Brain Controlled Artificial Legs

Brain Controlled Artificial Legs
BRAIN CONTROLLED ARTIFICIAL LEGS
ABSTRACT:
This paper describes a brain controlled robotic leg which is designed to perform the normal operations of a human leg. After implanting this leg in a
human, the leg can be controlled with the help of user's brain signals alone. This leg behaves similar to a normal human leg and it can perform
operation like walking, running, climbing stairs etc. The entire system is controlled with the help of advanced microcontrollers and digital signal
processors. The signals are taken out from the human brain with the help of electroencephalography technique. The person can perform operations like
walking, running etc just by their thought. This system will be very much suitable for those who lost their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The following figure shows the different types of waves and also the mental state of the per–son. Those waves usually vary from a frequency of 1Hz to
40 HZ. Electrode cap is placed in the scalp of the person. The signals taken out from the human brain will be in the range of mV and ВµV. Hence
they are fed to an amplifier. Then it is sent to a Analog to Digital Converter to convert the analog brain signals in to digital form. Then it is sent to a
signal processor where parameter extraction, pattern classification and pattern identification are done. These digital signals are fed as input to
microcontroller unit. The last four units (Amplifier, Signal Processor, Analog to Digital Converter and Microcontroller Unit) are placed inside the
artificial leg. The output of the microcontroller unit is fed to the driving circuit. Let us see about these blocks in detail.
Electrode Cap: a person wears an electrode cap. These electrode caps contains electrodes which are placed on the skull in an arrangement called 10–20
system, a placement scheme devised by the interna–tional federation of societies of EEG. In most applications 19 electrodes are placed in the scalp.
Addi–tional electrodes can be added to the standard set–up when a clinical or research application demands in–creased spatial resolution for a
particular area of the brain. High–density arrays (typically via cap or
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NREM Sleep
Sleep affects our daily functioning and our physical and mental health. It is characterized by a number of things such as a reduction on voluntary
movement, decreased reaction to external stimuli, an increased rate of anabolism, decrease rate of catabolism, a stereotypic posture, and reversibility.
The sleep cycle consists of two types of sleep and five stages. Stages 1–4 are NREM (non rapid eye movement) sleep, while stage 5 is REM (rapid eye
movement) sleep. REM sleep is characterized by low amplitude, high frequency EEG (electroencephalography) rhythms, whereas NREM sleep
involves high amplitude, low frequency rhythms (Dave & Margoliash, 2000). NREM sleep accounts for 75%–80% of our sleep and REM sleep the
rest. During stage 1, it is light ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When we sleep, important connections are strengthened and unimportant ones are pruned (Ghosh, 2015). Sleep is also an opportunity for the brain
to be cleared of any unwanted waste and plays an important role in memory consolidation. Benington and Heller, researchers at Stanford, stated,
"Sleep has therefore evolved as a state in which animals retreat to a safe environment, behavior is suppressed, and glycogen stores are replenished."
Sleep serves as a survival function. Without it, it interferes with information processing and specifically learning and memory (Nierenberg, 2016).
This makes it more difficult for people to respond to their environment, have motivation to do things, and to recover from stress. A vital role of sleep
is to help us solidify and consolidate memories ("Why do we sleep?, n.d.). Sleep consolidates memories and enhances learning, when getting the right
amount. Sleeping betters your health by improving your immune system. It can also benefit things such as decreasing pain, allowing the body to
heal, having a better mood, and being a much more clearer thinker (Breus, n.d.). Healthy sleep is critical for everyone, since we all need to retain
information and learn skills to thrive in life ("Why do we need sleep?",

The Lateral Sclerosis ( Als ) Is A Neurodegenerative...
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes loss of motor neurons and progressive weakness including loss of
speech(Wijesekera & Leigh, 2009). Its onset typically occurs in the sixth decade of life but rare instances can happen earlier. It can begin as
bulbar onset which affects the voice, breathing and speech patterns or limb onset which can begin in the arms or legs (Wijesekera & Leigh,
2009). Roughly 90% of cases of ALS are sporadic and not linked to familial history of the disease(Wijesekera & Leigh, 2009). Once ALS starts it
almost always progresses, eventually taking away the ability to walk, dress, write, speak, swallow, and breathe and shortening the life span. There is
no treatment or cure for ALS, however there are a few drugs which have been able to slow the progression of the disease in some patients. As a result
affected individuals become "locked in" and unable to communicate. These patients can benefit greatly from the use of a brain computer interface
(BCI)(Birbaumer, 2006; Coyle, Ward, Markham, & McDarby, 2004).
BCI can help individuals communicate without relying on muscular control, which is critical for clinical populations of neuromuscular disease
patients, such ALS (Wolpaw, 2002). The use of BCI can enable communication and increase quality of life but to date the effects of mental fatigue
have been ignored. However, the current state of BCI technology and overall usability is not advanced enough to replace more

Persuasive Essay On Why We Dream
In my paper I will ask exactly what it is to dream and give my best explanation based on what others have learned and I have gathered on the
subject. Even though scientists may not have many ways of researching how and why we dream today with our current technology we can
however talk to the people who dream and study brain activity. In this paper I will address the research I have conducted on why we dream. As of
right now scientists are all puzzled by this question. Partly because the technology we need in order to pinpoint a specific answer isn't developed
at the current moment. However, through psychological and behavioral research we can come to means with several theories as to why we do
dream. Whether it is the unconscious desires we get to experience at night or the molded slice of pizza we had for dinner before we went to bed.
Many of the scientist that are currently working on this dilemma have asked some of the same questions. Like: what is dreaming, how does
dreaming work, what causes bad dreams or nightmares, and how can we conduct research to find out? As of right now no one knows and there isn't
an easy answer. However I can explain the stages of sleep and how they affect us and when we dream. Due to the lack of technology today no answer
will come easy. However with enough persistence we may be able to establish a pattern and put meaning to them. Researchers working with
neurologists have already started taking dreams and converting them to images. By using

Sleep Disorders: The Five Stages Of Sleep
There are many sleep stages people go through when resting. The first sleep stage is the theta waves, also known as light sleeping. In this stage
theta waves are increasing as the alpha waves fade out to put you into light sleep. If awaken from this stage most people are unaware they were
actually beginning to sleep. Secondly you move on into the second stage, which is the sleep spindles. In this stage your temperature drops, heart
rate slows, and your breathing becomes flat and irregular. Sleep spindles show up on paper as quick bursts of activity in the brain that last only a
few seconds. During this sleep if you are awaken you will notice you were actually asleep. Next you have sleep stage three where the delta waves
come in. Delta waves are the largest and slowest waves of them all; when a person hits this stage they are in the deepest stage of sleep. Lastly REM
sleep is the final stage of sleeping. During this stage the body with go back through stage three and then through stage two to increase the body's
temperature. The eyes... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Depending on your age you will require certain amounts of sleep. The younger you are the more sleep you need; the older you are the less sleep
you need. When you're young sleeping is what aids your body in growing, revamping, and helps you be able to generally function when awake. For
example, being pulled out of your sleep by your college roommate getting ready for their day by blow drying their hair or being generally loud brings
negative affects to you. It decreases your memory, the ability to learn, it can cause future accidents, and it will affect your mental and physical health in
the long run. The effect on your mental and physical health can be dangerous and result in things such as: heart attacks, heart disease, high blood
pressure, strokes, diabetes, and irregular heartbeat. So getting a good night's rest is more important than people

Taking a Look at Electroencephalography
The field of neuroscience is rapidly expanding; recent understanding of brain function has expanded the study of infant brains. Novel neuroscientific
techniques will enhance treatment, diagnosis, and growth of the infant brain. Interest in the treatment of neurological diseases and cures dates back
many years (Wendel, 2010) and with a new focus on the infant brain researchers hope to find answers that will pinpoint major causes of infant brain
disorders.
Studies on the subject of human brain appear regularly in the fields of psychiatry and neuroscience. Breakthroughs in the field are due primarily to
technological advances in brain imaging, with most studies employing at least one kind of brain scan to current research. The five most popular
brain–scanning techniques are: Electroencephalography (EEG), Magnetoencephalography (MEG), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron
Emission Tomography (PET), and Computerized Tomography (CT) (Scanning the brain, n.d., para. 4).
EEG, MEG, functional MRI (fMRI), and PET all play important roles in correlating a person's neural metabolism and the activity of local cranial
microvasculature with mental functions (Wolbarst, Capasso, & Wyant, 2013). Both EEG and MEG recordings capture neurophysiologically generated
signals with excellent temporal resolution (Wolbarst, Capasso, & Wyant, 2013). Infant brains, however, can be studied with either EEG or MEG.
Because EEG is readily available in the neuroscience lab, and we deal solely with

Brain Waves Lab
Background Majority of animal's posses an organ that function as a center for coordination for multiple activities that include, but are not limited too,
intellect, sensation, and neural activity. The brain is composed of billions of neurons that, which is a type of cells that has a main function to transmit
information from one cell to another. The information that is transferred helps perform different actions, display different emotions, and think different
thoughts. The process of transferring different information is initiated by electrical activity and is present during the activities, and the electrical
actives can be known as brain waves. There are several different types of brain waves, which appear at different frequencies or during ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also the brain activity will be highest for the visual portion of the experiment when the image being viewed has the most going on in it because it
will require more work from the brain to realize what eyes are looking at. Lastly, for the electrical stimuli portion the brain activity will be highest for
the trial that has the electrical stimuli being applied to the most sensitive spot, of the spots being tested, because more pain receptors will be activated
meaning more neurons in the brain will respond.
Procedure
Setting up the Power lab and Lab tutor. The head electrodes are placed around the volunteer's head. Then the cords are plugged into the Powerlab.
Then on the lab tutor the Powerlab is ran for 20 seconds to make sure that everything is plugged in right.
Audio The lab tutor was ran for 5 seconds before playing the audio and then recorded for another 25 seconds. The first run was done with hard rock for
25 seconds this is done three times. Then classical music was played for 3 trials, for 25 seconds. Then EDM music is recorded for three trials, 25
seconds each. The brain waves were observed and

Wireless Communication And Control System
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION WITH BCI
Abstract
A Brain–Computer Interface is a communication and control system in which human mind can be translated to the external world without the help of
the normal output pathways of muscles and nerves. Each time we do something or think about doing something, our brain generates distinct signals.
These signals corresponding to an activity, has a pattern. Finding this pattern is a challenging job and is the main task of any Brain–Computer
Interface. A BCI acquires these signals from the brain of a user in the form ofElectroencephalography (EEG). Then after pre processing, feature
extraction and classification, it translates these signals into meaningful commands or instructions to drive a device or application.
Electroencephalography is used to record electrical fields that represent the brain signals and are generated due to the local brain function.
Most of the applications today are only used in computers and just focus on the realization of direction strategies. To meet the potential increasing
user's needs and explore interacting processes with people's mental states, we design an application that maps signals from the human brain and
performs operations like calling, messaging, gaming and photography. The brain signals are mapped and stored to create different commands using a
series of refined signal processing procedures. These commands are declared and defined to perform the above mentioned operations like calling,
messaging,

Advantages Of Binaural Beats
Binaural means to listen with two ears. In 1839, a physicist named Heinrich Wilhelm Dove discovered that a person hears the sound of continuous beats
when waves of two different frequencies are introduced to his both ears simultaneously.
Since then binaural beats has kept gaining popularity. Especially, in the past few years a lot of people have become too interested in it due to the buzz
created by some advertisers that it can help people to enhance their mind power.
Today people are widely using binaural beats for meditation because of its utility in taking a person into deep relaxed states of mind and in causing the
altered states of consciousness.
A plethora of self help products are available now that uses brainwave entertainment technology which means to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Binaural beats requires the use of a good quality of headphone or earphone, since two different frequency audio will be played on your both ears this
is not possible with the use of regular speakers.
Advantages of Using Binaural Beats
Before I get to the points, I want you to understand that binaural beats have indeed proved to be very effective in changing one brain's state to a great
extent still the benefits that I am going to write below are not research based, these are just some common advantages lot of people have had with the
use of brainwave entrainment. But, there are chances that you may not experience any significant change.
Lowers the brain frequency, thus becomes soothing for your mind. Helps you to meditate more easily by creating appropriate mind states for better
concentration. The brain frequency caused by the use of binaural beats kills stress. Binaural beats is a quick way to enter alpha state of mind (the one
that occurs before sleep) from beta state of mind( fully awake state). It is a great tool for self

Binaural Beat Research Paper
Our binaural beat brainwave entrainment technology, along with Trans–aural sound processing, combined with encoded subliminal signaling, provides
the user with access to an advanced technique for inducing deep relaxation and to affecting behavioral modification. After approximately five minutes,
the resonant entrainment effect can induce vast areas of the brain to resonate at the same frequency. The result is "dominance" in the brain–wave pattern
at the desired frequency. Increased endorphin levels have been attributed to the use of binaural beat audio technology; therein, permitting the control of
selected brainwave frequency patterns.
What Are Binaural Beats?
When signals of two different frequencies are presented, one to each ear, the brain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason is physiological. Each ear is "hardwired" (so to speak) one to both hemisphere of the brain (Rosenzweig, 1961) delivering waves of equal
amplitude and frequency, one in each hemisphere. So, there are two separate standing waves entraining portions of each hemisphere to the frequency
being presented. The binaural beats appear to contribute to the hemispheric synchronization evidenced in meditative and hypnogogic states of
consciousness. Brain function is also enhanced through the increase of cross–colossal communication between the left and right hemispheres of the

The Effects Of Caffeine On Children 's Performance On...
In the neocortex, acetylcholine (ACh) stimulates arousal and plays a major role in attention and working memory (Jones, 2008). Neuropsychological
studies on caffeine report increased arousal, alertness, increased energy and concentration (Smith, 2002; Ruxton, 2008; BrunyeВґ et al., 2010) even at
doses as low as 50 mg, which is comparable to the amount of caffeine in a cup of tea. It has been indicated that even in low doses caffeine improves
performance on attention tasks (BrunyeВґ et al., 2010a). However, caffeine intake has also been associated with anxiety, nervousness, irritability,
insomnia and even panic attacks (Bruce et al., 1992; Lieberman, 1992; Sicard et al., 1996) . During an elevated plus maze test of anxiety in rats, it
was found that high doses of caffeine brought a remarkably increased anxiety–like behavior (Jain et al., 2005).
Similarly, nicotine improves cognitive performance by improving learning, memory and attention (Levin and Rezvani, 2002; Swan, 2007). In a social
interaction test for anxiety, nicotine was shown to have an anxiolytic effect at lower doses and an anxiogenic effect at high doses (File et al., 1998).
Analysis of the EEG power spectrum, in the present work, revealed a significant increase in delta wave while theta, beta–1 and beta–2 waves showed a
significant decrease. Delta and theta frequencies are dominant during sleep and drowsiness, alpha frequency dominates during relaxed wakefulness, and
beta frequencies occur during intense mental

Dream Should Be Seen As A Prophecy
Dreaming is something that everyone does, even if you don't remember it. Throughout history there have been many theories about dreams. One
of them was that dream should be seen as a message coming from outside individual, mostly from God like creatures. And another theory is that
dream should be seen as a prophecy, being able to tell us what awaits for us in the future. These theories are prescientific so today we don 't view
dreams this way. Freud then came along and proposed that dreams reflect a conflict between the unconscious desires and the conscious mind. So,
dreams are mostly an expression of unconscious wishes as well as being sleep preserving (Olsen, 2016, p. 159). Despite all these theories of what
dreams are, what is the actual reason we have dreams, why do we remember some and forget some, and what are lucid dreams?
What Causes Dreaming In the 1970s, a man named John Hobson developed a theory called the activation synthesis theory. It explain that dreams are
fabricated by the cortex as a means of interpreting chaotic signals from the pond. In other words dreams have no meaning and they are merely a result
of a random chemical messaging in the brain coming from the brainstem. (Olsen, 2016, p. 159). However, a man named Mark Solms later disprove the
activation synthesis theory showing that even in patients who have damaged their brain stems, they still have dreams. So it ruled out Hobson 's
hypothesis that dreams originate from the brain stem. Rapid eye

Sleep-Wake Homeostasis
The research article explains how there may be something that controls when you go to sleep and how long you are sleeping for. Your body has an
internal clock that helps regulate when you sleep and wake up. This clock is called sleep–wake homeostasis. Homeostasis is comprised of three parts.
There is a receiver that relays incoming senses, a central system that interprets the senses, and an effector that acts on the information relayed by the
central system. The body's internal clock induces sleep when one is awake for too long, so this experiment is specifically designed to find the method
the body takes to induce sleep. The experiment in this article uses flies as the test subject to examine which controller controls sleepiness and how long

The Use Of Electroencephalographic ( Eeg ) Signals For...
Introduction–
This thesis is devoted to an investigation of the use of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals for biometric person recognition. The traditional ways of
access control include using token–based identification systems, such as a driver 's license or passport, and knowledge–based identification systems,
such as a password or personal identification number [1]. Biometric person recognition, however, relies on human physiological and/or behavioural
characteristics for establishing identity. A range of such distinctive, measurable characteristics can be used have been successfully used to recognize
individuals. Biometric modalities/identifiers are considered to be unique to individuals: they may be more reliable in verifying identity than token and
knowledge–based methods [1].
One limitation of the specially–designed database is the number of subjects included for data capture using the low–cost sensor system. The
self–collected database contains 27 subjects with recordings from multiple sessions made on different days, which may still not be large enough to
justify the statistical significance of the obtained results. Furthermore, due to the quality of the data from the low–cost sensor, it can be predicted that
with the number of subjects further increasing, the recognition performance of the EEG biometric system tends to reduce.
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a recording of the electrical activities of the brain along the scalp, which is generally considered

How The Nervous System Processes Information And Work
How the Nervous System Processes Information and Works Together with Muscles to Coordinate Movement and Behavior in Response to Gathered
Information
By: Margaret Shaughnessy
With Group:
Nathan Welch
Bonnie Hileman
Brianna McCann
TA: Debbie Moore
Section: 502
Introduction:
Afferent neurons are sensory neurons that conduct signals toward the central nervous system (CNS) and are specialized in sensing heat, pressure, and
chemicals (Saladin, 2011). These neurons send information about stimuli to the CNS and are located everywhere in the body but always end up in the
brain and spinal cord (Saladin, 2011). Afferent neurons also send information about internal and external environmental factors to the CNS. (Sherwood,
2014). Efferent neurons lead to muscle cells, and send signals away from the CNS (Saladin, 2011). These neurons send signals to effectors like
muscle and gland cells that carry out the function of the received response (Saladin, 2011). The cerebral cortex in the forebrain has special senses
and general senses (Saladin, 2011). Some of these senses include smell, hearing, equilibrium, vision, touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. These all
deal with sensory awareness and motor control. (Saladin, 2011). The spinal cord is located between the afferent and efferent fibers pf the peripheral
nervous system (PNS) which serves two important roles (Sherwood, 2014). The first is a connection from the brain to the rest of the body to send and
receive

The Brand Of Soap And New Delhi By Recording Signals Using...
Abstract– The aim of this research work is to classify the most favored brand of soap in New Delhi by recording signals using wireless EEG
through Neuromarketing. A set of four major soap brand advertisements i.e. Pears, Lux, Cinthol and Dove are considered for this research. The
advertisement (video) of above these brands are used to stimulate the subjects (9 male and 9 female with age range of 22–30 years) The response of
the brain for the stimuli were composed using a 14 channel wireless headset which has a sampling frequency of about 128 Hz. The recorded signals
are processed using fourth order Butterworth band pass filter. Then feature extraction is done to extract desired features from the EEG signal. The
mean value and then power of mean value of each soap brand is calculated. The frequency spectrum of above soap brands is obtained through
time–frequency analysis using Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT).The results so obtained are plotted in graphs for final analysis. The present
experimental results are analysed and it is indicated that the subjects are mostly inspired on Dove brand of soap compared to other brands.
Keywords–component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words) I.INTRODUCTION (Heading 1) Neuromarketing is a novel field of marketing
research which is being used to study the consumer behavior such as their demands, needs and intentions of buying the products using neuro–scientific
methods. The sensorimotor, cognitive, and emotional

Technological Approaches For Dementia Patients
Technological Approaches to Care of Dementia Patients
Dementia describes a decline in mental ability. Alzheimer disease, which damages brain cells, is the major cause of dementia. It is estimated that
around 850,000 people in UK developed dementia in 2015. The risks of developing dementia will increase by the comprehensive contributions of aging,
risk genes, and unhealthy lifestyles. However, the medical treatments fails to cure dementia effectively for the mechanics of how dementia is
developed is too complicated to identify. Therefore, present research on dementia treatments mainly concentrates on technological devices to help
people with dementia. In this report, three technological approaches (the early diagnosis in preventing people from dementia, infrared movement
sensors to help taking care of people with dementia, and integrated smart house are introduced and the limitations future implications of these
technologies are discussed.
By using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), a technique for measuring brain activity, dementia can be spotted early and therefore being
prevented. The patient will firstly be put on a electroencephalography (EEG) cap, which records electrical activities (representing brain activities) of
the brain, and then lie in the fMRI machine. To observe the condition of patients' brain, pictures of celebrities will be shown inside fMRI machine and
active different brain areas. The image of the brain areas will be captured and used for

Some Skills For Studying Psychology
Some Skills for Studying Psychology (SSSP)
(2) Mindfulness Video
1.The essence of Dan Harris's personal message regarding mindfulness meditation is that meditation is good for the brain. It helps to tame the voices
individuals hear in their mind. It is a good form of exercise for the brain and consents the brain to relax from everyday stressing thoughts. Blood
pressure decreases and improves the immune system.
2.(a). In the book "The healing power of meditation: Leading experts on Buddhism, psychology, and medicine explore the health benefits of
contemplative practice.", in the "Chapter: Meditation and Neuroscience", neuroscientist Sara Lazar shows results in her investigation in a MRI scan,
which shows that the grey matter in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It may change the effect the independent variable has on the dependent variable.
(d). Retrospective measure: A measure in which the data collected was formed through the use of past events and the recollection of what had
happened in the experiment.
2.The primary research question that the paper is attempting to investigate is whether or not going under training to prevent mind wandering will help
the mind to focus on the task on hand. The paper is investigating whether external distractions may be reduced with the use of a mindfulness training
course. It is exploring whether decreasing external distractions to keep the mind concentrated on a task may improve and enhance cognitive
performance.
3.The primary hypothesis of this investigation is that through the decrease of mind wandering, performance in tests, Working Memory Capacity
(WMC) and Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) will improve. When the mind is trained to focus on a task, it will lead to the improvement in the
results in the academic ability tests, which signifies an improvement in cognitive capacity and performance.
The independent variables in this experiment is the level of mindfulness training that is received.
The dependent variables in this experiment are accuracy on verbal graduate record examinations (GRE), Working memory capacity, Probe–caught
task–unrelated thoughts (TUT's), Retrospective self–reported TUT's during performance of the working memory capacity measure and self–caught

The Sport Of Football
Football is one of the most watched sports in the United States, but it is believed to have descended from the ancient Greek game of harpaston.
Harpaston was played by a player crossing a goal line by either kicking the ball, running with it across the goal line or throwing it across the line to
another player to earn points. Harpaston had very few rules: there was no specific field length, no sideline boundaries, and no specified number of
players per team. Most modern forms of football are believed to originate from England during the 12th century where kings from that time banned
football because they believed it took away from the traditional sports of England ("A Brief History"). When football first started in the United States
in November... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the years 1990 to 2007 the percentage of sprains, strains, broken bones, and dislocations increased by 27 percent, and broken bones,
dislocations, and concussions made up 1/3 of the emergency room visits from children ages 6 to 17 years old (Elango) ( "Long Term Damage" ).
The season players of the NFL received 32 percent more head injuries in 2015 than they did in the prior year. Doctors also widely believe that
football players who receive multiple head blows have an increased chance to get chronic traumatic encephalopathy, CTE. CTE can cause many
problems such as impaired judgment, problems controlling impulses, and dementia ( "Farewell to Football"). After Omalu was the first doctor to
realize that football can cause head injuries and brain damage other doctors also started to determine he was correct. After various doctors agreed on
this the NFL started to provide 5 million dollars to retired players who have a serious medical condition related to head trauma starting April of 2015
(Dodd, et

Cognitive Load Induced By Design Elements Of The Ribbon...
Cognitive Load Induced by Design Elements of the Ribbon Model of Proteins
Problem Statement Student achievement in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) courses – despite its importance in developing
a generation of interdependent, innovative, and responsible leaders – is often difficult to accomplish (Abbas, 2017). Chemistry and biochemistry
departments experience this dilemma firsthand; much of the curriculum relies on students' successful comprehension of visual representations of
concepts, such as three–dimensional models (Mnguni, SchГ¶nborn, & Anderson, 2016). This is hindered by both the intrinsic complexity of
biomolecular structures and the comprehension ability of individuals (Mnguni et al., 2016). If the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ribbon model, adopted by Jane Richardson in 1979, offers a suitable subject of analysis in this study due to its intricacy (suggesting a measurable
amount of cognitive load) and its relatively universal usage across the biochemical community (Morange, 2011). It displays a protein's secondary
structure as determined by algorithms, and includes shapes (alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets, for example), the spatial arrangement of the protein
(i.e. depth of its components), and labels (Turnbough & Martos, 2013). These features serve as viable aspects to test experimentally and compare in
terms of cognitive load imposed on those that examine and attempt to understand the ribbon model. Although limited to a 13–week experience at
Kennesaw State University, this exploratory, quasi–experimental investigation contributes to a broader study (funded by a grant) and provides a basis
for methods of examining the relationship between 3D models and cognitive load. The independent variable is the different aspects of the ribbon
model viewed (arrangement, shapes, and labels) and the dependent variable is the amount of cognitive load induced, measured by the magnitude of
ERS (found using a Biosemi electrode cap, amplifier, and the software sLORETA). Volunteers are recruited from undergraduate science majors– as
they are most likely familiar with

The Importance Of The Secondary Modality ( Auditory )
Participants 20 [right–handed] healthy adults (7 females; mean age of 23.6 years; 19–34 years range) participated in the study after giving written
informed consent as approved by [University, Program]. Each participant had normal or corrected to normal vision and normal hearing. None of the
subjects had current or prior neurological or psychiatric illnesses. Task and Procedure Essential idea in this study is to pin down the role of the
secondary modality (auditory) in a particular percept (of timing) of another primary modality (visual) by systematically varying the a property
(stimulus onset) of the secondary modality as a factor, while keeping stimulus in the primary modality same. Therefore, this study focuses on the
perceived time of a visual event, since only one flashing bar was shown as the primary modality. As for the secondary modality, physical time onsets
of the clicks were modulated, as shown in [figure 01–design]. In the time course of a trial, a visual bar was flashed either to left or to right of a central
fixation point as visual event. In order to keep the attention of the participant in the task, participants were requested to indicate the location of the bar
(forced–choice task) whenever they see one, by a key press. Reaction times of participants were an indicator of the timing of the perception, therefore
participants were also asked to respond as fast as possible without making errors. Besides visual bar, a brief static click was introduced through

Essay on Clinical Uses of Electroencephalogram
CLINICAL USES OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is actually a test to measure the electrical activity of the brain as recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp. A
routine clinical EEG recording typically lasts 20–30 minutes (plus preparation time). An EEG can tell us if there is abnormal electrical activity in the
brain and, in some cases, the types of seizures that someone might be going through. One of the most common EEG applications is to show the type
and location of the activity in the brain during a seizure. This information can then be used for making the right diagnosis. EEG also useful in the
investigation and management of patients with epilepsy. The presence of "epileptiform" activity in the EEG ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless, the EEG reflects the function of the brain and is therefore a complement, rather than an inconsequential alternative, to these newer
procedures. The third major use of electroencephalography is in the investigation of patients with certain neurologic disorders that produce
characteristic EEG abnormalities which, although nonspecific, help to suggest, establish, or support the diagnosis. These abnormalities are exemplified
well by the repetitive slow–wave complexes sometimes seen in herpes simplex encephalitis, which should suggest this diagnosis if the complexes are
found in patients with an acute cerebral illness. The electrical findings are best regarded as one more physical sign, however, and as such should be
evaluated in conjunction with the other clinical and laboratory data. A further use of electroencephalography–one that may increase in importance with
the development of quantitative techniques for assessing the data that are obtained–is in the screening or monitoring of patients with metabolic
disorders, because it provides an objective measure of the improvement or deterioration that may precede any change in the clinical state of the patient.
Electroencephalography is also an important means of evaluating patients with a change in

Electroencephalography Essay
Electroencephalography is a form of measuring electrical activity in the brain using electrodes that are attached to the scalp. EEGs are interpreted by
looking at amplitude, frequency, and shape of the waves that are formed. The significance of the results relies on patient specific information such as
age, state of the patient, and the location of the electrodes on the scalp. Different areas of the brain can produce different wave patterns. There are four
types of wave forms: alpha, beta, theta, and delta. Frequency is key in determining normal and abnormal EEGs, with normal frequencies ranging
between 0.5–500 Hertz. Each wave type has its own range of normal frequencies, because each wave has its own set characteristics.
Alpha waves are present in all age groups, but most commonly adults. They occur on both sides of the head, usually having a higher amplitude on
the nondominant side. Alpha waves tend to be more posteriorly located and are associated with relaxation. Alpha waves are not present when a
person is stressed, their eyes are open, or they are at attention. An abnormal alpha wave is known as an alpha coma, where the alpha waves are seen
in both anterior and posterior parts of the head usually indicative of a person who is unresponsive to stimuli. Beta waves are also observed in all age
groups, tend to have a small amplitude, are symmetric, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The DMN was named for the fact that this region is more active when the brain is at rest than when performing tasks. The DMN is comprised of the
posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, medial prefrontal cortex, lateral parietal cortex, and the medial temporal lobes. By looking at this network in
particular, researchers are able to gain knowledge on the differences in brain activity between the non–depressed PD participant and the depressed PD

Mobile Brain / Body Imaging
My topic is mobile brain/body imaging. As my presentation, mobile brain/body imaging(MoBI) is a general research approach that embraces a
variety of hardware and software solutions like EEG to record and analyze brain dynamics in actively behaving participants, while traditional brain
imaging approaches do not allow for any kind of movement. There are two type of lightweight and mobile sensors like electroencephalography (EEG)
or near infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS) using in MoBI approach. While fNIRS lacks high temporal resolution that is desirable investigating fast
cognitive process, EEG which provides necessary temporal resolution is preferred to be used in a MoBI approach. [1] What's more, recent
investigations using MoBI have demonstrated that equivalent dipole reconstruction of independent components(ICs) as decomposed by independent
component analysis (ICA) allow for reconstructing the origin of EEG activity with reasonable spatial accuracy. Therefore, such a MoBI approach will
be considered as aspects of cognitive activity associated with the accomplishment of a task in the future study. First MoBI studies investigated
participants walking and running on a treadmill and clearly demonstrated that brain activity can be analyzed under such conditions. However, walking is
a highly symmetric recurrent behavior that does not include fast movements associated with jerk. Stereotyped movements like walking further allow
for extracting templates of artifacts based on

Sleep Research Paper
Sleep Research Paper As an average American, do you know what you spend one third of your life doing? Sleeping. That is why it is vital to
understand what goes on while you are sleeping. In this paper I will be going over what happens while you sleep. I will discuss how many stages of
sleep there are, and why there are stages of sleep; I will also go into detail on each stage of sleep and what happens in each stage of sleep. I will discuss
deep sleep so you will know when that takes place. Then I will talk about the cycles of sleep and in what order, and how long a refreshing nap
should last. Now I mentioned that there are different stages of sleep, so let's go over how many there actually are. There are four stages of sleep; the first
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you get a full amount of sleep, the average person will go through this cycle five times throughout the night. So what is the right amount of sleep per
night? For infants four to eleven months old the amount of sleep recommended would be twelve to fifteen hours of sleep. Ages one to five years old,
should receive ten to thirteen hours of sleep. Ages six through seventeen, should receive eight to ten hours of sleep per night. The average adult should
receive about eight hours of

The Nervous System And How It Interacts With Our Body
The Nervous System and How It Interacts With Our Body
Andrew Reynolds
Introduction: There was a common characteristic in all of the experiments performed, that being it involved the nervous system and how it worked
within the body to elicit different responses based on different stimuli. Signals in the nervous system were fired, which triggered a response somewhere
in the body. This requires two systems to accomplish this, the afferent and efferent systems. The afferent system is the system responsible for sending
signals from the receptors to the central nervous system. The efferent system is responsible for sending the response away from the central nervous
system to the area in which it wishes to produce an action. Between these two systems is an integrating center, or control center. The afferent brings
information from the receptor into the integrating center, the information is processed, and then a response is sent away from the integrating center by
the efferent system and the response occurs. "Dynamic task–dependent regulation of reflexes controlled by the central nervous system plays an integral
part in neurocontrol of locomotion," shows how the central nervous system and the reflex arcs that it causes are vital for the body to be able to
function (Hofstoetter, U. S., Minassian, K., Hofer, C., et al.) The cerebral cortex also plays a part in the sending and receiving of signals throughout
the body. It is located on the

EEG Brain Rhythms
EEG and Brain Rhythms
Christine Shirvanian, Colleen Phillips, Hannah Sacro, Nanci Peraza, Thuy–Anh Angela Nguyen, Victoria Manshardt–Sta. Romana
Anatomy and Physiology 1, ISP SCUHS
Report 2
October 11, 2014
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to get hands on experience with the use of EEG. Electroencephalography was used on our subject to observe
cerebral wavelengths, with the attachment of three electrode leads to the head. Wavelengths, consisting of alpha, beta, delta, and theta rhythms, were
recorded and analyzed to test our null hypothesis of the subject being active in two scenarios: closed eyes and opened eyes. In addition, the subject was
put into various mental stimulations. The null hypothesis was not rejected, as the recorded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The beta wave standard deviation measurements were also higher when the eyes were closed and the same resulted with delta and theta waves. In
terms of EEG frequencies, we computed the mean of three different cycles of each rhythm. For alpha waves, we came up with the following means:
alpha 10.6, beta 25.00, delta 2.5, and lastly, theta 5.3. Moreover, we added two more segments to the brain rhythm recordings that included math
calculations and listening to relaxing music for all four brain

Lucid Dreaminging : The Cause And Effects Of Lucid Dreaming
Most humans, while they are sleeping, experience primary states of consciousness called rapid eye movement (REM) sleep dreams that allow their
minds to have uncontrolled access to the past or expected future. When they are awake, however, people enter a secondary mode of consciousness that
allows abstract thinking and self–awareness. When both the primary and secondary states of consciousness are combined, a rare phenomenon called
lucid dreaming occurs where the sleeper becomes aware that they are dreaming and is able to control the dream while they are experiencing it (Voss et
al., 2014). In a 2006 study on lucid dreaming, Ursula Voss and her team found that during a lucid dream, test subjects' brain waves were much higher
than those of someone in a typical REM sleep. This discovery led Voss and her team to inquire whether higher gamma waves were a cause or a
consequence of lucid dreaming. To answer this question, they conducted a new study in 2014 in which they altered the gamma waves of their test
subjects during REM sleep in an attempt to induce lucid dreaming. In order to conduct this study, researchers had to gather participants who were
incapable of lucid dreaming on their own. After the test subjects had been submerged in a regular REM sleep for about two minutes, scientists pushed a
button on a machine that either applied fronto–temporal transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at various frequencies ranging from 2 to
100 hertz or applied no electrical

7 Steps Of A Productive Life
7 Steps To A Productive Life
By Fonzy Montenegro | Submitted On December 05, 2012
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Expert Author Fonzy Montenegro
As you all know by now, feeling good is vital for the law of attraction to work for you and that 's a fact. It 's tapping into the vibration that creates
worlds. So to tap into that higher frequency, you need to feel good most of the time.
One positive feeling I like to talk about today is the feeling of being productive. Yes, that 's right. When you feel productive, you can feel passionate,
content, and satisfied with who you are right now. And that 's a positiveemotion where, if you stay in that state, all of the things you want will come to
you easily since you 're in a higher vibration or point of attraction.
So with that, here are 7 steps you can implement in your life right now to feel productive.
Step 1 Improve Concentration
This is the most basic of all the 7 steps. Without the ability to focus on one thing at a time, you will fail in the long–run. It 's very important to have the
ability to block out all distractions and focus single–mindedly on one task at a time. When you are able to do this, you will have a power that

How Sleep Plays a Role in Regulating Body Temperature and...
This study aims at identifying if and how sleep plays a role in regulating body temperature and metabolic–rate in primates. Further, a hibernating
primate, the lemuriform Cheirogaleus medius(Fat–tailed dwarf lemur) in specific, will be examined because hibernation has a direct correlation with
hypothermia and reduced metabolic–rate. This primate was used because it is known to experience lengthy periods of hibernation and lives in a
temperate climate of Madagascar. It is hypothesized that hibernation has not only a direct relationship with these two factors, but specifically that
metabolic rate will dramatically decrease and core body temperature drifts towards the temperature of the environment that occupies. This study is a
randomized clinical trial because EEG recordings were done on these primates under four different conditions. These four different conditions involved
observing three lemurs during sleep in non–hibernating season, five during hibernation season in the wild, one during hibernation in the wild with
simultaneous metabolic rate measurements, and one during hibernation. A huge ecological variable that could play a role was that the lemurs were not
in their natural environment while being observed on the EEG and oxygen analyzer. To cancel out this variable the lemurs that were studied were
placed in free–range rooms that simulated their natural habitat. A source of selection bias is existent because all study subjects were from the same
small breeding

Eeg Essay
BNCS311
INTRODUCTION TO BRAIN AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES
Electroencephalography (EEG) Brain Imaging: Function, Pros and Cons
Submit To:
Prof. Dr. Christian Wallraven
Cognitive Systems Lab
Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering wallraven@korea.ac.kr Done by:
Dk Norhaziratulbillah Pg Hj Hashim
2015951229
Visiting Student Program (VSP)
Spring 2015
One of the most complex systems that researchers are continuously demand to understand is the human brain. The human brain consists of billions of
nerve cells or neurons connected via electrical and chemical activities (NeuroPro). In the early 20th century, German physiologist and psychiatrist
named Hans Berger was the first to record these electrical activities in the brain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The picked up electrical signals from the scalp is then sent to the amplifiers that is used to reduce noises in the signals (Teplan, 2002). After that, the
signals will be translated from analog into digital form precisely in a converter for which the acquired data are then stored and presented in the
personal computer (Teplan, 2002).
According to Roche and Dockree (2011), once the signal has been recorded, the researcher might use two main approaches available namely
event–related potentials (ERPs) and Spectral Analysis to further analyze the signal from brain neuronal activity. Event–Related Potentials (ERPs)
analyze the changes of the continuous electrical activity in the brain caused by a cognitive, motor or perceptual event that could determine what
regions of brain are activated at a given time (Roche & Dockree, 2011). Whereas Spectral Analysis shows the correlation between electrophysiological
and mental activity through decomposing brain rhythms into different frequency bands that can be measured during times when the persons are alert
and receptive (Roche & Dockree, 2011).
Although, there are different methods in examining the brain neuronal activity such as MRI, MEG and CT, the EEG is known to be a comprehensive

and effective brain–imaging technique (Michel & Murray, 2012). The EEG is categorized as a functional imaging method because it has the

вЂљГ„ГІThe value of objective and subjective evidence in...
'The value of objective and subjective evidence in understanding mental health conditions'
It is important to consider both subjective and objective evidences to gain a comprehensive picture of any mental health condition. I am going to
demonstrate through examples how parallel considerations can be used by clinicians to gain a full understanding of mental health disorders. Subjective
evidence is how the patient interprets the working of his own mind. It includes what he reports about his thoughts and feelings including any
uncomfortable sensations or distressing thoughts. Objective evidence on the other hand is measurable. It comprises of any signs of the illness that can
be observed by a third person and any abnormality that has a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He takes into consideration not only the patient's mental state but also the patient's general physical health, psychosocial or environmental problems,
their ability to integrate into society and take care of themselves.
Subjective evidence includes the thoughts and feelings of the patient. It comprises of the symptoms the patient is reporting and the level of distress
he is experiencing. A patient suffering from depression for example might report symptoms of having dark thoughts, feeling blue, can complain of
persistent low mood, outbursts of crying, decreased appetite and activity levels, lack of sleep. These are all examples of subjective evidence.
Objective evidence about the condition includes any signs noticeable to the clinician that can be taken as an indication of mental disease. This can
include slumped posture, poor hygiene, scruffy appearance, sadness, crying, sighing or pacing. Lack of appetite can be a symptom a depressed person
is complaining about, while the amount of weight loss is measurable and objective. Aches, pains and flulike symptoms may not have any biological
basis in the body but can be psychosomatic manifestations of the depression. Moreover depression usually accompanies many severe, long–term
conditions.
During the psychological assessment the clinician gathers all information about a patient's medical health and mental health history, collects
information from immediate family members, looks

Delta Waves: The Five EEG Signals
The EEG signals are commonly decomposed into five EEG sub–bands: delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma. Alpha waves are rhythmic and its
frequency range is from 8 to 13 Hz. The ampli–tude of the alpha wave is low. Each region of the brain has the characteristic of alpha rhythm but
mostly it is recorded from the occipital and parietal regions. It oscillates from adult in awake and relaxed state with eyes closed. Beta waves are
irregular and its frequency range is greater than 13 Hz. The amplitude of the beta wave is very low. It is mostly recorded from temporal and frontal
lobe. It oscillates from during the deep sleep, mental activity and is associated with remembering. Delta waves are rhythmic and its frequency range is
4 to 7 Hz. The amplitude... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many methods have been proposed to re–move artifacts from EEG recordings, especially those arising from eye movements and blinks. Often
regression in the time or frequency domain is performed on parallel EEG and electroocu–lography (EOG) recordings to derive parameters
characterizing the appearance and spread of EOG artifacts in the EEG channels. Because EEG and ocular activity mix bidirectional, regress–ing out eye
artifacts inevitably involves subtracting relevant EEG signals from each record as well. Regression methods become even more problematic when a
good regressing channel is not available for each artifact source, as in the case of muscle artifacts. The elimination of artifact from EEGs is of
substantial significance for both the automated and visual examination of un–derlying brainwave actions. These noise sources increase the difficulty in
analyzing the EEG and obtaining clinical information related to pathology. Hence it is crucial to design a procedure to decrease such artifacts in EEG
records. A new and often preferable alternative is to apply ICA (RadГјntz, Scouten, Hochmuth, and Mef–fert, 2015) to multichannel EEG recordings
and remove a wide variety of artifacts from EEG records by eliminating the contributions of artifactual sources onto the scalp sensors. Our published
results show that ICA can effectively detect, separate and remove activity in EEG records from a wide variety of artifactual sources, with results
comparing favorably to those obtained using regression– or PCA–based methods as shown in Figure

Difference Between Sleep Drive And The Circadian Alerting...
Sleep is a complex phenomenon, best understood as the product of two intertwined biological systems : the "sleep drive" and the "circadian
alerting system." The sleep drive is our biological "need for sleep." The sleep drive can be thought of as a tank that empties and fills throughout
the course of a day, like the gas tank in a car. When you sleep at night, the tank is "filled" with sleep. You awaken in the morning, refueled and
ready to "drive through the day." The longer you "drive" through the day, the more the tank depletes. By bedtime, the tank is on "E"; it is empty and
you must sleep to replenish it. The sleep drive forces sleep, so that your tank can be refilled, and your biological sleep need is met. The circadian
alerting system

Effects Of The Wright Brothers '
Exoskeletons: From Arachnid To Human Humans have always had the ability to observe the ways of the world and then figure out how to improve
our living with them. For example, Leonardo da Vinci, the Wright brothers and others watched birds and their patterns until they figured out a way to
make pieces and parts into a flying machine. Their research has now become airplanes, and aircraft carriers. By simply seeing the world, they figured
out a way to better human transportation. Since the beginning of time, humans have been flawed. Whether the flaws are internal like mental
disabilities, or external like paraplegia, they have always existed. Sometimes people are born with these disabilities, other times they develop. Either
way, we, as humans have one thing that we want to do: fix the problem at hand. The Wright brothers are a wonderful example of this. They wanted to
change the way humans traveled from place A to place B, thus they found a solution. Scientists from all around the world have been working on how
to make hemiplegia, paraplegia and quadriplegia manageable. With this thought in mind, scientists looked to arachnids, lobsters, crabs, and other
creatures with exoskeletons. They marveled at the outer skeleton and wondered how they could use that idea to help the disabled. Their idea was to
have something support and control the movement outside the body instead of the inside. If the body itself isn 't able to work properly, then why not
make something that can

Electroencephalography Essay
Electroencephalography The hallmark of EEG in BCECT shows high voltage, biphasic, focal, sharp centrotemporal spikes (CTSs) or rolandic spikes
(RS), often followed by slow waves. The RS are unilateral in 60% of cases and may spread to the contralateral side and activated by drowsiness or
sleep and tend to shift from side to side and may spread through the brain. At the same time, background bioelectrical activity in the brain remains
normal (Bali et al., 2007) . The CTSs might act as a subclinical marker with a strong genetic influence and clinical phenotype that are transmitted
through families in an autosomal dominant fashion. Indeed, more than half of children with CTSs might not show any clinical presentations, which
suggests that environmental and genetic factors play different roles in the emergence of clinical symptoms. (Kugler et al., 2008; Miziara et al., 2012)...
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This SRPX2/uPAR association might lead to the pathogenesis of CTSs. To date, BCECT, the syndrome of continuous spikes and waves during sleep
(CSWS) and the Landau–Kleffner syndrome, although having different clinical presentations, have been considered as part of a single continuous
spectrum of disorders (Rudolf et al., 2009). This concept is supported by finding the SRPX2 gene also in patients with CSWS and Landau–Kleffner
syndrome. More studies are needed to identify the common genetic background among these syndromes (Chan and Lee,

Investigation Of Sleep Essay
Introduction
The amount of sleep varies with each individual and there are many factors that affects this such as age, lifestyle, environment and health. However, the
recommended number of hours for the average adult is between seven to nine hours. To remain unconscious for approximately a third of one's life
suggests that sleep must serve some crucial function, especially when considering the evolutionary viewpoint that to be less responsive to potentially
threatening external stimuli (e.g. predators) for such prolonged periods of time has been conserved across all animal species despite being
counter–intuitive and a danger to survival.
There have been countless numbers of studies investigating the function of sleep leading to various theories, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As shown in figure 2, one particularly well–known experiment was inducing total sleep deprivation (TSD) in rats; almost all the rats died and besides
looking exhausted, thinner due to weight loss with damaged tail and paws, they did not show clear physical signs that caused their death. Dogs were
also seen to die with induced TSD over a time period of 12 days. For obvious ethical reasons, the same experiment has not been conducted on humans,
contrary to what was rumoured. The ethics of animal testing are being viewed much more seriously in the recent years with TSD experiments resulting
in death of animals being put to an

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Epilepsy
Business Understanding
According to World Health Organisation (2017), around 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy. Unfortunately, epilepsy cannot be cured, but
could be controlled by pharmacological or electrical treatment based on seizure prediction (Moghim & Corne, 2014). Since EEG has advantages such
as speed, high time resolution and non–invasive natures, it maintains one of the most frequently used tools in predicting epilepsy (Hasan et al. 2017).
Electroencephalography (EEG) has a broad use in both medical practices and medical research for diagnosing and identifying epileptic seizures,
syncope (fainting), cognitive psychologies, and psychophysiological research (Niedermever, 2004). Commonly used in identifying epilepsy, the EEG
helps the doctors to distinguish types of seizures, the reasons to trigger the seizures and also the treatment needed. Types of EEG are different
according to test aims, facilities, medical and patients' situations, and are generally separated into 4 types: Routine EEG, Sleep EEG, Ambulatory EEG
and Video EEG. All of the types would record electrical activities of the brain, investigate their potential fluctuations and brain waves, and perform
analysis to convert the data into useful information in identifying the seizures. Usually, the EEG test will last for 20 to 40 minutes, and will be
conducted by attaching scalp with the electrodes which are connected to an EEG recording machine (NHS, 2017).
There are three main cases to be solved in this project. First is to identify whether an EEG showing seizure or not. Second is to identify the 5 categories
of EEG. Third is to identify the classification of EEG, whether it is indicating healthy brain activity, potential epileptic seizure or actual epileptic
seizure.
Data Understanding
The given data set contains fields such as ID, X1 to X178 which represents the 1 second EEG result and y which represents the EEG type. This data
set will be used for model generation. The data set contains no missing values and distributed nicely with sufficient number of rows for creating
models. In addition, all the field in the data set is essential for the model generation, this implies that all fields will be used. However, there will be

The Five Stages Of Sleep
Most sleepers pass through five stages; 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. A complete sleep cycle lasts between 90 to 110 minutes, once
the cycle is completed it starts back at stage one and repeats itself. Stage 1 is a very light sleep, where you can drift in and out of sleep and you are
easily awakened. Eye movement and muscle activity will begin to slow down. People most commonly experience muscle contractions throughout
stage 1. When stage 2 begins eye movement has stopped completely and our brain waves begin to slow down. It is in stage 3 where a person will
experience delta waves in the brain, these are very slow brain waves. The delta waves in stage 3 are intercepted with a few smaller, faster waves. In
stage 4 the brain is only producing delta waves. Stages 3 and 4 are known as deep sleep, it is very hard to wake someone if they are in a deep sleep
because there is no eye movement or muscle activity. Stages 1–4 are the longest stages of sleep lasting between 4 to 7 hours a night.... Show more
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This stage is also the shortest of the stages, lasting around 90 – 120 minutes per night. During REM sleep epinephrine is released and the person's
breathing speeds up and becomes irregular. There is a lot of eye movement during REM sleep, however, there is not a lot of muscle activity
because the limb muscles are temporarily paralyzed. A person's heart rate and blood pressure rise and their brain waves are equal to those of a fully
awake and functioning person. Most dreams typically occur during REM sleep due to the fact that the brain is highly active. If a person is waken
during REM sleep they are more likely to remember their

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