Modal verbs and phrasal modals are used to express functions such as permission, ability, obligation, prohibition, lack of necessity, advice, possibility, and probability. They can refer to present or past tense, including: Can/may for present permission. Must for present obligation. Don't have to for present lack of necessity. Should/shouldn't for present advice. Could for past ability. Could for past permission. Had to for past obligation. Didn't have to for past lack of necessity. Should/shouldn't for past advice or regret.

1. MODALS AND
PHRASAL MODALS

2. Modal
verbs
1.Permission
1.Ability
1.Obligation
1.Prohibition
1.Lack of
necessity
1.Advice
1.Possibility
1.Probability
are used to
express functions
such as:

3. Present
Ability
• Can – am/is/are able to
Giving permission
• Can/may - am/is/are permitted to
Necessity
• Must-have to – am/is/are allowed to.
Lack of neccessity
• Don’t/ doesn’t have to
Advice
• Should/Shloudn’t
Past
Ability
• Could – was/were able to
Giving permission
• Could- was/were permitted to –was/were
allowed to
Necessity
• Had to- was/were required to
Lack of neccesity
• Didn’t have to
Advice/regret

4. She could read music by the
time she was three.

5. He was able to finish the race in
under an hour.

6. You may use your dictionaries to
complete this exercise.
You may / You're allowed to park
here after 7 pm.

7. It's not safe here. Everyone must leave
the building immediately.
At the lecture last night, I had to
show my identification card to
enter the building.

8. I should've gone to
Hawaii when I had the
chance.