Emerald Ash Borer Research Paper

Emerald Ash Borer Research Paper
What is an invasive species? An invasive species is a species not native to an area, in this case not
native to the Great Lakes area. A non–native species is a species that originally was not in a certain
location but was brought there and causes a lot of damage. An invasive species also is a great danger
to the environment and can cause damage to humans, plants, and animals. In Illinois and the Great
Lakes area there are more than 180 invasive and non–native species. That means a lot of damage is
made into our environment. One particular invasive species is Agrilus planipennis, more commonly
known as emerald ash borer. What is the life cycle of the emerald ash borer? The emerald ash borer
adult males live an average of 13 days, while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many people think that to get rid of them we have to cut down the ash trees but that is not true.
Recently in Burnsville, this summer it injected 14 ash trees at City Hall with pesticide to protect
them against the emerald ash borer. Deborah McCullough, a professor of entomology and forestry at
Michigan State University. Based on her research, she says: "There is no reason for a landscape ash
tree to die from emerald ash borer anymore. The treatment is so effective and so much cheaper than
removal and replacement that I can't get a single elected official to weigh in on the side of removing
healthy trees because we don't have to, and that is never popular with the public." Private ash trees
that were not injected are dead, while treated ash trees on city property stand nearby in good health.
Michigan and Ohio State research shows that injecting Tree–age "provides at least two years of
almost 100 percent control" of larvae, McCullough said. Applying pesticides every two years costs
about $250 a tree, while removal and replacement is $700 to $1,200 a tree. The company says the
product is a safe, "organic" option. We should try that option instead of cutting down trees. This
would help protect the area of great lakes from emerald ash
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Pinto Bean Plants
I started off with two dicot plants (pinto beans) and was able to observe the sprout. In both dicot
seeds the root sprout first followed by the stalk. Once the plants had developed mature roots they
were transferred to a pot of soil where they remained for the rest of their time. As time passed one of
the pinto bean plants dried out and the other was fertilized producing a bean pod, which can be seen
in the picture for week 14. This could have occurred because of the competition that plant faced for
sunlight and water. The surviving dicot plant was the one that sprouted first of the two, possibly
giving it a slight advantage over the other plant. Being the first to sprout allowed it to have more
time to develop it roots as well as grow. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cross–sections demonstrated the basic differences that distinguish a monocot plant for a dicot
plant. When looking at the cross–section of the monocot stem you can see that the vascular bundles
are scattered. These vascular bundles consist of only a phloem and xylem. The phloem is
responsible for transporting soluble compounds (food) created by photosynthesis, to the rest of the
plant, especially where they are needed. The xylem is important for the movement of water
throughout the plant. Another difference that can be seen by looking at the cross–section of at stem
is that the ground tissue (parenchyma) is not partitioned into pith and cortex. In the dicot stem
cross–section the vascular bundles form a ring and they are made up of a phloem, xylem, and a
cambium which divides the two. The ground tissue (parenchyma) for a dicot is separate into a pith
(nutrient storage and distribution) and a cortex (conducting tissues). The Leaf cross–sections reveal
the venation of each plant. For monocots, the veins appeared run parallel to each other, while the
veins for the dicot plant had no clear pattern. The root cross–sections also displayed differences
between the groups belonging to the phylum Anthophyta. The root cross–section of a monocot is
formed by vascular bundles that are arrange in a ring. In the dicot root cross–section, the xylem is at
the center in the form of an

Tree Of 40 Trees
John Ramdath
The Tree of 40 Fruits
In 2008 Van Aken acquired the New York Agricultural Experiment Station orchard. Aken then
began to graft buds from the over 250 heritage varieties grown there on to stock trees. This stock
tree then tree accumulated branches from forty different "donor" trees, each with a different fruit,
including almond, apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach and plum varieties.
This is possible because of proper grafting techniques and the trees biology. Grafting a tree is a
farming technique in which a piece of the donor tree's stem, with buds, is inserted into the stock of a
tree. This is done because seeds from fruit trees cannot be reproduced "true" to the original cultivar
from seed. In other words, a granny smith ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the callus differentiation gives rise to the two major types of plant vascular tissue xylem and
phloem. Xylem is responsible for keeping the plant hydrated and can normally be fond towards the
center of the plant. All Xylem cells are dead, elongated and hollow. The two types of Xylem cells
are tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are found in most gymnosperms, ferns and lycophytes.
Tracheids cells are long, thin, and are connected together by tapered ends. The tapered ends run
alongside each other and have pits. These pits are holes in the cell wall that allow for water to travel
from cell to cell. The other type of Xylem is vessel elements which form the xylem of almost all
angiosperms. Vessel elements are shorter and wider than tracheids. Also the vessel elements are
connected end to end and the ends contain what are known as perforation plates. Perforation plates
have a number of holes in their cell walls which allows for water to travel freely between cells.
Phloem is composed of living cells and transports important sugars, organic compounds, nutrients
and macromolecules. The nutritious sap within the phloem travels by diffusion between cells.
Phloem is made from cells called sieve–tube members and companion cells which are normally
located on the outer layers of the plant. Sieve–tube members are cells that create chains of cells
running the length of the plant.
Sieve–tube member's cells are missing some vital organelles such

Transportation Excretion and Circulation in Plants and...
Notes by Ankur upaadhyay gujarat board/combined science igcse.9998791839 india. Q.1 Explain
transportation of water in plants. A.1 (1) Higher plants possess xylem which is associated with the
transport of water. (2) Water absorbed by the root from the soil is transported to stem, branches,
leaves and flowers. (3) The main structural components of the xylem responsible for the transport of
water are tracheids and vessels. (4) As the root cells are directly in contact with soil,they take up
ions.due to this, a difference is created between concentration of these ions between the root and the
soil. (5) Water moves into the root from the soil to elimlnate this difference.This water movement
creates a column of water that is steadily ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Q.5 Write short note on Lymphatic system. A.5 Lymphatic system consists of lymph,lymph
vessels,lymphatic capillaries and lymphatic nodes.Lymph is another type of fluid which is also
involved in transportation.Some amount of plasma, proteins and blood cells,escape into the
intercellular spaces through the pores present in the wall of capillaries,form lymph.Lymph is
colorless and contains less proteins as compared to that in the blood. Lymph drains into lymphatic
capillaries form intercellular spaces.Lymphatic capillaries join to form lymph vessels that finally
open into large veins.Lymphatic system performsfollowing three important functions: 1) Collect
intercellular fluid through the medium of lymph vessels and returns it to blood circulation. 2) In the
villi of small intestine, lymph vessels absorb lipids and conduct them to blood circulation. 3)
Protects against diseases. Q.6 Explain removal of waste products in plants. A.6 In plants O2 may be
considered as waste product generated during photosynthesis and

Cocletzi Research Paper
Rachael Goodson Paper Discussion #2, Spring 2018 Summary of Cocletzi Paper This paper was
about the bidirectional anatomical effects of mistletoe–host the sweet gum tree (L. styraciflua) and
the Mexican royal oak (Q. germana). The main reason that the researchers wanted to do this study
was because while multiple studies have been completed on how a parasite effects the host little has
been done to study the effect of the host on the parasite. The researchers used standard techniques
for light and transmission electron microscopes to study the effect of mistletoe on the sweet gum
tree and the Mexican royal oak and vice versa. The key results for this paper were as follows, the

Transpiration : Capillary Action Demo
TRANSPIRATION: CAPILLARY ACTION DEMO MISS PHUNG'S CLASSROOM – 12:45–1:15
Unit Theme: Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems Subject Area: Science 10
Number of Learners: 32 Grade Level: 10
Time Needed: 50 minutes
Program of Studies Overview: The fundamental unit of life, the cell, is an example of an efficient
open system comprised of a cell membrane and organelles that carry out the basic functions of all
living organisms. Students will learn that technological advancements in microscopy have enhanced
the study of cells and cellular processes. The understanding of life processes at the cellular level can
also be applied to multicellular organisms.
Focusing Question: How do plants use specialized cells and processes to accomplish the same
functions as a single cell, but on a larger scale?
Key Concept Addressed: mechanisms of transport, gas exchange, and environmental response in
multicellular organisms; i.e., plants
Objectives
Analyze plants as an example of a multicellular organism with specialized structures at the cellular,
tissue and system levels (STS and Knowledge Outcome #3) o Describe how the cells of the leaf
system have a variety of specialized structures and functions; i.e., epidermis including guard cells,
palisade tissue cells, spongy tissue cells, and phloem and xylem vascular tissue cells to support the
process of photosynthesis o Explain and investigate the gas exchange system in plants; i.e., lenticels,
guard cells, stomata and the process

Plant Physiology: The Shockwave Petunia Series Essay
"The shockwave petunia series has found its niche as the only small–flowered spreading series from
seed. They are one of the earliest to flower in the spreading petunia class, and they yield a
proliferation of 1 1/2 – 2" blooms that blanket the mounded plants." (Harris, 2014).
Plant Physiology
Pigments are chemical compounds, which reflect and absorb only certain wavelengths of visible
light. Because pigments interact with light to absorb only certain wavelengths, pigments are useful
to plants and other autotrophs, which make their own food through the process of photosynthesis.
(Unknown author,1997).
Chlorophylls (refer to appendix) contain a porphyrin ring. This is a stable ring–shaped molecule and
electrons are free to migrate." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within each vein, the xylem can be seen on top of the phloem. (ASBiology101, 2013).
Xylem tissue consists of the xylem vessels to transport water and dissolved minerals; fibres to help
support the plant and cells. These are long cells with thick walls impregnated with lignin (see
appendix). "Lignin in the walls in spiral circled patterns allows xylem to stretch as the plant grows
and enables the stem or branch to bend and makes the cells waterproof, and this causes the cells to
die, so their contents and end walls decompose, leaving a hollow tube of dead cells."
(ASBiology101, 2013).
The function of phloem is to transport sugars from one part of the plant to another and occur in both
directions. Phloem tissue consists of two types of cell: sieve tube elements and companion cells.
The sieve tubes transport mainly sucrose, which is dissolved in water to form sap. The tube contains
cross–walls called sieve plates, at intervals, with many pores to allow the sap to flow between. The
sieve tubes are small cells, each with a large nucleus, and dense cytoplasm. These are companion
cells. "Because of their many active processes, they have large numbers of mitochondria to produce
the required amount of ATP. These cells carry out the metabolic processes using the ATP energy,
such as loading the sucrose in the tubes." (ASBiology101, 2013).
Photosynthesis
"Photosynthesis is the process of capturing light energy and converting it to sugar

Phloem Study Guide
(5 pts) 1. Describe the pressure–flow model of translocation in the phloem. Does water move down
its water potential gradient in this model? (4–5 sentences max.) The flow is driven by an osmotically
generated pressure gradient between the source and the sink. The translocation pathway has cross
walls that allow water to move between the xylem and phloem. At the source phloem loading causes
high solute concentrations. Pressure decreases, so water flows into the cells increasing pressure. At
the sink pressure is lower outside the cell due to unloading of sucrose. Osmotic loss of water
releases hydrostatic pressure. Water movement is driven by pressure gradient and not osmosis.
(5 pts) 2. Compare and contrast the electron transport chains ... Show more content on
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Both have redox reactions that establish H+ gradients across a membrane and couple the downhill
flow of H+ back across the membrane through specific protein channels. A difference is that
mitochondria uses NADH and FADH2 as electron donors, which are good reducing agents.
Chloroplast uses water, which requires light energy since water is a poor reducing agent.
Mitochondria require oxidative phosphorylation while chloroplast requires photophosphorylation.
(5 pts) 3. Why is ammonium toxic to plant cells? Explain how they avoid ammonium toxicity. (4–5
sentences max.)
Too much ammonium is toxic to plants at high levels. Plants assimilate it rapidly or store it in
vacuole. If too much nitrate and nitrite accumulate it could also be potentially toxic. In order to
avoid toxicity plants assimilate nitrate or ammonia to produce amino acids. Overall, the atmospheric
nitrogen is reduced to ions that can be incorporated into organic compounds. Plants then use these
organic compounds to synthesize amino acids.
(5 pts) 4. Distinguish between primary and secondary cell walls. How do they differ in their
chemical composition and mechanical properties? (4–5 sentences

The Effect Of Traditional Solid Waste Disposal?
Background information
Subterranean irrigation planters (SIPs) allow input water to be applied directly to the root zone
where plants (trees are included in this) are able to perform uptake by capillary action. This reduces
surface evaporation and increases effective irrigation efficiency while also containing the root
systems of individual plants. This form of irrigation can be used in conjunction with system
wastewater from the production of fish or other aquaculture allowing the nutrients to be recycled
back into a plant system while also reducing negative environmental and monetary impacts of
traditional solid waste disposal. This process reduces the effort needed to sustain the plant, while
also reducing the functioning costs of maintenance and water. Additionally, the added nutrients
improve the health of the plant, and utilize the otherwise wasted resources found in the fish effluent.
SIPs have been patented for use on a small scale for over one hundred years. Materials used have
changed fairly drastically as time has progressed but the general setup has remained the same. SIPs
generally consist of a container, soil, water, a boundary layer separating the soil and the water
reservoir, and can also include surface covers, capillary material, float valves, and center columns.
The general SIP design lends itself to alterations and adaptations based upon the desires and needs
of each individual client for instance, there are a variety of materials that can be used

Who Is Carla The Carbon Atom?
Carla the Carbon atom is a free spirit. She wanders through the atmosphere, moving with the wind.
Carla floats from one cloud to the next, without a care on her mind. One day, she was floating in the
air, and was joined by two oxygen companions, Oscar and Octavius. Her two companions
transformed her into a carbon dioxide molecule. Her new status as a molecule allowed her new
privileges, like the ability to enter plants and to take part in plant and animal respiration. Carla was
now a part of an exclusive club.
Carla was minding her business, chatting with her new best friends, Oscar and Octavius, and she
suddenly found herself diffusing through the stomata of a maple tree (shocker– doors are open, must
be day). Carla has entered the leaf ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After some drinks of ATP, the 3–Carbon molecules are energized (phosphorylated) and hit with
some negative energy (reduced, gain electrons). Carla's new group, the Carbonators, transform into
a new group, the G3P molecule. As a G3P molecule, Carla can be turned into a carbohydrate, like
glucose, sucrose, and more sugars. At the end of the party, Carla leaves the VIP room as a sucrose
molecule.
Her sweetness, as a sucrose molecule, allows her to travel down the phloem to the basement, the
roots. She passes through the sieve tube elements to then enter the phloem tissue. As a sucrose
molecule, she diffuses from cell to another through the sieve tube elements, through secondary
active transport. The cells shoot hydrogen ions out of the cell, and when they create a concentration
gradient, the hydrogen ions come back downhill to reenter the cell. Carla and her new friends tag
along, joining the conga line, to enter the cell alongside the hydrogens.
Sometime in the phloem, the sucrose transport is interrupted. A thump, thump noise and then a hole
appears. A spigot has entered the phloem tissue and the sucrose pours into the spigot. Carla and her
friends have no way to escape the spigot, and when it is filled, it is removed. Carla is face to face
with a giant, a homo sapien, a mythical creature told in her bedtime stories. A human being, lover of
sucrose, would turn Carla and her friends into a delicacy, maple syrup.
Carla is sentenced to torture, as she and her friends are

Bryophytes: The Beginning Of The Permian Period
The common land plants are thought to have originated 450–500 million years ago from a group of
freshwater green algae called charophytes (Domozych). These algae emerged on land and thus
spawned the first plants, bryophytes. Bryophytes are non–vascular plants who first appeared 354–
409 million years ago in the Devonian period, and are only found on land (Evolution). Since they
lived on land, they had little support and relied on their cells' turgor pressure to keep them upright
(Evolution). Turgor pressure is the force that is generated from fluid pushing against the cell wall
which allows the plant to stand upright (Friedl). Bryophytes include three divisions: mosses,
hornworts, and liverworts (Bryophyte). Bryophytes do not have roots ... Show more content on
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In fact, there are at least 250,000 known species of angiosperms leaving them the most diverse plant
group (Evolution). Angiosperms have three features that set them apart from gymnosperms: flowers,
double fertilization, and embryos with an ovarian wall (Evolution). Angiosperms' flowers are what
carries the male and female reproductive systems (Evolution). Double fertilization is when "two
male gametes (sperm nuclei) are released from the pollen tube into the ovule. One of these sperm
nuclei fuses with an egg cell in a similar way to gymnosperms. The second nucleus (which
degenerates in most gymnosperms) fertilizes other cells in the ovule called polar nuclei. Most
commonly, two polar nuclei fuse with the sperm nucleus to form a triploid endosperm nucleus. The
tissue that forms from this fusion is called endosperm, which in most angiosperms provides
nutrients for the developing embryo" (Evolution). Finally, after embryo fertilization has occurred,
the ovarian wall that protects the embryo will become fruit

Compare and Contrast Xylem Tissue and Phloem Tissue,...
Compare and contrast xylem tissue and phloem tissue, including their respective structures and
functions. The stems and roots of plants contain two separate transport systems; xylem vessels and
phloem tubes, of which neither transport oxygen as it is transported to cells by diffusion. The
network of xylem vessels transports water and mineral ions from the roots to all other parts of the
plant whereas phloem tubes transport food made in the leaves to all other parts of the plant. In the
stems the tissue is collectively known as vascular tissue, within the roots they form a structure
called the stele. The movement of water from roots to shoots is conducted via the xylem using mass
flow. The force of cohesion – a force produced by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is also a defence mechanism if the plant were to become damaged by a grazing predator. The
transport of soluble organic substances within plants is known as translocation, and substances
produced by the plant itself – such as sugars made by photosynthesis are known as assimilates.
Assimilates are transported through phloem tissue, including companion cells, parenchyma and
fibres. Phloem sap, like the contents of xylem vessels moves by mass flow. (See fig 1.1) However
whereas in xylem vessels differences in pressure are produced by a water potential gradient,
requiring no energy input from the plant, however in phloem transport this is not so and the plant
has to use energy to create the pressure differences required for mass flow. The pressure difference
is produced by active transport of sucrose into the sieve elements at the site from which sucrose is to
be transported i.e. a photosyntesising leaf. Sucrose is loaded into the sieve element, decreasing the
water potential in the sap inside it and thus the water follows the sucrose into the sieve element,
moving down a water potential gradient by osmosis. There are several similarities with the transport
of water, in each case liquid moves by mass flow along a pressure

Ecological Succession Essay
1. Explain the process of ecological succession, including the role of plants in maintaining
biodiversity and the survival of organisms after a disturbance to an ecosystem. Ecological
succession allows a biological community to evolve over time (2). This succession is divided into
two distinct sections: primary and secondary succession. Primary succession allows life to form in
regions with soil incapable of sustaining larger plants and by extension, larger animals (2).
Secondary succession occurs in areas where a community used to exist, but was removed; leaving
behind soil capable of sustaining life (2). This process allows bare rock to transform into a hillside
or a forest to recover after a fire and is extremely important to ecosystems. ... Show more content on
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Monocots have an embryo with one cotyledon, whereas, dicots have two cotyledons (5). Monocots
have pollen with a single furrow/pore while dicots have pollen with three furrows or pores (5).
Monocots have flower parts in multiples of three, however, dicots have have flower parts in
multiples of fours and fives (5). In monocots the left veins are parallel but in dicots the left veins are
reticulated (5). Dicots have the vascular bundles in their stems arranged in a ring, whereas, in
monocots the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem (5). Dicots have roots that start
from one primary root that develops from the bottom of the seed and all grow from that root. The
roots of monocots on the other hand grow randomly from a variety of different nodes on the stem
(5). Dicots are in some cases capable of secondary growth, but all monocots have lost this ability
(5). Monocots are believed to have evolved from dicots around 200 million years ago when their
lineage split (6) (7). 5. Explain the reproductive mechanisms of plants in natural reproduction and
artificial propagation (e.g., germination of seeds, leaf cuttings, grafting of branches onto a host
tree)? 6. Create a table to compare the seeds, pollination and fertilization of gymnosperms and
angiosperms. 7. Identify and explain two processes by which plants are able to asexually reproduce
and propagate.

Learning Tree Executive Summary
Nowadays, in the education industry has been a highly competitive industry and many new
competitors are entering the market. Learning Tree International, Inc. was originated in 1974 and
headquartered in Reston, Virginia, it is considered one of the well–known companies in the
education industry. According to Yahoo Finance, Learning Tree Inc. has 393 full–time employees.
Learning Tree International, Inc. (LTRE), operates in the education and training services industry
(SIC code: 8200). The services that the company provides are training and education for commercial
and government information technology and management professionals. Also, it known for its
spread worldwide and that they offer their services online through what they call "Learning ... Show
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The return on equity ratio for the company is –66.01%, K12's is 3.7%, and the industry is 21.35%,
This is another indication that the company is not operating well and that the shareholders are
currently not earning from their investments in the company. On the other hand, the competitor –
K12– is also operating poorly with comparison to the industry's average percentage, but it is
performing better than Learning Tree International, Inc. Also, using another profitability ratio,
which is return on assets. The company's ratio is –13.3, K12's ratio is 2.74, and the industry's ratio is
11.85; consequently, the company has a negative percentage while the percentages for the industry
and K12 are positive. So the company is not employing its total asset to generate profit as the same
as K12. In short, when comparing the profitability ratios of the company with industry and K12, it
shows that the company is in unstable condition with its investors. Moreover, the earning per share
for Learning Tree International, Inc. over the last three years are: $–0.90 on 9/12, $–0.66 on 9/13,
and $–0.50 on 9/14. Even though the company still has a negative EPS, but it has been increasing
from year to year. In addition, the price/sale ratio is a ratio that measure the stock price with the
annual sales and could be a good comparison between companies. The company's P/S ratio is 0.27,
K12 is 0.77, and the industry is 1.3, so we can tell that the company is clearly below its competitor
and its

Squirrels: The Sciuridae Family
Squirrels, one of the natural rodents that we don't seem to mind when we see them in the
neighborhood compared to the hated skunks, bats, and rats. They are a part of the Sciuridae family,
which includes prairie dogs, chipmunks, and marmots. Squirrels are an indigenous species to both
North and South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, and more recently introduced to Australia. The
earliest known proof of squirrels date from 56–33.9 million years ago. Although they are adorable
and seem harmless in appearance, they are very destructive to trees and have the potential to destroy
trees. Squirrels are relatively small animals ranging from the African Pygmy at 2.8–3.9 inches as an
adult weighing at 10 grams to the Alpine marmot at 21–29

How Plants Grow Research Paper
Plants have many roles to play. Plants make food and oxygen, they provide shelter for animals, and
they make and preserve soil, and provide useful products for humans. Plants are the only organism
that is able to convert light energy from the sun into food. This process is called photosynthesis. The
food that we eat is produced by plants. Humans need oxygen to live. This oxygen comes from
plants. Oxygen is produced when plants make food. Animals often use plants for their shelter and
their food source. Plants roots help hold the soil together and also help make soil. Plants help
humans more than just the oxygen they produce. They also produce food, fibers, medicines, and
energy. Animals and humans depend greatly on the roles of plants. (1) ... Show more content on
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First off, the temperature needs to be right. If it is too high or too low it will result in abdominal
development. Flowers and vegetables that grow in different seasons, require a different temperature.
Warm season vegetables and flowers grow best in 60o F, 75o F, and 80o F. Cool season vegetables
and flowers grow best in 50o F and 70o F. Plants require large amounts of sunlight to grow. Indoor
light often does not provide enough intensity. During the hot summer months, plants need at least
one half gallon of water each day. If plants do not receive enough water each day, their roots will
dry out and they will die. Just like humans, plants also need oxygen to survive. They use oxygen for
respiration to carry out their functions. Plants absorb minerals through their roots. They need these
minerals to survive. Some of the specific minerals they need is soil, fertilizer, manure, compost,
fertilizer salts. Finally, plants need support. Their basic support is soil that surrounds their roots.
They also have hydroponically supports that include, strings or stakes.

Emerald Ash Borer Essay
The Emerald Ash Borer is a phloem–feeding beetle that is native to Asia and has been increasing its
presence in the US. The beetle is invasive, harmful to native ash trees, and has the ability to spread
(Kovacs et al., 2010). The invasive beetles cause destruction to ash trees in a gradual process, that
usually lasts three years. The beetles initiate the attack along the upper trunk and bases of main
branches and then work their way down (Winners, 2002). The adult beetles lay eggs on the ash tree's
bark and when they hatch, the larvae bore into the bark and feed on the transportation tissues of the
tree (NCFS, 2016). This causes disruption of the movement of nutrients and water within the tree.
Since the bug resides and lays eggs within the tree's bark, they are hard to recognize until the ...
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The trees do a lot of evapotranspiration, so if the borer destroyed them, the watershed levels would
increase. This increase would negatively affect plant diversity because invasive species and grasses
would start to become present. In urban areas, there is usually more diversity, so the absence of
black ash would not affect the habitat that significantly. Also, if a tree dies in an urban environment,
another one can be planted. On the other hand, in a forested wetland, if black ash trees start dying
they would be very hard to replace and replenish. Slesak et al., 2014 state that if evapotranspiration
is affected, a shift in the vegetation would occur and favor herbaceous vegetation rather than trees.
There are various methods used to manage the spread of EAB to black ash forested wetlands.
Mercader et al., 2011 bring up one method, which consists of removing ash trees to reduce available
host phloem resource. Basically, foresters cut down trees that can host EAB, attempting to eliminate
their presence. A different method, brought up by BenDor et al., 2006, consists of implementing
firewood

Persuasive Essay On Wild Boars
Wild boars were originally brought over by the Spanish in 1539 as food aboard their ships and in the
new lands, but now they're taking over much of the US. There are an estimated five to six million
wild boars in the United States with an estimated one million in Florida alone. Spreading rapidly
with no intention of slowing down, these wild boars are causing devastation to the native
environment throughout the United States with their destructive habits. The US government has
precautions put into place to try and control aspects of the boar population, but they're negating it
with regulations that are benefiting the boars rather than the general population and native species.
There are measures that need to be put into place in order to control the wild boar population and
the destruction that comes with them.
The native Flora and Fauna of the United States is being threatened by numerous invasive species,
one of which is considered to be the most destructive. The wild boar is known to dwell in 35 states
and is costing the US an estimated $1.5 billion each year in damages. Eating almost everything it
sets its eyes on, boars dig up anything it desires to eat in a process called rooting. When a wild boar
does a rooting behavior to dig up food it destabilizes the soil surface which leads to surface erosion.
The surface erosion removes the top layer of soil that is responsible for having the richest organic
matter leading to the soil losing nutrients needed to support plant life. Wild board also feed on a
large quantity of native vegetation leaving the native plants not enough time to fully recover before
being trampled over again by the damaging heathens. Males also tusks small trees removing the
bark layer on an area of the tree in order to mark their territory and display their dominance. This
tusking behavior causing serious harm to trees and has the potential to kill the tree. There is a
phloem layer under the bark of a tree that comes up when boars do their tusking behavior. Nutrients
such as water and minerals travel up the Phloem layer of the tree from the roots to the leaves, but if
the phloem layer is removed from a portion of the tree it restricts the nutrients distributed
throughout the tree and leads

Essay on Transgenic Rice Plants
For centuries, rice has been one of the most important staple crops for the world and it now
currently feeds more than two billion people, mostly living in developing countries. Rice is the
major food source of Japan and China and it enjoys a long history of use in both cultures. In 1994,
worldwide rice production peaked at 530 million metric tons. Yet, more than 200 million tons of rice
are lost each year to biotic stresses such as disease and insect infestation. This extreme loss of crop
is estimated to cost at least several billion dollars per year and heavy losses often leave third world
countries desperate for their staple food.
Therefore, measures must be taken to decrease the amount of crop loss and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This was useful for delivering the protein inhibitor to insects which eat plant material. The
selectable marker in this trial was the bacterial phosphinothricin acetyl transferase gene (bar) which
was linked to the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Next the plasmid pTW was
injected into cell cultures of Japonica rice using the
BiolisticTM particle delivery system. The BiolisticTM system proceeds as follows: Immature
embryos and embryonic calli of six rice materials were bombarded with tungsten particles coated
with DNA of two plasmids containing the appropriate genes. The plant materials showed high
frequency of expression of genes when stained with X–Gluc. The number of blue or transgenic units
was approximately 1,000.
After one week, the transgenic cells were transferred onto selection medium containing hygromycin
B. After two weeks, fresh cell cultures could be seen on bombarded tissue. Some cultures were
white and some cultures were blue.
Isolated cell cultures were further selected on hygromycin resistance. However, no control plant
survived.
Then twenty plates of cells were bombarded with the PINII gene, from which over two hundred
plants were regenerated and grown in a greenhouse. After their growth, they were tested for PINII
gene using
DNA blot hybridization and 73% of the plants were found to be transgenic.
DNA blot hybridization is the process by which DNA from each sample was digested by a

Tomato Plant
TOMATO PLANT 1)
Seed: Tomato seeds are small, flat and disk shaped and about 1/8 inch wide. They contain two
energy storage organs called cotyledons and an embryo encased in a hard outer shell called the seed
coat. The seed is the dormant or resting stage of the plant life cycle. When young tomato plants are
damaged, they tend to go into a dormant, survival stage in which plant growth is delayed for a
while. Frost damage is something to look out for when planting tomatoes early on in the season.
Frost damage is marked by tender, dark green spots on the leaves. Although they won't kill the plant,
frostbites will make them dormant for a while, delaying plant growth. During the germination
process, the seed absorbs moisture and nutrients ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have their own definite shape and arrangement in plants according to their requirements.
Leaves trap energy from sunlight and convert it into pure compounds. For this the leaves are
arranged on the stem in a way that they are exposed mostly in the sunlight. i) Leaves help in the
process of plant cellular respiration. Plant cellular respiration carried out in the daylight is called
photorespiration, or light respiration. The plant uses a portion of the oxygen created by
photosynthesis. Since the process of photosynthesis produces more oxygen than the plant can use,
the excess is released into the air through the stomata, tiny air holes in the leaves. The plant takes its
sugars directly from what is being produced by photosynthesis. 5) Food Making: j) Photosynthesis:
the process of producing and releasing oxygen in the air. Photosynthesis is performed by the plants
to produce their own food. The process of Photosynthesis requires direct sunlight, carbon–dioxide
and water (H2O). In the process of Photosynthesis, the plants decompose the molecules of hydrogen
and carbon–dioxide into hydrogen, carbon and oxygen to produce glucose which forms the source
of their energy, growth and food. This involves the conversion of stored energy of the sunlight,
water and carbon–dioxide into glucose which is an organic compound and release oxygen in the
process. k) Importance of photosynthesis: Plants are the only living things that produce their own
food.

The Importance Of Plants In Canada
Plants are extremely important to the growth and development of Canada because as a source of
food, the country requires the nutrients the plants provide and they are irreplaceable. Plants are
crucial as they are a component of everything people eat, whether people eat the plants or the animal
they eat or get food from rely on plants. The more food and plants available to better the
reproduction, and therefore more population growth in communities. Having more food available
for the entire population has shown to decrease poverty and increase the overall development of the
community (2). In Canada, there is a large discrepancy between the food security of the southern
provinces and northern territories. This has stuck many northern Canadians in difficult situations
when trying to buy the proper food. There is also an economic factor of food and plants. In current
society, most food in imported from country to country, creating many economic benefits in
countries that import food (3). That money can be used to create a better community and country.
On another level, plants and crops also have religious and symbolic value in our culture, which
helps to increase development on a social level. Increases in variety and quantity can help to
develop communities. Certain pants and foods help to give communities and countries their identity.
For example, many foods are crucial to our identity like maple syrup. Overall, food and plants is
extremely important to Canada as a society

Transport In Living Organisms Essay
CH 12 TRANSPORT IN LIVING ORGANISMS EXERCISE 1. FILL IN THE BLANKS (i) The
principal physiological requirement of all organisms is the maintenance of ........................ (ii) The
type of diffusion against the concentration gradient (up hill movement) involving the expenditure of
energy is called...................... (iii) The cell walls of the plants cells keep the...............within limit.
(iv) The content of the vacuole of plant cell is called................ (v) The internal pressure exerted on
the cell wall by the water moving into the cell is called.............. (vi) A concentration gradient is
establishment between the root hairs and the soil water because of the ............... (vii) The root
pressure can move the water to only .................. (viii) Pull or suction force ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Each question is followed by four options .encircle the correct answer i) The complexity of transport
system is related to? a) Size and the metabolic rate of an organism b) The type of food taken by an
organism c) To the habitat of the organism d) All of the above ii) The transport system facilitates? a)
The elimination of metabolic wastes of each cell b) Help to adjust in the habitat c) Movement from
place to place d) All of the above iii) The diffusion of molecules of some substances with the help of
carrier proteins is called? a) Active transport b) Osmosis c) Facilitated diffusion d) Cyclosis iv)
Chemically the carrier substances in facilitated diffusion are? a) Proteins b) Lipids c) Carbohydrates
d) Nucleic acids v) The movement of water into the plants cell produces..........in the cell? a) Turgor
b) Flaccid state c) None of the a and b d) Both a and b vi) The internal pressure exerted on the cell
wall by the water moving into the cell is called? a) Root pressure b) Water potential c) Turgor
pressure d) Osmotic pressure vii) The loss of water from cells of the leaves makes their cells? a)
Turgid b) Flaccid c) None of the a and b d) Shrinked viii) Because of transpiration pull and cohesion
or adhesion of water molecules, the water moves in the xylem vessels as a) Packages of water b) An

Integumentary System: Similarities Between A Cow And A Tree
A cow and a tree...two objects, that's about it right? Not so much, even though they may seem to be
different, they have many similarities to one another. To point out just a few, both a tree and a cow
are a living source, they both have a protective shield and are they are both processed to make
tangible items we use in today's society.
Many individuals may not know that a tree is in fact a breathing organism. It has complete
circulation which runs from its hair roots down in the soil up to the leaves and back again. Trees
breathe mostly through its leaves. If you ever happen to look at the upper side of a leaf through a
microscope, you will see a countless number of cells. There are many different types of cells,
specialized to do many different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Integumentary System, also known as the skin, is the largest organ of the body. Its complete
structure is composed of many different tissues. The skin protects the cow's body from any bacterial
invasions and physical damage. When a cow becomes sick, the skin is the first system that is
affected. The integumentary system is composed of three layers: (i) Epidermis, (ii) Dermis, and (iii)
Hypodermis or Subcutis. To start with the inner most layer you have the Hypodermis (Subcutis).
The Hypodermis consists of connective tissues, elastic fibers and fat. When fat forms a layer of
thickness it is called Peniculus Adiposus. Any reserved energy is also stored within the Hypodermis.
Then you have the layer, Dermis. The Dermis supports the outer most layer, Epidermis. Dermis
consist of collagen, reticular and elastic fibers which plays a large role in the strength and elasticity
in the skin; as well as the maintenance and repair of the skin. Lastly, you have the Epidermis. The
Epidermis alone consist of four sublayers, (i) Stratum Corneum – outermost horny layer, (ii)
Stratum Lucidum – clear layer, (iii) Stratum Granulosum – granular layer, and (iv) Stratum
Spinosum – prickly cell layer. The Epidermis is derived from basal membrane Stratum Basale,
which presents the openings for the hair follicles. Some of the functions of the skin include:
preservation of the cow's shape, protection from water loss, protection from any physical, chemical
and microbial injury imposed by an external agent. An important role of the skin is it balances its
Thermoregulation, which is its ability of an organism to regulate its body

Tissues and Cell Structures
Tissues are groupings of cells with similar functions. There are four main kinds of human tissues:
Muscle Tissue
Muscular tissue is made up of cells that have sliding protein (actin, a globular protein, and myosin)
filaments. As these filaments slide over each other, they cause the cell to contract. Cells are arranged
in cables within cables, twined around each other, so that when a muscle contracts, it is actually
millions of cells contracting synchronously. There are three types of muscle tissue; cardiac muscle
that operates in the heart; skeletal muscle which is used for locomotion (among other functions) and
is found all over the body; and smooth muscle which is found in a variety of organs (such as the
stomach and bladder) and in blood vessels. Smooth muscle also causes our hair to stand on end.
Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue makes up the brain and nervous system. It is used to transmit information around the
body for a huge variety of tasks (for example, controlling muscles). Apart from in the brain, it is
also found in the spine and in sensory organs such as the eyes. It is made up of cells called neurons
which transmit electric–chemical signals around the body and centrally to the brain. For example,
when we feel pain in our finger, it is caused by sensory input to the nerve cells in the finger, which
transmit an electric impulse to the brain. The brain then "translates" this impulse into what we call
pain.
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue, among other things,

The Systems Used by Plants and Animals to Stay Alive
Plants and animals have many systems that they use daily stay alive. The nervous system is a
network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. The
endocrine system are a bunch of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help control bodily
metabolic activity. This includes pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, islets of Langerhans,
ovaries, and testes. Plants don't have a nervous or endocrine system. However they do have
substitutes. Animals do have proper nervous and endocrine systems. The nervous system can be
divided into parts: central and peripheral. The central nervous system is controls body movements,
reactions, thoughts etc. The peripheral system comprises the nerves ("Nervous and Endocrine
Systems"). The endocrine system controls the chemical distributed throughout the body. The main
tool used by the endocrine system is a compound called a hormone. The body uses these hormones
to regulate growth, digestion, body temperature etc. ("ENDOCRINE SYSTEM – ON A
MOLECULAR LEVEL"). Digestive and urinary systems are essential to life. The digestive system
are various organs and glands that help remove waste from the body. This system consists of the
small intestine, large intestine, ending with the rectum and anus.The urinary system are the organs
that produce, collect and eliminate urine. This system consists of the two kidneys, ureters, the
bladder, and the urethra. Plants don't have a digestive or urinary system, but

Ngoki
Functions of Potassium in Plants
P
When water supply is short, K is pumped out of the guard cells. The pores close tightly to prevent
loss of water and minimize drought stress to the plant.
If K supply is inadequate, the stomates become sluggish – slow to respond – and water vapor is lost.
Closure may take hours rather than
Potassium (K) increases
Enzyme Activation minutes and is incomplete. crop yield and improves
Enzymes serve as cataAs a result, plants with an quality. It is required for lysts for chemical
reactions, insufficient supply of K are numerous plant growth being utilized but not conmuch more
susceptible to processes. sumed in the process. They water stress. bring together other molecules in
such a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The plant's transport system uses energy in the form of ATP. If K is inadequate, less ATP is
available, and the transport system breaks down. This causes photosynthates to build up in the
leaves, and the rate of photosynthesis is reduced. Normal development of energy storage organs,
such as grain, is retarded as a result. An adequate supply of K helps to keep all of these processes
and transportation systems functioning normally.
Water and Nutrient Transport
Potassium also plays a major role in the transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant in the
xylem. When K supply is reduced, translocation of nitrates, phosphates, calcium
(Ca), magnesium (Mg), and amino acids is depressed. As with phloem transport systems, the role of
K in xylem transport is often in conjunction with specific enzymes and plant growth hormones. An
ample supply of K is essential to efficient operation of these systems.
Protein Synthesis
Potassium is required for every major step of protein synthesis. The "reading" of the genetic code in
plant cells to produce proteins and enzymes that regulate all growth processes would be impossible
without adequate K.
When plants are deficient in K, proteins are not synthesized despite an abundance of available
nitrogen (N). Instead, protein "raw

Essay on Ap Bio Plants
1.)
Roots support photosynthesis and respiration by absorbing minerals and water and by storing
organic nutrients. They also anchor the plant. Some roots have mycorrhizae, which increase the
surface area and therefore increase the absorption. The endodermis, which is the innermost layer of
cells in the root cortex, surrounds the vascular cylinder. It is the passage of minerals from the cortex
into the vascular tissue.
The stem has a system of nodes where leaves are attached. They have a waxy coating (epidermis)
that prevents water loss. The stem and the roots are the 2 main axes in a vascular plant. Fluids are
transported between the roots and the shoots through the stem by the phloem and xylem.
Leaves are the main photosynthetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have vascular tissues for long distance transport like the xylem and phloem. Additionally there
is a way for plants to reproduce without requiring water. Another reason is secondary growth with
the vascular cambium. The stem or root will grow in diameter and will be thickened, reducing water
loss and protecting the surface more fully. The different plant tissues (dermal tissues, vascular tissue
and ground tissues) are adoptions as well.
4.)
Water flows from high water potential to low water potential. They have three routes for that: the
transmembrane route (out of one cell, across a cell wall and into another cell), the symplastic route
(via the continuum of cytosol) and the apoplastic route (via cell walls and extracellular spaces).
Roots are another way for water uptake and transport (example: mycorrhizae and endodermis). This
transport is regulated by the compartmental structure of plants. The concept of transpiration is made
possible through adhesion and cohesion.
5.)
The plant is required to be able to work at the molecular level, because (as only of many examples)
it needs sucrose. Proton pumping and the cotransport of sucrose and H+ are two of the ways for a
plant to get its required amounts of sucrose. The plant is also in need of nitrogen for its organic
synthesis. It can acquire that by nitrogen–fixing bacteria that convert atmospheric N2 to nitrogenous
minerals.
6.)
An example for an organ is the tuber or bulb. They

Reece Biology Study Material
Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 35 Plant Structure, Growth, and Development In
previous chapters, students have been exposed to basic processes in life such as photosynthesis,
respiration, and evolution. Chapter 35 provides key vocabulary on plant structure and development
and introduces basic concepts and processes. This information is critical for understanding higher–
order concepts introduced in subsequent chapters. Multiple–Choice Questions 1) One major
advantage of using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system for studies of plant form and function is
its A) fast generation time. B) exceptionally large genome. C) large seeds. D) high tolerance to
stress. E) high mutation rate. Answer: A Topic: Concept ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
D) vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves. E) leaves have epidermal tissue but
roots do not. Answer: C Topic: Concept 35.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 19) A student examining
leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell
walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they? A) parenchyma B) xylem
C) endodermis D) collenchyma E) sclerenchyma Answer: A Topic: Concept 35.2 Skill:
Application/Analysis 20) Compared to most animals, the growth of most plants is best described as
A) perennial. B) weedy. C) indeterminate. D) derivative. E) primary. Answer: C Topic: Concept 35.2
Skill: Application/Analysis 21) A vessel element would likely lose its protoplast in which section of
a root? A) zone of cell division B) zone of elongation C) zone of maturation D) root cap E) apical
meristem Answer: C Topic: Concept 35.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) Gas exchange,
which is necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue? A) epidermis B)
palisade mesophyll C) spongy mesophyll D) vascular tissue E) bundle sheath Answer: C Topic:
Concept 35.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) Which of the following best describes
advantages conferred by compound leaves versus simple leaves? A) There's a greater chance of
capturing photons in intermittently shady areas. B) There is less

Reaction Paper On Punarnava
Punarnava (Boerhaavia diffusa L.) is a promising drug to rejuvenate new cells in body. It is well
known in Ayurvedic medicine and locally called Tambadivasu. Superficially it is similar to other
species of Boerhaavia and species of Trianthema and Sesuvium. Due to the minute morphological
differences, above plants are erroneously used in medicine as Punarnava, and at times on purpose as
an adulterant. Therefore, it is necessary to highlight the anatomical features of Punarnava for proper
identification of the medicinal plant species for local people and for scientific research. Due to the
ambiguity in local names and similar apparent appearance, market samples of Punarnava are often
adulterated with various species of Trianthema and Sesuvium. These adulterated samples contain
neither the Punarnavine alkaloid, nor does it possess anisocytic stomata. Comparative study of stem
anatomy showed two main characteristic differences. First, plenty of starch grains can be seen in
both the ground tissues and xylem parenchyma of Punarnava which is not observed in species of
Trianthema, and second, the phloem around the xylem of Punarnava root has semi–circular or ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It consisted of stomata and trichomes on both, upper and lower surface. SEM study of leaves
showed anisocytic stomata with uniseriate or multicellular trichome with enlarged globose or
elongated terminal cell in Boerhaavia diffusa, while paracytic stomata was observed in Trianthema
and Sesuvium (Figures 2A–D). Epidermis was followed by mesophyll tissue. It revealed
dorsiventral organization, comprising one–two stratum of palisade and about 3–4 layers of spongy
tissue (Figures 2E, F; 3A–D). Length and width of the palisade varied in different plant species.
They were measured from 50–72 mm length and 24–38 mm width in B. diffusa, and 33–48 mm
length and 24–26 mm width in T.

Based on the Plant Biology Journal entitled “Gene...
Based on the Plant Biology Journal entitled "Gene discovery in the wood–forming tissues of poplar:
Analysis of 5,692 expressed sequence tags", by Sterky et al., 1998, expressed sequence tags (EST)
database was prepared with specific procedure. First of all, EST can be defined as a short fragments
sequence, range from 100 bp– 1000 bp. It derived from a c DNA clone which represents the
expressed genes sequence. Usually, ESTs are used to identify the full length genes and serves as a
target for mapping with providing important evidence in the ORF for confirmation as it is organised
into libraries (Ganten et al., 2006). In order to improve the value of EST, few steps of preparing EST
database should be encounter with pre–processing, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ESTs database was prepared by constructing cDNA libraries from the sample at first, which are
from the stem tissue of actively growing trees of P. tremula L.× tremuloides Michx. The cambial–
region EST library was prepared from developing xylem tissue, developing and mature phloem and
cambial meristem tissue. The cDNA library was prepared from λgt22a by using Superscript Lambda
System for cDNA synthesis and cloning and packaged into λ particles with the Gigapack II Gold. λ
DNA was isolated form an aliquot of the cDNA library representing 200,000 clones, and the cDNA
inserts were isolated and ligated into pBluescript SK. Bacterial clones of the cambial–region from
cDNA library were randomly picked, suspended in 100 µl of Tris/EDTA buffer, lysed and stored at –
22 ºC until further analysis. Sample from Populus trichocarpa 'Trichobel' was prepared for a
developing–xylem library where cDNA was extracted from the mRNA to clone into λZAPII vector.
Meanwhile, the plasmid clones of individual phages were obtained by in vivo excision (Sterky et al.,
1998).
Next step involve DNA sequencing of the cambial–region cDNA inserts. It was performed using
PCR products as templates from the 59 end. Microtiter plates were loaded onto a robotic worktable.
This worktable is the place where the PCRs, quality control and sequencing reactions performed
automatically. How do PCRs performed? By using general vector primers and standard PCR
controls

TQAS BIOLOGY Essay
0708–AS Biology Revision Top Priority Questions
AS BIOLOGY
TOP 60 QUESTIONS
Chapter 1
1– Fig.1.1 is an electron micrograph of a mesophyll cell from a leaf.
1.5μm
Fig.1.1
(a) Calculate the magnification of Fig.1.1. Show your working and express your answer to the
nearest whole number.
(b) Identify, by using the letters A to D, a part of the cell shown in Fig. 1.1 where the following
substances are located.
A chlorophyll
B cellulose
C DNA
D phospholipid
(c) State three ways in which the structure of a red blood cell differs from the structure of the cell
shown in Fig.1.1.
1
2
2– Fig.1.2 is a diagram of a bacterium.
Fig.1.2
(a) Name structures Q to S.
(b) State the names of three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(b) β globin has a tertiary structure that consists of eight helices arranged to give a precise three–
dimensional shape.

Describe how the precise three–dimensional shape of a polypeptide is maintained.
9– Starch grains in plant cells contain both amylose and amylopectin.
Explain how both of these substances are formed from glucose in plant cells.
7
8
Chapter 3
1– A student investigated the activity of catalase by measuring the release of oxygen from hydrogen
peroxide. The reaction occurs as follows.
2 H2O2
2 H2O + O2
The student used a solution of catalase that was mixed with a 5% hydrogen peroxide solution and
placed in the apparatus shown in Fig. 3.1. The total volume of gas collected was recorded every 15
seconds. The results are shown in Fig. 3.2.
Fig.3.1
Fig.3.2
(a) Explain why the total volume of gas collected after 210 seconds remains constant.
Catalase and hydrogen peroxide were kept separately at 10 °C for 30 minutes before they were
added together. The reaction mixture was then kept at 10 °C.
(b) Sketch, on Fig. 3.2, the results you would expect when the experiment was repeated at 10 °C.
9
(c) Describe and explain the results you would expect if the catalase solution was pretreated by
being kept in a water bath at 70 °C before being added to the hydrogen peroxide. (d) Explain how
you would use this apparatus

A Comparative Review of the Vascular System in Seed Plants...
A comparative review of the vascular system in seed plants and humans
In the evolutionary tree of life, all biotic organisms are believed to have derived from a common
ancestor. The organisms falling under the eukaryotic kingdom of Plantae are known to have arisen
in the same time period as those in the eukaryotic kingdom of Animalia–the Paleozoic era, about
500 million years ago (MYA) (Raven et al., 2008). Despite their chronological resemblance, their
evolutionary diversity is especially great in their most advanced organisms–humans and seed plants.
One key system that illustrates this diversity is the vascular system (or the cardiovascular system in
humans). The vascular system of the respective lines of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While xylem transports water and nutrients that generally originate at the roots, phloem transports
food (in the form of sugars), hormones, and mRNA which generally originate in the leaf of the
plant. Additionally, while water is moved through passive transport, food requires energy to be
driven throughout the length of the root and shoot, and is thus carried through active transport. Food
transport is said to go from a source (where it is made) to a sink (where it is needed) (Vaucher,
2003). Humans use a more intricate network of systems to keep the internal body conditions moist
and nourished. The cardiovascular system is the primary network of tubules responsible for
molecular transport. Humans extract nutrients, vitamins, and other vital compounds from food in the
gastrointestinal tract; extraction of minerals, vitamins, blood, and vital compounds from liquids is
done primarily in the glomerulus of the kidney (Raven et al., 2008). Once the necessary molecules
are in the blood stream, the cardiovascular system delivers it to the desired tissue through diffusion.
The cardiovascular system of humans uses the heart to circulate blood throughout the body. The
human heart is composed of four chambers; the left atrium and left ventricle transport oxygenated
blood from the heart to the rest of the body, incoming deoxygenated blood filters from the superior
and inferior vena cava to right atrium and

Animal Transport System
Effective transport systems in multicellular plants and animals, although with apparent differences,
have similarities as they all possess a system of vessels in which substances are transported, a
driving mechanism to ensure that substances move in the correct direction and importantly, a
suitable transport medium.
What is transport medium and which chemicals are carried around your body? (Make sure you are
talking about main ones and their form)
Blood is the fluid transport that flows through the heart and blood vessel of the cardiovascular
system in vertebrates. Blood distributes heat around the body, as well as the nutrients and gases
required by the body and the wastes to be excreted from the body. It also carries other chemicals
such as hormones, glucose, and oxygen for aerobic respiration, antibodies to fight infections,
clotting factors and many other substances required by the body to function efficiently.
Paragraph ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These two systems both possess the heart as the core mechanism, a fluid that transports substances
and a system of vessels. The function of the transport system in animals is to deliver nutrients and
gases to the cell and to collect and remove wastes. With the movement of the blood around the body,
the composition of blood cells and plasma remain relatively the same but the concentration of
dissolved substances and gases change depending on the organ it's passing through. There are a
number of notable differences, but the most important is that a closed circulatory system has the
transport fluid surrounded within the system of vessels at all times. However, in an open circulatory
system, the transport fluid leaves the vessels, enters cavities in the body and come in direct contact
with the organs. Overall, open circulatory systems are not as efficient as closed stems because the
fluid pressure is low, causing the transport fluid to circulate

Life Cycle of a Plant, Dominant and Recessive Traits
Paragraph One: Description of the life cycle of a plant from seed to seed (information about the
seed, germination, growth, development, flower, pollination, fruit, seed; information is accurate)
The life cycle of a plant from seed to seed is not that complicated, it consists of a few steps. This all
starts with a seed. The first step is for the seed to germinate and turn into a seedling. Once the
seedling is formed, it will then grow into an adult plant with petals. These petals will then sprout to
flowers, which will produce fruits. The flowers will go to a process of fertilization called
pollination, that's when the pollen is moved from anthers to stigmas. Since the pollen contains
sperm and it is passed on to the ovules in the ovary, the sperm moves down to an ovule, which
contains eggs. Fertilization then happens when the sperm fuses with the egg in the ovule. The petals
and stamens then fall away creating a fruit. These fruits contain seeds, and once the plant has died,
the seeds will fall to the ground and repeat this cycle. So to summarize, the seed goes through a
process called germination and forms into a seedling, which then grows roots and forms true leaves.
This plant continues to grow until flowers are formed. The next step is a process called pollination
and fertilization, which then forms a fruit. The fruit will release the seeds and the process repeats.
Paragraph Two: Description of the purposes of the different parts of the plant
(Information

Chordates Research Paper
Plants and animals evolved to improve themselves for a better chance of survival on land. Both are
similar in the fact that they had to evolve from a single cellular environment to a multicellular
environment and both faced many challenges of adapting to a new harsh land atmosphere. Plants
evolved from freshwater algae and are classified into two separate groups of plants. Bryophytes are
non–vascular plants and the tracheophytes that are vascular plants. As for animals there are
invertebrates, which are animals that that don't have a backbone, and there are vertebrates, animals
that do have a backbone such as the Chordates. Four challenges these plants and animals had to face
were avoiding desiccation, retaining water, a way to get nutrients and finally the challenge of
reproduction. These were all very important aspects plants animals had adapt to, to ensure their
chances of survival. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To protect from water loss vascular plants devolved the cuticle, which is a waxy surface material
that is exposed to the plants surface. The stomata also help in avoiding desiccation by closing if
there the plant does not have a lot of water. Vascular plants also developed the seed that has a
protective coating on it so that it does not dry up and is part of the plants reproduction. The
plasmodesmata also aids in helping the plant avoid desiccation. Animals must keep hydrated to
avoid desiccation. They must consume plenty of water so they so not get dehydrated. An animal's
skin also helps it in avoiding desiccation. If the animal is an amphibian it must keep its skin moist
and usually lives around

The American Characters Of Mccandless And The American Dream
Journal #5 In all his adventures, McCandless possessed little to nothing in possessions and
subsistence, but that didn't stop him from doing achieving his goals. Likewise, the American dream
or character stands on the same foundation of success where anyone can gain wealth and happiness
even if they start from nothing. Though McCandless was privileged with a comfortable life, he
intentionally threw everything away like his college money and car to prove he could continue
without having a head start. With nothing but determination and a steadfast mentality, he embodies
the American character to the extent that Americans hope for the best in all situations. Even in near
death situations, McCandless survived and grew stronger as an individual, but his major flaw was
that he believed too much in the American dream which lead to his downfall. Instead of falling short
of being an American, I think he lived an extreme and irrational mode of an American where all his
decisions were not prudent. On the other hand, The American lives with preparedness for the future
which distinguishes McCandless from the ideal character. Some examples of his negligence for his
own health were when he declined to take additional clothing, burned the last of his money, and
threw away his ammunition. It was foolhardy for him to purposefully hurt himself and his
surrounding like his loved ones. But he isn't the only one, and only when someone dies from his
mistake does people begin to realize the flaws

Angiosperms and Gymnosperms
PRACTICAL 6
Seed Plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms)
OBJECTIVES: 1. To describe the features of seed plant life cycle and the concept of the dominant
generation. 2. To describe the life histories and related reproductive structures of gymnosperms and
angiosperms. 3. To summarize the features that distinguish gymnosperms and angiosperms. 4. To
discuss the advantages of seed plants to dominate land and their evolutionary adaptations on land.
EXPERIMENT 1: Gymnosperms
INTRODUCTION:
Gymnosperms (720 species in 65 genera) are ancient seed plants that include ginkgos (Division
Ginkgophyta), cycads (Division Cycadophyta), conifers (Division Coniferophyta), and gnetophytes
(Division Gnetophyta). The term gymnosperm derives from the ... Show more content on
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You will find that many of the vegetative structures are quite similar to those of more ancient plants
shown. The roots, stems, and leaves of flowering plants function just as those of ferns and cone
bearing plants. Flowers and fruits, however are unique adaptations of angiosperms. Biologists
believe that the extraordinary adaptiveness of these structures has led to the proliferation of the
incredible diversity found among flowering plants.
MATERIALS: 1. Living specimens of angiosperms (dicots & monocots) with roots, stems,
leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. (Imperata cylindrical, zea mays, Carica papaya, Phaseolus sp.) 2.
Prepared slide of angiosperms (dicots & monocots) 3. Compound microscope 4. Dissecting
microscope 5. Slide and coverslip 6. Forceps 7. Distilled water
PROCEDURE:
Roots:
1. A root of dicots and monocots are obtained for morphology and anatomy study. 2. The root
systems of representative dicot and monocot are looked. 3. Cross section of dicot root shows the
central stele is surrounded by a thick cortex and epidermis. The following: epidermis, cortex,
parenchyma cells, starch grains, pericycle, endodermis, phloem, and xylem are identified. 4. Cross
section of monocot roor shows this root has a vascular cylinder of xylem and phloem that surrounds
a central pith. The following: epidermis, cortex, endodermis, Casparian strip, pith, phloem, and
xylem are identified. 5. A prepared

Ap Bio Water Research Paper
Water
Water is a medium for metabolic reactions and an important constituent of cells. In most plants and
animals, it makes up about 65–95% of their mass. The water molecule is referred to as a dipole, a
polar molecule, with a positive (hydrogen) and negative (oxygen) charge, separated by a very small
distance. A molecule with a separated charge is polar. A hydrogen bond; the weak attractive force
between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive (o+) charge and an atom with a partial negative
charge (o–) oxygen can be formed between two atoms. Hydrogen bonds are weak, however in large
quantities, like the large number present in water it makes the molecules difficult to separate and
gives water a wide range of physical properties vital to life. ... Show more content on
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This is known as an α–1,4–glycosidic bond.
Condensation reaction
Formation of a glycosidic bond between two glucose molecules, making maltose
Hydrolysis reaction
Hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond in maltose
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are large complex polymers; a large molecule comprising repeated units, monomers
bonded together by glycosidic bonds.
Glucose is the main source of energy in cells. It is soluble in water meaning it would increase the
concentration of a cell contents and draw water in by osmosis. It is therefore converted into a
storage product, starch, which;
Is insoluble so has no osmotic affect.
Cannot diffuse of the cell.
Is a compact molecule and can be stored in a small area.
Carries a lot of energy in its C–H and C–C bonds.
Starch
Starch is the main dtore of glucose for

Benefits Of Spinach Cells
The goal of this project to use detergents and surfactants to decellularize spinach leaves, leaving just
the extracellular matrix. In addition, the secondary goal is to culture rat cardiac cells and use the
extracellular matrix as a three–dimensional scaffolds for tissue growth. Tissue Engineering As stated
by Castells–Sala et al. (2013) "tissue Engineering is a [developing] scientific field focused on the
development substitutes for tissues by controlling biological, biophysical and/or biomechanical
parameters in the laboratory." The general principles of tissue engineering involve combining living
cells with a natural/ synthetic support or scaffold to build a three–dimensional living construct.
(Howard, Buttery, Shakesheff, & Roberts, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Chan & Leong, 2008). Biocompatibility is also an important factor. The material should be
biologically compatible with the host tissue so it does not cause an immune or inflammatory
response. (Pluta, Malina, & Sobczak–Kupiec, 2012). While the cells grow on the scaffold they
generate a matrix around themselves, the scaffold provides structure and is eventually absorbed by
the body; leaving the newly formed tissue to manage mechanical support. (Pluta, Malina, &
Sobczak–Kupiec, 2012). The scaffold needs to be absorbed by the surrounding tissue at a rate
compatible with the rate of tissue growth, so the new tissue can function independently and avoid
the need for surgical removal. Lastly, to ensure functionality, the mechanical properties of the
Scaffold should compatible with the tissue type. (Pluta, Malina, & Sobczak–Kupiec, 2012; Chan &
Leong, 2008). Designing scaffolds with the mechanical and physical properties appropriate for the
tissue type, specifically for the vascular system, is the most challenging part of tissue engineering.
(Pluta, Malina, & Sobczak–Kupiec, 2012). No tissue can survive without being able to move and
diffuse nutrients, oxygen, and waste product...So vasculturation, the process of making something
vascular, is key to ensuring the long–term survival and function of engineered tissue... The tissue
scaffold must be

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