- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has developed two designs for LNG-FPSOs (floating production, storage, and offloading units): a spherical tank type intended for medium-small fields and an independent prismatic tank type B for large fields. - The spherical tank type features spherical LNG storage tanks that provide safety against sloshing, high reliability due to their simple structure, and economic construction. The LNG production plant is located separately from the tanks. - The independent prismatic tank type B utilizes MHI's analysis methods to achieve a highly reliable independent prismatic tank structure and received approval from classification societies.

1. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 47 No. 3 (September 2010)
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*1 Manager, Ship & Ocean Engineering Department, Shipbuilding & Ocean Development Headquarters
*2 Ship & Ocean Engineering Department, Shipbuilding & Ocean Development Headquarters
Design Concept and Features of the Mitsubishi LNG-FPSO
(Floating Production, Storage and Offloading Unit)
YOSHIKAZU FUJINO*1
AKIRA ZAITSU*1
YASUHIKO HINATA*2
HIROTOMO OTSUKA*1
In recent years, floating production, storage and offloading units (LNG-FPSOs) have been
attracting considerable attention. LNG-FPSOs can produce, store and offload liquefied natural gas
(LNG) offshore and can be moved. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) has developed an
economical and reliable LNG-FPSO that features spherical LNG storage tanks and is intended for
medium- and small-scale gas fields. The LNG-FPSO was developed based on our solid
performance in the construction of liquefied gas carriers and oil FSOs/FPSOs. MHI cooperates
with BW Offshore Ltd., one of the world's leading FPSO contractors, to make attractive proposals
for spherical tank-type LNG-FPSOs in the global market. MHI has also developed independent
prismatic tank type B, which is MHI’s own design and is intended for large-scale gas fields. We
can provide optimal LNG-FPSOs utilizing either of the tank systems responding to various
customer needs.
|1. Introduction
Generally, liquefied natural gas (LNG) has been produced in onshore liquefaction terminals
from the gas supplied from onshore gas fields or large-scale offshore gas fields that were not very
far from the coast. However, the development of these gas fields has nearly been saturated.
Large-scale offshore gas fields that are far from the coast, as well as undeveloped medium- and
small-scale gas fields, have begun to attract attention in recent years. In line with the active
development of these “stranded gas fields,” which have been confirmed to exist but have yet to be
developed, liquefied natural gas floating production, storage and offloading units (LNG-FPSOs)
have become attractive. FPSOs are floating units equipped with facilities for the production,
storage and offloading of oil and gas. FPSOs for oil have been constructed and delivered by several
companies, including MHI, because they have the advantage of being able to move to other oil
fields for reuse when the target fields dry up. However, FPSOs for LNG are still in the planning
stages. MHI has developed a reliable and economical LNG-FPSO based on our solid performance
in the construction of liquefied natural and petroleum gas carriers (LNG/LPG carriers) and oil
FSOs/FPSOs. The design concept and features of the LNG-FPSO are explained below.
|2. Design Concept of the Mitsubishi spherical tank type LNG-FPSO
2.1 Tank system
The tank systems incorporated in LNG carriers are compared in Table 1. LNG-FPSOs,
unlike conventional LNG carriers, have to continue offshore production, storage and offloading of
LNG without periodic inspections and repairs in dry docks. Therefore, LNG storage tanks must
have a higher level of reliability than LNG carriers. If the LNG storage tank is damaged, the
production of LNG may have to be stopped to repair the tank, resulting in a significant loss.
Furthermore, in an LNG-FPSO, LNG produced by the production plant on the hull is continuously
stored in the tanks, so the LNG levels in the storage tanks constantly change. This means that
unlike LNG carriers, the LNG levels in the tanks remain intermediate for a long time. In addition,
an LNG-FPSO floats on the ocean surface and is affected by the motion of the waves. The tank
walls are subjected to impact pressure attributable to sloshing (periodic rolling of the LNG surface

2. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 47 No. 3 (September 2010)
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caused by hull motion) of the stored LNG, which may cause damage to the tanks. For this reason,
the LNG storage tank has to remain free from damage caused by sloshing, regardless of the LNG
level. Therefore, MHI considers either a spherical tank system or an independent prismatic tank
system as a candidate for LNG storage tank systems. In LNG-FPSOs intended for medium- and
small-scale gas fields, spherical tanks should be used because they can provide enough area for
medium- and small-scale LNG production plants as described in Section 2.2 and also because they
are economical due to their low construction costs. In addition, their safety and reliability have
already been proved by the number of spherical tank-type LNG carriers. Independent prismatic
tank systems will be used for large-scale gas fields, as described in Section 4.
Table 1 Comparison of tank systems for LNG carriers
Sphere Membrane (NO96)
Independent prismatic tank
type B
Tank shape
LNG filling level
Not restricted
(no sloshing problem)
Restricted
(sloshing problem)
Not restricted
(no sloshing problem)
Installation area of
LNG production plant
Fore or aft of LNG storage
tank
Above LNG storage tank Above LNG storage tank
Tank construction cost
(comparison in MHI
case)
Low Slightly high High
2.2 Layout
An example of the layout of a spherical tank type LNG-FPSO developed by MHI is shown in
Figure 1. In the figure, the equipment is laid out as follows, from fore to aft. The reverse layout has
already been developed as an option.
(1) External turret for single point mooring
(2) Flare stack
(3) LNG production plant (on the upper deck)
(4) Condensate tank (in the hull)
(5) Utility equipment room (in the hull)
(6) LNG storage tank
(7) Accommodation with a helicopter deck
Figure 1 Layout of a spherical tank type LNG-FPSO

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LNG-FPSOs produce LNG from natural gas extracted from gas fields and therefore, the units
are equipped with LNG production plants. An LNG production plant is generally composed of
pre-treatment units that remove impurities such as acid gas, moisture and mercury from the natural
gas and liquefaction units that liquefy the natural gas after pre-treatment. Therefore, an area to
install the plant is needed on the hull. This area was created on the upper deck by extending the hull
with a flat upper deck, as shown in the layout drawing. A complete production plant can be
installed on the hull without the need to install any part of the plant on land or on a separate hull.
The internal space of the extended hull is used efficiently by providing storage tanks for
condensates that are contained in the natural gas (or LPG tanks), as well as a utility equipment
room for producing and supplying the utilities such as steam, electric power and cooling water, etc.,
needed for the production plant. In addition, the area for installing the LNG production plant was
expanded by reducing the number of LNG storage tanks, which was realized by increasing the
diameter of the tanks compared with those used on conventional LNG carriers.
Ballast tanks, which are properly divided and arranged at appropriate locations around the
hull, adjust the trim and draught of the hull, responding to changes in the LNG/condensate storage
amounts so that the hull remains horizontal and within the movable range of the offloading
equipment.
2.3 Main specifications
Examples of the main specifications of a spherical tank type LNG-FPSO are shown in
Table 2. If a wider area is required to install the LNG production plant, the hull can be extended
further.
Table 2 Main specifications of the spherical tank type LNG-FPSO (example)
LNG storage tank capacity (-163°C, 100%) 180,000 m3
/3 tanks
LNG production capacity 2 million tons/year
Area for installing the LNG production plants Approx. 10,000 m2
(Approx. 170 m L  60 m W)
Condensate storage tank capacity 100,000 m3
/3 tanks
Hull length  hull width 390 m  60 m
Complement 160
2.4 Class approval
We conducted a risk assessment of the basic design of the spherical tank type LNG-FPSO
with Lloyd’s Register of Shipping (LRS) of the UK and obtained an approval in principle (AIP),
which means the basic design (including the safety features) is appropriate (Figure 2).
Figure 2 AIP certificate issued by LRS for the spherical tank type LNG-FPSO

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|3. Features of the Mitsubishi spherical tank type LNG-FPSO
The features of the Mitsubishi spherical tank type LNG-FPSO are as follows.
3.1 Safety and reliability
(1) Spherical tanks have extremely high levels of safety and reliability in terms of sloshing,
structural analysis and quality control, which is attributable to the simple shape and
structure, as well as the welding configuration. Their safety and reliability have been proved
by the service performance of the spherical tanks that have been used in a number of LNG
carriers for many years (Table 3).
(2) As the LNG production plant is located separately from the LNG storage tanks (not located
above the LNG tanks):
- the shape and structure of the supports for the LNG production plant installed on the deck
are not restricted by the LNG storage tanks, realizing a more reliable and simple support
structure
- the LNG tanks are free from the risk of damage caused by dropped objects from cranes,
for example, during maintenance of the LNG production plant.
(3) Since the LNG production plant is located far from the living quarters, crews can be assured
of a safe and low-noise environment.
Table 3 Reliability of spherical tanks
Sloshing Accuracy of structural analysis Quality control
The impact pressure generated by
sloshing does not affect the tank
wall because it is spherical.
The structure is simple, allowing
accurate structural analysis.
Reliable quality control is realized
by full-penetration butt welding and
non-destructive (ultrasonic) testing
covering 100% of the welding
beads.
3.2 Economy and short construction period
(1) By positioning the utility equipment room directly under the LNG production plant, pipes
and wires connecting the two are shortened and the power used to supply utilities (electric
power, steam and cooling water, etc.) to the LNG production plant is minimized.
(2) In spherical tanks, heat ingress into the tanks can be reduced by increasing the thickness of
the insulation materials provided on the outer surface of the tanks, so regasification of the
LNG inside the tanks can be reduced.
(3) Due to the fact that the LNG production plant is installed separately from the LNG storage
tanks, installation and integration of the LNG production plant can be done in parallel with
insulation and outfitting of the LNG storage tanks after the hull structure is completed (after
launch). Therefore, the construction period can be shortened compared with the case where
the LNG production plant is installed and integrated after completing the LNG storage tanks
(Figure 3).
(4) The production cost of spherical tanks is low due to the lighter tank weight and shorter
welding length.
(5) Requires fewer LNG storage tanks and related LNG discharging systems, etc.
As explained above, the Mitsubishi spherical tank type LNG-FPSO is superior in terms of
safety, reliability and economy.

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Figure 3 Construction period reduction by the spherical tank type LNG-FPSO
|4. Mitsubishi Independent Prismatic Tank Type B
4.1 Outline
In addition to the above spherical tank type LNG-FPSO, which is intended for medium- and
small-scale gas fields, we have also developed the independent prismatic LNG tank type B, which
is MHI’s own design to provide optimal LNG-FPSOs for large-scale gas fields in response to
various customer needs (Figure 4).
Figure 4 Mitsubishi independent prismatic tank type B
example (two rows)
The basic requirements for the LNG independent prismatic tank type B are summarized as
follows.
(1) It must be an independent (self-supporting) tank and must be designed using refined
analysis methods with precisely calculated stress levels, fatigue life and crack propagation
characteristics.
(2) It must be constructed with thermal insulation that leads LNG leaking from the tank to the
partial secondary barrier.
(3) It must be made of materials appropriate for LNG.
With respect to (1), a highly reliable tank was designed by utilizing the extensive knowledge
and experience accumulated through the construction of many of LPG carriers that have similar
prismatic tanks (type A) and by introducing the “direct loading analysis method” (MHI-DILAM,
developed by MHI) to enable a precise load and structural response prediction. When the size of
the hull is larger, it is important to consider the effects of the interaction between the independent
tank and the hull; their complicated behaviors can be precisely simulated using MHI-DILAM
(Figure 5).

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Figure 5 Reaction-force analysis of the independent prismatic tank
With respect to (2) and (3), a reliable and economical tank was designed based on the
findings and experience accumulated through the construction of LNG carriers incorporating
spherical tanks (type B), which share similar thermal insulation construction and materials with the
newly developed tanks.
4.2 Class approval
MHI's independent prismatic tank type B obtained approval in principle (AIP) as an
International Maritime Organization (IMO) type B tank from the American Bureau of Shipping
(ABS), Lloyd’s Register of Shipping (LRS) and the Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (NK) (Figure 6).
Figure 6 AIP Certificate for the independent prismatic tank type B obtained
from ABS/LRS/NK
|5. Conclusion
We developed our own LNG-FPSO by taking the feedback from our customers and partner,
BW Offshore Ltd., into account. We believe that our LNG-FPSOs will satisfy customer needs for
all small-, medium- and large-scale gas fields in terms of reliability, safety and economy. We will
now start to design and construct actual LNG-FPSOs based on the above research.