Week 11 Collection of Data – questionnaire and Instruments & sampling 1 RES 500 Academic Writing and Research Skills 2 Overall Flowchart for Instrument Design (Source: Cooper & Schindler, 2013, Exhibit 13-1, p. 296) 3 Flowchart for Instrument Design Phase 1 (Source: Cooper & Schindler, 2013, Exhibit 13-2, p. 297) 4 Disguising Study Objectives Situations where disguise is unnecessary Willingly shared, Conscious-level information Reluctantly shared, Conscious-level information Knowable, Limited-conscious-level information Subconscious-level information 5 Flowchart for Instrument Design Phase 2 (Source: Cooper & Schindler, 2013, Exhibit 13-5, p. 302) 6 Question Content Should this question be asked? Is the question of proper scope and coverage? Can the participant adequately answer this question as asked? Will the participant willingly answer this question as asked? 7 Multiple Choice Response Strategy Which one of the following factors was most influential in your decision to attend Metro U? Good academic standing Specific program of study desired Enjoyable campus life Many friends from home High quality of faculty 8 Flowchart for Instrument Design Phase 3 (Source: Cooper & Schindler, 2013, Exhibit 13-10, p. 315) 9 Guidelines for Question Sequencing Interesting topics early Simple topics early Sensitive questions later Classification questions later Transition between topics Reference changes limited Sampling 10 Sampling is the process of selecting units (e.g., people, organizations) from a population of interest so that by studying the sample we may fairly generalize our results back to the population from which they were chosen. 11 The Nature of Sampling Population Population element Census Sample Sampling frame 12 Why Sample? Greater accuracy Availability of elements Greater speed Sampling provides Lower cost 13 Sampling Design within the Research Process (Source: Cooper & Schindler, 2013, Exhibit 14-1, p. 342) 14 Types of Sampling DesignsElement SelectionProbabilityNonprobabilityUnrestrictedSimple randomConvenienceRestrictedComplex randomPurposiveSystematicJudgmentClusterQuotaStratifiedSnowballDouble (Adapted from Cooper & Schindler, 2013, Exhibit 14-2, p. 343) 15 Steps in Sampling Design What is the target population? What are the parameters of interest? What is the sampling frame? What is the appropriate sampling method? What size sample is needed? References 16 Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2013). Questionnaires and instruments. In Business research methods (pp. 294-335). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2013). Sampling. In Business research methods (pp. 336-372). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 16 .

1. Week 11
Collection of Data – questionnaire and Instruments & sampling
1
RES 500 Academic Writing and Research Skills
2
Overall Flowchart for Instrument Design
(Source: Cooper & Schindler, 2013, Exhibit 13-1, p. 296)

2. 3
Flowchart for Instrument Design Phase 1
(Source: Cooper & Schindler, 2013, Exhibit 13-2, p. 297)
4
Disguising Study Objectives
Situations
where
disguise is
unnecessary
Willingly shared,
Conscious-level
information
Reluctantly shared,
Conscious-level
information
Knowable,
Limited-conscious-level information

3. Subconscious-level information
5
Flowchart for Instrument Design Phase 2
(Source: Cooper & Schindler, 2013, Exhibit 13-5, p. 302)
6
Question Content
Should this question be asked?
Is the question of proper scope and coverage?
Can the participant adequately
answer this question as asked?
Will the participant willingly
answer this question as asked?

4. 7
Multiple Choice Response Strategy
Which one of the following factors was most influential
in your decision to attend Metro U?
Good academic standing
Specific program of study desired
Enjoyable campus life
Many friends from home
High quality of faculty
8
Flowchart for Instrument Design Phase 3
(Source: Cooper & Schindler, 2013, Exhibit 13-10, p. 315)

5. 9
Guidelines for Question Sequencing
Interesting topics early
Simple topics early
Sensitive questions later
Classification questions later
Transition between topics
Reference changes limited
Sampling
10
Sampling is the process of selecting units (e.g., people,
organizations) from a population of interest so that by studying
the sample we may fairly generalize our results back to the
population from which they were chosen.

6. 11
The Nature of Sampling
Population
Population element
Census
Sample
Sampling frame
12
Why Sample?
Greater accuracy
Availability of elements
Greater speed

7. Sampling
provides
Lower cost
13
Sampling Design
within the Research Process
(Source: Cooper & Schindler, 2013, Exhibit 14-1, p. 342)
14
Types of Sampling DesignsElement
SelectionProbabilityNonprobabilityUnrestrictedSimple
randomConvenienceRestrictedComplex

8. randomPurposiveSystematicJudgmentClusterQuotaStratifiedSno
wballDouble
(Adapted from Cooper & Schindler, 2013, Exhibit 14-2, p. 343)
15
Steps in Sampling Design
What is the target population?
What are the parameters of interest?
What is the sampling frame?
What is the appropriate sampling method?
What size sample is needed?
References
16
Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2013). Questionnaires and

9. instruments. In Business research methods (pp. 294-335). New
York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2013). Sampling. In Business
research methods (pp. 336-372). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
16