Manjuladevi - Early childhood development

1. TRENDS AND ISSUE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
TOPIC-PHYSICAL AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT,
EMOTIONAL, SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL
DEVELOPMENT
M.Manjuladevi
I.M.Sc (Home Science)
Sri Meenakshi Government Arts College for
Women(A).

4. GROWTH AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

5. GROWTH(OR)PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Although children grow very rapidly over the first two years, growth slows
during early childhood.
• From ages 2 through 6, the average child grows 2 to 3 inches taller and
gains nearly 5 pounds in weight each year.
• The average 6-year-old child weighs about 45 pounds and is about 46
inches tall.
• Genetics plays a role in physical development.
• Children’s height and rate of growth is closely related to that of their
parents’.
• Genes influence the rate of growth by stipulating the amount of hormones
to be released.
• Hormones are chemicals that are produced and secreted into the
bloodstream by glands.

6. GROWTH(OR)PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Hormones influence cells and are a way in which genetic instructions are
transformed into physical development.
• Growth hormone is secreted from birth and influences growth of nearly all
parts of the body.
• Children with growth hormone deficiencies show slowed growth , but
growth hormone supplements can stimulate growth when needed .
• Ethnic differences in patterns of growth are apparent in England, France,
Canada, Australia, and the United States.
• Generally, children of African descent tend to be tallest, then those of
European descent, then Asian, then Latino.
• However, there are many individual differences.
• Even within a given culture, some families are much taller than others

8. Motor development

9. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• The refinement of motor skills that use the large muscles of the body—as
well as those that tap hand-eye coordination and require subtle
movements—is an important developmental task of early childhood.oss
• Gross motor development:
Between the ages of 3 and 6, children make great advances in gross
motor skills, those that use the large muscles, such as running and
jumping. They become physically stronger, with increases in bone and
muscle strength as well as lung capacity.
• Fine motor development:
Fine motor skills like the ability to button a shirt, pour milk into a
glass, put puzzles together, and draw pictures involve eye–hand and small
muscle coordination.

10. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
AGE GROSS MOTOR SKILL FINE MOTOR SKILL
2–3 years Walks more smoothly, runs but cannot turn
or stop suddenly, jumps, throws a ball with a
rigid body an catches by trapping ball
against chest, rides push toys using feet
Unzips large zippers, puts
on and removes some
clothing, uses a spoon
3–4 years Runs, ascends stairs alternating feet, jumps
15 to 24 inches, hops, pedals and steers a
tricycle
Serves food, can work large
buttons, copies vertical line
and circle, uses scissors

11. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
AGE GROSS MOTOR SKILL FINE MOTOR SKILL
4–5 years Runs more smoothly with control over
stopping and turning, descends stairs
alternating feet, jumps 24 to 33 inches,
skips, throws ball by rotating the body and
transferring weight to one foot, catches ball
with hands, rides tricycle and steers
effectively
Uses scissors to cut along a
line, uses fork effectively,
copies simple shapes and
some letters
5–6 years Runs more quickly, skips more effectively,
throws and catches a ball like older
children, makes a running jump of 28 to 36
inches, rides bicycle with training wheels.
Ties shoes, uses knife to
cut soft food, copies
numbers and simple words

12. Social and emotional development

14. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• From 2-6 years, children learn how to make social contacts
and how to get along with people outside the home,
especially children of their own age.
• They learn to adapt themselves to others and how to
cooperate in play activities.
• Early childhood is often called the “pre-gang age”.
• During this stage, children begin to enjoy the company of
other people, but are still possessive.
• Playing alongside other children is more common than playing
with other children.
• Gradually , they learn to put themselves aside and take more
of an interest in other people by becoming more agreeable
and social

16. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• Understanding of others, emotions increasingly accurate.
• Emotional self regulation improves.
• More self- conscious emotions (shame , guilt) as self –concept
develops.
• Empathy, sympathy, and pro-social behavior increase.
• Develop self- awareness and recognize the effect they have on
other people and things.

18. Intellectual development

19. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
• Observe
• Explore
• Manipulate
• Listen
• Make prediction
• Reflect
• Identify characteristic of objects and events
• Classify items
• Experiment
• Make connection to past experiences
• Use different strategies to solve to solve problems
• Ask questions