Chapter 6 the periodic table

Chapter 6 “The Periodic Table” Pre-AP Chemistry Charles Page High School Stephen L. Cotton

Section 6.1 Organizing the Elements ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 6.1 Organizing the Elements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Mendeleev ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

A better arrangement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Another possibility: Spiral Periodic Table

The Periodic Law says: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Areas of the periodic table ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Areas of the periodic table ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 6.2 Classifying the Elements ,[object Object],[object Object]

Squares in the Periodic Table ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Groups of elements - family names ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Electron Configurations in Groups ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Let’s now take a closer look at these.

Electron Configurations in Groups ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Electron Configurations in Groups ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A

[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],H

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Do you notice any similarity in these configurations of the alkali metals? H 1 Li 3 Na 11 K 19 Rb 37 Cs 55 Fr 87

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],He 2 Ne 10 Ar 18 Kr 36 Xe 54 Rn 86 Do you notice any similarity in the configurations of the noble gases?

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Elements in the s - blocks s 2 s 1 He

Transition Metals - d block d 1 d 2 d 3 s 1 d 5 d 5 d 6 d 7 d 8 s 1 d 10 d 10 Note the change in configuration.

The P-block p 1 p 2 p 3 p 4 p 5 p 6

F - block ,[object Object],f 1 f 5 f 2 f 3 f 4 f 6 f 7 f 8 f 9 f 10 f 11 f 12 f 14 f 13

[object Object],1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Period Number

[object Object],1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3d 4d 5d

[object Object],1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4f 5f

Section 6.3 Periodic Trends ,[object Object],[object Object]

Trends in Atomic Size ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Atomic Size ,[object Object],} Radius

ALL Periodic Table Trends ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],( blocking effect?)

What do they influence? ,[object Object],[object Object]

#1. Atomic Size - Group trends ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],H Li Na K Rb

#1. Atomic Size - Period Trends ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Atomic Number Atomic Radius (pm) H Li Ne Ar 10 Na K Kr 3 Period 2 Rb

Ions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

#2. Trends in Ionization Energy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ionization Energy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Symbol First Second Third HHeLiBeBCNO F Ne 1312 2731 520 900 800 1086 1402 1314 1681 2080 5247 7297 1757 2430 2352 2857 3391 3375 3963 11810 14840 3569 4619 4577 5301 6045 6276 Table 6.1, p. 173

Symbol First Second Third HHeLiBeBCNO F Ne 1312 2731 520 900 800 1086 1402 1314 1681 2080 5247 7297 1757 2430 2352 2857 3391 3375 3963 11810 14840 3569 4619 4577 5301 6045 6276 Why did these values increase so much ?

What factors determine IE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Shielding ,[object Object],[object Object]

Ionization Energy - Group trends ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ionization Energy - Period trends ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],First Ionization energy Atomic number He H

First Ionization energy Atomic number H He ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Li

First Ionization energy Atomic number H He ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Li Be

First Ionization energy Atomic number H He ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Li Be B

First Ionization energy Atomic number H He Li Be B C

First Ionization energy Atomic number H He Li Be B C N

[object Object],First Ionization energy Atomic number H He Li Be B C N O

First Ionization energy Atomic number H He Li Be B C N O F

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],First Ionization energy Atomic number H He Li Be B C N O F Ne

First Ionization energy Atomic number H He Li Be B C N O F Ne ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Na

First Ionization energy Atomic number

Driving Forces ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

2nd Ionization Energy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

3rd IE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Trends in Ionic Size: Cations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ionic size: Anions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Configuration of Ions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Configuration of Ions ,[object Object],[object Object]

Ion Group trends ,[object Object],[object Object],Li 1+ Na 1+ K 1+ Rb 1+ Cs 1+

Ion Period Trends ,[object Object],[object Object],Li 1+ Be 2+ B 3+ C 4+ N 3- O 2- F 1-

Size of Isoelectronic ions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Size of Isoelectronic ions? ,[object Object],Al 3+ Mg 2+ Na 1+ Ne F 1- O 2- N 3- 13 12 11 10 9 8 7

#3. Trends in Electronegativity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Electronegativity Group Trend ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Electronegativity Period Trend ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The arrows indicate the trend: Ionization energy and Electronegativity INCREASE in these directions

Atomic size and Ionic size increase in these directions:

Summary Chart of the trends: Figure 6.22, p.178 End of Chapter 6

Chapter 6 the periodic table

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Chapter 6 the periodic table