Sympathetic Nervous System Research Paper

Sympathetic Nervous System Research Paper
Medications used for nervous system disorders such as: ADHD, Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder
and more have been used for years to treat these disorders and others. Most medications have a
positive effect on a person, when used correctly and with the right body chemistry. Other times,
these medications can cause more harm than good. Some adolescents misuse medications. A few
examples are methylphenidate (Ritalin) and dexamphetamine (ProCentra). Both medications are
sympathomimetic, which produce physiological effects that have characteristics of the sympathetic
nervous system by promoting the stimulation of sympathetic nerves. Agents from these are thought
to act both in the central nervous system and peripherally by enhancing dopaminergic (releases
dopamine as a neurotransmitter) and noradrenergic (releases norepinephrine in the transmissions of
nerve impulses) transmission through blockade of relevant transporters. "Barkla, Academic Search
Elite, Web." Nervous system stimulants can be very addictive and must be used with caution; misuse
may lead to more severe cardiac and neurological effects. Symptoms include: agitation, paranoia,
hyperthermia, and muscle breakdown. These symptoms are similar to neuroleptic malignant
syndrome. This is a severe disorder that is caused by adverse reactions of medications with a rapid
withdrawal of dopaminergic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Adderall is an example in many cases. It is meant to promote focus in adolescents with ADHD but it
is widely abused across America. 70% of people who have used the drug have not had it prescribed
to them. Some who are addicted to the drug will pretend they have symptoms of ADHD in order to
get a prescription for it. When Adderall is prescribed, it can have dangerous side effects; when
abused, the risks are higher. It can lead to suicide, paranoia, psychosis, sudden death, fatal car
accidents, and
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Sympathetic Nervous System Essay
The nervous system is home to two major compartments, the central nervous system and the
peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord and the
peripheral nervous system contains a total of 43 pair of nerves branching from the spinal cord that
distribute signals to the entire body. The neurons that travel through those nerves are divided into
two pathways, afferent and efferent. Afferent neurons travel up the spinal cord by entering through
dorsal roots and head toward the brain. Efferent neurons do the exact opposite of afferent neurons
and leave the spinal cord through ventral roots to take information to the body's systems (Dowling,
2015). With the peripheral nervous system there are two subdivisions, the somatic system and the
autonomic nervous system. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The autonomic nervous system aids in involuntary body functions that are either excitatory or
inhibitory. The somatic nervous system transports messages from the body's central nervous system
to its skeletal muscles. This process is supported with the help of three of our five senses including
sight, hearing and touch. The body's autonomic nervous system is either excitable or inhibiting,
which leads to the subdivisions of parasympathetic and sympathetic. The sympathetic nervous
system has gained the nickname "fight or flight" because it aids in helping the reaction time during
stressful situations. (Legazpi, 2014). The parasympathetic system has the exact opposite effect on
the body including more resting functions, giving it the nickname "rest and digest". The
parasympathetic nervous system aids in the occurring of releasing bodily fluids and decreasing the
body's heart rate (Legazpi,

Is Stress Necessary in Our Lives?
Is Stress Necessary In Our Lives? Stress is a natural feeling that every person has had to cope with
at some point in their life. Stress can be caused by a wide range of different reasons that differs with
each person. Since stress is constantly changing there is no right or wrong answer when you say
something is stressful. Stress can arise from frustration, an overload of work, life changes, and even
uncertainty. The causes of stress can also result in many different symptoms. How an individual
handles their stress either mental or physical may be the most important aspect of how beneficial or
harmful it may be. In this paper I will present the origin, biology, different types of stress, causes,
results, and how to deal with stress in everyday lives in order to live a better life with stress. The
origin of stress has said to been around since man. Possibly back then it was the struggle of putting
food on the table to survive as now it could range anywhere from writing a term paper to sealing the
deal on a dream job. Stress has been integrated into everyone's daily life where there is always a
certain amount of stress with us, but it becomes noticeable when that tipping point makes us feel
"stressed". CSHS say that Hans Selye was the one to become credited with the term stress in 1936
from his seminal work "A Syndrome Produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents". His work took the well
known word stress that was often used in physics which described the force that

Wonderfilled Oreo Commercial
The Wonderfilled Oreo commercial portrays two worldwide known children stories with an alternate
happy ending twist. Oreo cookies are formed by cream centered inside of two chocolate sandwiches.
Throughout the advertisement, typed lyrics of the Wonderfilled Oreo Anthem were featured
continuously filling up the screen. In the animations, the audience can see an unrealistic
combination of friends which the real world portrays as unlikely. Some of the characters he uses are
memorable cartoon characters that at least half of the world has heard about in their childhood. In
detail, the commercial stars the historical children stories' characters such as the Big Bad Wolf and
the blood–sucking vampire. The word, Wonder, is used repetitively throughout ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This even applies to bad characters since it switches their negative moods to positive tempers. In
their original tales, the Big Bad Wolf and the blood–sucking vampire are morbid figures.
Throughout this commercial they are offered an Oreo cookie that changes their mood after being
devoured. Their mood meter goes from grumpy and mean to joyful and cheerful. Sharing an Oreo
with the morbid characters leads to a rather peaceful and happy ending to their original stories rather
than their gloomy and sorrowful endings. For instance, instead of huffing and puffing that ruins the
three little pigs' effort the Big Bad Wolf buys them cool stuff to decorate the deck that he helped
them build. Plus they survive, unlike the original story where they are forced to meet their tragic
end. The other historical children stories' character is the blood–sucking vampire in the creepy show.
He normally drinks blood, but after receiving an Oreo cookie he becomes thirsty for milk. Also,
there is a question of wondering whether the vampire would still act so undead or not after trying the
Oreo cookie that highlights the Oreo Company's wonder concept. The warm message is that any
horrific situation or day will work out alright after eating an Oreo

Nursing Theory Essay
Unit 10: Stress Theory; Selyle/Psychoneuroimmunology
By Jessica Cronin RN, Teri Lieser RN
Unit Summary
Unit 10 examines stress, the stress response as described by Dr. Hans Selye in addition to clinical
situations and research involving Stress Theory, a borrowed theory used in nursing practice.
Unit Objectives 1. Describe the background, development and concepts of Stress Theory 2. Identify
the relationship among Stress Theory concepts 3. Outline the phenomena, populations and clinical
situations Stress Theory explains
Assigned Readings Clancy, J. & McVicar, A. (1993). Subjectivity of stress. British Journal of
Nursing, 2(8), 410– 417. Hays, M., All, A., Mannahan, C., Cuaderes, E., & Wallace, D. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stress is additive, whether good or bad. If your dog dies and you win the lottery, one does not cancel
the other. Both are stressful events. Stress can originate internally or externally, may be acute or
chronic, and related to daily hassles or major life events and has different meaning for everyone
(McEwen & Wills, 2007). General or specific disorders of body and mind can directly and
indirectly result from stress. Stress can have a major impact on the physical functioning of the
human body. Such stress raises the level of adrenaline and corticosterone in the body, which in turn
increases the heart rate, respiration, blood pressure and puts stress that is more physical on bodily
organs. Heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, and other illnesses result from long–term stress.
After a person is exposed to a stressor, the person enters the alarm phase. Here, initial shock occurs
and sympathetic arousal is prolonged by adrenaline/epinephrine and nor epinephrine. The results
include the following: increased heart rate, increased blood flow to the

The Meaning Of Apathy In 'Sonny's Blues'
Devaris Straughter
November 23, 2017
LITT2000
"Apathy is a debilitating but poorly understood disorder characterized by a reduction in motivation.
As well as being associated with several brain disorders, apathy is also prevalent in varying degrees
in healthy people." (Taylor, p.74) "Sympathy is a primitive response to the suffering of another. By
"primitive" here I mean: first that these responses are immediate and unthinking; and second, that
these responses are explanatorily basic, that they cannot be explained in terms of some more
fundamental feature of human nature –– such as some particular desire or sentiment that we possess.
My conclusion is then that our sympathetic responses are themselves partially constitutive of our
conception of what is to be a human being." (Yuen–Siang Ang, p. 17) In the short story "Sonny's
Blues", it becomes apparent to the reader after careful amounts of consideration and research on
behavioral patterns and the meaning of apathy and sympathy, that the Narrator–who in this case is
Sonny's brother– is dealing with both opposing mindsets when it comes to Sonny.
Humans are born to be sympathetic and according to "The Greater Good magazine", humans are
born both sympathetic and compassionate. In this short story, we see the narrator and even in the
first paragraph, he is having a struggle between being apathetic and sympathetic. Although the
narrator remains unnamed throughout the story, the reader does learn that Sonny is the narrator's

Music Therapy Association ( 2013 )
American music therapy association (2013) defined as a clinical and evidence–based use of music
interventions to help individuals archive their goals between a therapeutic relationship by a
credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program. Music therapy is
an upcoming health profession. It involves the use of sound wave that penetrate through the soul and
mind to heal, repair and improve the overall emotional well–being. It can be by playing a music
instrument, singing out loud, listening to music and so on. Music therapy is very diverse, Music
therapy in an ancient type of healing medium. It was used by the Egyptians, Chinese, Indians,
Romans and the Greece before being introduced in the United States late ... Show more content on
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It is amazing that music influences the body and brain in numerous effective way we never knew
about. In some Brainwaves studies, research has demonstrated that music with a solid beat can
fortify brainwaves to reverberate in a state of harmony with the beat and with speedier beats
bringing more shaper fixation and more alert thinking, and a slower rhythm advancing a calm,
reflective state. Furthermore, the changes in brainwave activity levels that music can bring can also
enable the brain to shift speeds more easily on its own as needed, and which means that music can
bring lasting benefits to your state of mind, even after you have stopped listening (Scott Elizabeth,
2015). In breathing and heart rate: with modifications in brainwaves comes changes in other real
capacities. Those represented by the autonomic sensory system, for example, breathing and heart
rate can likewise be modified by the progressions music can bring. This can means slower breathing,
slower heart rate, and an enactment of the unwinding reaction, also in addition to other things. This
is the reason music and music treatment can check or keep the harming impacts of endless anxiety,
extraordinarily advancing unwinding, as well as wellbeing. In the perspective aspects, music can
likewise be accustomed to bring a more positive perspective, keeping

How Does Hypothalamus Occur During Mitosis?
HAP II ASSIGNMENT 2015
Q1
A. A cell will pass on its DNA sequence onto other cells through mitosis. Mitosis is cell division
where the nucleus containing chromosomes are divided (evenly) between two cells. When the
phases during mitosis are complete, two daughter cells are produced containing identical genetic
makeup from the founding cell. The most significant phase would be interphase, where it is made of
three sub–stages. First is G1 phase, where the cell gains mass to prepare for cell division. Second is
S phase, where semi conservative DNA replication occurs. One strand of DNA is used as a template,
(after being unwound and unzipped by helicase) whilst the DNA polymerase reads the strand in
order to connect the corresponding bases. Ligase then 'zips' the original strand and new strand
together. During G2 phase, replication is nearly complete and the mass continues to grow in size to
prepare for division. Interphase is key as it allows for the two (strands) identical copies of the ...
The hypothalamus is the bridge between the nervous system and the endocrine system. In terms of
the nervous system, the hypothalamus is involved as it receives information from different parts of
the nervous system. The hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining homeostasis, including the
controlling regulation for body temperature, thirst, and blood pressure. For example the
hypothalamus acts as a thermometer for the body (temperature of blood passing hypothalamus acts
as thermometer), and in response it stimulates sweating or vasodilation to cool down. Whereas an
endocrine organ, the hypothalamus is involved with the pituitary gland. Hormones such as
Gonadotropin–releasing hormone, anti–diuretic hormone or corticotrophin hormone are all secreted
by the hypothalamus. The release of hormones means it may lead to inhibiting or releasing hormone
from the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus is able to work things between the anterior and posterior
pituitary due to

Definition of stress.
The word stress is a collective term and is used widely across many professions yet it is not clearly
defined and has no limitations. Stress is the new norm, be you a person, pet, practitioner, old or
young, stress dominates life and appears in magazines, on television and in newspapers that promise
guaranteed cures. My understanding of stress is that it is negative and can be categorised into two
major groups; physical stress and mental stress. Within these categories the word stress is used as a
condition, minor irritation, and crisis or even as an outcry. The word stress is derived from the Latin
verb stringo meaning to draw tight, graze or pluck (Hayward, 2005) and the meaning of stress is
forever being expanded. There is some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mass media and our peers are even major causes of stress in our daily life! Our knowledge of
stress is expanding as new studies are undertaken and new connections are made between stress and
other aspects of our lives. As a student of both physiology and psychology I understand stress can be
either a physical strain or injury, or a perception of one's feeling of well–being. In most cases,
physical strain will cause personal stress and vice–versa.
I perceive stress on a different scale to many other people, certain situations such as public speaking
and examinations of skill do not cause me large amounts of stress, however sailing causes me
distress and many physical changes such as hyperventilation, sweating and increased heart rate
(even a few tears perhaps). I use the word stress several times a day as a label for emotions, strain
and illness. Colloquially I use the word stress to describe insignificant feelings and events and life
threatening situations as do most people. Colloquialism aside, I am unaware of any problems
associated with the misconception of the word stress.
Stress can be both negative and positive for my performance, too much stress will cause me to burn
out but small amounts of stress actually improve my performance. An example is in a job interview;
I feel more alert and take care in what I am saying, in

The General Adaptation Syndrome
Stress is experienced when a person feels that the environmental demand exceeds his capabilities,
resulting in biopsychological charges that may make him/her of risk for disease. Effects may vary
from one person to another. (Niabi; H. et. al., 2013) The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) can
measure physiological response to stress. It starts with the alarm phase, where you recognize the
stimulus and decide you need to confront the stress that you have. This activates the sympathetic
nervous system and deactivates the parasympathetic nervous system. It releases a stress hormone
that is a biological marker of stress. Once you have evaluated the situation and decided what to do,
you enter the resistance phase, in which the body starts to address the stimulus and tries to go into ...
We interpret them, and then decide what to do about it. If your primary tool for determining stress
says that this is not a threat, then you're okay. But if it is life threatening, you enter in secondary
appraisal before you are able to determine what to do. And you have two options based on the fight–
or–flight response: you can run away or you can fight. Discussion: Stress | Stress | Introduction to
Psychology ... (n.d.). from https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain–and–cognitive–sciences/9–00sc–
introduction–to–psychology–fall–2011/stress/discussion–stress/
The western world has a problematic situation with stress. It has gotten to the point where people
visit the physician that has stress–related illness is over two–thirds of their overall office. ; The
leading causes of death in the United States is attributed to stress. Stress is a major contributing
factor either directly or indirectly, to coronary artery disease, cancer, respiratory disorders,
accidental injuries, cirrhosis of the liver and suicide. Multiple sclerosis, diabetes, herpes, mental
illness, alcoholism, drug abuse, and family discord and violence, are all attributed to

My Trip From My Home
One day, I was coming to RVCC from my home. I left my home at 6:15am because I had a class at
7:00 am. The weather was foggy and it was raining so much that morning. I was heading toward
north to exit 14B. Exit 14B is on the right side if you come from south. So I moved from middle
lane to express lane. As I was about to take the exit, one brand new Mercedes– Benz came from all
the way left lane to express lane without showing the side light plus he was speeding. He tried to get
in front of my car and it hit the passenger side of my car with great force. Since it was raining, my
car skidded and hit the side railing of the road, I got really scared and my car's driver side door was
fully damaged and also my left side. Also the car coming behind me tried to pull the break, and he
was able to control his car so. I and that guy, who was driving Mercedes– Benz we both stood on the
287, right at the exit. Because there was no other place we can go. I was sitting in the car, for the
first 10 minutes, I was so terrified, I felt paralyzed. I did not know what happen, I was breathing
very fast because I felt like I was choking. I was crying and all the emotions are just shooting on me.
Because this is the first time I have been in the accident, I called the cops and I was more terrified
from cops. I did not know, what will cop do and whose fault that would be? I did not know at the
time that I was experiencing the biological and physiological underpinnings of trauma. Without
being

Stress and Eustress: Adult Nurse and Mental Health Nursing
The psychologist's approach stress and define it as a bodily response to demands, physically and
emotionally; the behavioural response to events that are threatening and challenging to a person.
According to Hans Seyle (1956), he states that stress is 'the nonspecific response of the body to any
demands'. The eustress is also used to describe stress as arousing and exciting. For example a nurse
would use stress in order to perform well. It might be true suffering from stress which is unbearable,
unpleasant and may cause ill health, Barttlett (1998). In this case you can experience symptoms like
emotional, cognitive, behaviour and physical. So distress is more important than eustress in some
jobs such as adult nurse and mental health nursing. Freud's (1856–1939), he state that, conscious
'current thoughts' is that the mind is also considered in stress and it is untangible and scientific.
The relevance of this is the environmental factors of stressors according to Cardwell and Flannagan
(2005). These are events, experiences or environmental stimuli that causes stress to an individual,
such as lack of control, daily hassles, unpredictability, life events and pressures from work which
may affect some individual's health when they are long–lasting and highly disruptive or seen as
uncontrollable. However, stress has no definite definition, but much of the studies today give praise
to Hans Selye (1956), who carried out the pioneered research on the subject of stress on

â€¢ How Does The Sympathetic Nervous System Prepare Your...
Your Body's Response to Emergency
How does the body prepare for emergencies? The answer lies in the Sympathetic Nervous System
(SNS). It is the branch of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) that controls the body's reaction to
physical and emotional stressors. The sympathetic branch activates the glands and organs that
defend the body against attack. It is called the fight–or–flight response.
This is a primitive response designed to protect from danger. When danger is perceived, the
sympathetic nervous system responds immediately to prepare a person to stay and fight or take
flight. Blood rushes away from nonessential systems such as the digestive and excretory systems
and is redirected to the extremities. The heart beats faster to ... Show more content on
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The glucose obtained from the liver cells produces a surge in energy better known as an "adrenaline
rush". The hormones also bind to receptor cells on smooth muscle and inhibit the muscles of the
stomach and intestines, slowing down the digestive process and allowing more energy for
emergency functions. When these hormones bind to the smooth muscle cells of the bronchioles, they
cause the muscles to relax allowing more oxygen into the blood. At the sinoatrial node of the heart,
epinephrine stimulates the pace maker cells to beat faster. Epinephrine also contracts certain types of
muscles below the skin, causing beads of sweat and raised hairs. Once fight or flight has taken
place, another branch of the ANS, the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) can take over again,
calming everything down and returning body processes to normal.
The fight or flight response is useful in the short term because it assists the body in responding
quickly and effectively in emergencies. However in the long term, the sympathetic response can
become harmful. This is because the functions of sympathetic activation can put additional stress on
the nervous system. If the sympathetic system remains highly active, the parasympathetic response
will not activate and return the body to homeostasis. This means the body does not get the chance to
recover from stress causing a number of physical and psychological disorders.
In conclusion, the brain is a complex organ with the ability to cause

Compare And Contrast Glucoprivation And Of Manifestations...
glucoprivation, and of manifestations of emotional distress. In contrast with the view that the
sympathetic nervous and adrenomedullary hormonal systems function as a unit (the
'sympathoadrenal system') to maintain homeostasis in emergencies, across a variety of situations
adrenaline responses are more closely linked to responses of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐
adrenocortical system than of the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic noradrenergic
system is active even when the individual is at rest and maintains tonic levels of cardiovascular
performance. Adrenoceptors in the membranes of effector cells determine the physiological and
metabolic effects of catecholamines. Noradrenaline and adrenaline are catecholamines.
Noradrenaline is the

The Causes And Effects Of Stress In College Students
Stress in College students Breanne Carlson Denver College of Nursing
Stress in College Students Anyone who has taken college level courses knows that it can become
extremely stressful, but what are the effects on the human body and mind when under so much
stress? According to a mental health study in 2008 8 out of 10 students in college say they have
sometimes or frequently felt stress in their daily lives for over 3 months. An increase of 20% from a
survey five years earlier. (Wu, 2000, para. 1) It is important to know the signs of being stressed and
how to help yourself with reducing the amount of stress you experience. There are many things that
can be done to reduce the amount of stress college adds to a student's life. Keeping yourself healthy
and mindful is key to the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle. Nurses can play a big role in educating
college aged students on the signs of stress and activities that can be done to reduce the feeling of
stress. Physical Effects of Stress There are many parts of the body that control the stress response as
well as parts that are effected by a person who is chronically stressed. The medulla oblongata is in
the lower part of the brain that controls heart rate, blood pressure, and respirations when the
sympathetic response of stress travels through the brain to the medulla it can trigger the blood
pressure, heart rate and respirations to increase. Chronic stress

MANAGEMENTOF PERCEIVED STRESSORS AMONG
RADTECH INTERNS OF...
MANAGEMENTOF PERCEIVED STRESSORS AMONG RADTECH INTERNS OF ST. JUDE
COLLEGE YEAR 2009–2010 IN TWO HOSPITALS NAMELY PHILIPPINE ORTHOPEDIC
CENTER AND ST. LUKE'S MEDICAL CENTER
A Thesis Presented to the
Faculty of Radiologic Technology
Saint Jude College, Manila
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject Elements of Research Methodology in
Radiologic Technology
SUBMITTED BY:
CRUZ, LEI AL R.
LABARDA, KATHERINE C.
CARLUM, LARRA ELIEZA
DULCE, NELIZETH A.
HERNANDEZ, ZERMAINE JEAN
SUBMITTED ON:
MARCH 2010
APPROVAL SHEET
The research study entitled "MANAGEMENT OF PERCEIVED STRESSORS AMONG
RADTECH INTERNS OF ST. JUDE COLLEGE YEAR 2009–2010 IN TWO HOSPITALS
NAMELY PHILIPPINE ORTHOPEDIC CENTER AND ST. LUKES MEDICAL ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
23
g. Statisticcal Treatment of Data ......................................... 23
h. Bibliography ............................................................. 24
III. Appendices .............................................................. 25
Appendix – A
Letter ................................................................ 25
Appendix –B
Questionnaire ...................................................... 26
Appendix – C
Curriculum Vitae ................................................. 32
Chapter 1

The Problem and its Background
Introduction
An internship program in St. jude College takes one year to complete, 1st semester as a junior intern
and second semester as a senior intern. Rad tech interns are very much prone to a lot of stress in the
x–ray department which obviously has either a mild or an adverse effect on their performance. In
being a 4th year student in the course Bachelor of Science Radiologic Technology, at St. Jude
College and any other schools, everyone must take the internship programs being offered to the
students, in order for them to accomplish and fulfill the course. And be able to take the board exam
and be a registered Radiologic Technologist.
Stress can be defined as the sum of physical and mental responses to an unacceptable disparity
between real and imagined personal experience and personal expectation. Hence, stress is a response
that which includes both physical and mental components.
Stress is not a new issue. However, in recent years it has become more apparent. It can be defined as
'environmental factors which exert undue strain or pressure on a person' and can be caused by
numerous factors either at home or in the workplace.

Sympathetic Nervous System Essay
Drugs that Affect the Sympathetic Nervous System The sympathetic nervous system is one of the
ways that your body responds to stress. The sympathetic nervous system is also widely known as
your body's "fight or flight" response that determines the way you act in a stressful situation to
determine if you still stay and "fight" in the situation or "fly" and flee the situation for your safety.
When the sympathetic nervous system is engaged, your body releases epinephrine and
norepinephrine that cause the effects that are seen during stress. When epinephrine and
norepinephrine are released the following effects are seen: increase in heart rate, hyperglycemia, the
airway widens, pupils dilate, the gastrointestinal system is slowed down,

Sleep Problems Research Paper
Natural Cures for Stress and Sleep Problems By Dr. Janine Bowring, ND | Submitted On January
03, 2012 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share
this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article
on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on
Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Dr. Janine Bowring, ND Stress causes a vicious
cycle that affects our well–being. Stress causes us to feel uprooted and ungrounded, which causes us
to feel more stress and the cycle continues. Stress causes us to disconnect from what is important in
our daily lives such as proper diet, exercise and sleep. When we are stressed, we are less likely to
take care of our emotional and spiritual health as well. I can 't think of anyone that I know who
doesn 't have stress. Unless you are an extremely enlightened person or a Buddhist monk, you have
stress. It is a natural part of our existence as humans on earth. We have work stress, or no–work
stress, family stress, health stress, wealth stress or lack of wealth stress, stress, stress, stress. So we
all have it, but it 's what we do with it that makes all the difference. Studies show that if we have an
outlet for stress, the deleterious effects of it are less than if we just store it. In the book Why Zebras
Don 't Get Ulcers, the author Robert Sapolski talks about an experiment done on rats

Effects Of Stress In The Workplace
Stress in workplace is a problem in organizations and businesses throughout America and the rest of
the world. Stress can cause both physical and psychological damage to the worker. High stress
levels often cause or can worsen a long list of health issues, including heart disease, obesity,
depression and diabetes. In addition to paying 50 percent more annually in health costs for stressed
workers, employers are dealing with additional effects of stress that directly impact their
profitability, such as loss of productivity, absenteeism, turnover, and disengagement. According to
the American Institute of Stress, job stress costs US businesses more than $300 billion annually
(Business Review USA staff, 2014).
Stress is a part of everyday life, including at work. Learning how to manage stress in life, both
personally and professionally before it gets out of hand, would be more beneficial to overall health,
happiness, and prosperity. From an organizational standpoint, being proactive in helping manage
stress of employees would consequently be more prosperous.
According to the Cleveland Clinic staff, "stress is the body's reaction to any change that requires an
adjustment or response" (2017). With this being said, it is understandable why stress is a recurring
part of life. Change is constant; therefore, stress is a guarantee. The Cleveland Clinic staff also state,
"The human body is designed to experience stress and react to it. The body's autonomic nervous

The Burden Of Stress In America
The United States' eminent "competitive spirit" is a major characteristic that differentiates the U.S.
workforce from other countries. This competitiveness is a key component in American society as it
pushes workers to not only produce more but to increase his/her standard of living (Nixon). While
competitiveness can lead to a flourishing society, oftentimes this competitiveness burdens workers,
raising the amount of stress on a person. A study conducted by Harvard School of Public Health
reported that out of 2,505 respondents, 53% felt a "great deal of stress in the past month" was a
result of work affirming the correlation between stress and work ("The Burden of Stress in
America"). As job markets are drastically becoming more competitive, ... Show more content on
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Many Americans in today's society are subject to workaholism, an addiction that can alter a person's
personality and values. Hauk and Chodkiewicz, both part of the Institute of Physcology and
University of Lódź, Łódź, Poland, conducted a study analyzing the the role of occupational stress in
workaholism and family relationships. They concluded that occupational stress was mediator in this
relationship leading to the conclusions that stress, a symptom of workaholism, was influencing
relationships outside of work. As more work means more stress, workaholics are burdened with
large accumulation of stress they cannot escape, since they are driven by the desire to constantly
work. This desire, as Hauk and Chodkiewicz point out, isolates a worker and leads to a work–family
conflict (WFC) because all of the laborer's resources are consumed by work. A WFC, according to
Greenhaus, Drexel University, and Beurell, Seton Hall University, is defined as a conflict in which
"participation in the work (family) role is more difficult by virtue of participation in family (work)
role" meaning that full participation in one role came at the expense of another (Greenhaus) . Li–
Chaun Chu, School of Health Policy and Management, states that "WFC commonly appear as an
antecedent for psychological distress and mental health problems". Poor mental health does not
increase productivity in work, and workers with poor mental health will actually tend to have more
absences and eventual job burnout. In order for society to prosper, proper relationships need to be
established between people to have a healthy, communal society. Under pressure to perform and to
produce at a great volume, workers will begin to change and alter their relationships. In Summary ,
stress will push workaholics to work until they break, but the trade off is not

The Potential Effects Of Stress And Trauma
THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF STRESS AND TRAUMA IN PILOT PERFORMANCE
Stress has potential to influence the performance of an individual. The degree of stress correlates
with the degree of arousal in a high pressure situation, which can eustress or impair an individual's
performance (Pignata, 2016). The flight deck of an aircraft is a complex operating environment with
demand for high performance between automated and human interfaces. Exposure to these high
levels of external and internal occupational (Blouin, 2014) stressors has underlying effect on the
operational performance of professional pilots both in the immediate and prolonged circumstances.
Stress and trauma education for especially training pilots is important to highlight the potential
effects of physical, physiological and psychological stressors to manage pressure and optimise pilot
performance of aviation safety.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), (2012) defines stress "as the sum of biological
responses to any adverse interplay of physical, mental, emotional, internal or external stimuli which
potentially disrupts the natural balance of the body." There are three main components of stress;
stress stimuli, processing systems and stress response (Pignata, 2016). Stress consists of two
categories: acute and chronic (FAA, 2012). Acute stress is the primitive flight or fight response to
immediately perceived threats. In response to the apparent stressor, the Sympathetic Nervous
System (SNS), adrenaline and

Long-Term Synthesis
Long–term alterations in the secretion include a glutocorticoid hormones cortisol via the
hypothalamus pituitary adrenal access personal play crucial role in mediating the link between
chronic stress exposure and ability to variety of diseases. (Stalder et al. 2012) Some of the biological
consequences of such arousal were first identified by Selye (1956) as the General Adaptation
Syndrome. Selye noted t h a t a principal characteristic of this response is an elevation in cortisol
level. As a result of this early work and of more recent laboratory–based research, cortisol is now
often regarded a s a "stress hormone" and as an objective marker of stress (Baum et al., 1982).
(Pollard 1995)Registering for stressors cognitive affective states ... Show more content on
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Meyer et al 2014 In vertebrates the stress response is an evolutionary conservative process mediated
by the HPA access and allows organisms to respond rapidly to unpredictable changes in their
environment. It is initiated when higher brain centers perceived and endogenous or exogenous
noxious stimuli that are in homeostasis and how many it's release of good corticoids from the
adrenal cortex. Elevated levels of circulating clinical records exert a variety of catabolic and Terry
productive anti–gross and immunosuppressive effects that mobilize and repartition under detailed
organisms restore homeostatic balance. Other than physiological response to short–term stress is
adaptive long–term stress occurring over weeks to months may lead to pathological syndrome of
distress characterized by amino suppressive decreased reproduction and diminish growth. According
Lee measures of population performance such as survival for productive output and abundance may
be reduced as a proportion of distress individuals it a population increases. . (MacBeth et al. 2010)
The hypothalamus pituitary digital access to respond rapidly and specifically to wide range of
environmental and internal demand half deferred to her stress. Is believed to HP a response to stress
plays a pivotal role in our in his

Eight Stages Of Sleep
1a
During a situation that can be instant or cause us to activate our flight–or–fight response can lead to
a shock of ATP in the muscles and will start the growth of epinephrine. Moreover, it allows us to
think in the moment and activate our will to live and face the adversity, and the possibility death in
the face. During this ordeal, it provides the alertness in order to help a person survive that
emergency or all–of–sudden situation.
1b
One morning I woke up late for an important day at school, knowing the circumstances that I would
be met with if my mother discovered me at home instead of school, caused my flight–or–fight
responses to activate. Instantly, I rushed out of bed to put some clothes on, skipped breakfast, and
ran out the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, they are useful in treating medical conditions including ADHD, asthma, and depression and
heavily affect the body and nerve systems with arousal and excitement. Some of the forms of
stimulants can include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines. Depressants are drugs that
function within the central nervous system and are widely used to treat people who are affected by
depression.
Narcotics are a drug or questionable substance that can heavily affect mood or behavior and can be
sold for nonmedical purposes, mostly seen in illegal acts. But, the effects of heavy use of narcotics
include dizziness, euphoria, stomach problems, vomiting, and decreased respiration. Moreover,
When a person uses a narcotic over a long period of time, they are at greater risk to develop a harsh
addiction. Therefore, narcotics can be an addictive issue, but because they temporarily make the
person feel good, the person will begin to crave the feeling that the drug provides. Also, sometimes
the person's body starts to rely on the drug in order to function normally, but when this occurs, they
will develop a physical dependence on the narcotic

Response To The Sympathetic Nervous System
Stage1– Alarm stage is the immediate response to the stressor. This immediate response will result
in a person's sympathetic nervous system being stimulated. The stimulation of the person's
sympathetic nervous system is characterized by the increase in one's heart rate, blood pressure, and
respirations. This reaction is also known as a fight or flight response when adrenaline is released in a
person body which stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. This stage gives us the strength to
fight off a threat. Stage 2–Resistence stage is where the pituitary gland stops the secretion of
hormons that were responsible for the fight or flight response. After the first response resources
remain moblisezed and we begin to cope with the stressor. Stage

The Death Of The Red Death By Edgar Allan Poe
Prince Prospero in Masque of the Red Death written by Edgar Allan Poe is a Prince of his kingdom
who escapes and eludes the Red Death sweeping throughout his kingdom killing all it comes into
contact with. Prospero 's fight or flight reaction, a built in mechanism inside all humans and his
reaction to fear of his own death ultimately lead to his downfall and instead of keeping him alive
prove unable to beat the elutable and all mighty red death. Picture a scenario where you are put to
the test to see your own flight or fight reaction, you and a few friends are on the train chatting about
everyone's most embarrassing moments. All of a sudden, someone comes from the other train car
and yells, "Someone has a gun on the train!" This scenario ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In Prospero 's case in Masque of the Red Death Prince Prospero, was faced with the threat of
survival, surviving the Red Death, a plague sweeping his kingdom killing all it comes into contact
with. To produce the fight–or–flight response, the hypothalamus activates two systems: the
sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal–cortical system. The sympathetic nervous system uses
nerve pathways to initiate reactions in the body, and the adrenal–cortical system uses the
bloodstream. The combined effects of these two systems are the fight–or–flight response.When the
hypothalamus tells the sympathetic nervous system to kick into gear, the overall effect is that the
body speeds up, tenses up and becomes generally very alert. If there 's a burglar at the door, you 're
going to have to take action fast. The sympathetic nervous system sends out impulses to glands and
smooth muscles and tells the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the
bloodstream. These "stress hormones" cause several changes in the body, including an increase in
heart rate and blood pressure.At the same time, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin–releasing
factor into the pituitary gland, activating the adrenal–cortical system. The pituitary gland secretes
the hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH moves through the bloodstream and
ultimately arrives at the adrenal cortex, where it activates the release of approximately thirty
different

Fight Or Flight Response-The Body's Automative Force
"aha moments" Ch.2 The science of stress Fight or Flight response– The body's automative response
anytime we percieve a threat or danger. The response to danger will give us intense speed to out run
the danger or a surge of aderline to fight the know threat in o rder to survive.In repsonse to the "fight
or flight", in previous years flight was my inital repsonse to threatahing situations. I can recal a time
I was walking to a class from my car and noticed a crowd of students with fear on their faces
running in my direcetion. Before, I could identify the threat my heart began racing, my breathing
short and shallow and I remember the thought that passed my mind was "Run". I turned around and
starting running in the other direction, I turned

Aggie Honor Code: Powerlab Answers
PowerLab 1 Questions Aggie Honor Code: An Aggie does not lie, cheat or steal or tolerate those
who do. X________________ 1. In science, an artifact is not part of the results and unrelated to
what you observe. It is an interference in a given experiment. Four examples of artifacts would
include a higher voltage than 50 in the EEG due to the movement of muscles, the interference from
the rotation of eyes resulting in recordings of an EOG instead of an EEG, the movement of the
electrodes (especially near the mastoid process of the temporal bone), and a disturbance of the
subject sneezing or coughing. Yes, including artifacts in the analysis of the experiment would help
explain the deviation from the expected or anticipated results. 2. Alpha waves are thought to indicate
a relaxed but awake state. They have a frequency of 8–13 Hz and an ... Show more content on
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Skin conductance and electromyography are indirectly derived from the electrical activity of
neurons. Skin conductance is a measure of the decreased resistance in skin as eccrine glands release
sweat. Sweat is released to keep the body cool during fight or flight. In an electromyogram, the
graph reflects the electrical activity of the muscle due to the increased number of motor units firing.
The muscles measured in class were the corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus. The corrugator
supercilii muscle is correlated with a facial expression of suffering or pain while the zygomaticus is
correlated with smiling. A correlation can be found between the rate of skin conductance and the
muscles. When fight or flight is stimulated, panic sets in and facial expressions change (corrugator
supercilii), stress takes over, and sweat increases to cool the body. On the other hand, a smiling,
care–free face (zygomaticus) will not produce sweat and initiate a fight or flight response. Changes
in GSR are ultimately affected by short term stress where the neural hormone adrenaline is released
from the adrenal glands into the blood

Impact of Emotional Stress on the Reproductive System
How emotional stress affects the Reproductive system on an anatomical/physiological (microscopic)
level Emotional stress in most cases, are triggered by dramatic event that tends to put ones' nervous
system to a severely strain. An incredible straining often puts or changes the way the brain works
(Dumbleton, 2005). Emotional stress affects the reproductive systems in both male and female in
different ways. Stress can be acute or chronic. Acute stress is a stress which is still in anatomical or
microscopic level. Stress that affects reproductive system in microscopic level makes the body's
normal instantaneous response to situations that are challenging, this is a short–term stress.
However, chronic or long–term stress can be as a result of too much stress that has extended in a
period of time. At the microscopic level, emotional stress is paramount for the body's chemical
response by providing strength and stamina. However, it is compounded by sustained periods of
unresolved stress at the physiological level; the state worsens to become almost permanently
established. This makes changes to rapidly take place within the reproductive system of both male
and female causing an irregular menstrual cycles or frigidity in women and stress during the
pregnancy period; this can result in the baby to become prone to asthma as well as, other allergies,
while lowers the sperm count or impotence in men. In microscopic level, the emotional stress affects
the reproductive system of

Essay On Stress And Stress
Stress and anxiety in the average college student. Selye (1936) defined stress as "the non–specific
response of the body to any demand for change" (The American Institute of Stress, 2017). Stress can
lead to feelings of anxiety. Anxiety is a normal part of life, but can be considered a type of worry or
fear that can inhibit everyday life. College students show higher stress/anxiety than average
individuals. Major sources of stress are from new responsibilities, campus living, money issues, and
classwork (Ross, Niebling, & Heckert, 1999). There have been a number of studies circled around
how stress can affect college students. Females and males show differences in anxiety/stress in
college. (Misra and McKean (2000)) found that females ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is not many who would say college isn't without its high amount of stress. There are more
responsibilities that many do not have a clue as to how to handle. The level of learning is much
higher therefore more challenging. There are other factors such as scholarships based on academic
performance or athletic performances. Which has lots of inner implications to go along with it.
There is the housing issue. The particular college I studied has dorm rooms with adjoining restrooms
and less than 300 square feet for around $1000 a month. This coupled with lots of other people
invading your space makes for stressful times.
Stress can be broken down into 4 main categories: Chronic adjective: being long–lasting and
recurrent or characterized by long suffering ("Chronic indigestion") adjective: having a habit of long
standing ("A chronic smoker")
Acute
having or experiencing a rapid onset and short but severe course ("Acute appendicitis") adjective:
extremely sharp or intense ("Acute pain")
Eustress (Good Stress as in Euphoric Stress) stress that is deemed healthful or giving one the feeling
of fulfillment the optimal state of stress to be the most productive
Distress (Bad Stress or Destructive Stress) great pain, anxiety, or sorrow; acute physical or mental
suffering; affliction; trouble. a state of extreme necessity or misfortune (2009 to 2017 by Panacea
Research).
There would be numerous studies to conduct with

Acute Operative Surgery And Surgical Stress Responses
Answer 1.
Understanding contraindications with post–operative surgery and surgical stress responses in
patients with pre–existing diseases or conditions, is the key pathogenic factor to understand. Post–
Surgical stress responses include: Pain, Nausea, Hypoxemia, Muscle loss, Immobilisation and Sleep
disturbance etc. Increase on the demand of organ functions and activation of other biological
responses in the body, is the result of post–operative surgical stress. These changes due to stress on
body functions are believed to be induced by endocrine metabolism and activation of several other
biological systems in our body. Although these changes are important for survival, if left prolonged,
they may give rise to loss of body cell mass and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This likely explains why his BSL was 17 on admission which is clearly above the normal range.
This is contributed to, by activation of the sympathetic nervous system (flight or fight response to
stimulate glycogen release from liver) and also cortisol release from the adrenal gland which has
effects primarily at the glucocorticoid receptors.
Hyperglycaemia results physiologically in glycosuria (exceeds the tubular maximum for
reabsorption at the proximal tubule) which leads to polyuria and subsequent polydipsia.
Hyperglycaemia is not optimal peri–operatively because of the risk of infection and poor wound
healing (Nickolas, Leonard, & Shane, 2008). Subsequent polyuria results in dehydration which is
also not ideal in someone who is already likely dehydrated from fluid losses and blood loss from the
lower limb fracture. Hence the need for IV fluid replacement is important.
In regards to the effect of the tibial fibula fracture on his co–morbid hypertension, the fracture would
obviously cause intense pain due to its open nature and breach of periosteal bone. Subsequent pain
results in sympathetic drive with tachycardia through adrenaline and nor–adrenaline's effects on
alpha and beta receptors on the myocardium as well as arterioles resulting in vasoconstriction.
Activation of alpha and beta receptors acts as a stimulant (Oroko, Wadia, Farrell,

The Effects Of Stress On The Development Of Depression
As a class the mean for life events stressors was about 323.5 which is very hazardous because
previous research suggested that people that scored above 300 on the life events stressors survey are
associated with greater risk of infectious diseases such as flu and other stress related psychological
symptoms like anxiety. Also one other thing that grabbed my attention was that my scores compared
to the class average were high. As we all know stress is a body 's method of reacting to a challenge.
According to the stressful event, the body 's way to respond to stress is by sympathetic nervous
system activation which results in the fight or flight response. Stress is known to be one of the major
causal factors of depression. Large stressors in life, such as divorce or death in the family, are all
known to be related to the development of depression in people. Such traumatic or sudden events
can place severe stress on a person that can lead to problems such as depression. College requires
significantly more effort from students than high school. Once you enroll in a college you will
probably find many students are more motivated, your instructors are more demanding, the work is
more difficult, and you are expected to be more independent. These higher academic standards and
expectations are even more obvious in graduate school. As a result of these new demands, it is
common for college students to experience greater levels of stress related to academics. Many
students find that

The Effects Of Psoriasis On The Development And...
Stress as an Influencing Factor in Psoriasis,
Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease with an approximate 2–3% prevalence in the
general population. The etiology of psoriasis is not fully understood, but it appears to be
multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental influences. Among these factors, emotional
stress is considered to play an important role in the onset and exacerbation of psoriasis.
Emotional stress may influence the development and exacerbation of psoriasis. The proportion of
psoriasis patients who believe stress affects their skin condition (i.e., "stress responders") is
considerably high, ranging from 37% to 78%. Stress may worsen psoriasis severity and may even
lengthen the time to disease clearance. Dysregulation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal and
sympathetic adreno–medullary systems has been proposed as one possible underlying cause of
stress–induced flares of psoriasis. While stress may be an exacerbating factor, psoriasis itself may
contribute to significant adverse psychological sequelae. Breaking this stress cycle may be an
important part of any therapeutic approach. Thus, stress reduction through psychotherapy and
pharmacotherapy may be useful in treating psoriasis patients who are stress responders.
Significance of Stress in psoriasis,
Researchers examined 132 psoriasis patients whose psoriasis had completely cleared with anthralin
therapy and were followed over 3 years. Fifty–one patients (39%) recalled specific

Sympathetic Nervous System Experiment
The effect of physical activity
Aim:
To investigate how the cardiovascular system responds to different levels of physical activity.
Hypothesis: When you increases the amount of exercise your heart rate will increases. List of
equipment's: monitor for blood pressure,bench for step ups,trainers and paper, pens to record the
data.
Method:
A 20 bench should be used for men, and a16–inch bench for women. Step up to and down from
bench at the rate of 30 steps per minute(every two seconds) for 5 minutes or until exhaustion .The
same foot must start the step ups each time, and an errect posture must be assumed. Pulse rate is
measured every 3 minutes after the test.
Take your resting heart rate then record the data.
Do activity for one minute.
Record your heart rate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are not obviously visible so you, along with others, should find that you are not aware of it on
a daily.
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which also
includes the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
The sympathetic nervous system activates what is often termed the fight or flight response. Like
other parts of the nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system operates through a series of
interconnected neurons.
The parasympathetic and sympathetic components of the ANS control the involuntary body
functions via the distribution of nerve fibres to the various organs and glands, whereas the enteric
nervous system is involved primarily with the internal regulation of the gustatory processes. The
sensory nervous system is involved in generating messages of pain and other sensory modalities into
the central nervous system to alert the brain of changes or challenges from the outside environment
and to set the stage for the body's response to these

Faat Kin And Jean Relationship
In Faat Kine, Kine is a Muslim and Jean is a Christian. Sembene mainly conveys a sense of tension
through the relationship of Kine and Jean. In the beginning of the film, Jean was flirting with Kine
at the gas station. They were both single and shared affection with each other. However, they didn't
continue develop their relationship due to religion. Later on in the film, Aby and Djip intended to
find a husband for Kine so they were discussing about the potential candidates. Djip said Jean would
be a good fit and Aby replied that Jean and his family are Catholics. Then when Djip and Aby went
to Jean's office and informed him about their thought. Jean thought it was a crazy idea and said Kine
is a Muslim and he is a Christian. It shows a very

Definition Essay: The Effects Of Stress On Everyday Life
Millions of Americans suffer from stress each year. In fact, three out of four people experience stress
twice a month.1 Countless surveys have been completed trying to figure out what is effecting
people's daily lives, and one thing can be agreed upon; stress effects every person differently. It can
cause mild to severe mental, physical, and behavioral problems and impact a person's life more than
they realize. Despite this, stress has effectively reinforced human survival because of its specific
characteristics that cause alertness and enhance bodily functions. Overall, even though stress effects
people very differently, it is highly detrimental if not treated once it begins.
Stress is the body's way of responding to any kind of demand. "It ... Show more content on
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It can cause emotional imbalance, physical ailments, and unlikely behavior. Once stress has built up,
it is difficult to get rid of quickly, so it is best to manage stress every day. Noticing the stressors that
trigger bad responses and dealing with them at the root is the best way to go. Applying the three
important activities, exercise, sleep and meditation, are also key in keeping a healthy mind and
body. It is important to remember not all stress is bad stress and one will never escape the stressors
of life completely. However, even though stress effects people very differently, it is highly
detrimental if not treated once it

Jane Cannon Summary
Stress is an ambivalent concept. It applies to many different phenomena and eludes precise meaning.
Stress may have different meanings for each individual, and even scientists have widely varying
definitions of it. For example, Selye (1973) specify "stress as a functions of elevated corticosteroid
levels and uses the term to refer to the effects of any agent to that threatens stability of the
organisms". Cannon (1935) used the term stability to deal with to the "process of keeping internal
balance in the face of environmental change". Cannon argued that human beings can responds to
deviations from normal conditions by invoking behavioral changes, thus modify metabolic and other
bodily processes to re–achieve optimal conditions. Selye introduced

Parasympathetic And Sympathetic Nervous System Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Within vertebrates, heart rate is established by the sinoatrial (SA) node of the heart. This is achieved
through a series of action potentials which drives excitation of cardiac muscles and establishes a
rhythmic pace (Fritz et al., 2011). However, there are numerous factors that can affect the SA nodes
impact on heart rate, which are primarily related to the autonomic nervous system.
The autonomic nervous system is responsible for the regulation of involuntary functions, and is
broken up into the parasympathetic (PSNS) and sympathetic nervous systems (SNS). The SNS is
most commonly referred to as an organism's 'fight or flight' response, in which its activation is
generally in response to stress, and results in a preparation

Fight Or Flight Theory
There are three different theories that are used when talking about how we react to stress through the
physiological aspect or the psychological aspect. The first is part of the physiological aspect of
stress called the Cannon Fight or Flight theory which was proposed in 1914. Fight or Flight
response is a physiological stress response that evolved to help organisms to survive immediate
danger. The theory states that when an organism, human being or animal, faces imminent danger
(acute stressor) the body arouses quickly and is ready to act via two different systems. They are the
sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. The sympathetic nervous system stimulates
the adrenal medulla which is part of the endocrine system and is the region that produces the
hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones increase heart rate, blood flow, and
glucose levels to prepare the body for an emergency. This response from the body suggests that the
body knows how to protect itself and reach homeostasis. These two systems work together to either
fight against the danger or flight away from the danger. Lord, King and Pfister in 1976 studied the
Fight or Flight response in animals through a very unethical study. They administered chemicals on
male hooded Wistar rats which inhibited the neurotransmitters from functioning normally. This
made it very difficult for the rats to escape an electric shock. The results of the study suggest that the
Flight or Fight response

Essay on A Comparison between Billy Liar and Shirley...
A Comparison between Billy Liar and Shirley Valentine
I have just been studying Billy Liar and performing it as part of my mock scripted drama GCSE, and
have been asked to compare this theatre script to the film script of Shirley Valentine. I have already
given the first difference between these two scripts; one is a theatre script and the other is designed
specifically for the big screen.
Billy Liar was originally a novel written by Keith Waterhouse, who with the help of Willis Hall
made it into a theatre script in the
1960's. Billy is an imaginative youth who is fighting to get out of his complacent, cliché–ridden
background. He was born and brought up in a town in Yorkshire and lives with his father, Geoffrey,
mother, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shirley leaves without informing Joe and leaves him to fend for himself for two weeks. On the plane
Jane meets a man and goes off with him leaving Shirley on her own. Slowly
Shirley rediscovers herself and meets a bar owner called Costas who she has an affair with. By the
end of the two weeks Shirley does not want to leave and makes the decision to stay behind in
Greece and get a job. Joe on the other hand wants her back but she refuses, and in the last scene of
the play we see that Joe makes the effort and goes out to Greece to win Shirley back.
Because both scripts are designed for different purposes the dialogue in each one is very different. In
Billy Liar the dialogue is quite lengthy and quite adult, proper and formal in the way it is
constructed. This would be down to the time at which it was written.
In the 1960's the Lord Chancellor was very tough on censorship. Any swearing or even slightly
risqué images were changed or censored completely. The strongest word used within the play is
probably
'bloody' which Geoffrey says a lot and even this, is a bit 'close to the bone'. Whereas when Shirley
Valentine was written there was not such a strong censorship law. In Shirley Valentine there is a lot
of risqué language and many sexual innuendoes. The dialogue is a also very brief, there is no need
for such long and perfectly formed
sentences

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