This document provides an overview of bioceramics. It discusses the history of bioceramics, general concepts including types (bioinert, bioactive, bioresorbable), advantages and disadvantages. The main types - alumina, glass ceramics, calcium phosphates, corals - are described. Applications include orthopedic and dental implants, bone grafts, fillers. Future directions include enhancing bioactivity, improving coatings, and developing smart biomimetic composites. Bioceramics have become integral to healthcare and their composition and properties will continue to be tailored for specific tissues.

1. Presented By:
Mr. M. B. Mulik
Guided By:
Dr. N. H. Aloorkar
SATARA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SATARA.
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2. Contents:
1. Introduction
2. History
3. General Concepts in Bioceramics
4. Types of Bioceramics
5. Applications of Bioceramics
6. Future of Bioceramics
7. Conclusion
8. References
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3. Bioceramics:
 The class of ceramics used for repair and replacement
of diseased and damaged parts of the musculoskeletal
system are referred to as bioceramics.
 OBJECTIVES:
 To examine chemical/physical properties of ceramics.
 To introduce the use of ceramics as biomaterials.
 To explore concepts and mechanisms of bioactivity.
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4. Ceramics:
Ceramics are refractory polycrystalline compounds
• Inorganic
• Hard and brittle
• High compressive strength
 Applications:
 Orthopaedic load-bearing coatings
 Dental implants
 Bone graft substitutes
 Bone cements
(keramikos- pottery in Greek)
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5. Advantages and disadvantages of bioceramics:
Biocompatible
Wear resistant
Light weight
Low tensile strength
Difficult to fabricate
Low toughness
Not resilient
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6. History:
1892
• Report on use of plaster of paris (CaSO4,
H2O)- Dressman.
1920 • First successful use of tricalcium phosphate.
1960’
s
• Hulbert and coworkers.
1963
• Successful study of ceramic bone substitute
named Cerosium- Smith.
1980'
s
• Use of bioceramics in human surgery began.
1980’
s
• Hap coated implants were seen.
6

7. 1997
• Coefficient of friction between alumina and
zirconia is very low- Chevalier and Coworkers.
1998
• Introduction of ‘TH-Zirconia’ implants.
7

8. General concepts in bioceramics:
 The only substances that conform completely those that are
autogenous and any other substance that is recognized as
foreign, initiates some type of reaction (host-tissue
response).
 Biomaterial may be described in or classified into
representing the tissues responses as:
 Bioinert biomaterials.
 Bioresorbable biomaterials.
 Bioactive biomaterials.
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9. Biocompatibility:
 Biocompatibility was defined as, “the ability of a material
to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific
application.”
 Components of biocompatibility:
• Cytotoxicity (systemic and local)
• Genotoxicity
• Mutagenicity
• Carcinogenicity
• Immunogenicity 9

10. Types of bioceramics:
10

11. 1. Bioinert:
 Maintain their physical and mechanical properties while
in host.
 Resist corrosion and wear.
 Have a reasonable fracture toughness.
 Typically used as structural-support implant such as bone
plates, bone screw and femoral
heads.
11

12. 1. ALUMINA (Al203):
 The main source of alumina or aluminium oxide is bauxite
and native corundum.
 Highly stable oxide – very chemically inert.
 Low fracture toughness and tensile strength – high
compression strength.
 Very low wear resistance.
 Quite hard material,
varies from 20 to 30 GPa.
Continued….
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13. ALUMINA
High hardness + low friction + low wear + inert to in vivo
environment.
Ideal material for use in:
 Orthopaedic joint replacement component, e.g. femoral
head of hip implant.
 Orthopaedic load-bearing implant.
 Implant coating.
 Dental implants.
Continued….
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14. 2. Bioactive:
 Direct and strong chemical bond with tissue.
 Fixation of implants in the skeletal system.
 Low mechanical strength and fracture toughness.
 Examples:
 Glass ceramic
 Dense nonporous glasses
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15.  Glass-ceramics are crystalline materials obtained by the
controlled crystallization of an amorphous parent glass.
 Controlled crystallisation requires:
• Specific compositions.
• Usually a two-stage heat-treatment.
• Controlled nucleation
 Controlled crystallization will
initiate growth of crystal of
small uniform size.
Glass ceramics:
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16. 3. Bio-Resorbable:
 Chemically broken down by the body and degrade.
 The resorbed material is replaced by endogenous tissue.
 Chemicals produced as the ceramic is resorbed must be
able to be processed through the normal metabolic
pathways of the body without evoking any deleterious
effect.
 Synthesized from chemical
(synthetic ceramic) or natural
sources (natural ceramic). 16

17. Examples of Resorbable Bioceramics:
1. Calcium phosphate
2. Calcium sulfate, including plaster of Paris
3. Hydroxyapatite
4. Tricalcium phosphate
5. Ferric-calcium-phosphorous oxides
6. Corals
Continued…
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18.  Synthetic ceramic:
 Calcium phosphate and Hydroxyapatite:
 Can be crystallized into salts such as Hydroxyapatite.
 Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has a similar properties with
mineral phase of bone and teeth.
 Important properties of HAP:
• Excellent biocompatibility.
• Form a direct chemical bond with
hard tissue.
Continued…
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19.  Natural ceramic:
 Biocoral:
 Corals transformed into HAP.
 Biocompatible.
 Facilitate bone growth.
 Used to repair traumatized bone, replaced disease bone and
correct various bone defect.
 Bone scaffold.
Continued…
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20. Applications of Bioceramics:
 Bioceramics as endodontic sealer:
e.g. Hydroxyapatite
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21.  Bioceramics as a root repair material:
e.g. Endosequence
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22.  Bioceramics as drug delievery system:
Bioceramics
Anti-
inflammatory
Anticancer
Antibacterials
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23.  Bioceramics in optholmology:
e.g. Bioactive Glass Ceramic, Aluminium Oxide
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24.  Bioceramics in Orthopaedics:
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25.  Pulp Capping With Bioceramics:
e.g. Calcium Hydroxide, Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE)
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26.  Bioceramics With Sauna:
• Thermal properties help to reduce fluid (water) and
accumulated toxins.
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27. Current Status And Trends:
 Calcium phosphates for bone
grafting and tissue
engineering.
 Calcium phosphates as fillers
in composites.
 Chemically and physically
modified hydroxyapatite.
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28.  Animal testing, clinical trials, a
new material takes around 15
to 20 years to hit the market.
 Trend is towards resorbable
materials which eliminate the
need for a secondary procedure
and mouldable materials.
Current Status And Trends:
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29. 29

30. Future of Bioceramics:
 Enhanced bioactivity in terms of gene activation.
 Improvement in the performance of biomedical coatings in
terms of their mechanical stability and ability to deliver
biological agents.
 Development smart materials capable of combining
sensing with bioactivity.
 Development of improved biomimetic composites.
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31. Conclusion:
 Bioceramics has evolved to become an integral and vital
segment of our modern health-care delivery system.
 In the years to come the composition, microstructure, and
molecular surface chemistry of various types of
bioceramics will be tailored to match the specific
biological and metabolic requirements of tissues or disease
states.
 “Molecular-based pharmaceutical" approach should be
coupled with the growth of genetic engineering and
information processing, resulting in a range of products and
applications. 31

32. References:
1. Dr. Rieger W., Leyen S., Dr. Kobel S., Dr. Weber W., “The use of bioceramics in dental
and medical applications”, Digital Dental News., 2009, 6-13.
2. Heness G. and Ben-Nissan B., “Innovative Bioceramics”, Materials Forum Vol. 27 (2004)
104 – 114.
3. Jayaswal G. P., Dange S. P., Khalikar A. N., “Bioceramic in Dental Implants: A Review”,
Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society, 2010, 8–12.
4. Kohn D. H., “Bioceramics”, Standard Handbook Of Biomedical Engineering And
Design, 2004, 13.1-13.24.
5. Hench L. L., Bioceramics: From Concept to Clinic, journal of the American Ceramic
Society - Hench , Vol. 74, 1991, 487-510.
6. Chakraborty J. and Basu D., “Bioceramics- A New Era”, Topical Reviews, Vol. 64(4),
2005, 171-192.
7. Thamaraiselvi T. V. and Rajeswari S., “Biological Evaluation of Bioceramic Materials - A
Review”, Trends iomater. Artif. Organs, Vol. 18 (1), 2004, 9-17. 32

33. 8. Robert B. Heimann, Materials Science of Crystalline Bioceramics:A Review of Basic
Properties and Applications, CMU. Journal, Vol. 1(1), 2002, 23-47.
9. Karkhanis M. U., Pisal S. S., Paradkar A. R. and Mahadik K. R., “Bioceramics -
Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications”, Journal of Scientific and Industrial
Research, Vol. 58, 1999, 321-326.
10. Koch K., Brave D., and Ali A., “A review of bioceramic technology in endodontics”,
bioceramic technology, 2012, 6-12.
11. Malhotra S., Hegde M. N. and Shetty C., British Journal of Medicine & Medical
Research, Vol. 4(12), 2014, 2446-2554.
12. Baxter F. R., Bowen C. R., Turner I. G., and Dent A. C. E., “Electrically Active
Bioceramics: A Review of Interfacial Responses”, Annals of Biomedical
Engineering, Vol. 38, No. 6, 2010, 2079-2092.
13. Dorozhkin S.V., “Calcium Orthophosphate-Based Bioceramics”, Materials 2013,Vol.
6,2013, 3840-3942.
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