The Pulse Of The People Summary

The Pulse Of The People Summary
The Pulse of the People is a body of work that presents information on the topic of political rap
music as a mechanic for influencing several generations of black people and it's now rising
influence around the globe. The author Lakeyta Bonnette studies rap music specifically political rap
music for its ability to mobilize marginalized groups to participate in politics and its ability to
influence the opinions of people in America and recently around the globe in Africa, Europe, Asia
etc. The review starts with a summary of the major themes in the book and its contributions to social
and political science, followed by a critique of the work, and then an examination of the author's
qualifications and research. Furthermore, to start this book report is a summary of the Pulse of the
People by Lakeyta Bonnette with excerpts from the work. The introduction of Pulse of the People
gives a detailed story on how Bonnette, after attending a concert organized by Chris Rock, became
inspired to study political rap. The author then summarized each chapter in the introduction to give
the reader a short synopsis of every chapter. Furthermore, In Chapter 1, the author defines political
rap and explains how black people use "culture [as] a resistance mechanism that Blacks utilized to
assert visibility in arenas whose majority players deemed them invisible" (8). The prime issue ...
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Black Nationalism is defined and explained as the dominant ideology of the Black Community with
the goals of the group being to promote racial solidarity, revolution, and economic independence for
the black community and all people of color. She presented multiple examples of references to
Black Nationalism within political rap music and also included a short reference to an experiment
performed to examine whether or not listening to political rap music makes people more or less
likely to embrace Black Nationalism compared to other music
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Rethinking the Finality of and Democracy in the American...
Is the United States Constitution a sacred and absolute document? Dahl (2001) argued that the
Constitution is not perfect or permanent in his book, How Democratic is the American Constitution.
He stresses that his main aim is not to propose that the Constitution must be amended, but to
facilitate readers in changing how they think about the Constitution. In order to help people rethink
the Constitution, Dahl (2001) explained the limitations of its Framers and the Constitution's not
widely known undemocratic aspects. The strengths of the book are its ethos or reputation of the
author that establishes his credibility, informal writing style that can appeal to more people, its
consideration of a number of undemocratic aspects of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Aside from these awards, he has authored twenty–three books and textbooks, a number of which are
seen as seminal books of modern political thinking (Hertzberg, 2002). Apart from these distinct
products on the political science field, Dahl has earned the esteem of his peers. Fred I. Greenstein of
Princeton described Dahl as "the premier democratic theorist of our time," James S. Fishkin of the
University of Texas called Dahl "the premier analyst of democratic theory and democratic
institutions writing today," and Theodore J. Lowi of Cornell stressed that Dahl is the "foremost
political theorist of this generation" (Hertzberg, 2002). From these impressive honors and esteemed
praises, Dahl is argued as someone who knows his expertise. If Dahl thinks that something is wrong
with the Constitution, his ethos gives him validity and credibility. Besides ethos, Dahl has created a
book with an engaging writing style that fits the audience of educated students, whether they are in
college, or whether they got their education from being wide readers. Dahl (2011) has a
conversational approach to his writing that makes his theories and arguments easy to read and
understand, even for first–year students who have a good, not advanced level, grasp of the American
language. For instance, he says: "...we Americans are free...to alter our constitution by amendment
and have often done so...our present

Does Research Design Affect Study Outcomes in Criminal...
Part 1 Weisburd, D., Lum, C., Petrosino, A. (2001). Does Research Design Affect Study Outcomes
in Criminal Justice? The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 578 (1):
50–70.
Within social science, as well as pure research, there seems to be a continual and ongoing debate
about qualitative and quantitative research. Some take the view that, "All research ultimately has a
qualitative grounding," while others believe "There's no such thing as qualitative data. Everything is
either 1 or 0" (Howe, 1988). In actuality, the debate should not be so black and white; both styles of
research have their advantages and disadvantages. At times though, the way one constructs
hypothetical constraints may actually prejudice the intended results or at least provide a framework
from which to form bias. In the hard sciences, scholars tend to agree that randomized experimental
studies have much higher internal validity than nonrandomized studies. This is basic to the overall
scientific method of investigation.
The term scientific method refers to a way of investigation or the acquisition of knowledge through
the testing of a theory or hypothesis, then working through measurements (observation and
empirical notes) to come up with a result, which should prove or disprove the original theory. Thus,
the basic method consists of a) formulating a question or hypothesis, b) designing an experiment or
means of collecting data, c) observation or experimentation, d) analyzing

A Study On Norwich University Essay
Norwich University Norwich University is a military college located in Vermont. This private
university is the oldest military college in the country. The university was founded in the early
1800's and was followed by only five other military colleges. The Department of Defense
recognizes Norwich University as the birthplace of the Reserve Officers ' Training Corps (ROTC).
Norwich University creates a supportive learning environment by maintaining an average student–
faculty ratio of one to 12. The Academic Achievement Center employs professionals who regularly
connect with students to offer academic, study skills and social networking support. Norwich
University does not employ teaching assistants, so instructors offer better quality classes. Norwich
University's student body is predominately made up of military personnel, veterans and family, but
civilian students are completely integrated in the classrooms and in extracurricular activities.
Civilian and pre–military students, such as those from the Corps of Cadets program, have separate
residences. Norwich University offers over 30 academic programs, 20 varsity sports teams and a
large amount of clubs and organizations for students. They have nationally recognized academic
programs and departments. This includes the nationally recognized David Crawford School of
Engineering, the Army ROTC approved Nursing program, the Emmy award winning
Communications program and the National Security Agency approved Computer

Research Resources Essay
Research Resources
Citations
Citefast is an easy to use web tool for creating citations
Citeligther easily search for facts and info to back your arguments and it automatically cites your
sources using different citation styles: MLA, APA, and Chicago)
Citeulike free tool for managing and discovering scholarly references
EasyBib Create accurate MLA, APA, and Chicago style citations in no time
Endnote helps with searching, organizing and sharing your research
Internet Citation Organizer
Mendeley reference manager and academic social network that can help you organize your research,
collaborate with others online and discover the latest research
RefMe web tool and mobile app that you can use to automate citations, reference lists, and ... Show
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It is through the efforts of these students and volunteers that the ipl2 continues to thrive to this day.
iSEEK Education is a targeted search engine for students, teachers, administrators, and caregivers
Library of Congress: the largest library in the world, with millions of books, recordings,
photographs, newspapers, maps and manuscripts in its collections. The Library is the main research
arm of the U.S. Congress and the home of the U.S. Copyright Office.
Microsoft Academic Search: Semantic search provides you with highly relevant search results from
continually refreshed and extensive academic content from over 120 million publications.
National Agricultural Library: one of four national libraries of the United States and houses one of
the world's largest collections devoted to agriculture and its related sciences.

National Archives: the online public portal to our records and information about US.. records. The
catalog currently provides access to over 2 million electronic records currently in the Electronic
Records Archives (ERA), which are not available elsewhere online.
RefSeek: a web search engine for students and researchers that aims to make academic information
easily accessible to everyone.
State Legislative Websites Directory: contains information gleaned from the home pages and

If Inequality Is Increasing, Are We Likely to See More...
The question assumes that there is a linear relationship between inequality and armed conflict; the
rise of the former inevitably leads to the increase of the latter. However, in the absence of
functioning communism or utopian egalitarianism, we need to concede that our world is full of
inequalities, but not all parts of the world are equally ridden by conflict. Moreover, large N–studies
of civil war, conducted over the past few years, all seem to conclude that inequality is not directly
linked to the risk of civil war (Collier&Hoeffler, 2004: 563–595; Fearon & Laitin, 2003: 75–90;
Hegre, Gissinger, Gleditsch, 2003: 251–276). Following this lead, I will argue for a non–linear link
between inequality and conflict and for the multi–causality ... Show more content on
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Contradictory results might be explained by emphasising the diversity of the term 'inequality'.
Mount (2008:3), classifies four different forms of inequality: political inequality, inequality of
opportunities, inequality of treatment in society, inequality of membership in society. To this list we
could add the, partly overlapping, categories of inequality of race, gender, status, class, age, income,
inequality of access to resources, education and medical services. At any given place and time, the
specific constellation and degree of various forms of inequality will be unique. Can we expect
distinct constellations and levels of inequality to conform to the simple linear relationship suggested
in the title? Besançon's (2005) findings that different socio–political set–ups have differing results
with regards to conflict are but one hint towards greater complexity. As a result, she associates
herself with academics suggesting that causes for all types of civil wars and armed conflict are not
necessarily parallel. Instead, she argues, a micro–analysis of specific cases might prove more
fruitful. A claim for complexity can be further underpinned by invoking Stewart's (2000) analysis of
horizontal inequality. Structurally, one can distinguish between vertical inequality, which is based on
objectively quantifiable differences between people (e.g. income, wealth, etc.) and

Dahl's How Democratic Is The American Constitution
How Democratic Is the American Constitution Critical Review
Kylie Kugler
Mira Costa College
Robert A. Dahl wrote How Democratic Is the American Constitution? without the purpose to change
our American Constitution but to adjust the way we think about it. Dahl raises the main question,
"Why should we feel bound today by a document produced more than two centuries ago by a group
of fifty–five mortal men, actually signed by only thirty–nine, a fair number of whom were
slaveholders, and adopted in only thirteen states by the votes of fewer than two thousand men, all of
whom are long since dead and mainly forgotten" (Dahl, 2001, page 2)? Dahl explores the
Constitution as a set of basic institutions and practices that have been designed as best ... Show more
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greatly expanded my knowledge about our American system of politics. Prior to reading the novel, I
had a very simple view of our Constitution, which in that I only ever thought of it as the structure of
our country. Dahl changed my entire perception of the Constitution and even made me appreciate it
more. Now, I know that the framers did not have a set example of a successful form of government
to base the constitution off of nor could they predict the future. That goes to show how smart the
framers were to be able to create such a brilliant and resourceful constitution in the period of time
that they did, along with the knowledge and technology of their time period. I was also unaware of
how the United States compared to other democratic countries. For example, from 1992–95 100% of
countries were performing better than the US in the topic of foreign aid. (Dahl, 2001, pg.

Should Prayer Be Allowed? School?
Research has found that there is a correlation between those that feel the federal government is too
powerful and those that would agree that prayer should be allowed in school. On the flip side to that
those that feel the government does not have enough power and tend to disagree with pear being
allowed in school. Based off articles researched and statistics gathered as well summarized it can be
determined that those that are of the conservative and or republican party tend to feel that the
government should not have a say in prayer in school. This may be because of religious preference
or their belief that government should not have enough power to interfere in the religious beliefs of
citizens. The flipside to that is that those on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most individuals on the liberal spectrum tend to agree with the courts when it declared government
sponsored prayers are unconstitutional. The less conservative individuals show a tendency to believe
that any amendment that allows for voluntary prayer would contradict the first amendment
guarantee against government establishment of religion. Most on the liberal spectrum or those that
feel the government does not have enough power feel that any sort of Government action to allow
voluntary prayer in schools could be at the cost of the civil rights of students. It is believed that any
amendment or law consenting for voluntary prayer would diminish the very heart of the Bill of
Rights; which protects the rights of people from the oppression from the majority. Those that do not
allow or want to allow prayer in school think that any amendment affirming that prayer should be
allowed in school would actually introduce assembled prayer or force persons into prayer. Those
that clash with prayer in school fear that judgement against those that do not participate in school
prayer. Those in the small percentage that do not want to participate would be obligated to follow to
a belief or ritual that which they do not believe. This could cause the individual to suffer the
humiliation or burden of submitting a day–to–day spiritual exercise continuously in order to avoid
being singled out by mainstream colleagues and educators. Grafton, C., &

Effects Of Regime Type On The Duration Of War And War On...
Amy Ly
International Policy Seminar
Professor Danielson
10 March 2016
[Title]
Introduction What is the effect of regime type on the duration of war and war's impact on political
leaders? And how do these effects range in comparison to other variables, such as wealth, military
power, or alliances? I hypothesize the following: longer wars have a worse impact on democracies
than on dictatorships and mixed regimes, and as a result are shorter. In the first section of this paper,
I define key terms used throughout the paper and review literature and theory related to the topic of
war and regime type. In the next section, I
Background and Literature Review Using [cite]'s definition of regime type, I have identified three
types of regimes in this paper: democracies, dictatorships, and mixed regimes. Democracies are
defined as regimes that do not repress its people and include the highest proportion of the populace;
dictatorships are highly repressive and exclude most of the population; and mixed regimes use
moderate repression and exclude a significant proportion of their populace (CITE). To understand
the reasoning behind my hypothesis, I turn to the democratic and inter–democratic peace theories, in
which my hypothesis is fundamentally rooted. These theories come from the liberal school of
thought in international relations and posit that democracies do not, or are less likely, to go to war,
and do not go to war with other democracies (Elman 758). There is much scholarly

Du Dubois Legacy
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was one of the most influential figures in civil rights history,
but even outside of civil rights he was a loving and caring man, He started the activist Niagara
Movement in 1905 and then cofounded the NAACP in 1909. A powerful intellect, Du Bois would
become the first person who was African American to earn a PhD from Harvard and was a professor
of history, sociology, and economics at Atlanta University. Du Bois made significant contributions
to the world and opened minds throughout the world, later changing the world forever.
Du Bois decided to move away from religion during his college years and described himself as a
"freethinker" throughout his life. He was a smart man who used science and education ... Show
from Fisk in 1888, Du Bois enrolled at Harvard University, where he used his full potential as a
student. He became acquainted with some of the leading intellectuals of the day, including William
James, George Palmer, George Santayana, and Albert Bushnell Hart, and was encouraged to direct
his studies toward history and the social sciences. At his Harvard commencement in 1890, he was
one of five students selected to deliver an address. Du Bois's speech on Confederate president
Jefferson Davis and the issue of slavery in the United States gained him national attention, including
a prominent review in the Nation. Graduating with a major in philosophy, Du Bois was accepted
into graduate school in political science as Harvard's Henry Bromfield Rogers Fellow and began
work on Civil Rights for African Americans.. After being awarded his master's degree in 1891, he
received a Slater Fund grant, which allowed him to study and travel overseas from 1892 to 1894. Du
Bois studied history, economics, politics, and political economy at the University of Berlin and
completed a thesis on agricultural economics in the American South.
Though DuBois achieved many things through out his long lived life some would argue that he
wasn't successful enough or a good leader because asue he was a man of color. Many believed that
Dubois couldn't possibly be an effective leader because he was black but he actually proved that
wrong through his achievements of graduating from Harvard and Founding the NAACP. Dubois was
a smart man who didn't let these words get to

Transitions To Childhood: Annotated Bibliography
Gender Inequality Annotated Bibliography
Zeiry Flores
Union County College
Furstenberg Jr, F. F. (2013). Transitions to adulthood: What we can learn from the West. The
ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 646(1), 28–41.
Furstenberg argues that groups of young adults nowadays leave their birth places earlier with the
aim of going to look for jobs in the city. This makes them settle down and marry late as compared to
several decades ago when they could get parental guidance and settle down with their spouses
earlier enough. The author argues that due to this trend of living home prematurely has led to
independence living of these young people. The article looks into detail the outcomes of the time not
spent with the family members. Indeed the author agrees that if these young adults continue living
away from their families, they are likely to experience a significant change in values, attitudes, plans
and expectations. This primary effect of these is that they are likely to move away from the
traditional family orientations. Furstenberg backs his research by using a hypothesis with regards to
women. He claims that women who abandon their birthplace as early tend to look for jobs and begin
living independently. This is likely to make them very engaged in jobs thus making them neglect
their traditional sex roles as compared to the women who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
F. (2013). Transitions to adulthood: What we can learn from the West. The ANNALS of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, 646(1), 28–41.
Goldscheider, F., Bernhardt, E., & Lappegård, T. (2015). The gender revolution: A framework for
understanding changing family and demographic behavior. Population and Development Review,
41(2), 207–239.
Yeung, W.–J. J., Alipio, C., Furstenberg, F. F., & American Academy of Political and Social Science.
(2013). Transitioning to adulthood in Asia: School, work, and family life. Los Angeles:

What Is the Evidence of Welfare State Retrenchment ?
What is the evidence of welfare state retrenchment in western welfare states? 1. Introduction 1.
Crisis of Welfare State At the end of the 1970's, the welfare state moved into crisis (OECD, 1981;
Rosanvallon, 1981). As the period of high economic growth ended and stagflation appeared,
governments couldn't afford the social expenditure which had been expanded before. Fiscal deficit
appeared and unemployment rate started to increase with economic depression. The idea shared by
neo–Marxists and neoliberals was that the redistributive logic of the welfare state was contradicted
by the logic of capitalism and that the welfare activities of the state would have to be rolled back or
reconfigured so as to conform to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
9–15. Walter Korpi. (2003). "Welfare–State Regress in Western Europe: Politics, Institutions,
Globalization, and Europeanization". Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 29, pp. 589–609. Walter
Korpi, Joakim Palme. (2003). "New Politics and Class Politics in the Context of Austerity and
Globalization: Welfare State Regress in 18 Countries, 1975–95". The American Political Science
Review, Vol. 97, No. 3, pp. 425–446 Yvonne Zylan and Sarah A. Soule. (2000). "Ending Welfare As
We Know It (Again): Welfare State Retrenchment, 1989–1995". Social Forces, Vol. 79, No. 2 (Dec.,
2000), pp. 623–652. ––––––––––––––––––––––– [1] Richard Clayton and Jonas Pontusson. (1998).
"Welfare–State Retrenchment Revisited: Entitlement Cuts, Public Sector Restructuring, and
Inegalitarian Trends in Advanced Capitalist Societies". [2] Bruno Palier. (2004). "French Welfare
Reform in Comparative Perspective". [3] Paul Pierson. (1994). "Dismantling the Welfare State?
Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment". [4] Walter Korpi, Joakim Palme. (2003). "New
Politics and Class Politics in the Context of Austerity and Globalization: Welfare State Regress in 18
Countries, 1975–95". The American Political Science Review, Vol. 97, No. 3, pp. 425–446. [5] The
concept of social citizenship goes back to T. H. Marshall (1950). The data archive within The Social
Citizenship Indicator Program(SCIP) is under construction at the Swedish Institute for Social
Research, Stockholm

The Death Penalty, A Reason for Recidivism Essay
The legal definition of the death penalty is a sentence of execution for the crime including murder
and some other capital crimes; serious crimes, especially murder, which are punishable by death.
The earliest proof of the death penalty dates back to the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of
King Hammurabi of Babylon in which 25 crimes were codified. In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court
ruled that the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment, and stated in the eighth amendment
would mean it was unconstitutional. The opinion of current methods of execution such as hanging,
electrocution, and facing a firing were thought to be painfully slow, some sort of torture. In 1976 the
U.S. Supreme Court reversed the decision they had found a new ... Show more content on
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And even though only three people have been executed under the federal death penalty in the
modern era, two of them have been racial minorities. Next, the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People had the biggest argument against the death penalty they said it is
handed out in a biased, racially disparate manner. Within the group of these individuals there are
more women than men and they are typically in their twenties. It is said that poverty breeds crime,
and the poor are disproportionately minority, then it must follow that minorities will be
overrepresented among criminals. Capital punishment in the United States is administered in an
economically discriminatory way (Johnson). The wealth disparity between those murderers who live
and those who die constitutes a serious constitutional challenge to the permissibility of the death
penalty. Furthermore, our society fails to ensure some impression of economic equality within this
harsh penalty and is inconsistent with the Eighth Amendment. Our U.S. Supreme Court has not
responded to considering the issues of the social class and their wealth. Racial or ethnic threat
theories suggest that enhanced minority presence leads to repression (Jacobs). Racial groups that are
dominant are unsettled by large minority a population in which threatens the middle working class
whites position as superior. Research suggests that the

Wendy G. Smooth Book Review
Request for Conversion of an Advance Contract to a Conditional Contract
Wendy G. Smooth, The Ohio State University
The Politics of Race and Gender in American State Legislatures
Series: The Center for American Women and Politics (CAWP) Series in Gender and American
Politics
Series Editors: Susan J. Carroll, Rutgers University; Kira Sanbonmatsu, Rutgers University
The complex interactions of race, gender, geography, and professional status shape political
institutions and the quality of democratic deliberations, as Wendy G. Smooth demonstrates in this
study of the politics of intersectionality. Looking specifically at African American women in state
legislatures, Smooth investigates how race and gender affect whether or not an individual ... Show
Her primary research interest is the political participation and representation of Asian and other
nonwhite Americans, examining the intersection of race, ethnicity, gender, and nativity in political
behavior. In addition to writing four books and numerous articles, Lien has served on the editorial
boards of Asian American Policy Review, Journal of Asian American Studies, Journal of Women,
Politics & Policy, and Politics, Groups Identity, and Political Research

A Literature Review of the Popular Opinion on Abortion
Literature Review Popular Opinion on Abortion
Abortion has long been a source of acrimonious and controversial debate. It touches upon key
ethical, moral, philosophical, biological, and legal issues. Opinions about abortion tend to be rooted
in fundamental personal values which are unlikely to change. Many people, especially Christians,
regard abortion as murder. Such people oppose abortion in varying degrees, calling their position
Pro–Life. Others regard abortion as an excruciating yet critical decision that woman should be
allowed to make.
The debate over abortion has been a persistent source of political and cultural division in this
country. Most Americans have an opinion on abortion and believe the issue is important to them.
Also, opinions on abortion, in a very general sense, are believed to have stayed relatively stable
since the Roe v. Wade decision.
Political Party Affiliation
Jelen and Wilcox (2003) find that abortion attitudes are increasingly strong predictors of vote choice
at a variety of levels of government. (494). Research has been virtually unanimous in tracing this
trend to the influence of political elites on mass public opinion.
Wilcox and Norrander trace this trend to the Supreme Court's decision in Webster, which granted
state governments increased discretion in their ability to regulate the delivery of abortion services
(Wilcox and Norrander, 2002, 383). The public became increasingly supportive of legalized abortion
with certain

Why Christopher Ellis Article Is Informative
As you requested, I have critically analyzed a technical document that resembles a document that is
prevalent in my major. In Political Science we read and write long, data intense articles that attempt
to explain phenomena. However, the everyday person may not understand all of the article's content.
Why Christopher Ellis' article is Informative The primary purpose of Christopher Ellis' article is to
inform his particular audience of a study he was conducted. The author achieved his purpose of
explaining his study in a through way; subsequently he was able to show that "lower income citizens
are significantly less well represented than those of wealthier citizens" (pg. 948). While the article
does break down its subject matter in a clearly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The language of the article is politically based, and there are vocabulary words that are not common
knowledge. The article is broken down by headings, which makes the document easily navigated.
The graphics within the article give the readers a visual break, but they also show the text in picture
form, which is sometimes easier to understand. The graphs that the author uses are prevalent in the
field of political science, however they are not always helpful to non–intellectuals' because they are
data driven. A benefit of this article is that it is relatively concise and does not have many
unnecessary phrases. A downside of this article is that it is formatted with text in columns, which
decreases comprehensiveness and

Request For Conversion Of An Advance Contract
Request for Conversion of an Advance Contract to a Standard Contract
Derek Beach and Rasmus Brun Pedersen (with Jørgen Møller and Svend–Erik Skaaning),
University of Aarhus, Denmark
Causal Case Study Methods: Foundations and Guidelines for Comparing, Matching, and Tracing
In their first book with the University of Michigan Press, Process–Tracing Methods: Foundations
and Guidelines (2013), Derek Beach and Rasmus Brun Pedersen not only developed the underlying
logic of process tracing but also provided a practical guide for employing this method in social
science research. Now they do the same for additional causal case study methods, including small–n
comparative and congruence methods as well as process tracing.
Causal case study methods have attained a level of maturity where it is no longer necessary to define
methodological foundations and principles merely by how they differ from quantitative, variance–
based methods. What social scientists want to know is how causal case study methods differ from
each other with regard to their ontological and epistemological foundations, how to determine which
method is most appropriate for a given research situation, and how to employ the selected
method(s), step–by–step, from research design through analysis. In Causal Case Study Methods:
Foundations and Guidelines for Comparing, Matching, and Tracing, Beach and Pedersen fill this
need.
First, Beach and Pedersen provide a cohesive logical foundation for causal case study methods.

Can Politics Be Regarded as a Science?
Can the study of politics be regarded as a science?
The debate as whether politics can be regarded as a science is 'complex, voluminous and multi–
faceted one' . The origins of political analysis lie in the philosophical tradition of Plato and Aristotle
whose work was fundamentally rooted in the normative. At the very early stages of politics as an
academic discipline, the great thinkers of the time were not concerned with empirical evidence;
instead basing their ideas on literary analysis. The emphasis on the normative that comes with the
traditional study of politics suggests that politics is not a science as it cannot be objective. This was
followed by the emergence of the normative model of political analysis and what Peter Lasslett ...
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This may suggest that the Marxist model of political analysis as a science is not correct. Despite this
it is important to note how, whilst Marx's predictions may not have proved correct, his methods and
the concept of politics as a science is unquestionable.
Enthusiasm for the idea of political science grew in the 20th century with the creation of the
American Political Science Review in 1906 and also the emergence of the behaviouralism
movement in the 1950s and 1960s. This was the period coined as 'the behavioural revolution' by
Robert Garner who claimed that 'number crunching...in relation to electoral behaviour was the gold
standard' whilst normative analysis was rendered 'at best, unnecessary and at worst, meaningless' .
This can be viewed as the most compelling case for politics being regarded as a science as it is the
first time that objective and quantifiable data could be tested against hypotheses. The form of
political analysis that was emerging in this period was heavily based on behaviouralism which
worked on the principle that social theories should be constructed on the basis of observable
behaviour which provides quantifiable evidence for research. This lead to increased interest and
activity in the field of quantitative research methods such as voting behaviour, the records of

Cohort Replacement And Changes In Generational Analysis
Alwin, Duane F. (1990). "Cohort Replacement and Changes in Parental Socialization Values".
Journal of Marriage and Family 52:347–360.
Alwin, Duane F., and Jon A. Krosnick. (1991). "Aging, Cohorts, and the Stability of Sociopolitical
Orientations over the Life Span". American Journal of Sociology.
Bengtson, Vern L., Michael J. Furlong, and Robert S. Laufer. (1974). "Time, Aging, and the
Continuity of Social Structure: Themes and Issues in Generational Analysis". Journal of Social
Issues.
Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. (1980). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in
the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Irvington Publishers.
Bloor, Michael, Jane Frankland, Michelle Thomas, and Kate Robson. (2001). Focus Groups in
Social Research. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2004). "The Transformation of US Gender Role Attitudes: Cohort Replacement, Social–Structural
Change, and Ideological Learning". Social Science Research.
Ciabattari, Teresa. (2001). "Changes in Men's Conservative Gender Ideologies: Cohort and Period
Influences". Gender & Society.
Corsten, Michael. (1999). "The Time of Generations." Time and Society 8:249–272. Cutler, Neal E.,
and Vern L. Bengtson. 1974. "Age and Political Alienation: Maturation, Generation, and Period
Effects". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.
Delli Carpini, Michael X. (1986). Stability and Change in American Politics: The Coming of Age of
the Generation of the 1960s. New York: New York Univeristy Press.
Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Bruch A. Williams. (1994). "Methods, Metaphors, and Media
Research: The Uses of Television in Political Conversation". Communication Research.
Demartini, Joseph R. (1985). "Change Agents and Generational Relationships: A Reevaluation of
Mannheim's Problem of Generations". Social Forces.
Down, Simon, and James Reveley. (2004). "Generational Encounters and the Social Formation of
Entrepreneurial Identity: 'Young Guns' and 'Old Farts'". Organization.
Durkheim, Emile. (1984). The Division of Labor in Society. New York: Free

Rogue States Essay
(this essay is NOT as long as it seems – much of the word count is the 30 works cited)
Statement of the problem
Rogue state is a controversial term applied by some international theorists to states they consider
threatening to the world's peace. This means meeting certain criteria, such as being ruled by
authoritarian regimes that severely restrict human rights, sponsor terrorism, and seek to proliferate
weapons of mass destructions Rogue states have been applied to a number of nations, often under
the control of authoritarian regimes suspected of promoting terrorism, proliferation of
unconventional weapons, or both. Nation States such as Cuba, Iran, Sudan, Syria, Pakistan and
North Korea currently are considered "Rogue States" and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Diplomatic efforts have failed to freeze these nuclear development efforts. These programs pose a
threat to international security. They also have the potential to ignite regional nuclear arms races as
neighboring countries seek to safeguard themselves. What many scholars and theorists of
International Security lack is empirical evidence to such questions: Of what significance are Rogue
States to International Security? Do Rogue States constitute serious threat to International Security?
Theory
In international relations I take the stance of a realist. Realists believe that mankind is not inherently
benevolent but rather self–centered and competitive. Therefore States in international relations are
archaic and it becomes a game of the survival of the fittest. In order for one to understand rogue
states in International Security one must first recognize and have an understanding of the two main
theories in international relations: Realism and liberalism. What is Realism? Realism is interpreted
in many different ways. Realism is the tendency to view or interpret things as they actually are.
Machiavelli and Thucydides are said to be the founding fathers of realism in international relations
and believe that the international System is archaic. The Prominent theorists in the school of

Media And Agenda Setting : Effects On The Public, Interest...
Lomax Cook, Fay, et al. "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders,
Policy Makers, and Policy." The Public Opinion Quartely, vol. 47, no. 1, Spring 1983, pp. 16–35.
JSTOR. Researchers analyzed the impact of the mass media on the general public, policy makers,
interest group leaders, and public policy. Results indicated the media influenced views about issue
importance among the general public and government policy makers. However, the change in public
opinion regarding a specific issue did not directly result in policy changes, rather policy changes
were a result of collaboration between journalists and government staffers.
Ludwig, Mark D. "Papers Endorse Republicans in Nearly 60 Percent of Races." ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Political News Market." American Journal of Political Science, vol. 54, no. 2, Apr. 2010, pp. 428–
39. JSTOR.
Individuals who view the most non–centrist television news sources (CNN and Fox News) are
further from the political ideological center. On the other hand, those who use the internet for news
are interested in a broader array of issues, compared to those who do not.
"Partisanship and Cable News Audiences." Pew Research Center, 30 Oct. 2009,
www.pewresearch.org/2009/10/30/partisanship–and–cable–news–audiences/.
Survey complied in 2008 detailing the audience profiles of various cable news networks, including
Fox news, CNN, and MSNBC.
Pelc, Jerzy. "Theoretical Foundations of Semiotics." The American Journal of Semiotics, vol. 1, no.
2, 1981, pp. 15–45. ProQuest Research Library.
The theoretical foundations of semiotics, including: (1) five notions of semiotics, (2) semiotic
properties, (3) theoretical semiotics, (4) semiotic methods, and (5) applied semiotics.
Rasul, Azmat. "Entertainment and Political Citizenship: The Changing Trends in Political
Communication." Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, vol. 47, no. 2, Nov. 2010. ProQuest
Research Library.
Mass media has developed a symbiotic relationship with politics, thus transforming the nature of
citizenship; politics must maintain a relationship with culture of fear becoming "an alien sphere in

which citizens will be less interested."
Rosenstiel, Tom, and Marion Just. "Five

The Foundation Of The U.s. National Security Policy
The foundation of the U.S. National Security Policy is on the Goldwater–Nichols Act. 1947, signed
by U.S. President Ronald Reagan after the World War II, encouraging a restructure of the military
through the National Security Act of 1947. The Department of War and the Department of Navy was
unified into the National Military Establishment (NME), then renamed to Department of Defense
with the purpose to have Army, Navy and Air Force into a unified structure. President Truman
signed the National Security Act Amendment of 1949 in reflection to strategic changes to the Cold
War facts. This paper explores the book review, performed by Robert B. McCalla and Melvin A.
Goodman, of Richard J. Stoll's "U.S. National Security Policy and the Soviet ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1991, McCalla analyzes four different themes in Stoll's book that seems to be suggestive and with
no supportive information for discussion. The first theme is "the role of the military force in the
nuclear era" (Stoll), promoting discussion about the use of force between US and USSR "conflict
involvement in the pre and post–World War II eras" (McCalla). Stoll asserts in his notes that
"changes [in the nuclear balance] can be turned into political–military leverage in a wide variety of
situations," but fails to provide concrete references and dates to support his statements. The second
theme is "domestic influences on national security policy" (Stoll), which fails to explain in depth the
"congressional and public support for defense spending and presidential actions" (McCalla).
According to McCalla, Stoll provides useful information about the "long–term impact of World War
II on the development of various services," encouraging discussion on the subject. The third theme
is "strategic nuclear warfare," where Stoll exams the change of directions taken by the leaders.
Moreover, McCalla describes Stoll's writing as of a "creative manner" to discuss about the "limiting
nuclear war" without conclusive data. The final theme is the "defense of Western Europe" (Stoll)
where per McCalla, Stoll provides "an intriguing discussion of possible European responses to a
U.S. pull from Europe – even though the

Essay about The concept of the Democratic Peace Theory
Democratic Peace Theory The concept of the Democratic Peace Theory is based on the idea that
whether states are likely to go to war or choose peace depends on the type of political system they
have.
There are three sub divisions 1) Monadic; Democracies that tend to be generally peaceful and are
not likely to go to war, although people (can you identify people) who argue this only examine the
years 1960–1970.
2) Dyadic; This version is the most accepted amongst theorists, very peaceful among one another,
only likely to go to war against non allies. 3) Systematic; This is a union of states like the UN or
NATO. In most literature on the this topic the two main views or interpretations of this theory
(Normative logic & Institutional logic) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To date, though, notably few studies have investigated whether democratic publics are more hesitant
to attack democracies than autocracies.Moreover, the small body of actual work has not computed
for variables that could confound the relationship bounded by shared democracy and public support
for war, nor has it explored the mechanisms by which the regime nature of the adversary affects the
public mood. Despite decades of inquisition on the democratic peace, we still lack convincing
documentation about whether and how public opinion contributes to the absence of war among
democracies. The leaders who make the ultimate decisions about war and peace in democracies have
powerful impetus to respect the opinions of citizens. Public opinion matters for several reasons.
First, leaders who disappoint or antagonize their constituents risk being removed from office. While
early research believe that public opinion on foreign policy was incoherent (Almond 1960) and that
politics "stopped at the water's edge" (Wildavsky 1966), this interpretation has been supplanted by
many other studies showing that mass opinion is logical and influential. Leaders know that citizens
care about foreign policy, which foreign policy regularly plays a role in electoral campaigns, and
that foreign policy mistakes can hurt leaders at the ballot box (Aldrich 1989; Gronke 2003; Gelpi
2007).
Second, democratic leaders face institutional pressure on their powers to use

Political Parties: Party Identification
Party identification is the political party that an individual categorizes them self with. Political
parties came about as a way to organize citizens with similar beliefs and attitudes. These parties then
attempt to influence the government by electing members into office. Today there are two main
parties people can identify: Republican and Democrat. There is also a third choice, being an
Independent, but for the purpose of this paper this group will not be recognized as a political party.
These reasons will be discussed later. There are many different theories as to why people do or do
not identify with a political party, including social psychology, issue related, and psychological
attachments. I believe the social psychology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When looking at this you can take one of two approaches. First, you can agree that each theory is
one of its own. Second, you can examine the theories and find a common theme in their beginnings.
The question becomes is there a gap in the theories or are we blind to the similarities of their
fundamentals? The first area observed was social psychological. Social psychology is the scientific
study of human social behavior (Hogg & Abrams, 1988). The social identity theory is the
fundamental theory developed from this approach. Social identity is defined as 'the individual's
knowledge that he belongs to certain social groups together with some emotional and value
significance to him of the group membership' (Hogg, 2001). A social group or organization is two or
more people who share a common social identity and recognize themselves as members of this
group. This theory allows you to takes yourself and classify it in relation to social categories; this
takes place through a process of social comparison. This process is when group members compare
themselves to other group members and to non group members. This process is a large reason for
discrimination between group members and non group members. Discrimination causes people to
emphasize positive similarities between themselves and other members of their group while causing
emphasis on negative differences between

Party Polarization
Singer, Matthew. "Elite Polarization and the Electoral Impact of Left–Right Placements: Evidence
from Latin America, 1995–2009." Latin American Research Review 51, no. 2 (April 2016): 174.
MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed December 12, 2016).
The research article developed an idea of party polarization being an essential factor in the
continuation and development of modern democracy. This is represented within graphic organizers
of latin american countries that carry varying levels of party polarization that affect voter belief and
direction. Singer utilized legislative surveys to find voter placement and how differentiated the
chosen party was from an ideological norm in a specific country. He also found that in poorer
countries current ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The period between the civil war and World War two were seen to carry a more centralized policy
agenda between the two parties. Since World War two, the author concluded that the ideologies have
split very quickly, and that is because of the lack of the Southern Democrats in this century. The
author saw this as a problem, because hostility between the parties is on a continuous climb.
Growing aggressiveness between the parties is negative, because the parties will have a much more
difficult time coming to a conclusion on how to agree on things, in this author's

Climate Change: The Sciences, the Media, and Politics Essay
The roles of science, the media, and politics greatly influence public opinion and understanding of
the world around us. These three spheres of information and action are invariably linked when
discussing complex global issues like climate change. However, the presentation and resolution of
disagreement within the three spheres is incredibly independent. The many ways that climate
change, specifically the debate on the existence of climate change, is portrayed within these spheres
can greatly affect public emotion, knowledge, and policy of such an issue. This is particularly
evident in the United States (US) (Boykoff & Boykoff, 2007). This paper attempts to briefly outline
the portrayal and settlement of the debate on the existence of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In these statements, scientists also acknowledge the existence of uncertainty in their assertions and
theories. That is, they do not dismiss the "off" chance (or conflicting data) that the statements made
may be incorrect. The statements are simply what the scientific community widely holds as "true"
given the amount of data and research we, as humans, currently have. Thus, these conclusions act as
resolutions to scientific controversies and are often structured in a way that embodies the large
amount of overwhelming data and consensus within the scientific community. The portrayal of
scientific issues, such as climate change, in the US media largely disregards the mechanisms used to
validate debate in the scientific community. This disregard can be attributed to complex scientific
nomenclature in reports, and more importantly, the reliance and continued employment of
"journalistic norms" (Boykoff & Boykoff, 2007). Journalistic norms can be described as ways that
news is presented. Implementation of journalistic norms by the media on a particular issue may
include personalization that magnifies the present–day importance, an authority–order bias tendency
to interview authority figures, and a necessity to provide balance and equal weight to two sides of an
argument (Boykoff & Boykoff, 2007). The aim for balanced reporting and assigning equal weight to

Political Science 101: My Review Of American Government...
Throughout my academic career, I have had the opportunity to take a number of American
government classes that ranged from studying original concepts, during the foundation of our
country, to analyzing more recent events and policies that have taken place during my life. When I
started Political Science 101, I was under the impression that I would be doing more review of
American government. As the semester continued, I gained a variety of new ideas and perspectives
that were unlike anything I had learned in previous courses. There is no question that debates and
discussions have been an integral portion of American government courses. One aspect that varied
in Political Science 101 was the introduction of topics, that were important in current discussions
and debates about government and politics, which were necessary to building a well–rounded
understanding of the subject. Lessons and discussions regarding political socialization (Week 6), the
debate over the U.S. being an Oligarchy(Week 2), and the media as the fourth estate (Week 6) were
topics that had never been introduced to me (even though were essential to understanding issues
regarding government and politics). Unlike other courses that study more social and popular topics
in government, this course familiarizes students with subjects that examine the atmosphere of the
government and causes the student to comprehend other matters that contribute to its current state.
Another aspect of the class that caught my

Analysis Of To Pimp A Butterfly, By Kendrick Lamar
Introduction
For centuries, rap has been used as a tool of expression of art. Capitalism and its oppressive qualities
have forced the oppressed class to use it as a way to vent their anger and seek justice or liberation.
Rap is a form of hip–hop and can be used to express real life experiences or issue like violence,
poverty and the social and institutional discrimination experienced in America. When referring to
"rap" in this study, its specifically, discussing "political rap or gangster rap lyrics". Notably, rap has
been used throughout history to present day; we've seen it during social movement like the Civil
rights movement and now for the Black lives matter movements. Artist like, Tupac Shakur, N.W.A.
and Kendrick Lamar are among those ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, many people that criticize can possibly a misunderstand the themes and the overall message
being portrayed. Thus, a content analysis is needed to examine the oppressive image Lamar is
attempting to present in his lyrics. This paper will begin with a literature review of five academic
sources that focus on black identity, reputations of rap music, and resistance to institutional
injustice. These all will relate to how Lamar is portraying those that are subjugated by systematic
political and social oppression through his context lyrics. The second section will present the
research methodology used in the study. This study, conducted using a content analysis to gather the
non–interactive data from secondary sources. It plans to demonstrate the importance of lyrical
themes being portrayed. The sampling method used purposive sampling. Analyzing the song lyrics
of TBTB in latent content and will explain the coding decision as evidence of the themes. The
primary themes that will be examined are Black identity and institutional discrimination towards
black individuals. The last section, analyze the findings and provide a conclusion that discusses the
contributions to the body of political science

What Causes Social Intolerance?
What Causes Social Intolerance?
'Across multiple disciplines in the social sciences, the study of social inequality represents a
prominent area of research.'
Social tolerance has commonly factored as a point of political study. This can be seen as a result of
an increasingly pluralistic society, which encompasses vast elements of race, religion, ethnicity,
sexuality and general diversity. Due to this greater emphasis has been cast upon the concept
toleration. To a degree this can be perceived as a result of globalization, which has seen a vast influx
of people from low income to high–income countries. Social intolerance can also be viewed within a
historical context, for example a prominent area of study is the Nazi Germany ... Show more content
This can result in social prejudice and discrimination where 'subordinate groups have predominantly
negative stereotypic attributions when evaluated by dominant group members.'
Social dominance theory begins with the observation that all human societies are inherently group–
based hierarchies and are inherently oppressive. This therefore means that social intolerance is
derived from the hierarchal structure of society, which is composed of domineering group–based
structure. Grouping reflects the differing elements within society, such as nation states, races, class,
ethnicity, religion, etc. It is believed that only certain individuals are able to be obtain positions of
power, and certain characteristics are deemed necessary, such as intelligence. Within this theory it is
believed that men are more suited to domineering positions of group power than women. In order
for this there are 'Hierarchy –enhancing environments are social contexts that encourage or reinforce
the acceptance and support for social inequality.' Legitimising myths are a way in which hierarchal
order can be maintained; they are seen as 'attitudes, values, beliefs, or ideologies that provide moral
and intellectual support to and justification for the group'. To phrase it differently, legitimising myths
are seen as a way in which discrimination and intolerance can be justified in order to promote

Ronald Reagan Research Paper Outline
Title Ronald Reagan's Presidency
Name
Institution
Date
Ronald Reagan's Presidency
The vision of former United States President Ronald Reagan to create a liberal society and nation
where everyone enjoyed their rights regardless of their personal beliefs came to fulfilment when the
former California governor was voted in as the president of the United States in 1981. Riding on the
back of a political brand known as the 'New Right', President Reagan championed for a liberal
society that would uphold the rights of the African Americans, the lesbians and gays, women,
Latinos and other minority and marginalized groups. This campaign garnered a lot of support from
grass–root activisms who had already been tired by past American politics (Tate, 1991).
President Reagan was seen as a racist president who did not support the development of the black
society. In fact, he was recorded having referred to unemployed black women as 'welfare queens.' In
addition, he also did away with programs that had been set up to improve economic empowerment
to the African American people by training them on how to earn a living. One such program that
President Reagan disbanded was the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) that
offered training to African Americans on how to be more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
However, through it all, Ronald Reagan's presidency somehow seemed to bring a good tiding for
black Americans. Statistics has it that during his tenure, the level of unemployment of the black
Americans dropped from 14.6 percent to 11.8 percent ("Was Ronald Reagan's record on black
unemployment better than Barack Obama's?", 2018). Compared to other presidents such as Barack
Obama's where the black unemployment rose to 42 percent, Reagan's presidency seems to have
achieved

My Political Ideology
My New Political Ideology A population's views on political issues may change as different
circumstances occur each day. The environment around us has a powerful influence on the decisions
that we produce and the views that we as American citizens choose to hold. After a semester in
political science class my views and my political ideology have altered. Today I will explain how
political science class has influenced my political ideology. When this class initially began I was
sure, without a doubt I was a conservative. As the semester progressed I discovered the reasons I
was considered conservative. The town a person grows up in, financial status, social class, age,
gender and the race of the individual have a strong influence on a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As I stated in my last paper, schooling is very important to the success of our country. Although
there are people that will argue that school should not be mandatory if the family must send there
children to work to provide money for housing, I would have to disagree. Since there are social
programs for providing food and shelter, education should not be neglected. When education is
neglected, those children have a chance of becoming burdens to society rather than benefits. School
develops leaders and followers of society, and provides a structure for those who may need it in their
lives. After a semester in political science class, I found that many of the liberals in my class did not
know very much about the issues that made them liberals. Since the class is an introduction to the
American political system, that fact did not bother me as much as it normally would. Since the issue
of media was hot topic to talk about, I thought that most of the students in my class had realized the
medias bad reviews of conservatives. Unfortunlty that was not the case, Most of students denied that
the media was liberal until proven to them. I cannot blame the students in my class for the things
they have been taught by television. A lack of education is to blame for that problem. By now you
know that media is one of the issues that I have added to my new paper. I found that the media has
made many individuals

My New Political Ideology Essay
A population's views on political issues may change as different circumstances occur each day. The
environment around us has a powerful influence on the decisions that we produce and the views that
we as American citizens choose to hold. After a semester in political science class my views and my
political ideology have altered. Today I will explain how political science class has influenced my
political ideology.
When this class initially began I was sure, without a doubt I was a conservative. As the semester
progressed I discovered the reasons I was considered conservative. The town a person grows up in,
financial status, social class, age, gender and the race of the individual have a strong influence on a
individuals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cal–trans provides a wonderful freeway system for southern Californians to get as far as Los
Angeles and back in time for dinner. Without such wonderful freeway systems and highway
systems, the economy of California would most likely not be as good as it is right now.
Unfortunately I still feel the American people are not ready to vote for the taxes we all pay. The
government is doing a descent job with our taxes; however with changes in the social programs the
American peoples taxes can be considerably lowered.
As a conservative, I still feel that the social class of the individual greatly affects the political
ideology that they have chosen. I have analyzed, that the education of the individual has a great deal
of affect on the political party of their choice. Most liberals are only against conservatives due to
medias bad review of conservatives. The media can affect our lives tremendously if we believe what
they have to say. Education is the key to determining the political party or political ideology of our
choice; therefore education is one of the leading issues many Americans feel strongly about today.
As I stated in my last paper, schooling is very important to the success of our country. Although
there are people that will argue that school should not be mandatory if the family must send there
children to work to provide

Civic Engagement Literature Review
The three articles this week review civic engagement with a focus on income Inequality and trust in
the US and European countries. In the first article "Civic Engagement in American Democracy" by
Theda Skocpol and Morris Fiorina they review civic engagement inequality based on income level.
They believe that participation and the distribution of the participants are critical to ensure there is
equality for political policy decisions. The research suggests that people with higher education or
income are more political active. With the lower income people having differing concerns this gap
in participation means that their voice is not heard even though they benefit from many programs.
Due to the participation gap the political parties are

Liberal Media Bias
References
Alterman, E. (2003). What is Liberal Media?: The truth about bias and the news. New York: Basic
Books.
Baron, D. (2006). Persistent Media Bias. Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 90 , 1–36.
Bray, M., & Kreps, D. (1987). Rational Learning and Rational Expectations. In G. Feiwel, Arrow
and the Ascent of Modern Economic Theory (pp. 597–625). New York: New York University Press.
Demarzo, P., Vayanos, D., & Zwiebel, J. (2003). Persuasion Bias, Social Influence and
Unidimensional Opinions. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 118 , 909–968.
Gentzkow, M. (2006). Television and Voter Turnout. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 121,
No. 3 , 931–972.
Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. (2005). Media Bias and Reputation. Retrieved April 2016, from The
National Bureau of Economic Research: http://www.nber.org/papers/w11664 ... Show more content
(2006). Does the Media Matter? A Field Experiment Measuring the Effect of Newspapers on Voting
Behavior and Political Opinions. Retrieved April 2016, from Social Science Research Network:
http://ssrn.com/abstract= 903812
Goldberg, B. (2003). Bias: A CBS insider exposes how the media distort the news. Washington,
D.C.: Regnery Publications.
Groseclose, T., & Milyo, J. (2005). A Measure of Media Bias. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,
Vol. 120, No. 4 , 1191–1237.
Iyenger, S., Peters, M., & Kinder, D. (1982). Experimental Demonstrations of the 'Not–So–Minimal'
Consequences of Television News Programs. The American Political Science Review, Vol. 76, No. 4
, 848–858.
Kull, S., Ramsey, C., & Lewis, E. (2003). Misperceptions, the media and the Iraq War. Political
Science Quarterly, Vol. 118, No. 4 , 569–598.
Mondak, J. (1995). Newspapers and Political Awareness. American Journal of Political Science, Vol.
39, No. 2 , 13–27.
Mullainathan, S., & Shleifer, A. (2005). Market for News. American Economic Review, Vol. 95 ,

Personality Traits And The Presidential Election Essay
Hunter Garner Professor Thompson PSY 150.4142 8 November, 2016 Personality Traits and the
Presidential Election – Will we be "Stronger Together" or "Make America Great Again" Unless you
have been living under a rock for the past two years, the United States of America has an election
coming up on the eighth of November. This campaign has gotten ugly. There has been fighting,
rioting, accusations of improper conduct, and a whole heap of other things between the two political
parties. Some people would argue that our country is divided more now than ever in history. On the
Democratic side, you have Senator Hillary Clinton. She has the motivation of becoming America's
first female president. Over on the Republican side, you have Donald Trump, a billionaire, real–
estate mogul, businessman. These two candidates have two very different backgrounds. Hillary
Clinton has been in the political arena since 1976. She was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2001 and
was appointed as the U.S. Secretary of State in 2009. Donald Trump, on the other hand, has never
held any kind of political office. He got into real–estate in 1971 and has since then made the Trump
name synonymous with real–estate development. With their backgrounds being as different as they
are, their personalities are just as different. Huffington Post polled 1,000 people asking them to
describe Clinton and Trump in just one word. For Clinton, the top words used were "liar/lying,
dishonest, crook/crooked, untrustworthy,

Was the Cold War Inevitable Essay
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Was the Cold War Inevitable?
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
ARTS1271 ESSAY
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
16th September, 2011
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
The orthodox view of the Cold War elucidates its inevitability due to the great ideological
differences that existed between the Soviet Union and United States. On the other hand, the
revisionists argued that it happened due to the actions that Soviets took and the consequential
responses made by the United States as a result of their inflexible, single–sided interpretations of
Soviet action. Yet, even with the backdrop of the early Bolshevik conflict in 1918 as well ... Show
However, Truman's accession destroyed any form of diplomacy and put further strain on relations as
well as altered the intentions of subsequent American foreign policies. His rise to power made the
Cold War virtually impossible to avoid.
The traditional, orthodox interpretation places the responsibility of the Cold War on Stalin's
personality and on communist ideology. It claims that as long as Stalin and the authoritarian
government were in power, a cold war was unavoidable. It argues that Stalin violated agreements
that he had made at Yalta, imposed Soviet policy on Eastern European countries aiming at political
domination and conspired to advocate communism throughout the world. As a result, United States
officials were forced to respond to Soviet aggression with foreign policies such as the Truman
Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. Yet revisionists argue that there was "no proof of Stalin promoting
communism outside Russia" and that Stalin's decisions were first and foremost, pro–Soviet and not
of communist intentions. Up until 1947, it is evident through Marshall Plan as well as statements
and interviews made by Stalin that he was still thinking of cooperation with the United States,
Britain and France. Despite post–war conflicts and instability of Soviet–American relations, the
USSR's initial embrace of the Marshall Plan at its announcement expressed

The American Revolution: A True Revolution Essay
The American Revolution, perhaps the most significant event in the history of the United States, was
indeed radical enough to be considered a true revolution. One historian stated that, "The founding
generation articulated enduring political questions and provided the structures by which we still
conduct our political lives" (Kerber 25) to emphasize the enormous impact that the revolutionaries
had on contemporary American society. These questions and structures however do not only pertain
to America's political system and ideals; they also greatly changed American social standards and
practices throughout the years directly preceding and following the revolution. This era was pivotal
to the establishment of many new governmental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Constitution placed a great deal of power back into the hands of a strong, central government
much like that of a monarchy. "The extraordinarily powerful national government that emerged from
Philadelphia possessed far more than the additional congressional powers that were required to
solve the United States' difficulties" (Wood 151). The U.S. government was extremely revolutionary
though, in the way that it viewed and handled sovereignty. "Unlike the British in relation to their
House of Commons, the American people never surrendered to any political institution...their full
and final sovereign power" (Wood 160). Throughout the entire American struggle to establish a
suitable government, the citizens maintained their ability to influence policy in a way that the British
never could. The people of the American revolutionary era had no choice but to rapidly modify their
social agendas to keep up with the steady pace of governmental change. "Americans in the years
following their revolution set about reforming their culture, in their strenuous efforts to bring their
ideas and manners into accord with their new republican governments" (Wood 122). The area that
was most distinctly affected by the revolution was the issue of slavery and the differentiations in
beliefs among the various regions of the U.S.
No institution was more directly affected by the liberalizing spirit of the Revolution than chattel
slavery. To be sure, the

Sociological Reflection
Tashe' Wilkerson
Dr. Shahid Shahidullah
Soc 205–09
11 Dec 2017
Take Home Final
When most people think about sociology they generally think of the study of sociology. However,
sociology is much deeper than just the study of sociology. It displays a plethora of sub topics such
as: crime, deviance, bureaucracy, culture, criminality, socialization, economy, politics, religion,
education, social class and many more. Throughout this fall semester this sociology course has
taught me things that I could never imagine. To be more specific there were actually ten topics that I
learned in this course that was very important to me. Those topics were: crime, deviance,
bureaucracy, nature of science, philosophy, religion, common sense, scientific ... Show more content
Shortly after the modernization time period there becomes a development of key ideas/ sociological
ideas from Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, and Emile Durkheim. The most interesting thing about
learning their key ideas were and where they originated. August Comte obtained the key ideas of the
Renaissance and the formation of a good society that consisted of a "good society" of exploitation,
poverty, inequality, and degradation.Karl Marx's key ideas were composed of the mode of
production,class systems,bourgeoisie,the rise of socialism and communism, capitalist system and the
working class. Make a comparison of the sociology of Karl Marx and Max Weber. Give examples.
Karl Marx and Max Weber had different views and perspectives on society. For example, Karl Marx
believed that the capitalist system of society would disintegrate due to the revolt of the working
class. However, Max Weber preferred the study of social and rational action, he thought social
action was meaningful. Max also speculated that capitalism is a constellation of social actions. The
major sociological ideas of Emile Durkheim were: collective consciousness, social facts, and
industrial society. In the industrial society he believed that there would have been more crime and
deviance because of the breakdown for the balance between moral absolutism and individual
freedom.Durkheim's theory on egoistic suicide was based on a society where excessive
individualism and low social

Essay on Ir Theory Article Review-Doyle
Doyle, M. 'Liberalism and World Politics', American Political Science Review, 1986, vol. 80(4), pp.
1151–69
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY Article Review
17th October 2011.
Doyle, M. 'Liberalism and World Politics', American Political Science Review, 1986, vol. 80(4), pp.
1151–69
Michael Doyle, author of this article was one of the first IR theorists in modern era to analyze the
assumptions on liberal peace focusing mainly on Kant's idea. The John Hopkins University
published this article in 1986. In this paper I will summarize the article and give analysis on key
points that drive the main arguments in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In contrast to Schumpeter's liberal pacifism, Machiavelli's liberal imperialism encompasses that the
best form of state for imperial expansion are free republics and they are not pacifistic (Doyle,
1986:1154). He goes on to say that Liberty results from the competition and necessity for
compromise required by the division of powers among senate, consuls, and tribunes and also from a
powerful veto (Doyle, 1986:1154). When the citizens know that their lives and properties are secure
from seizure or attacks, liberty tends to encourage an increase population and property, with strength
and imperial expansion being the basis of protection (Doyle, 1986:1151). Machiavelli says that
expansion calls for a free republic rather than an aristocratic one. He used Rome and Sparta/ Venice
as examples respectively. Imperial expansion is important in order to avoid other states with similar
aims becoming a threat and also other citizens can pose to be a threat when they are not allowed to
satisfy their ambition or exercise their political strengths. This is the basis of the traditional belief
liberal imperialism, which Machiavelli tries to explain. The third theoretical approach is Kant's
liberal internationalism. This theory embodies both the liberal pacifism and liberal imperialism and
gives a clear explanation on these two legacies and helps to give an understanding to international
relations.

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