Punctuation

ENGLISH COMPOSITION
punctuation

BY:
Aridho Finayah
Megawati
Nina Henny Arlina
Uswatun Hasanah
Vinna H. Sitorus

• @
*
Punctuation Marks (Aridho, Mega, Nina, Ana, Vinna)
Class B – 3rd semester - Faculty of Letters English Department - University of Balikpapan
&

AMPERSAND&


Evolution of the
ampersand: Et ligature in Insular
ship:

The modern
ampersand is virtually
identical to that of the
Carolingian
minuscule. The italic
ampersand, to the
right, is originally a
later et-ligature.

Usage
The AMPERSAND is now less
common in formal writing. The main
remaining use of the “ & ” is in the
formal names of businesses, especially
FIRMS, PARTNERSHIP, LAW
FIRMS, and ARCHITECTURAL.
In such names, a comma never follows
the word just before the ampersand.
When the ampersand forms part of a
registered name (e.g. Smith & Wesson),

ASTERISK
ASTERISK *

An asterisk (disambiguation) from:
Late Latin : asteriscus
Greek : ἀ στερίσκος (asteriskos)
or "little star" is a typographical symbol
or glyph.

It is called “little star” because it looks
like a conventional image of a star.
It can be used to censor out swear
words or objectionable text.

Usage
1) COMPUTER
In computer, the ASTERISK is commonly used to sign POINTERS,
REPETITION, or MULTIPLICATION.

2)TYPOGRAPHY
 The asterisk is used to call out a FOOTNOTE. Less commonly,
multiple asterisks are used to sign different footnotes on a
page (i.e., *, **, ***).
 To strike out slices of a word to avoid misunderstanding by
using the full form of a bad language or to avoid profanation
of a holy name.
 Sometimes used as an alternative to TYPOGRAPHICAL
BULLETS (•) to indicate items of a list.
 It can be used in textual media to represent *EMPHASIS*
when BOLD or ITALIC TEXT is NOT available (e.g. email).

3)LINGUISTICS
 An ASTERISK immediately before a word indicates
that the word is NOT directly showed. In the
following example, the Proto-Germanic word
ainlif is a recreated form.
*ainlif → endleofan → eleven

 A DOUBLE ASTERISK indicates a form that would be
expected according to rule, but is NOT actually
found. Example:
for the plural, **kubar would be expected, but
separate masculine plural akābir ‫ أكابر‬and
feminine plural kubrayāt ‫ كبريات‬are found as
irregular forms.

4)AMBIGUITY
Since a word marked with an ASTERISK could
mean is "impossible", it is important in some
contexts to differentiate these meanings.

5)MUSIC
In music an ASTERISK is often used to sign a
slow pause.


6)INSTANT MESSAGING AND SMS
To fix the mistake by sending another message, adding an
ASTERISK to the beginning or end of the fixed line.
Sometimes only a single word is corrected in this way, if
it's clear where the mistake was in the original message.
Must be used before the word like note.
Example:
Tom : Hi, how is brownie?
Jane : Ugh, my stupid X at ran away again!
*CAT
Tom : OMG! Sorry to hear that 

When the writer wants to explain actions in a kind of
'narrated' style while messaging, verbs are sometimes
written between TWO ASTERISKS, such as
"*NODS (THUMBS UP)*" or "*SHAKES HEAD (TREMBLE TO
SUBMIT OR DOUBT)*". This is known as an emote.

7)EDUCATION
In some examinations in the UK and
Singapore, A* ("A-star") is a special top
grade that is distinguished from grade A.

CENSORSHIP
8)

Many companies which deal with slang or
vulgar text might censor such words using
an ASTERISK.


Encodings
The symbols are compared below (the display
depends on your browser's font).

Open
Asterisk Heavy Small Full Width
Asterisk Centre
Operator Asterisk Asterisk Asterisk
Asterisk

* ∗ ✱ ﹡ ＊ ✲

East Asian Teardrop- Sixteen
Low Asterisk Arabic Star reference Spoked Pointed
mark Asterisk Asterisk

‫٭‬ ※ ✻ ✺

AT SIGN@

The AT SIGN @ is also commonly
called the at symbol.
The fact ,that there is NO single word
in English for the symbol has
prompted some writers to use the
French arobase, or Spanish arroba—or
to COIN new words such as asperand
and ampersa, but none of these have
realized wide currency.

In computer model in 1889, the AT
SYMBOL not included on the keyboard of
the earliest commercially successful
typewriters.

It is now universally included on
computer keyboards.

In recent years, its meaning are
“LOCATED AT" or "DIRECTED AT",
especially in email addresses and social

media like Facebook, Twitter, etc.

The @ SYMBOL
appears in the
Medieval Bulgarian
translation of the
Manasses Chronicle
(1345).
The symbol is used
as the initial "a" for
the "amin" (amen)
formula.

Usage
COMMERCIAL
1)

In contemporary English usage, @ is a
commercial symbol, called at site. It has
rarely been used in financial documents or
grocers' price tags.
Since 23 October 2012, the AT-SIGN is
registered as a Trade Mark by the German
Patent and Trade Mark Office. From now
on it’s illegal for other commercial
interests, should use the AT-SIGN.

2)CONTEMPORARY
USAGE
 Computer On web pages,
programming, a organizations often
common contemporary ambiguous email
use of @ is in email addresses of their
addresses as in members or employees
joe@gmail.com ; by forgetting the @
SIGN.
This practice, known as
the user “joe“ located at
address mugging, makes
site the gmail.com
the email addresses less
domain. This idea of
weak to spam programs
the symbol
that scan the internet for
representing located at

GENDER-NEUTRALITY in SPANISH
3)

AND PORTUGUESE
@-SIGN being used for gender-inclusive
purposes, we can consider the Spanish and
Portuguese word AMIGOS.
AMIGOS = be used only when the writer
is sure the group referred to is all-male.
AMIGOS(AS) = the feminine.
AMIG@S = when the word represents
NOT only male friends, but also female
ones.
AMIGOS/AS and AMIG Ⓐ S = as a kind

4)IN CULTURE
 The Museum of Modern Art known the AT
SIGN to its architecture and design collection.
 Many internet cafes use the spelling " c@fe" to
suggest their internet theme.
 The British bars called B@1 (BEATONE) to
denote the word "bar" and suggest modernity.
 John Lloyd, use of the term chemical element
“ASTATINE" to refer to the symbol @.
 A Chinese couple tried to name their son @
—pronouncing it "AI TA" or "LOVE HIM“ .

BACKSLASH

The BACKSLASH () is a typographical
mark (glyph) used mainly in computing
and is the mirror image of the common
slash (/).
It is sometimes called a HACK, WHACK,
ESCAPE (from C/UNIX), contrary from
SLASH, SLOSH, BACKSLANT,
BACKWHACK, and more rarely BASH,
reverse SLANT, and reversed VIRGULE.


Usage
The BACKSLASH is used to indicate the
character following it should be treated
specially or normally. It thus indicates
escape characters.
In various regular expression languages it
acts as a switch, changing subsequent
literal characters into metacharacters.
The BACKSLASH is used both to introduce
special characters and to introduce lambda
functions (λ).

Resources that should NOT be available
have been recovered with paths using
particular mixes, such as:
http://example.net/secureprivate.asp
x

In PHP version 5.3 and higher, the
BACKSLASH is used to indicate a
namespace.

In some dialects of the BASIC
programming language, the BACKSLASH
is used as an operator symbol to
indicate integer division.

BULLET•
A BULLET ( • ) is a typographical symbol or
glyph used to introduce items in a list.
For example:
•Item 1
•Item 2
•Item 3
The BULLET symbol may take any of a
variety of shapes, such as CIRCULAR,
SQUARE, DIAMOND, ARROW, etc.

Usage
o Bullets are most often used in TECHNICAL
WRITING, REFERENCE WORKS, NOTES and
PRESENTATIONS. An alternative method is to use a
numbered list.

o BULLET points may be SHORT PHRASES, SINGLE
SENTENCES, or of PARAGRAPH LENGTH.
Bulleted items are NOT usually ended with a full
stop, if they are NOT complete sentences. It is
correct to terminate a BULLET point with a full
stop if the text within that item consists of 'FULL'
SENTENCE.

The shorts of BULLET, like:


THANK
YOU..

Source on WIKIPEDIA

Punctuation

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