The Quill Room In The Nineteenth Century

The Quill Room In The Nineteenth Century
article 2
Seated on the wooden chair in the scriptorium, on an island off the coast of northumberland in
England, a medieval monk picks up a quill pen, fashioned from a goose feather and dips it into a
rich, black ink made from soot. He stares hard at words from a manuscript made in Italy. The book
is his exemplar (a person or thing serving as an excellent example or model), the codex ( a bound
book, made from sheets of paper or parchment) from which he is to copy the Gospels of
Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. He will illuminate the gospel text with a weave of fantastic images–
shakes that twist themselves into knots or birds, their curving and overlapping forms creating the
illusion of a third dimension. These are called ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A Northumbrain monk, very likely the bishop Eadfrith, illuminated the codex in the early eight
century. Mathew's cross–carpet page exemplifies Eadfrith's exuberance and genius. A mesmerizing
series of repetitive knots and spirals is dominated by a centrally located cross. One can imagine
devout monks losing themselves in the swirls and eddies of color during meditative contemplation
of its patterns. In it's composition, Eadfrith stacked wine–glass shapes horizontally and vertically
against his intricate weave of knots. On closer inspection many of these knots reveal themselves as
snake–like creatures curling around tubular forms, mouths clamping down on their bodies, changing
colors like a chameleon. The sanctity of the cross, outlined in red with arms out stretched and
pressing against the page edges, stabilizes the backgrounds gyrating activity and turns the repetitive
energy into a meditative force. In conclusion, the variety and absolute splendor of the Lindisfarne
Gospels are such that even in reproduction it's images astound. Artistic expression and inspired
execution make this codex a high point of early
medieval
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Vikings Research Paper
Vikings were a group of people from Scandanavia (modern–day Denmark, Norway and Sweden)
who navigated the North Atlantic and Baltic Regions, sailing to destinations in the south to North
Africa, and east to Russia, Constantinople ("Istanbul") and the Middle East, as 'hit–and–run' looters,
traders and colonists. Notably, the Vikings were seen as a barbaric clan by their victims, especially
to those in Europe with whom they had an imposing influence. Equally, as the Old Norse (the
language of the Norsemen) translation of the word 'Viking' signifies, the Vikings were feared as
fierce and ruthless pirates. However, most of these people may not have called themselves Vikings
since only a few engaged in raiding and pillaging, which was seen as a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Correspondingly, the Siege of Paris and the Sack of Paris in 845 saw the Viking invasion of the
kingdom of the West Franks: A Viking fleet of 120 longboats sailed up the River Seine led by
Danish jarl ("chieftain") Reginherus with the goal of seizing the rich farmlands of Marin. In turn,
they strategically took advantage of internal conflicts in Europe to extend their activity further
inland. In fact, after the death of Louis the Pious in 840, emperor of Frankia (modern–day France
and Germany), Charles the Bald, fought his half–brother Lothair I who invited the support of a
Viking fleet. Charles the Bald, after triumphing over Lothair I, was left to defend against the
Vikings: Charles offered to pay Danegeld ("Danish tax") in silver if the Vikings would leave France
and not return. The Vikings accepted 7000lbs of silver as a promise to not only spare from ravaging
the land but to leave and not return. However, "before long other Vikings realized that Frankish
rulers were willing to pay them rich sums to prevent them from attacking their subjects, making
Frankia an irresistible target for further Viking activity". Consequently, this brought about mass
extortion, and if payment was not met, the Vikings would cut a slit through the nostril of the debtor;
which influences the popular modern–day phrase of

Gregory The City Of God Essay
Benedictine Rule – Benedictine Rule were the rules in place for the monks to follow. They were
important because they set the rules to keep monks safe and they displayed the views of the monks.
Augustine (Hippo) – Augustine was a Latin father who wrote the Confessions and the City of God.
He was important because he was a Bishop of Hippo and he wrote two famous works of literature.
The City of God – Christian beliefs of government and history written by Augustine. He talked
about the relationship between the government and history of the society.
Jerome – Jerome was a Latin father who liked literary studies. He was important because he
translated the bible into Latin so that more people could read it.
Latin vulgate – Latin vulgate is the common text of scriptures. It is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He was important because he established the Papal States and was known as a great pope for his
numerous writings.
Papal States – The Papal States were an administrative unit that was put into place by Gregory the
Great. They were important because they provided protection for Rome, fed the people, and
established a government for Rome.
Asceticism – Asceticism, also known as celibacy, is the abstinence of all sexual activity and all
indulgences in order to pursue god. It was important because it brought all the Christian people
together and it was a way to be holy.
Benedict of Nursia – Benedict of Nursia was the author of the Benedictine Rules and he founded a
monastic house. He is important because he wrote the fundamentals to be a monk. Benedict set all
of the rules that monks were to follow.
Monks, abbots and nuns – Nuns were women who left society to join a religious community, monks
were men who left society to dedicate themselves to god, and abbots were the heads of the
monasteries. They were all important because they gave everything that they had to the poor and
pursued their

The Lindisfarne Gospels : An Insular Identity
Langara College
The Lindisfarne Gospels;
An Insular Identity
Connor Budd
Western Art: Prehistory to Renaissance (AHIS 1114)
Denise Panchysyn
November 17th, 2016
Beginning with the conversion of the Irish Celts around the fifth century, Christianity began to
spread across the British Isles. Around 630, an envoy of monks was sent from a monastery on the
Scottish Isle of Iona to a small Northumbrian island (only about 4 square kilometers at high tide)
situated in the North Sea of the Atlantic. An Irish monk, Saint Aidan, established a monastery on
that small spit of land that would come to be called Lindisfarne, or simply Holy Island. Together
with the monastery at Iona, Lindisfarne became an integral part of artistic creation in early medieval
northern Europe (Kleiner 288), and from it's workshop would emerge a new style of artwork that
wove elements of pre–existing artistic styles of the British Isles, such as those of the Celts and the
Anglo–Saxons, with unfamiliar Christian imagery imported from Near East to create the Hiberno–
Saxon, or Insular style. This style would be employed by the monks at Lindisfarne to create one of
the most splendid texts of early medieval Brittania, the eponymous Lindisfarne Gospels. A
wondrous illuminated manuscript worthy of its acclaim, these Gospels are a quintessential example
of Hiberno–Saxon style, and they expertly demonstrate the dedication and craftsmanship invested
by the monks of Lindisfarne as they melded pagan

Edward Malt's The Lindisfarne Gospels
A medieval minister takes up a plume pen, designed from a goose quill, and plunges it into a rich,
dark ink produced using ash. Situated on a wooden seat in the scriptorium of Lindisfarne, an island
off the shore of Northumberland in England, he gazes hard at the words from a composition made in
Italy. This book is his model, a bound book, produced using sheets of paper or material, the codex,
from which he is to duplicate the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. For about the
following six years, he will duplicate this Latin.
The Lindisfarne Gospels, a standout amongst the greatest compositions of the early medieval times,
was composed and enhanced toward the end of the seventh century by the monk Eadfrith, who got
to be Bishop of Lindisfarne in 698 and passed on in 721. Its unique calfskin tying, was made by
Ethelwald, who succeeded Eadfrith as leader, and was enriched with gems and valuable metals later
in the eighth century by Billfrith the Anchorite. Today the composition is still bound in silver and
gems, in spreads made in 1852 to the detriment of Edward Maltby, bishop of Durham. The
configuration depends on themes drawn from the enrichment of the composition itself.
Approximately 365 × 275 mm in size, it was produced in the British Isles between ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Lindisfarne Gospels, a gospel book, is a spectacular example of Insular or Hiberno–Saxon art. It
was created during a time of devastating invasions and political upheavals. Monks read from it
during rituals at their Lindisfarne Convent on Holy Island, a Christian group that defended the
sanctum of St Cuthbert, a cleric who passed on in 687 and whose relics were thought to have
corrective and supernatural occurrence working forces. The original copy was utilized for stately
purposes to advance and commend the Christian religion and the expression of

Viking Longship Essay
and more resistant to decomposition replaced previous species. (Hansen 2016) The accumulating
peat thus increased the deposition of bog iron and available supplies for Vikings to then transform
into the spears, axes, swords, helmets, and armor that they needed to conduct extensive raiding of
settlements and battle effectively against larger European forces. More importantly, Scandinavia's
iron resources enabled the creation and widespread adoption of shipbuilding technologies that
facilitated territorial expansion overseas, in particular the infamous Viking longship. (Sharpe 1991)
The longship represented the pinnacle of Norse shipbuilding techniques in the Viking Age and
contributed immeasurably to the success of raiding and Viking expansion ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
No other ruling power could match in number or tactical effectiveness the unstoppable tide of
Viking ships that flooded Europe after the attack on Lindisfarne. (Jones 1984) Saint Alcuin himself
expressed his surprise that "such an inroad from the sea could be made" and no one at the time could
fully comprehend just how devastating Viking attacks would prove to be. Early warbands consisting
of one to five ships limited their expeditions to swift hit–and–run strikes on coastal settlements and
religious centers of Britain, Ireland, and France that came with little to no warning. (Carroll 2014)
The longship's contoured hull and shallow draught made it the perfect landing craft since Vikings
could sail straight into low–lying harbors and onto beaches for immediate disembarking, taking
inhabitants by surprise and minimizing the chance of armed resistance. (Marsden 1995) Inland areas
were not safe either; Viking ships traveled extensively up the navigable rivers and estuaries of
Europe to attack unguarded towns and villages and make off with captured plunder before any force
could be raised to stop them. The success of these small Viking parties lay in their speed of
movement and the surprise of their onslaught against larger numbers, advantages they owed to the
superior versatility of the longship. (Anderson

Analysis Of Emirati Animated Sitcoms On The United Arab...
Emirati animated sitcoms emblemize the idiosyncratic concerns and ethnolinguistic identities in the
United Arab Emiratis (UAE). They depict various social, political, economic, religious, and other
day–to–day topics in a wryly humorous fashion with a socio–moral outcome as a part in the process
of reproducing the Emirati group recognizability, thus consolidating their social citizenship
(Silverstein 2003b: 538). Shaabiat Al–Cartoon [Paperboard Neighborhood] (SAC) (2006), is one of
the earliest and most successful Emirati animated sitcoms in portraying the tapestry of the UAE's
ethnic, racial, sexual, religious, and linguistic diversity. As a popular television show during the
month of Ramadan, it enjoys an unprecedented loyal fandom (Alriyadh 2014) (Abdul Hamid 2016)
and internet forums to discuss its episodes and characters. Ultimately, its popularity makes it an
essential tool to examine how this television show is generating a myriad of localized interpretations
and negotiations of political dynamics and social nuances. Depending on the episode, it subtly
challenges, or reproduces, or selectively furthers and complicates social personas in the Emirati
society. One of the significant recurrent themes in the show is gendered conflict talk. Through a
multimodal analysis, I aim to contribute to discussions of gendered conflict talk by analyzing the
strategic use of non–diglossic code–switching and the linguistic features that move verbal dueling to
verbal attack. Previously,

The Vikings And The Viking Age
The Vikings were Norse seafarers, who mainly spoke the Old Norse language. They raided and
traded from their Northern European homelands across wide areas of northern, central and eastern
Europe, during the 9th to 11th century. The Vikings originated from Scandinavia, and the beginning
of the Vikings expansion often originates from the raid of the Lindisfarne Monetary on 8 June 793.
The Vikings were the first Westerners to sail to Iceland, Greenland, and over to the New World.
However, the story of the Vikings is also an important story for the development of the Christian
world in the West. Throughout this essay, I will explain the importance of Viking religion, Viking
trade, and how the Viking age had an impact on the way Western and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The reason for the Vikings leaving their homelands and venturing off on trade missions, raids,
explorations, and new settlements is largely unknown, due to a lack of evidence (Vikings weren't
huge fans of writing down their day to day lives and history.) However, it can be speculated that
they left for a few reasons. The first of those reasons was to escape forced conversion to Christianity
by Charlemagne. The Vikings had their own unique religion which differed heavily from
Christianity. Add to this the fact that Christians don't have the best history with accepting other
beliefs, it is understandable that the Vikings may have feared Christian conversion and sought to
find new lands to escape. This fear of conversion was a large part of the Saxon wars affecting
Germanic peoples. It's worth noting the irony of the Vikings leaving their homeland in fear of
Christian conversion considering their leader Harald Bluetooth (935–985), who was the King of
Norway and Denmark, eventually converted the Vikings himself to Christianity. The second reason
for the Vikings suddenly migrating may be due to their beliefs in relation to inheritance. Vikings
gave their first sons all acquired land, this caused younger sons to venture off on their own to gain
their own property. Regardless of the reason, the Vikings ventured off in their long ships to raid,
pillage,

Bagley Meaning
The article by Robert Bagley Meaning and Explanation deals with the problem of meaning
identification of the artworks' elements. The piece of writing focuses on the analysis of the
interpretation of the decorative elements on the Chinese ritual bronzes. This issue has caused
numerous discussions that seek to come up with a single idea concerning the question whether those
religious vessels have the meaning or they are just decorations with no symbolic meaning at all.
With regard to this, in this article, the author rebuts the idea expressed by K.C. Chang, who believes
that every religion–connected decoration should have a meaning and obligatory represent the
ideology of the people. Robert Bagley provides substantial evidence in terms of sharing ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The problem with the pieces of art that were under analysis was that there was a lack of textual
evidence concerning the value of those ritual vessels as well as of other artworks that Bagley uses to
develop his argument. Nevertheless, such approach allows him to indicate the weaknesses in the
reasoning and, in this way, make his reasoning stronger. For example, Bagley puts an emphasis on
the need to consider not only the potential symbolism of the painted elements but also to research
the history of the elements and how they were used before. Bagley writes, "No inventory of
meanings will ever be enough to explain the appearance of the Lindisfarne page or the appearance
of a Shang bronze", and he expresses reasonable claim here defending the idea of decorative value
of respective elements (8). If the meaning of the ornaments was only characterized by symbolism
and devoted to the beliefs' expression, there would be no place for changes in the use of ornaments
in definite time or otherwise. Nevertheless, the change of beliefs system did not always result in the
change of decoration that were used. For instance, the description of the Erligang–phase with the
painted animals could not be applied to the pre–Anyang bronzes showing no presence of the same
images, as Bagley claims in his work (22–23). Respectively, the issue of the meaning of the
elements should be replaced with the issue of their

What Are Vikings Brutal Raiders
The question I have to answer is Vikings just brutal raiders. I think no but they had some really
brutal fights .they would go fast and kill everyone unless they appeal to them then they won't kill all
of the time.
Vikings were just brutal raiders all they did was kill and steal I mean try being the people who got
raided you would get killed of torched for a long time I mean stuff that. "This Viking raid on the
island of Lindisfarne, just off the Northumbrian coast, was not the first in England. A few years
before, in 789, 'three ships of northmen' had landed on the coast of Wessex, and killed the king's
reeve who had been sent to bring the strangers to the West Saxon court." http://www.english–
heritage.org.uk. In Lindisfarne, the Viking barged

How Are Vikings Being A Brutal And Violent Brutality?
Vikings were skilled but brutal warriors, they slayed many villages and people for their treasures of
gold and livestock. Leaving a pillaged trail of destruction. Although, not all Vikings lived a
slaughter filled life like their name describes them as. Some Vikings had different occupations to
occupy them, such as writing and reading poetry and some liked making themselves look beautiful
with jewellery. Are Vikings really as brutal as they are viewed to be?
Vikings do live up to their name as being a brutal and barbaric pirates, sailing towards villages in
their long fast sailing boats towards settlements, taking all the treasures, materials and livestock they
could grab a hold of for their people. Slaughtering everyone who had lived in the village, and
tortured people if they stood up against them. When they left the village, the village was on fire in
mass destruction. Vikings destroyed monks, churches, villages and farms all for the sake of them.
Brutally murdering people. Then sailing away with the treasures not caring for what they have done,
not double thinking if they should've killed the wives and children. A monk wrote what happened,
during the battle in fear, 'On the seventh of the 13th of June, they reached the church of Lindisfarne,
and there they miserably ravaged and pillaged everything; they trampled the holy things under their
polluted feet, they dug down the platforms, and plundered all the treasures of the church. Some of
the comrades they killed, some

Scandinavian Vikings
``After the Norman Conquest, the British Isles were, with the exception of the Norman kingdom in
Sicily, the most significantly multilingual and multicultural territory in western Europe`` (Crane
1999:35). Explain the background to this situation, and relate the changing uses of the different
languages to the social and historical context.
The invading of Europe by the Scandinavian Vikings took place between ca750 and 1050, denoting
the last phase of the raids of the Germanic people. In the late 8th century Charlemagne, or Charles
the Great, king of Franks, destroyed the power of the Frisians, Germanic tribe from the Netherlands
who had been the greatest maritime power of the North – West Europe, and enabled the south rout
on the sea

Essay about Humanities in the Early, High and Late Middle...
Abstract
Learning Team A will use several research methods including text, internet and other methods to
explore the humanities and the effects and developments that the humanities of the Early, High and
Late Middle ages had on society. We have made some very interesting findings and come up with
some intriguing conclusions. The findings are most definitely in condensed form for the simplicity
of our assignment, although if given an unbridled word count, surely we would demonstrate
volumes of text form such interesting periods.
The Early Middle Ages Before we can talk about humanities, we must first define the word
"Humanities". Humanities are the investigation of human beings and their culture and their self–
expression. We are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another wonderful example of Christian art during this time is the Book of Kells. Snell (n.d.) points
out, "The Book of Kells is a stunningly beautiful manuscript containing the Four Gospels. The Book
of Kells was probably produced in a monastery on the Isle of Iona, Scotland, to honor Saint
Columba in the early 8th century" (Snell, n.d.). The Metropolitan Museum of Art displays other
artistic finds such as the Plaque with Saint John the Evangelist and Three Holy Women at the Holy
Sepulcher. Fiero (2002) states
Germanic traditions, including those of personal valor and heroism associated with a warring
culture, are reflected in the epic poems of the Early Middle Ages. The three most famous of these,
Beowulf, The Song of the Nibelungen, and the Song of Roland, were transmitted orally for hundreds
of years before they were written down sometime between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. (p.71)
Although this age had a brief renaissance, the Early Middle Ages was a shadow of the great Roman
Empire. The Roman Empire was not only rich in architecture, art and literature but it held a sense of
accomplishment. The Early Middle Ages epitomizes the struggle of human beings to love and create
a better world for them.
The High Middle Ages The High Middle Ages falls between the Early Middle Ages also known as
the Dark Ages and Late Middle Ages occurring during the range of the 10th, 11th, 12th and the 13th
centuries

Beowulf Figurative Language Essay
Although the Middle Ages are set to start at around 500 AD, the first written evidence of Old
English only dates to C7. It is a collection of religious hymns by Cædmon VERWEIS Hogg Vol. I S.
463, which was composed in 660/ 670. Other written testimony of the Old English language appears
a century later. These texts are for instance tribal laws of the Jutes, glossaries or official documents.
Other works of the time are mostly elegies, (biblical) poetry, homilies and riddles.
One of the most well–known poems is Beowulf. It is an epic poem, written in alliterative long lines,
where the third syllable determines the alliteration. Each line usually has four stresses, which
divides them into two half lines. The fourth syllable does not alliterate on purpose. The epic poem is
full of kennings (a compound of figurative language; a metaphor circumscribing a single word) like
the name of the hero himself: Beowulf probably relates to 'bee wolf', meaning a bear or, in this case,
a man of incredible strength. It is curious that Beowulf should be the English national ... Show more
The first recorded planned raid was in 793 on the monastery on Lindisfarne in Northumbria. In lC9
a group of Viking leaders tried to conquer England. Since most of the English kingdoms were in a
turmoil, the Vikings managed to seize a great portion of the land, stretching from Northumbria to
London, covering half of Mercia. King Alfred of Wessex, however, they could not defeat and were
beaten by him at the Battle of Edington in 878. A treaty was negotiated (the Treaty of Wedmore),
that recognized the Viking territory as the so–called Danelaw. Of course, conflicts did not cease at
once, and Alfred and his successors were eventually able to reclaim

Meaning And Explanation By Robert W. Bagley
The article "Meaning and Explanation" by Robert W. Bagley is another of his studies in art and
Neolithic archeology. In this article, Bagley discusses a decoration, a cross carpet page from the
Lindisfarne gospels which is believed to be the work of Irish and Northubrian monks. He starts
confessing to be in an awkward position where he is not sure how to describe himself. In the
opening remarks, Bagley is seen as a broad minded scholar because he points that subjecting Shang
decorations to their decorative purposed would be 'too narrow'. In agreement with Bagley,
dismissing the motif as a simple artistic design without deep significance removes the 'soul' of the
motif. From the pictorial illustrations, the diagrams only have their ornamental names such as
'cross–carpet' which raises controversy on their real functions. Without careful consideration,
different meanings can be derived by different people and it would be difficult to derive any
meaning from the motifs without understanding the functional use of the animals. However, without
concentration on the intricate subjects of the motif, it is important to understand its meaning. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Matthew'. The gospel of St. Matthew indicates the religious nature of the artist who is loyal to the
religion. The cross is a symbol of Christian faith and illustrates serious religious attachment.
However, as Bagley mentions (8), the 'distorted' shape of the cross, the presence of dogs and birds
also has a symbolic meaning. From the series of questions posed by Bagley, it is clear that in
comparing this painting with Shang artistic items which feature animals, the presence of animals
have a symbolic

We Are In Lindisfarne: A Short Story Of God
He doesn't remember much of where he came from. He doesn't remember his father's voice or his
mother's beautiful face. He doesn't remember the way he used to play with his four brothers, or how
he would sit for hours reading to his sister. He doesn't remember their small house by sea, or the
animals they raised there. All he remembers is the thick lull of an unknown language, spoken by
strange men with brown cloaks and silver treasure before they ripped him away from everything he
loved. –––– The first time he awoke, he had stabbed a missionary in the leg. There was an outcry of
that unknown language again as he struggled against an army of hands. He struggled and screamed
and shouted, but he was still a child and he was overpowered easily ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Athelstan was pulled behind the alter by a terrified priest, clinging at him and sniffling about the
Devine punishment. He hadn't replied, simply pushed a bible into the man's hand and told him to be
quiet as he listened to the dying sounds of the monks outside, the chime of the warning bell. It
seemed like an eternity before the heavy doors swing open and the Northmen walk in, waving
around bloody swords and talking about treasure. The sound of his own language was like music to
his ears, and he all but launched himself into the arms of the first man he see's, eight years of despair
finally catching up on him. He finds himself sobbing into this strangers chest, repeating "Thank
Odin. Finally" in a mantra of breathless sobs. He felt the stranger stiffen, and he pulled away, aware
of the swords now pointed in his direction. He wiped his eyes and the man he hugged looks at him
with calculated eyes. The stranger is taller than him, with piercing blue eyes and long hair shaven at
the sides, pulled into a neat plait resting against his back. "You know our language? How do you
know our language?" he had asked. Athelstan had laughed then, aware he looked deranged, and he
found himself not caring. "Well, it is a long story. When I was a

The Foss Walk
This pleasant walk, starting from the hilltop village of Crayke, follows part of the Foss Walk to
Oulston. Due to the agricultural nature of the valley, ploughed fields and crops are likely; therefore
parts of the walk may be muddy.
The village stands on the steep, southern slopes of Castle Hill and its name derives from the Celtic
word 'creig' meaning crag or rock. There has been a settlement here since at least AD 685, when
Ecgfrith, King of Northumbria gave Crayke, together with all the land within a three–mile radius, to
St Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne. Shortly afterwards, St Cuthbert established a monastery,
adjacent to the site of the present castle, which survived until Danish marauders destroyed it towards
the end of the ninth century. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The spacious, well–kept green has a circle of stones marking the site of the old draw–well and the
building which enclosed it until the 1940s. Several houses in the village have a black and white crest
set into their front walls. The crest bears the monogram GOW below the figure of a unicorn,
representing Sir George Orby Wombwell of Newburgh Priory, who fought in the Crimean War
against Imperial Russia. On October 25th, 1854, Sir George took part in the suicidal charge, down a
'valley of death' against a battery of Russian artillery, which became known as the Charge of the
Light Brigade. Despite having his horse shot from under him, Sir George survived; he managed to
capture a riderless horse and eventually returned to the British

Modern Norse Interaction
The early Norse people of modern Scandinavia were an amazing group of people that traded, raided,
and farmed, we known as Vikings. Norse people were well known travelers of most of the known
world during the Viking age, approximately 800–1150 CE. Their customs and technology made
impacts on civilizations a great distance from their homeland. It seemed that once contact outside
their native land had taken place, an explosion of interaction occurred. They reached out and
interacted with people from the east, south, and west. Some of these interactions were ferocious in
nature filled with slaughter and raiding. Other interactions were peaceful that led to settlements and
open trading. From humble beginnings of farmers to feared sea travelers ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Frankish emperor Louis "the Pious" and his sons were at war. The Norse people continued to
attack some and became allies for others. Louis's son Lothar welcomed the Norse people and used
them in future battles as mercenaries. After Louis's death in 843 CE the Treaty of Verdun ended the
civil war and the kingdom was separated into 3. Charles "the Bald" became king of the West Franks.
During his time, near the Loire River, the Vikings founded a settlement. This was a major
disadvantage to the Franks and their trade routes. Norse men then began to travel up rivers to find
more monasteries and villages to attack within the Frankish kingdoms. Charles made several
attempts to fortify the towns to protect them, but not enough to overthrow his rule. None of these
strategies were very efficient. Charles made an extreme mistake in 845 CE in an attempt to deal with
these Vikings in a new and less painful way. He tried to buy peace from the invaders. Paying in large
amounts of gold and silver to the Viking's he simply asked not to attack him. This had the opposite
effect he intended and led to waves of Vikings attacking him, all of which sought to just be "paid
off". After the death of Charles "the Bald", his grandson Charles "the Simple" developed a much
better plan to deal with this threat (I love their nicknames). He gave the mouth the Loire River to a
Viking leader under the

Why Didnt the Vikings Get Credit for Discovering America
Who discovered America? When most people think about this, the first thing that comes to mind is
Christopher Columbus. When Columbus returned from the Antilles in 1493, he was not the first
European to have stepped foot on the New World. What if I were to say that the Vikings were the
ones who actually discovered America? However, they didn't get credit for it because of the bad
things that they have did.
Leif Eriksson set out from Greenland towards the west and first reached Baffin Island which he
named Helluland or Land of Stone. From there he sailed south to Labrador and into the Gulf of St.
Lawrence region which he named Vinland or Land of Wine for the wild grapes that were found
there. He created a town at L'Anse aux Meadows, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 865, the Great Heathen Army attacked East Anglia (England). After that invasion failed, they
attacked England once again in 1066, but were defeated at the battle of Stamford Bridge. The
Vikings attack England again during the Reign of Canute the Great Again in 1066, the Normans
invaded and conquered England. The Vikings could not defeat Paris but the King was so impressed
that he gave me land.
I believe that the Vikings were in fact the first to discover America. The key word is "Discover" for
the native Americans did not discover America, they just lived there. Also the Vikings were not very
creative and named things very obviously, so why would they call the new land Newfound Land, if
it was inhabited by people, it wouldn't be new. The only reason that they don't get credit for it is
because of the things they did like attacking England. They were disliked by just about all countries,
so why give them credit for discovering America?
If you were in England's shoes, wouldn't you try to erase them from history. Why not give some one
else from Europe the credit for discovering America. Being that both England and Scandinavia are
both in Europe, why make Europe look bad? Why not just let someone who is from Europe and who
is sent from the king and queen of Spain get the credit. This way making people forget about the
Vikings, and still showing how great and how high of a place Europe is.
Shirah Vargas

Analysis Of I Am A Cripple By Nancy Mairs
In the world, 2.5 million people are diagnosed with M.S., and about 200 new cases are diagnosed
each week (disabled–world.com). Imagine waking up with vision loss, pain in eyes, and back,
fatigue, and impaired coordination. The worst part is that M.S. often ends in paralysis. Not being
able to walk, always being singled out, the outcast of society. The physical side effects play a part in
the psychological struggles in people's lives, as is the situation with Nancy Mairs an M.S. sufferer.
In "I Am a Cripple," Maris shows two sides of how she really feels, and how she says she feels.She
feels mainly sad, and happy throughout her essay. Sometimes Mairs laughs at herself and jokes
around about living life as a cripple to hide her feelings. In her essay she expresses that when people
criticize her it does not get to her, she embraces being a different individual. Nancy Mairs's explains
in "I Am a Cripple" what it means to be a cripple, how she is treated, and how she thinks of herself.
Mairs uses allusions throughout her memoir to represent how she really feels about being a crippled,
including euphemisms to explain how she feels about words used to describe her disease. Through a
variety of allusions, Mairs shares her feelings about what it means to be crippled. Mairs tells about
how she does not like when other people call her "differently abled," "disabled," because she chose
the word crippled to name herself. Most people do not prefer the word crippled because it has a
negative connection. In contrast, Mairs thinks that "it is a clean word and precise," because it gets
right to the point and carries an honorable history, having made its first appearance in the
Lindisfarne Gospel in the tenth century (Mairs). Mairs uses the Lindisfarne Gospel because it is the
first text that the word crippled appeared in and because the book was written to honor God, and as a
result, she chooses it for herself. She believed the word to show the real truth of her condition. In
addition to wanting people to call her crippled, she uses other allusions that illustrate herself of
steam, as well as her frustrations. In Mairs memoir, she discusses the media image of women she
explains that in today's society women are often

The Viking Assignment Map Annotation
The Viking assignment
Map annotations:
Lindisfarne, England
One of the first ever recorded Viking raids in England occurred in 793, in Lindisfarne, England; it is
more significant than other raids, since it was their first appearance. A group of Viking sea robbers
left the holy island's monastery destroyed and robbed; they stole their unguarded treasures of
Lindisfarne's rich and beautiful sanctuaries.
Since Lindisfarne was called the Holy Island, many people would have given the monastery silver,
gold and other treasures, therefore their souls could find peace through such gifts and the prayers
offered. People never thought such a holy place would ever be disrupted foreigners.
The monks who lived on Lindisfarne, had never thought that people ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
His journey started when he was travelling from Norway and tried to reach the Faroe Islands and
then he mislead to the east coast of Iceland.
Seige of Paris
At that time the current King of France, Charles the Bald, chose to keep the Vikings away by
building barriers across the rivers, which was unsuccessful. After his death, Charles the Fat, become
his successor, but was no better.
In 885, "the Great Army" of around 40,000 Vikings was travelling up the Seine. Their aim was to
reach the land of Burgundy in eastern France, since it was so rich; they had to pass Paris first.
The army's Viking leader, Siegfried, was not there to taken down Paris, all they need was to be
allowed to sail up the river. Jocelin, the Bishop of Paris, and Count Odo on the other hand disagreed,
even though their army only carried around 200 men.
The Seige was witnessed by Abbo of Fleury, and wrote: "A battering ram was rigged up inside each
machine and covered by a high roof. They concealed as many as sixty men inside each one. The
Vikings finished one, then another and were at work on a Third when death came to them from the
archers on the walls... Thousands of lead balls from their slings fell like hail upon the city and
powerful catapults were fired at the walls. (Gibson,

The Vikings Research Paper
From the ninth century to the eleventh century, the Vikings ruled the seas. They were best known for
their invasion of the British Isles and a small portion of North America. The Scandinavian raiders of
the Viking Age were some of the most fierce maritime warriors in history. The Vikings roamed the
seas between the early ninth century and the early eleventh century. They were from the
Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. It is believed that the Vikings "...were
probably prompted to undertake their raids by a combination of factors ranging from overpopulation
at home to the relative helplessness of victims abroad" ("Viking (people)"). During their raids, the
Vikings also established settlements in Newfoundland, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
793, with "... an attack on the Lindisfarne monastery off the coast of Northumberland in
northeastern England..."("Vikings"). The Vikings continued their the raids on Great Britain over
several decades, and by the mid–ninth century they had control over the Northern Isles of Scotland,
most of mainland Scotland, and the Hebrides. During the attacks on England, "Viking
armies...conquered East Anglia and Northumberland and dismantled Merica, while...King Alfred the
Great...became the only king to...defeat a Danish army..."("Vikings"). In A.D. 878, Alfred the Great
made a truce with the Vikings, and a treaty was made around A.D. 886 that most of England was
under the control of the Danish. The Vikings rule over England ended around A.D. 952 when Erik
Bloodaxe, the last Scandinavian king, was killed. After the death of Erik Bloodaxe, England was
united into a single kingdom. The Vikings began raiding England again in A.D. 991, and
reconquered the English kingdom in A.D. 1013. The new and powerful Scandinavian empire,
composed of England, Denmark, and Norway, was ruled by Canute, the son of Sven Forkbeard,
leader of the Viking raids on England that started in A.D. 991. The Vikings lost control over England
again in A.D. 1066 when William, Duke of Normandy was crowned the king of England. William,
Duke of Normandy's crowning marked the end of the Viking

Viking Culture : The Vikings Of The Viking Period
In order to examine the Viking period, one need to know how the vikings became vikings and that
they were ancient Scandinavian people who lived from late 8th century to early 11th century.
Vikings originated from what is now modern day Denmark, Norway and Sweden. They were
warriors,fighters, inventors, merchants, that had a huge impact on the European history. They settled
in many parts of Europe, and even as far as Asia. When people hear the word "viking" they usually
think about massive, violent creatures who travelled around Europe to fight and destroy European
countries, but did they? Before discussing what happened to them, it is helpful to know who they
were. Vikings age were defined as the years between 793 and 1066. It was during the time that
Northern people had the largest impact on other Europeans. Such as trade, and through viking raids.
There are actually a lot of misinterpretations about the Vikings. The Vikings were originally not
from one country, but three– Norway, Sweden and Denmark. The three countries that were in union
before they dissolved and turned into three dependent countries. The viking period goes way back in
time. From around 800 a Kr, crowds of Norwegians, Swedish, and Danish people went on
something called depredations around in Scandinavia. The Vikings robbed goods and gold, but at
the same time learned a lot of new things wherever they travelled to. There was also a vast number
of Scandinavians who left their homelands to seek fortunes

Viking Longship Impact On The Vikings
BOOM! BANG! FLASH! Churches stripped of their wealth, and the survivors as slaves, these were
the sounds of terror of living in mainland Europe's settlements when Viking raiders came and
massacred local inhabitants and monks. The stories of the Viking people have always been
romanticized; however, slightly less known is their advanced maritime technology. Earlier types of
Scandinavian ships often got damaged easily or got lost at sea. The Vikings needed a ship that
would withstand the harsh Scandinavian waters and allow them to fish, travel, trade, and wage war
easily to further their maritime community (Forte). This resulted in the culmination of their
advancements, "the pinnacle of their material culture; the foundation of their power, ... Show more
The innovation is not around today; however, its existence spurred the creation of other medieval
European ships and aspect of its design can be still seen today, such as with the common speedboat.
Not until Medieval times was the superiority of the longship able to be surpassed by "mainland
Europe's later advancements in shipbuilding, where the taller, more powerful ships dominated over
the short and swift Viking craft" ("Viking–Age History). Nevertheless, no other watercraft can ever
compare to the glory of the longship, with its ingenuity and its versatile design in being able to
travel both forwards and backwards, and having the fastest traveling speeds of its day. The longship
allowed the Vikings to "colonize, trade and ultimately extend the boundaries of the medieval world",
which changed the course of history ("Viking Ships –

Female to Male as Nature is to Culture Essay
Female to Male as Nature is to Culture Gender relations form an integral part of human social
interactions and are of great interest to anthropologists. Since the feminist movement in the late
1960s, one question that has been discussed is to what extent the opposition between women and
men can be thought of in terms of the dichotomy between nature and culture and what implications
this has for the position of women in society. This structuralist perspective was first formulated by
Ortner (1974), drawing on Levi–Strauss and de Beauvoir, but has since been criticised for being
simplistic and ethnocentric. I will delineate Ortner's argument and look at its application to male and
female roles in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She argues that human culture's universal devaluation of nature and the association within all
cultures of women with nature is the clue to the problem. Culture is the tool through which humans
are able to 'transcend the givens of natural existence, bend them to its purposes, control them in its
interests' and it is this 'human ability to act upon and regulate, rather than passively move with and
be moved by' nature which Ortner considers evidence that humankind regards itself as inherently
superior to our natural surroundings. She admits that this opposition is not equally clear in all
societies but maintains that the universal presence of ritual practices is evidence of human
awareness of our ability to manipulate the natural world. Further, woman is in all cultures viewed as
closer to nature than man, Ortner postulates, due to her physiology, the social roles she is confined
to as a result of her physiology and the psyche she develops through living her social role. Drawing
heavily on de Beauvoir (1953) she highlights the constraints placed upon women by their
reproductive biology; that menstruation, pregnancy and childbirth are not only detrimental to her
physical strength and health but also confine her to the 'mere reproduction of life'. This stands in
contrast to man, who is free to assert his

Saint Alcuin's First Viking Raid
"It is some 350 years that we and our forefathers have inhabited this lovely land, and never before in
Britain has such a terror appeared as this we have now suffered at the hands of the heathen. Nor was
it thought possible that such an inroad from the sea could be made . . . from the north there will
come upon our nation retribution of blood."
Saint Alcuin of York to King Æthelred I, 793 CE
Although not the first Viking raid in the British Isles, the surprise attack and pillaging of the sacred
Christian monastery on the Holy Island of Lindisfarne in 793 CE marked the true arrival of the
Viking Age in western Europe. Encountering little resistance, the armed Norse marauders sacked the
undefended church, killed or captured the helpless monks, then sailed off unmolested into the North
Sea, their longship laden with a heavy cargo of priceless treasures and valuable slaves. (Jones 1984)
Unfortunately for the terrified people of medieval Europe, this fateful incident was far from the last
time that Vikings would set foot on foreign soil. News of the savage desecration of this once
peaceful religious center by an unknown race of bloodthirsty pagans proved to be not just a single
scar seared into the collective European consciousness, but in fact an ill omen of a newfound threat
gathering in force just over the horizon. In his letter to King Æthelred I of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Jones 1984) Despite Alcuin's evident shock, the violent entrance of the Vikings onto the greater
European stage at the end of

The Conversion Of The Irish Celts
Langara College
The Lindisfarne Gospels;
XXXXXXXXXXXXX
Connor Budd
Western Art: Prehistory to Renaissance (AHIS 1114)
Denise Panchysyn
November 17th, 2016
Beginning with the conversion of the Irish Celts around the fifth century, Christianity began to
spread across the British Isles. Around 630, an envoy of monks was sent from a monastery on the
Scottish Isle of Iona to a small Northumbrian island (only about 4 square kilometers at high tide)
situated in the North Sea of the Atlantic. An Irish monk, Saint Aidan, established a monastery on
that small spit of land that would come to be called Lindisfarne, or simply Holy Island. Together
with the monastery at Iona, Lindisfarne became an integral part of artistic creation in early medieval
northern Europe (Kleiner 288), and from it's workshop would emerge a new style of artwork that
wove elements of pre–existing artistic styles of the British Isles, such as those of the Celts and the
Anglo–Saxons, with unfamiliar Christian imagery imported from Near East to create the Hiberno–
Saxon, or Insular style. This style would be employed by the monks at Lindisfarne to create one of
the most splendid texts of early medieval Brittania, the eponymous Lindisfarne Gospels. A
wondrous illuminated manuscript worthy of its acclaim, these Gospels are a quintessential example
of Hiberno–Saxon style, and its pages and iconography we can glean a look at the historical context
of the book, as well as the

Comparing Mercia And Wessex
The history of Northumbria is unique from the other powers of the Anglo–Saxon heptarchy, namely
Mercia and Wessex, due to a variety of factors that forged a kingdom that was a beacon of learning
in a world of darkness. The influence of geography in the rise of Northumbrian hegemony cannot be
overstated. Situated in the hilly, mountainous northern portions of England and southern portion of
Scotland, the region was far away from the frequent conflicts in the southern kingdoms. Comprised
of the union of the kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia by Ethelfrith around 600, Northumbria was an
early adopter of Christianity under Edwin. The warm support and patronage of the kings and nobles
led to the founding of influential monasteries at Jarrow, Lindisfarne, Wearmouth, and Iona.
While the ecclesiastical Christian tradition of learning was still strong in Northumbria, this was in
stark contrast to the southeastern kingdoms where remnants of paganism were still prevalent under
kings such as Penda of Mercia. From this unparalleled renaissance emerged numerous ... Show more
The difference between Alfred and his Anglo–Saxon predecessors was that he took the subsequent
years to effectively learn from his mistakes and figure out how to reform his kingdom to fight his
indomitable enemy. Alfred instituted a multitude of reforms that prepared Wessex for the upcoming
war with the Danes. He reorganized his militia, known as a fyrd in Olde English, by dividing his
forces into two halves that would serve at different parts of the year in addition to building a
network of garrisons that would permit his troops to respond quicker than before. This not only
guaranteed that the West Saxons would always have an army ready for defense, it also allowed a
portion of his forces to remain home to harvest food for the

Ms. Nancy Mairs Character Analysis
Ms. Nancy Mairs, an accomplished and a renowned linguist, describes how she views herself with
multiple sclerosis. Mairs presents herself as an extremely confident and proud woman who does not
back down from her so–called "disability". By explicitly calling herself a "cripple" Mairs is showing
her audience that she is a strong woman who has come to terms with her condition and is now
explaining it to others.
Mairs shows her personality in the very first line by stating, "I am a cripple", and with this she has
shown her bluntness and unwillingness to hide behind modern words she deems to be incapable of
accurately describing her situation. As the first paragraph continues she uses words such as "tough",
"clean", "straightforward", and "precise"

Rhetorical Analysis Of 'Cripple' By Nancy Mairs
In the passage, Nancy Mairs discusses the many different ways she is presented in society. She
informs the reader on how society sees her and how she sees herself. Mairs uses multiple rhetorical
features such as tone, word choice, and rhetorical structure to give reasoning as to why she presents
herself as a "cripple." Mairs who has multiple sclerosis, refers to herself as "a cripple." "'Cripple'
seems to me a clean word,straightforward and precise" she claims as she also states the origin from
which the word had come from: the Lindisfarne Gospel int he tenth century. Mairs does not
necessarily see her disease as something that may "disable" her, but she sees it as a way to show she
is a "tough customer." Mairs presents herself

Vikings Impact On Society
The past is like a foreign country, they do things differently there. The Vikings had quite a large
impact to today's society, as mentioned further on, but their past is where the Viking legacy began.
Today we will take you back to a dark but thriving era. To them the terror that they caused was just a
part of life but today we would consider their ways – 1 step – too far. Around 400 years of Viking
life is about to be exposed. We are going to look past the movies and books and find out who were
the Vikings and how they were connected to the past?
Contrary to some popular rumors of the Vikings, they were not a "race" linked by ties of common
ancestry, and could not be defined by how the outsiders referred to them. Most of the Vikings come
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The east Midlands dialect, in particular, was later to emerge as a major contributor in the growth of
modern English. While the common discussion is that the impact of the Vikings during the Viking
Age, was not as enduring based on the Vikings skilled approach to assimilating into the local
population. The Viking culture has had a lasting impact on the art, technology, society, and trade of
every population they encountered. Not only does the concept of the Vikings have a firm hold in the
Danish society to this day, but Scandinavian traces are still apparent in the dialects of Scotland and
Northern England today. However, their beliefs and rituals were so strong that they would not be
eclipsed by the later clutch of Christianity, which started when Harold II Bluetooth, the ruler of
Denmark, converted to Christianity in

Vikings Identity
What impact have the Vikings had on the history and identity of northern England?
The Impact the Vikings had on the history and identity of northern England is of a complex nature.
Ethnic identities consist of many different factors from an individual's language, religion, culture, it
could also be defined by history, geographical or ancestry origin. It is possible national identities
could also be undermined by regional identity. This could be from social roles, like a father, farmer
or a vicar which assume other identities. For these reasons, it is clearly extremely difficult to define
the identity of a society. The historical impact the Vikings left behind in northern England can be
seen in place names, the use of language and accents, as well as some cultural aspects.
To understand what identity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It refers to the act of travelling to raid, steal and plunder. A generalist term used for people of
Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Vikings have several 'labels' in medieval texts which suggest
several assigned identities; – scholar Alcuin wrote from the court of Charlemagne to Bishop
Higebald, following the first recorded Viking raid in 793 on the monastery at Lindisfarne. Outraged,
he describes the Vikings as 'heathens [who] desecrated god's sanctuaries'. They were repeatedly
referred to as 'Gaill' or foreigners in The Annals of Ulster. Historical sources show that England was
subject to regular attacks from Scandinavians so it was no surprise that they were given these names
like Heathens, Pagans, Northmen and Danes. The English referred to them primarily as Vikings.
These multiple identities are linked to the Viking invasions and raids of England and aids in
developing and understanding how the lasting history and identities where formed in the north of
England. It could be said much of the history and identity was shaped from the identities
orchestrated politically by the kings of Wessex to achieve unity

The Medieval Er The Great Height Of Glorious...
In today's day and age, a common view of the Medieval Era is that it was a dark period, full of non–
civility and ignorance. It is a generally accepted approach to consider only the bad aspects of the
time, and one either ignores or has no knowledge of the many accomplishments that occurred during
this period. Although it is true that there were bad aspects about the Medieval Era, no time is
without its faults, and this period in particular rose to a great height of glorious accomplishment and
advancement that continues to benefit the world today. The Medieval times are commonly
considered to be a time of social oppression and religious superstition, but in reality the
advancements of this time clearly show that it was not a "Dark Age," as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this age, the invention of the scale was produced, a musical technique that is one of the
foundations of modern music.5 Gregorian Chant, long attributed to Pope Gregory the Great, is a
beautiful style of music shown to date from the 7th Century; and it continues to be used in the
Catholic Church today.6 Lastly, there are the many extraordinary painting accomplishments that
occurred during this time, such as the foundation of a unique art school by an Italian shepherd
named Giotto.7 This school taught a form of painting that portrayed art both realistically and
beautifully.8
______________________
3 Ibid
4 Ibid, 281
5 Régine Pernoud, Those Terrible Middle Ages! : Debunking the Myth (San Francisco, CA: Ignatius
Press, 1997) 63
6 Ibid, 51
7 Anne W. Carroll, Christ the King : Lord of History (Rockford, IL: Tan Books and Publishers,
1994) 191
8 Ibid
Another famous painter is Fra Angelico, a member of the Florentine School, who was responsible
for painting many beautiful masterpieces.9 The Crucifixion, which is perhaps his most famous
work, portrays Christ's

Explain What Groups Give Us The English Language
What groups gave us the English Language? So what groups gave us the English language, well it is
a combination of several groups which were; the Angles, Saxons, and the Jutes. The Jutes aren't as
influential as the Angles and Saxons. These groups came from the Germany and Denmark areas.
They were called the Anglo Saxon Germans. Most of our language is Anglo–Saxon German and
some French Latin. Why did we have the Anglo–Saxon German language instead of Latin? Well
when the Romans invaded England in 55 B.C. Julius Caesar saw the area and thought that these
peasants shouldn't have this beautiful language of Latin. Then in the fifth century the Angles,
Saxons, and Jutes. They all put their language together and made Anglo–Saxon German. Then ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Until the French invaded and then they merged the two languages. Our language is still mostly
Anglo Saxon Germanic at its roots. We also have over a million words in our language. We are the
leading country in the most words in a dictionary. In conclusion, we are more Anglo Saxon German
than French Latin and our language has the most words than any other language out there. Leese,
Peter. "UK Anarchy." Britain since 1945, 2006, pp. 101–114., doi:10.1007/978–0–230–20836–0_7.
Petts, David. "'A place more venerable than all in Britain': The Archaeology of Anglo–Saxon
Lindisfarne." The Lindisfarne Gospels, pp. 1–18., doi:10.1163/9789004337848_002. Iverson,
Cheryl. "Definition or Translation of Non–English–Language Words." AMA Manual of Style, Jan.
2009, doi:10.1093/jama/9780195176339.022.365. "Figure 2f from: Irimia R, Gottschling M (2016)
Taxonomic revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Biodiversity Data Journal 4:
e7720. https://Doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7720."

Monasticism Research Paper
The definition of Monasticism is 'the rule or system of life in a monastery'. This Lindisfarne, Book
of Kells quote represents this definition clearly 'Daily life in a monastery focuses on contemplation
and the practical Christian organisation of aid (good works) to the socially disadvantaged within
society and as the guardian of civilization'. . In the first account of monasticism in the 300s, monks
and nuns were hermits who lived alone among the desert as well as the other many early Christians
that moved also to the desert to become closer to God. Many would go to pray, fast, study scriptures
and spend hours of silence in meditation. These early Christians followed the figures St Anthony of
Egypt and St Paul of Thebes.
Monasteries are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was a strong, independent women as seen in her workings. She produced major works in
theology and 3 main visionary writings which expressed her deep knowledge in mysticism, and was
a very intellectual woman of her time. St Hildegarde spoke strongly and voiced her opinion, she had
constant correspondence with bishops and the pope about current issues like the struggle of
corruption, and brought people to a deeper awareness of the role and importance of symbolism and
mysticism. In her monasteries, she continuously encouraged the nuns to music, singing, painting and
spiritual practises. She was a significant female figure head, who was the first to demonstrate
women's power and the intelligence they preserved. Her shinning spirit, empowering knowledge
defeated the gender, social, physical and cultural barriers placed around women. A quote from St
Hildegarde 'I am but a feather upon the breath of

What Are The Vikings Pirates
The Vikings were seen as heathen pirates by those that experienced their attacks. Many people had
every reason to be frightened as their warships sailed from their homelands in Scandinavia. The
Vikings were actually several different peoples who lived in we now know as Norway, Sweden and
Denmark. Many people think of them today just as warlike raiders but some were farmers,
merchants and architects. Their artists and craftspeople produced beautiful objects. Many Vikings
set off from their homelands in search of new lands to settle and farm, such as Iceland. Other
voyages were carried out for plunder first, then for settlement. Norwegian Vikings began to settle in
the islands off the northern coast of Scotland at the beginning of the

Viking Impact On Northern England
The term 'Viking' is essentially defined as a person who lurks in a 'vik' or bay. The name 'Viking'
was given to those of a Scandinavian race, who became known for their raids and settlements of
Europe between the years of 700 and 1100. Stereotypically, Vikings are habitually referred to or
regarded as barbarians, heathens and savage north men with no concept of Christian integrity, they
were considered as lacking reputable mannerisms and their presence in England was that of a
punishment by the Lord himself. In this essay I will be exploring the Vikings impact on the history
and identity of Northern England. It is significant to note that the modern perception of what is
Northern England differs to that of the Northern England during the era of Scandinavian raids, and
that the amount of evidence available is primarily of English origin. Despite this, ... Show more
It is documented in the Anglo–Saxon chronicle, that on June 8th c.793 the Vikings made their first
raid on Britain, coming ashore to Northumbria and sacking Lindisfarne, a sacred Christian site.
During the 8th century, Lindisfarne was inhabited by monks who were responsible for the creation
of the Lindisfarne gospels, in conjunction with this, the monastery was home to many religious
artefacts, bestowed by noblemen as a gift to God. Lindisfarne is particularly significant as it was the
only bishopric in Northumbria for a period of 30 years, gaining

Vikings Research Paper
The "Vikings" were an ancient people that inhabited Northern Europe and Scandinavia known as the
Norse (also known as Northmen or Norsemen). The Norse people were spread across Northern
Europe, particularly in the regions known today as: Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, and Finland),
Germany, Denmark, Poland, Netherlands, the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Ireland, and the
surrounding islands), Iceland, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia.
These northern people as a whole spoke as their native language, one the various dialects of Norse.
The Norse language was a Northern Germanic / Scandinavian language that was in wide use before
the Christianization of Northern Europe, Russia, and Scandinavia.
The Norse are today most commonly known ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We'll clear up these misconceptions as we go along further in the book and look closely at what the
Norse really did and what they were really like. We'll look at the facts of what was real about the
Norse people and their culture. We'll also look specifically at the Norse that infamously raided
during the Viking Era, giving them the label as Vikings.
The history of the Norse people goes all the way back to the Stone Age, but they are best known for
a period of time when they raided several parts of Europe known as the Viking Age.
The Viking Age is typically recorded in history as occurring approximately around 793 AD to 1066
AD. This period of time is not the time span of the Norse people themselves, nor was it the peak of
their civilization. This is merely the height of the time when the Norse people were mostly written
about. The time when they reached out and went out on viking adventures. A time when the World
noticed them and were

The Allusions Of Allusions In I Am A Cripple
Allusions in "I Am a Cripple"
Disabled. Disabled is a word commonly defined as being physically or mentally impaired, injured,
or incapacitated (dictionary.com). There's a stigma over the word disabled with its negative
connotation. Nancy Mairs, author of "I Am a Cripple, dislikes this word because she thinks that the
English language incorporates too many euphemism in our speech. Mairs wants people to use more
straightforward language, even if it might be offensive to others. In " I Am a Cripple", Mairs
eloprates on how she became disabled from the disease multiple sclerosis or (M.S). M.S., a disease
that attacks the central nervous system and often disables or cripples the person who has this
disease. To describe her first symptoms of M.S.(infinitive phrase) Mairs flashbacks to when she was
in college. Also how some days she wishes she was not disabled. Allusions in Nancy Mairs's "I Am
a Cripple" provide a deeper understanding of her complex feelings of having M.S. In " I Am a
Cripple" Nancy Mairs uses allusions to share her thoughts on her condition. Mairs begins her essay
by articulating how she strongly dislikes the word disabled to describe her. She explains how her
word cripple is favorable to her be cause " It has an honorable history, having made its first
appearance in the Lindisfarne Gospel" (Mairs). This word appears around 700 C.E in the
Lindisfarne Gospel written to honor God, in the faith Christianity (Appositive Phrase). She
gravitates towards this word

The Quill Room In The Nineteenth Century

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to The Quill Room In The Nineteenth Century

Similar to The Quill Room In The Nineteenth Century (13)

More from Megan Jones

More from Megan Jones (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Quill Room In The Nineteenth Century