Discussion Question: Comparison of Theories on Anxiety Disorders There are numerous theories that attempt to explain the development and manifestation of psychological disorders. Some researchers hold that certain disorders result from learned behaviors (behavioral theory), while other researchers believe that there is a genetic or biological basis to psychological disorders (medical model), while still others hold that psychological disorders stem from unresolved unconscious conflict (psychoanalytic theory). How would each of these theoretical viewpoints explain anxiety disorders? Does one explain the development and manifestation of anxiety disorders better than the others? 200- 400 words please Three min resources with in text citations and examples you can use the following as a module reference cite as university 2014 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, specific phobias, and social anxiety disorder feature a heightened autonomic nervous system response that is above and beyond what would be considered normal when faced with the object or situation that the person reacts to. For example, a person with a specific phobia of spiders (called arachnophobia) experiences a heightened autonomic response when confronted with a spider (or even an image of a spider). This anxiety response must result in significant distress or impairment. In general, anxiety disorders have been linked to underactive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, resulting in overexcitability of the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex. Additionally, genetic research shows that anxiety disorders demonstrate a clear pattern of genetic predisposition Charles Darwin's Perspective We talked about Charles Darwin when discussing evolution and natural selection. Darwin was also very interested in emotions. One of his books published in 1872,The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, was devoted to this topic. Darwin believed that emotions play an important role in the survival of the species and result from evolutionary processes in the same way as other behaviors and psychological functions. Darwin's writing on this topic also prompted psychologists to study animal behavior as a way to better understand human behavior. James–Lange Theory of Emotions Modern theories of emotion can be traced to William James and Carl Lange (Pinel, 2011). William James was a renowned Harvard psychologist who is sometimes called the father of American psychology. Carl Lange was a Danish physician. James and Lange formulated the same theory of emotions independently at about the same time (1884). As a result, it is called the James–Lange theory of emotions. This theory reversed the commonsensical notion that emotions are automatic responses to events around us. Instead, it proposes that emotions are the brain's interpretation of physiological responses to emotionally provocative stimuli. Cannon–Bard Theory of Emotions In 1915, Harvard physiologist Walt.

1. Discussion Question:
Comparison of Theories on Anxiety Disorders
There are numerous theories that attempt to explain the
development and manifestation of psychological disorders.
Some researchers hold that certain disorders result from learned
behaviors (behavioral theory), while other researchers believe
that there is a genetic or biological basis to psychological
disorders (medical model), while still others hold that
psychological disorders stem from unresolved unconscious
conflict (psychoanalytic theory). How would each of these
theoretical viewpoints explain anxiety disorders? Does one
explain the development and manifestation of anxiety disorders
better than the others?
200- 400 words please
Three min resources with
in text citations and examples
you can use the following as a module reference
cite as university 2014
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, specific phobias, and
social anxiety disorder feature a heightened autonomic nervous
system response that is above and beyond what would be
considered normal when faced with the object or situation that
the person reacts to. For example, a person with a specific
phobia of spiders (called arachnophobia) experiences a
heightened autonomic response when confronted with a spider
(or even an image of a spider). This anxiety response must
result in significant distress or impairment. In general, anxiety
disorders have been linked to underactive gamma-aminobutyric
acid (GABA) in the brain, resulting in overexcitability of the
amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex. Additionally,
genetic research shows that anxiety disorders demonstrate a

2. clear pattern of genetic predisposition
Charles Darwin's Perspective
We talked about Charles Darwin when discussing evolution and
natural selection. Darwin was also very interested in emotions.
One of his books published in 1872,The Expression of Emotions
in Man and Animals, was devoted to this topic.
Darwin believed that emotions play an important role in the
survival of the species and result from evolutionary processes in
the same way as other behaviors and psychological functions.
Darwin's writing on this topic also prompted psychologists to
study animal behavior as a way to better understand human
behavior.
James–Lange Theory of Emotions
Modern theories of emotion can be traced to William James and
Carl Lange (Pinel, 2011). William James was a renowned
Harvard psychologist who is sometimes called the father of
American psychology. Carl Lange was a Danish physician.
James and Lange formulated the same theory of emotions
independently at about the same time (1884). As a result, it is
called the James–Lange theory of emotions. This theory
reversed the commonsensical notion that emotions are automatic
responses to events around us. Instead, it proposes that
emotions are the brain's interpretation of physiological
responses to emotionally provocative stimuli.
Cannon–Bard Theory of Emotions
In 1915, Harvard physiologist Walter B. Cannon argued for an
alternative theory of emotionality, in which the experience of
emotions and the triggering of physiological effects occur at the
same time. Phillip Bard later elaborated this theory, which was
then called the Cannon–Bard theory of emotions.
Modern Biopsychological Theory of Emotions
Because neither the James–Lange theory nor the Cannon–Bard
theory fully explained all emotional situations, the modern
biopsychological theory of emotions was developed. This theory
proposes that all three factors (perception of emotionally
provocative stimuli, physiological effects, and experience of

3. emotion) are capable of influencing each other, in both
directions. In other words, the perception of the stimulus can
influence the physiological reaction and the emotional
experience, the emotional experience can also influence the
physiological reaction and the perception of the stimulus, and
the physiological reaction can influence the emotional
experience and the perception of the stimulus.
The exact way that the brain processes various emotions is not
fully understood although the amygdala seems to be an
important structure, especially in relation to fearful responses.
The amygdala is a structure located in the interior of temporal
lobes.
Hans Selye's Perspective on Stress
The concept that emotions can affect health is commonly
presented in the popular media. Hans Selye was an important
contributor to this point of view. Selye proposed the concept of
the general adaptation syndrome to account for the effect of
stress on the body.
Effect of Stress on Health
Stress can also affect our body negatively. When we are
continually bombarded by stress, our body might suffer the
effects. Stress hormones increase blood pressure and have
various other effects on the body that might not be adaptive
over long periods. However, the exact mechanism of this
process is still being researched
Major Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder is characterized by a lowering of

4. mood, energy, and activity that results in significant distress or
impairment in life. There is much research focusing on
imbalances in the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine,
norepinephrine, and serotonin) in people suffering from
depressive disorders. There seems to be significant evidence
that there are genetic factors that contribute to the development
of depressive disorders. In the brain, the amygdala and the
anterior cingulate cortex show structural and functional
abnormalities in people with depression.
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is characterized by an extremely elevated mood
with increases in activity and energy (manic phase) followed by
an equally low mood with decreases in activity and energy
(depressive phase), resulting in significant distress or
impairment. Typically, in people with bipolar disorder, the
higher their manic phase, the lower the successive depressive
phase will be. Similar to major depressive disorder, bipolar
disorder seems to have genetic factors that contribute to its
development, possibly disrupting the normal functioning of the
monoamine neurotransmitters.
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive compulsive disorder is characterized by repetitive
thoughts and behaviors that result in significant distress or
impairment in life. Common obsession and compulsion pairings
include contamination/washing, harm/checking, and
perfectionism/ordering and hoarding. There is much research
demonstrating the genetic inheritance of obsessive–compulsive
disorder. While early research showed that dopamine and
serotonin are involved in obsessive–compulsive disorder, recent
research suggests that glutamate may also play an important
role in the disorder. Obsessive–compulsive disorder seems to be

5. mediated by overactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex.
In the video, “It's Not Me, It's My O.C.D.,” you hear some
actual clients discuss their symptoms and the effects that
obsessive–compulsive disorder has on their lives. Pay attention
to the neurological research and how that research is being used
to help treat people with obsessive–compulsive disorder.
Assignments
Equilateral Triangle
• Write a program to generate an ASCII-graphics
of an equilateral triangle. The input to your
program is a single integer number
representing the length of the side of the
triangle. This number must be 2 or larger.
Example
• Welcome to the equilateral triangle drawing
program.
Enter the length of the side: 4
Draw:
* * * *
* * *
* *
*

6. Simple Text Formatter
• Write a simple text formatter. Your program
will read ONE line of text and print it out in
ONE OR MORE lines.
• The text on the output line(s) should be
formatted over a user-specified line WIDTH.
There are three possible formatted output for
an input line. These are the LEFT-JUSTIFIED,
RIGHT-JUSTIFIED, and CENTERED versions.
Eight Queen Problem
• Write a program that allows the user to
interactively place 8 queen pieces on a
chessboard.