project could provide reference cost information for future CubeSat laser, optic
communications projects, even though this project is not using laser technology for intersatellite
communications but rather for space–to–ground communications. There may be analogous COTS
parts that would be appropriate for multiple uses.
BridgeSat, Inc., an Allied Minds Federal Innovations subsidiary company (AMFI), has co–invented
an optical connectivity system utilizing LEO satellites with The Aerospace Corporation. Allied
Minds and the Aerospace Corporation were working jointly to create a secure, high–data rate,
optical satellite communication network before the creation of the BridgeSat, Inc. subsidiary. Allied
Minds is an American company traded on the London Stock Exchange. The goal of the
collaborative effort between BridgeSat and Aerospace is to commercialize the intellectual property
of a U.S. FFRDC. AMFI is an incubator that has entered into an innovative agreement with the
Department of Defense to commercialize advanced technologies (Koetsier, 2012). BridgeSat is
partnered with Aerospace, Draper Laboratory, NASA, MIT–LL (including the MIT graduate student
team at the Space, Telecommunications, Astronomy, and Radiation [STAR] Laboratory),
AstroTerrace, Inc., Orbit Logic, The Swedish Space Corporation, Solers, Inc., Surrey Satellite
Technologies, and Tesat Spacecom. The procurement of products and services from incubator type

Egg Drop Challenge Research Paper
You are twenty five feet– or approximately seven meters– in the air, plummeting to a concrete
ground. Your only protection is the vehicle in which you are sitting in. You will not survive based on
luck, but rather science. The Egg Drop Challenge is an Engineering Design Challenge, which will
be using the concepts of Force, Momentum, Gravity, and Energy. In partners of two we must create
a vehicle that can minimize the force of impact from a high drop while protecting the egg inside.
Nevertheless, these goals do not come without constraints. Not only must we complete this project
in exactly nine days, but we must also stick to the rules given. Such rules include; only using the
materials allotted, and the vehicle built cannot exceed the width or height of 60 centimeters. With
these constraints given, the participants in the challenge must make sure that their goals can still be
met. Like stated in the introduction, this challenge will not be completed by using plain ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first product was a phone case. While when shopping, people tend to pick cases partly on how
they look, though we also check how protective they are. This is because we want to make sure that
our phones will be safe incase of an impact. The main protection put in place, is the system in a
secure phone case, that allows it to absorb the energy from the crash. There are energy absorbing
systems in the sides of the phone case, which will keep the actual phone from harm. The second
product that faces similar would be a car. The main protection system in a car would be the crush
zone. This is a system in the front of the car, which upon collision will scrunch up, and absorb
energy similar to the phone case. With these two products in mind, we are able to create a better
vehicle that will increase the chances of the egg

Nasa Jet Propulsion Laboratory : A Launch Mass Of 54 Kgs...
The mission was success designed and manufactured by Orbital Sciences at a launch mass of 54
kgs. It 's dry mass weighed at 409 kgs (NASA.gov). It was designed to be powered at 815W
sufficiently enough to support its operations in the space. It was successfully launched on 2 July
2014 using a Delta–II rocket (NASA.gov). The NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory utilized the 30–
seconds launch window at 09:56:23 UTC. It joined five other satellites in the A–train satellite
constellation. The A–train constellation members are sun–synchronized to fly close together such
that they make a simultaneous measurement of the earth and relay the data almost at the same time
(NASA.gov). Therefore, the short 30 seconds window was necessary for the OCO–2 to ensure that
it obtained the needed position on the A–train constellation orbit. The data received and calculations
from the monitoring systems indicated that the spacecraft is in an orbit at 701.1 KM, 703. 8 km
apogee and 98.2 degrees inclination (NASA.gov).
Technology on OCO–2
a) Instrument
The OCO–2 is mounted with sensors that detect the level of carbon dioxide with sufficient
precision. The instrument was built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory based on the structure of the
instrument designed for the first Orbiting Carbon Observatory (Boesch 5). The instrument is not
designed to detect directly the level of carbon dioxide. It is designed to detect the intensity of a
given sun ray that is reflected back through a column of air. The

Research Paper On Jovian Moon
Jovian Moons by Dawn Korrell
April 25, 2016
The moon Dione, was discovered in 1684 by Giovanni Cassini. It is the fourth largest moon to orbit
the planet Saturn and has a diameter of 1123 kilometers. The density of Dione is 1.48 times as dense
as water with a core made of rock and ice. Dione has a similar distance from Saturn as our moon has
to Earth, 377,400 kilometers. Like our moon, one side of it always faces its parent planet. It takes
2.7 days for Dione to orbit Saturn. The surface of Dione is covered in craters, heavier in some
places, with the largest being 62 miles wide. It is believed that a recent impact has turned or spun
the moon 180 degrees because its heaviest cratered area is on the trailing side instead of its leading

NASA: The Hubble Telescope
Since its conception in 1958, NASA has been a pivotal organization in innovative technology and
space exploration. With inventions such as the Hubble telescope, or the space shuttle, NASA has
provided the world with existential research regarding space. With a renewal of popular interest in
NASA, the organization would be able to continue contributing vital research in the medical, and
technological fields, as well as the future exploration of space as humans know it, and the future
habitation of other planets.
Research conducted by NASA has benefitted many aspects of life especially in the medical field.
When Congress established NASA in 1958, it required the organization to share information on its
discoveries. As a direct result of this

Alien Domes Research Paper
NASA photos reveal mysterious domes on Mercury; Are they alien structures?
All those who believe in alien life must have thought about the kind of homes the extra–terrestrial
beings live in and it looks like they prefer dome like structures. At least this is what NASA photos
and UFO hunters would like us to believe.
Photos taken by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory show dome–like buildings on the surface of
Mercury and UFO hunters believe that they are alien structures, reports Daily Star. The Jet
Propulsion Laboratory is the NASA team that sends robotic probes with the motive of exploring the
solar system and the recent photos taken by the probe hint at alien domes.
The pictures reveal 17 dome–like structures and they are located around the

James Prescott Joue Research Paper
James Prescott Joule, the eminent English physicist, is widely known for his scientific contributions.
However, I admire him for another reason as well: his ability to reconcile the role of science with
that of his Christian faith. Although he lived in a day where religion and science were often
antagonistic, he remained a man fully committed to both. His epitaph is from John 9:4: "I must work
the works of him that sent me, while it is day: the night cometh, when no man can work." Although
Catholicism is relatively uncommon in China, I claim this faith, and share Joule's perspective that
faith does not provide complete truth apart from scientific inquiry.
My motivation to pursue higher education was driven partially by my experience of growing ...
Compared with chemical propulsion, it is much safer and more efficient due to jts lesser dependence
on propellants to produce the overall same effect. NASA actively propels the development of Solar
Electric Propulsion which is a strong sign that electric propulsion is definitely a promising research
direction. However, two main problems issues still needed to be solved. Firstly, most of electric
propulsion devices are designed for spacecraft; however, low amounts of electrical power are
available onboard. Secondly, electric thrusters work with small flows of propellants which result in
knockdown acceleration. Both of these could be solved by finding better alternative propellants or
coming up with innovative design methods. As one of the world leading technology institutions,
Princeton set up the Electric Propulsion and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory to focus on the lithium
Lorentz force accelerator. Because of enthusiasm Princeton shows in the electric propulsion and
efforts made to push its development, I wish I could have the opportunity to join the Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering Department at Princeton and study with Professor Edgar Choueiri. Also, I
am interested in discussing with Professor Craig Arnold's and Emily A. Carter about their research
on clean energy. The advent of the Solar Electric Propulsion will be around 2030 and I hope to
spend the next decade working toward its development. My plan is to finish the master's program in
two years and continue to the Ph.D. degree study with an experimental thesis. Afterward, my dream
is to continue my research work at Jet Propulsion Laboratory and contribute to the development of
better electric propulsion

The Pale Blue Dot, By Joel Achenbach
People often think about how vast, or how important the Earth is, it is the domain of the human race.
Where they strive to be the best, compete against others, world powers against another. But, in the
vast reality of the cosmos, the Earth, is nothing more than a tiny little "pale blue dot." Described
none other than Carl Sagan, "The Pale Blue Dot," reveals the scary reality about the placement of
the human race in the "enveloping cosmic dark." In his quote, Sagan uses pathos and logos about
this reality, opening a deeper understanding that beyond the planet Earth, humans are nothing more
than insignificant. He has revolutionized the way that people view our home, and the cosmos around
it. Joel Achenbach starts his Smithsonian article ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also took advantage of the gravitational pull of these reducing the time and fuel to travel
through the solar system, it was like a sling–shot effect. The Voyager satellites were launched in
1977, Voyager I mission was to study Jupiter and Saturn, and Voyager II, Uranus and Neptune. The
mission brought back stunning evidence that the people behind the mission didn't anticipate for. Io,
for example, was the discovered to have massive geological activity (the only other orbiting object
besides Earth). The Voyager's recorded nine eruptions during their brief orbit (NASA Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, News and Archives). In Carl Sagan's show, Cosmos, he mentions that Voyager captured
lightning on the dark side of Jupiter (Sagan Ep. 1). This is just one example of many scientific break
throughs that the Voyagers have documented. Even up to 2012, mission control is still receiving
signals from the Voyager satellites, as of August 25th, 2012, Voyager I surpassed the heliopause of
the solar system (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, News and Archives). Once the Voyagers
completed their primary mission of encountering the outer gas giants, "as Voyager I was heading
toward the outer reaches of the solar system, Sagan was among those who persuaded NASA to aim
the spacecraft's camera back toward Earth, by then billions of miles away."

Cosmos Beyond The Exoplanetary System
Introduction Over the last two decades, the study of exoplanetary systems has become a very active
field that will grow continuously in the coming years as technology has made it possible to actually
observe the Cosmos beyond the Solar System. The simple definition of an exoplanet, also called
extrasolar planet, is any planetary body that orbits a star outside of our solar system (Encyclopedia
Britannica). In a Scientific manner, an official definition of exoplanets may be at this point
unjustified since the situation is still evolving and that any definitive definition is likely to be too
rigid to adapt to new discoveries (Schnieder et al. 2011). Prior to the 1990's, it was not possible to
detect planets with certainty beyond our Solar System due to lack of technology ... Show more
In 1992, radio astronomer Aleksander Wolszczan documented the first detection of planets found
outside our solar system orbiting a pulsar named PSR B1257+12. Using the Arecibo Radio
Telescope located in Puetro Rico, Wolszczan studied the time of arrivals of a series of pulses
radiated from the pulsar to discover these three Earth–sized planets (NASA –Extreme Planets). In
1995, scientists Michel Moyer and Didier Quelez at the Geneva Observatory used the Doppler
technique to detect the first generally accepted exoplanet orbiting a star

Lemur 3 Research Paper
The Lemur 3 robot designed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) can takes advantage of the
same attractive forces that geckoes use to climb walls in order to perform tasks on the outside walls
of the International Space Station (ISS).
NASA envisions a day when its lizard robots may climb the walls of the ISS using grippers inspired
from nature. The Lemur 3's feet will simulate the super–adhesive feet of geckoes.
Scientists at the NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California are developing an
innovative "gecko gripper" system that will allow robots to perform maintenance tasks in outer
space. They will inspect and repair the space station's exterior, as well as conduct a wide range of
space activities in Earth orbit. Recently, the American space agency has also released a video
describing the gecko space robot concept.
According to Aaron Parness, JPL engineer, this kind of versatile robots will allow the space agency
to have its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The gecko gripper robot Lemur 3 will work in pretty much the same way as the real gecko,
according to Parness. The team working on the project has created a material studded with synthetic
hairs much smaller than a human hair. This material adheres when it is pushed against a surface.
According to JPL engineers, the latest generation of grippers developed by their team can support
more than 150 Newtons of force. This numbers are big enough for the maintenance work tasks of
the future space robots, being the equivalent of 35 lbs. (16 kilograms).
The advantage of this gripping system over the tape is that it doesn't lose its stickiness over time the
way tape does. The researchers explained that this system should work well in all environments,
including the extreme conditions in the outer space. The gripping system developed by JPL team
will be able to withstand extreme pressures, temperatures, and

Analysis Of Electrospinning Nannofibers
The main technique that will be used during this project is electrospinning nanofibers. The goal of
electrospinning is to produce polymer fibers so that their diameters are much smaller, on a nano–
scale size. Electrospinning fibers is a relatively cost effective and simple set–up (Pham, 2006) as
shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Shows an example set–up that contains a syringe, a collector and designates the controlled
variables of applied voltage (V), distance between the tip and the collector, and the flow rate/charge
density, Q (Pham, 2006).
As the name and figure implies, the polymers are exposed to conditions in which charge and voltage
are applied that propel the fiber from the tip and Taylor cone to the collector in a circular motion. ...
This input is relevant as it is the driver for the jet propulsion system that creates the fibers. Voltage
and the presence of beads has been found to have a proportional relationship in the sense that if the
voltage applied to the system is increased, there is an increase in the presence of beads (Pham,
2006). The mechanics that cause this relationship is when the voltage is altered, the jet generated
from the tip has a change in volume that causes a change in the of the Taylor cone (Pham, 2006).
Recall that the Taylor cone is the result of the difference of charges between the applied electric
field charge and the surface charges that causes the shape of the fluid to become a cone as seen in
Fig. 2 (Garg, 2011). Furthermore, the flow of the jet is important so that the jet has the proper
amount of time to travel from the tip to the collector. Studies have found that a slower flow
generates thinner diameter fiber as well as less beading (Pham, 2006). Other parameters such as
design of the different components of the system play a role in the quality of fibers created. These
include the characteristics and location of the needle tip and jet collector. Our goal is to optimize all
of the different parameters that are inputted into the system so that the the presence of the beads will
be minimized, so that the integrity of the scaffolds are maintained.
Specific Aims 1: Assessing scaffold sufficiency for nerve

The Employment Of Contemporary Virtualization Technologies
Cloud Computing
Anthony D Payne
CSIA 412
Professor Miller
March 1, 2015
Through the employment of contemporary virtualization technologies, with the incorporation of
advanced tools that expands the coverage of the systems administrator, the cost and labor of
operations will be significantly lowered. Efficiency improvement will have a direct impact on
operation costs of many institutions. Resources that could have been used in the buying and
maintaining data center infrastructure will be used in citizen centered services and other new
innovations that can go a long way to assist the citizen and ensure smooth running of the
government. Therefore, cloud computing will be a driving force to ensuring efficiency in the way
public resources are managed to the advantage of the people.
Every public office has a data center infrastructure where its data is stored and retrieved when
needed. In most cases, this infrastructure is underutilized. With cloud computing, the data storage
sections are eliminated because of pooling of IT Infrastructure resources and sharing across a large
number of organizations and offices that are possible with cloud computing. The wastage that is
realized when data centered are not utilized is thus eliminated because different offices have peak
seasons in different times hence making the system to be put in use all year round. This ensures that
public assets are better utilized and loses reduces or even eliminated.
Due to fragmented nature of

The Curiosity Rover
Mars has long been an unachievable goal for all nations. Starting in 1969, the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA) aimed to change that. With missions ranging from observing
climate to taking photos, NASA has examined the surface, atmosphere, and subsurface of Mars. In
2011, NASA launched the Curiosity rover with the goal of discovering organic compounds essential
to life on the surface of Mars (Administrator, 2017). This mission, Vit Rover, named after the prefix
meaning life, will continue the work of the Curiosity rover and answer three questions: Can the
organic compounds on Earth sustain life? What kind of life does the climate of Mars permit, if any?
Can humans and Martian life coexist without disruption? These questions ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The cruise stage will occur between July of 2022 and January of 2023. During this phase,
navigation, altitude, and trajectory will be altered and monitored. The approach phase will include
entry, descent, and landing and will occur between January and February of 2023. The last phase
before the objectives of this mission begins is rover egress. Rover egress will include an antenna
launch, taking photos of Mars' surface, calibrating scientific instruments for use, selecting a suitable
path for the rover to take, and standing the rover upright. After this stage, the rover can begin to
roam on Holden Crater and complete the objective of discovering life on Mars. The overall goal of
this mission is to locate life on Mars in preparation for future colonization. This rover will help
NASA's scientist discover what life is on Mars and whether that life can coexist with humans. With
the success of this mission, human exploration will be able to begin earlier and become

The Carbon Of Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment
The Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE) is a multi–year mission
conducted by NASA to obtain detailed calculations of greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon
dioxide and methane from thawing permafrost by probing deep into the frozen landscape of Alaska.
For the first time, NASA scientists have been accurately recording these emission sources and rates
using highly sensitive airborne sensors mounted on NASA government aircraft. NASA scientists
expect to make unprecedented accurate estimates of the extent of Arctic carbon cycling impacts to
the Arctic atmosphere and the local Alaskan ecology. The data results of this mission will help both
NASA and global scientists better understand how the estimated rate of greenhouse gas emissions
affect the rise in temperature and potential impact of Earth's future climate near and long–term. The
CARVE mission goals intend to answer important questions about Earth climate change. Ultimately,
CARVE will provide an integrated set of data that will provide unprecedented experimental insights
into Arctic carbon cycling. Over the last several decades, climatologists have found that Arctic
regions, in particular, have been affected most ecologically, for overall global increased temperature
changes resulting from greenhouse gas emissions. Landscapes in the Arctic have change
dramatically over the last decade alone. As tundra has thawed earlier than seasonally normal, and
Arctic ice has melted in oceans year around

The Failure Of Technology At NASA
Self–organization is already practiced to an extent at NASA, but its processes could be refined to
ensure the interactions add value to the project. Adoption of a Wikipedia–styled application across
NASA would allow experienced managers and engineers to create a vast, Web–based encyclopedia
of searchable knowledge. This would simplify the process of knowledge capture and retention. The
ability to update the system as a project progresses, rather than having to archive all of the lessons
learned after the project concludes, could prevent a failure similar to that of the Mars Observer. John
Casani, a NASA retiree who was brought back to the Mars program as a consultant, (Kiron and
Leonard, 11) noted that on the Mars Observer, one tiny ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, small deviations from proven designs can lead to surprisingly unsuccessful results.
(Bonabeau, 50) The external stakeholders NASA works with on a regular basis are addressed in all
of the other managerial issues of collective intelligence. Control, expertise, engagement, policing,
and intellectual property all need to be addressed in a clear agreement between the stakeholder
organizations. Due to the nature of NASA's work, many of the external organizations they work
with are also competitors in innovation and exploration. The sensitive nature of the industry tends to
make NASA's partnerships a matter of national security, and adds an additional layer to the already
complex information sharing processes. The collective intelligence framework gives a wide range of
applications in an organization with the size and scope of NASA, but there are still some problems
the collective cannot solve. In addition to its external relationships, NASA needs to foster a sense of
urgency in developing engagement within its own departments. According to Holm, "Some of my
own team members do not seem to understand the significance of the knowledge loss issue." (Kiron
and Leonard, 15) This demonstrates that not everyone in the organization has bought into the idea
that capturing old knowledge and lessons is just as important as developing new knowledge. This is
a cultural issue collective intelligence may not be able to solve on its own. NASA has

The Role Of A Rocket Plane During The 1930 ' S Three Young...
In the late 1930's, three young men, Frank Malina, Jack Parsons, and Ed Forman formed a group on
the Caltech campus in Pasadena, California known by students as the Suicide Squad, for their crazy
and often life–threatening engineering antics; but as tensions heated up in Europe, the men's
experiments began to seem less wild to the US government: in 1939, they were awarded $1,000 to
conduct research into the development of a rocket plane for use in combat. With the money, the men
hired two of their colleagues, Barby and Richard Canright and created a testing site in the Arroyo
Seco canyon outside Pasadena. The group, ridiculed by scientists and engineers, and frowned upon
by the citizens of Pasadena, had just formed the Jet Propulsion ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At the time, if women did choose to pursue a career instead of becoming a housewife, there were
only three main paths they could take: schoolteacher, nurse, or secretary. It was just one of the
"limits of being born a woman" (11). Women who chose to rebel even further and attempt to pursue
careers in science and technology were greeted with little to no diversity; many of the JPL
computers recall being "the only woman in a group of men" in both classrooms and workplaces
(13). And even if they made into a corresponding profession, they had far less chance of being
promoted than their male counterparts. Many of the JPL women longed to become engineers, a title
with more distinction than that of computers, but not only was engineering considered a "man's
profession", with women widely discouraged from pursuing careers in it, but most engineering
schools in the country wouldn 't even accept women. This was a prominent and long standing issue
at JPL. When she was hired, Helen Ling's knowledge of math and science was such that "if she had
been a man applying for the job, she wold likely have been hired as an engineer" (118). As such,
there wasn 't a single female engineer at JPL at the time; Barbara Paulson says that in her mind "an
engineer was a man", adding even more depressingly that she "couldn't imagine that a

Seismic Waves Essay
Seismic Imaging: Seismic imaging facilitates an outstanding sound source into the ground to survey
subsurface conditions and to maybe perceive high centralizations of contamination. Authorities
called geophones, nearly looking like beneficiaries, get "echoes" that arrival up through the ground
and record the power and time of the "resonate" on PCs. Data planning changes these signs into
photos of the geologic structure. This development is practically identical on a fundamental level to
active electromagnetic survey advancement. Using seismic technologies in oil and gas examination.
Seismic waves, a comparative kind of waves used to ponder tremors, are moreover used to explore
significant underground for provisions of oil and oil gas. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Then again, in the midst of surface seismic examinations, waves must experience the weathered
layer twice. Each explore of the weathered layer reduces high frequencies generously more than the
low frequencies, along these lines decreasing the assurance in the photos. The repeat substance of
borehole seismic data is consistently 2 – 4 times higher and drives direct to an extension in picture
assurance.
Awesome sensor coupling in the borehole engages 3–portion seismic data to be recorded with high
vector unwaveringness. It licenses shear and changed over wave imaging, and affirmation of
anisotropy by shear wave part examination. Uniting P and S wave pictures considers quality
inversions of shake properties, for instance, fluid substance, pore weight, extend bearing and break
outlines.
What chevron is doing: Chevron's particular seismic imaging progression helped the affiliation
satisfy an examination exposure rate of 66 percent in 2014. This headway engages Chevron
examiners to see underneath the world's surface more obviously and unequivocally than later in late
memory. Utilizing these restrictive instruments, inspectors have could discover critical oil and
ignitable gas supplies in progressively troublesome locales, for example, underneath thick heaps of
salt in the noteworthy water some segment of the U.S. Channel of Mexico.
Seismic pictures have wound up being more right with the difference in all the more confounding
speed models, which contain

The Pros And Cons Of Independent Space Explorations
Independent Space companies, and billionaires eager to mine space have created a new competitive
business in America. John Lewis, a leading expert on space resources, and professor of
cosmochemistry and planetary atmospheres at the University of Arizona claims the "future of space
resource exploitation lies in the private sector" (Leonard). Private companies and individuals have
their eye on the prize and are determined to be the first to mine space. In his address to the nation on
Labor Day in 1971, president Richard Nixon said the competitive spirit "lifted itself into the
position of the most powerful and respected leader of the free world" (Nixon). Private companies
are keeping this competitive spirit alive today as they race to bring in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Deep Space Industries is building "autonomous spacecraft that can extract minerals from asteroids"
(Tynan) expected to launch this year. John Brophy the co–leader of NASA's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory claims mining space is "feasible using technology available in this decade" (David),
however the feasibility is dependent three advancements; ground based observations, propulsions
system, and human presence. Prospectors know asteroids contain large amounts of valuable
resource, however they have faced challenges pinpointing mining locations. Improving ground
based observation will allow prospectors to target asteroids and mine more efficiently. Perhaps the
most challenging technological advancements is developing a "sufficiently powerful solar electric
propulsion system" (Leonard), necessary to bring an asteroid back to lunar orbit. The last important
advancement necessary to conduct space mining missions is the human presence in lunar orbit to
"investigate and exploit this resource" (Leonard). Developing technology to access and mine
asteroids is crucial the space mining missions. The three conceptual advancements are an important
in developing technology to gathering resources from space. Technological advancements mean
space mining is a realistic goal within the next century, promising a bright future for humans on
earth. Additionally, the technology developed to mine asteroids will

The Effects Of Climate Change On Daily Life And Eco System
Climate change is a change in distribution of weather patterns in the periods of time
that range from millions to years. There are number of factor that cause the climate to
changeover the time. The purpose of this essay is to highlight the factors that cause
climate change. It also presents the effects of fossil fuel on climate change. Moreover, it
discusses the impacts of climate change on daily life and eco system.
2 Climate Change
Climate change can be a modification within the organization of weather patterns once
that change lasts for an extended amount of your time. Climate modification might
occur with a change in average climate, or within the time variation of weather around
longer–term average conditions. Climate change is caused by factors like organic
phenomenon processes variations in radiation received by earth, morphology, and
volcanic eruptions. Some human activities have additionally been known as important
causes of recent global climate, typically brought up as global warming. Temperature
and dust can also force the climate to change over longer periods of time by blocking
the sunlight availability to certain region and thus causing change in temperature.
Carbon dioxide is also a great contributor to the climate change as is discussed in later
sections, in connection to greenhouse effect and fossil fuels (Wikipedia, 2015).
3 Factors of Climate Change

The climate change is caused by the following factors;
3.1 Green House

The Mars Exploration Rover Mission
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched two similar twin robotic rovers,
which were Spirit and Opportunity toward Mars on 10 June and 7 July 2003 (NASA 2012). Spirit
and Opportunity landed in Gusev Crater on 4 January 2004 and in Meridiani Planum on 25 January
2004 respectively (NASA 2012). Opportunity is still operating and roving after 10 years on the
Martian surface while final communication of Spirit to the Earth took place on 22 March 2010,
which is around six years into its mission (NASA 2012). The rovers were thought to last 20 times
longer as compared to its original design. As part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, the Mars
Exploration Rover mission is a continuing multi–mission effort to study Mars as a ... Show more
Although Spirit and Opportunity encountered plenty of setbacks, however, they were still able to
reach Mars on schedule (Goodrich et al. 2010).
Achievements of the Mars Exploration Rover mission are impressive. Spirit found evidence of past
water through its months–long trek across different layers of hilly terrain at Columbia Hills, as each
layer consisted of clues to past environmental conditions on Mars (NASA 2013). More signs of a
wet past became obvious as the rover gained altitude. By investigating the composition and texture
of more than six different types of rocks, scientists identified that this area was once a hot, violent
place with volcanic explosions and impacts (NASA 2013). Marks on debris throughout the area
were formed by abundant water in the form of hot springs or other water features. Mineral goethite
which only forms in the presence of water was found to present in one of the rock types (NASA
2013). Therefore, it signified the first direct evidence of past water in Columbia Hills. Besides that,
spirit's wheel scraped a trench in Mars surface soil as it struggled up toward a ridgeline on Husband
Hill, disclosing light–toned material in which the salty material had water molecules bound to the
minerals, uncovering the watery pasts of Mars (NASA 2013). In addition, dust found in Gusev
Crater by Spirit was found to consist of ferrimagnetic minerals such as

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