its about respiration in organisams

1. Respiration in Organisms

2. Respiration
 Respiration is defined as the transport
of oxygen from the outside air to the
cells within tissues, and the transport
of carbon dioxide in the opposite
direction . All organisms use cellular
respiration to extract energy from
organic molecules.

3. Cellular respiration
 Cellular respiration is the set of metabolic
reactions and processes that take place in the
cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy
from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
and then release waste products.[1] The reactions
involved in respiration are catabolic reactions,
which break large molecules into smaller ones,
releasing energy in the process, as weak so-called
"high-energy" bonds are replaced by stronger
bonds in the products.

4. Aerobic respiration
 Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O2) in order to generate ATP.
Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are consumed as
reactants, it is the preferred method ofpyruvate breakdown
in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in
order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The products of this
process are carbon dioxide and water, but the energy transferred is
used to break strong bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is
added to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level
phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2
 Simplified reaction:C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) +
heatΔG = −2880 kJ per mol of C6H12O6

5. Anaerobic respiration
 Respiration without oxygen. In order for the electron transport chain
to function, an exogenous final electron acceptor must be present to
allow electrons to pass through the system. In aerobic organisms, this
final electron acceptor is oxygen. Molecular oxygen is a highly
oxidizing agent and, therefore, is an excellent acceptor. In anaerobes,
other less-oxidizing substances such as sulfate (SO4
2−), nitrate (NO3
−),
sulphur (S), or fumarate are used. These terminal electron
acceptors have smaller reduction potentials than O2, meaning that
less energy is released per oxidized molecule. Anaerobic respiration
is, therefore, in general energetically less efficient than aerobic
respiration.

6. Why muscle cramps
 A muscle cramp is an uncontrollable and painful
spasm of a muscle. Any muscle can be affected,
but the muscles of the calf and foot are
particularly prone. A cramp can last for varying
periods of time and generally resolves by itself.
The exact cause of cramp is unknown but risk
factors may include poor physical condition,
mineral and electrolyte imbalances and tight,
inflexible muscles.

7. Symptoms
 The symptoms of a muscle cramp include : Sudden sensation of uncontrollable
and painful spasms in the muscle
 Muscle twitching.

8. Respiration in p