PHL 339: History and Philosophy of Science Winter 2018 Essay #2 Prompts Due Monday, March 5 Write a 3 to 4 page, double-spaced typed, critical essay on any one question. Consult at least five other sources including our course textbook, and list all sources on a separate page. Formatting guidelines for writing assignment: The following applies to all written assignments:  Use APA, MLA, or Chicago writing standards to cite sources; include a reference page at the end.  Essay must be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. Use a clear font that is highly readable. I recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/  Include headers with your last name and page number.  Late assignment: Subtract 5 points for each late day.  Please turn in hardcopies of all written assignments. You can submit an electronic copy via email to avoid late penalty, but you must still bring a hard copy. 1. Using an example, describe the idea of paradigm shift advanced by Thomas Kuhn. Include a brief account of the different stages a theories goes through, according to Kuhn, before a paradigm shift occurs. 2. What does Kuhn mean when he says that theories, following a paradigm shift, are incommensurable? Explain this idea using an example (either the Copernican revolution or the Newtonian/Einsteinian revolution). 3. Write a critical essay describing the differences between the approaches to scientific progress taken by Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn. Include brief accounts of falsification and paradigm shift before analyzing the two approaches. 4. “Our scientific knowledge is fallible, partial and approximate, but usually it is the most reliable means we have for predicting phenomena in the world around us.” Using this description, briefly sketch the debate between scientific realism v anti-realism. Using an example or two, point out some of the key distinctions between the approaches. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ Primary Care Application 1. Performance evaluations are not required, rendering to U.S. Department of work it’s a matter between a manager and his employees. They help in defining value growth and to attain employee growth plan. 2. Managers should receive special training in the use of appraisal system through the following procedure: · Managers should be trained on how to use the presentation appraisal document occasionally, at least four times a year in order to evaluate workers headway. This consolidates workers presentation data in one spot, also suggests an image of the workers achievements and progress all over the year. · Also they should receive a training on providing response towards workers throughout not only in yearly act appraisal. Workers like regular response and this will h.

1. PHL 339: History and Philosophy of Science
Winter 2018
Essay #2 Prompts
Due Monday, March 5
Write a 3 to 4 page, double-spaced typed, critical essay on any
one question. Consult at
least five other sources including our course textbook, and list
all sources on a separate
page.
Formatting guidelines for writing assignment: The following
applies to all written
assignments:
include a reference
page at the end.
-spaced on standard-sized paper
(8.5" x 11") with 1"
margins on all sides. Use a clear font that is highly readable. I
recommends using 12

2. pt. Times New Roman font.
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
ase turn in hardcopies of all written assignments. You can
submit an
electronic copy via email to avoid late penalty, but you must
still bring a hard
copy.
1. Using an example, describe the idea of paradigm shift
advanced by Thomas Kuhn.
Include a brief account of the different stages a theories goes
through, according to Kuhn,
before a paradigm shift occurs.
2. What does Kuhn mean when he says that theories, following
a paradigm shift, are
incommensurable? Explain this idea using an example (either
the Copernican revolution
or the Newtonian/Einsteinian revolution).
3. Write a critical essay describing the differences between the
approaches to scientific

3. progress taken by Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn. Include brief
accounts of falsification
and paradigm shift before analyzing the two approaches.
4. “Our scientific knowledge is fallible, partial and
approximate, but usually it is the most
reliable means we have for predicting phenomena in the world
around us.” Using this
description, briefly sketch the debate between scientific realism
v anti-realism. Using an
example or two, point out some of the key distinctions between
the approaches.
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
Primary Care Application
1. Performance evaluations are not required, rendering to U.S.
Department of work it’s a matter between a manager and his
employees. They help in defining value growth and to attain
employee growth plan.
2. Managers should receive special training in the use of
appraisal system through the following procedure:
· Managers should be trained on how to use the presentation
appraisal document occasionally, at least four times a year in
order to evaluate workers headway. This consolidates workers
presentation data in one spot, also suggests an image of the
workers achievements and progress all over the year.
· Also they should receive a training on providing response
towards workers throughout not only in yearly act appraisal.
Workers like regular response and this will help managers to
solve the issues before they become big.
· They should be taught on how to involve employees in a two-

4. way debate every time their acts is the subject. This helps in
making the discussion progressive, strengthening, and
developmental to the workers.
· Managers should be advised in the use of an employee self-
appraisal preceding to the performance appraisal.
They should be encouraged to trust employees in doing the right
thing. Also to enhance in setting the of the performance goals
which is most important in performance appraisal. Goals should
be set in manner that strengthens the workers skill to strategize
and implement the necessary steps in order to attain the target.
3. How to hold the managers accountable for the proper use of
performance appraisal systems
Educate managers on the importance of workers commitment in
their own job gratification. I will held managers answerable
over metrics also to the informal information, feedback and
statistics including income. In addition I would classify the
business targets, then link engagement plan to the managers.
4. How to determine if a performance appraisal system is
effective or ineffective
By doing research and benchmarking the best practices. One
should study the latest research into performance administration
practices and concentrate with cases of establishments who have
prospered with it. The other step is to be clear with
organization’s target of performance management. It’s most
important to be sure on your organizations target for
performance management. The next point is to create what
achievement should aspect for every target. Once you have
recognized your achievement measures, you should start
collating statistics and evaluating. To discover how your
performance management is effective and to know how to
advance it, you need both qualitative and quantitative data. The
last step is to analyze the results which has a clear indication of
the effectiveness of your performance management processes
and take action in improving it.

5. 5. How to determine the factors used in the evaluation of
employee performance
Basic responsibilities, check your employs contract description
and assess each duty separately.
Time, managers should evaluate the ability of employees to
achieve the task given on time.
Attitude and behavior workers attitude can affect their work.
Check on attendance and punctuality.
Skills, employees should know how to perform their task.
Managers should note if a worker frequently requires assistance
on carrying out his duties due to lack of know how.
6. If the policy and rating instruments are” almost perfect,” the
primary cause of the problems with the employees could be:
Lack of training, if employees lacks know how with his job, this
might lead to workplace problems. Another point is difference
in personalities, diversity is good for a business, but if a
conflicting employee traits has a negative impact on the job this
might lead to disaster.
Overburdening of the worker creates stress and tension to the
employee leading to poor performance. Poor communication is
another aspects which relates with employees who are not well
skilled in communication hence reading to frustration resulting
to poor performance.
7. Given the feedback from the survey, the potential
repercussion of the workplace culture are:
Not all valuations yields useful data and some of the downfalls
are remarkable. In some cases where disaster arises, surveys
themselves can lead to the company’s disaster. If a survey is not
done in a well-informed design and not carefully instructed, it’s
a bad survey and might lead to disaster.