What Are The Arguments Against Ratifying The Constitution

What Are The Arguments Against Ratifying The Constitution
Writing the constitution was a very challenging and lengthy process. When state legislators received
the Constitution for their formal approval, not everybody was hoping to sign it. Americans split into
two separate groups. The groups consisted of those who supported the Constitution and those who
felt other changes needed to be dealt with first. Those who supported the Constitution were known
and Federalists and those who argued against it were known as anti–federalists. Although anti–
federalists may have had some good arguments against ratifying the constitution, a stronger central
government than what the Articles of Confederation provided was needed and supporting the
constitution was good way to satisfy that need. Federalists favorited the Constitution. They believed
the Constitution would be a strong, yet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They wanted power in the state government rather than the central government and believed a
central government would have the potential to take unlimited power. Richard Henry Lee wrote the
proposed Constitution "appears to be a plan retaining some federal features, but to be the first
important step, and to aim strongly, to one consolidated government of the United States." By this
quote Richard Henry Lee meant that eventually the central government could destroy the state
governments. Anti–federalists favored the Articles of Confederation and believed the Constitution
would lead to monarchy. Antifederalist were afraid the Constitution would affect our freedom and
liberties. They thought there were loopholes in the Constitution that could lead to a wealthy and
powerful group taking over. Richard Henry Lee wrote, "All wise and prudent people, in forming
constitutions, have drawn the line, and carefully described the powers parted with and the powers
reserved." He believes it needs to be clearly written in the constitution about what powers the
government has and doesn't
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The Necessity of Ethics in Criminal Justice
Erazo
Criminal Justice
April 15, 2013
Prompt: Give an account of the role of ethics and its significance to the functions of the criminal
justice system in America, and describe its impact on crime and social control.
The Necessity of Ethics in Criminal Justice The role of ethics is important to the criminal justice
system as well as the government because it helps maintains social control and crime control. Over
time the role of ethics has adapted in every aspect of the criminal justice system. Without the role of
ethics there would be corruption; the law would have little meaning because its application would be
undependable (citation.) The criminal justice system, which works along with the government, has a
great impact of how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the year 1982, the federal government funded a study named, "Police Services Study," in which
thirteen percent of 12,000 people interviewed were abused by police brutality. Studies such as the
Police Services Study show that most brutality is pressed against minority groups (Cliff Notes–
Police Brutality.) Police brutality ties in with racial discrimination against minority groups. There is
also discrimination against homosexuals that are abused by police officers. When police officers are
charged in court for brutality, they claim that they used the contempt of cop and situational variables
which means that they attacked the criminal in self defense. The way that brutality is being
prevented is not only by the role of ethics, but also by the internal affairs unit which means that units
investigate complaints against officers to see if there is any suspicions of corruption, complains of
brutality or other kinds of excessive force. After the police beating of Rodney King in 1991, the
inspection general position was established to monitor citizen complaints dealing with police
brutality and racial discrimination.
What often ties in with police brutality is racial discrimination. Racial discrimination is mostly
aimed towards Hispanics and African Americans. A study done in 1994 through 1995 of a group of
90,000 middle school and high school teenagers were surveyed to see how they

Globalization And Corruption
The Corruption is the abuse of power for private interests. The corruption undermines economic
growth, impacts political stability, and causes a security issue to the state. In addition, corruption
contributes to weaken the government legitimacy and undermines the functioning of government,
which has an impact on security interests. Vaclav Havel stated that, "fighting corruption is fighting
terrorism." Corruption fuels terrorism, and has an impact on society. For instance, In India, the
authorities arrested Abu Bakar Bashir who is one of the Jemaah Islamiyah founder. Bashir could
preach inside the jail because in India it is simple to bribe the law enforcement officers. The
influence on other prisoners of the jihadists, including the likes Bashir who was allowed to preach
when he spent time in jail over the 2002 Bali bombings, is also often discounted by the prison
authorities (Salna, 2011).
In some states the financial systems, rules, and institutions did not retain pace with the swift spread
of globalization. The globalization has created many wealth people all over the world.
Typically, globalization led to manipulation, corruption, exploitation, displacement, and suffering
for some people who have not experienced its welfares. Globalization changed the relationships
between business government and the society in fundamental way. The globalization is valuable to
the people of the world and promise even greater welfares in the future. There are numerous corrupt
business

To persuade my audience that a parliamentary system is...
To persuade my audience that a parliamentary system is useful in the US. I. Introduction A.
Attention Getter: Coalition, or agreement between parties has become rare to politicians. Politics
may be out of our age, but we should take interest for our knowledge. B. Reason to Listen: We
should take interest because it encompasses our ideologies towards government officials and
government issues. C. Speaker Credibility: I have devoted time to speak with federal employees like
TSA and undisclosed people to overview the problem of partisanship. I have also done rigorous
research for this difficult topic. D. Preview of Main Points: What problems revolve with Political
Polarization and whom does it begin with? Who influences Political ... Show more content on
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D. (Expert Testimony) Find a quote by an expert that explains something about your problem (cite
your source in APA format). "Rather than working together, polarized Americans blame the issue"
(Wolf, Strachan, Shea, 2008, p.544). E. (Analogy) Find a compelling analogy (cite your source in
APA format). Our nation is called to be indivisible in our allegiance yet polarization stretches the
boundaries among parties pulling further right or left. (Miller, 2012, p.1608) Community Impact
The economy faces difficulty and recovery is difficult as a result of decision–making conflicts
between political parties. I. Political Polarization has affected our federal funding. A. (Statistic) TSA
received about 7.85 billion causing the Department of Homeland Security to drop 39 billion dollars.
(Johnson, 2014) B. (Fact) Federal employees like TSA and Border patrol were still asked to work
without pay during the government shutdown. (Johnson, 2014) C. (Expert Testimony) Jaimovich
and Siu conclude that job polarization is a phenomenon characterized by "job loss in routine
occupations during economic downturns. Second, jobless recoveries are due to job polarization.
(Anzinnita, 2013). Job polarization is a result of federal funding difficulties. II. Political Polarization
affects the civilian safety of our nation. A. (Fact & Statistic) Campbell reports that 26% of
Americans consider themselves moderate and 20% do not know. Being in the middle mismanages
one's

Corruption In Kenya Essay
Corruption as a norm has always existed in different forms, and is not determined by politics or
geography. It exists in the rich and poor countries alike, it genuinely involves both individual States
and international organizations and its costs are borne by its citizens. It affects the proper running of
governments, distorts the correct functioning of economic and political institutions and hampers
transparency; it exploits the human person for selfish interests, renders respect for rules obsolete and
is a manifestation of structural sin. In our own locality in Kenya, citizens will complain about
corruption in the high offices but will comfortably cheat each other in the market place. Public
transport hikes rates at will without regard to the consequences on the most vulnerable. Big
decisions affecting the citizenry are made at coffee tables in hotel lounges where "lobbying" means
financial and political inducement. For every special interest bill that makes its way into parliament,
members of Parliament seek to be sensitized in terribly expensive seaside resorts.
On top of this luxury, huge allowances are paid to members of parliament that attend these
"awareness" workshops. (chweya, 2001–2004). Corruption has thus eaten into society that threatens
to ravage the entire African governance system. Manifestations of corruption are limitless; its roots
seem to be identifiable from the fallen nature of the human being. However, one hastens to add that
a human being is

Corruption During The Cold War
Speaking about corruption in the international realm was a taboo before the end of the cold war. But
the end of the cold war has led to the consolidation of democracy, political stability, and respect for
the rule of law, as well as effective development and expansion of open and competitive markets. In
the recent years, especially from late 1980's, the phenomenon of corruption has received a great deal
of attention from the international community. In fact, the degree of attention attributed to combat
corruption has been unprecedented, that the efforts made at the international level has paved the way
for the negotiation and adoption of five legally binding international anti–corruption instruments
within a span of seven to eight years

The Crime Of State Crimes
State Crimes are defined as "acts that are largely committed, instigated or condoned by governments
and their officials" (International State Crime initiative). These crimes are considered to be very
serious crimes in society today, due to the fact that they are either committed or condoned by
governmental personnel with the aim of achieving certain goals. Having said that, scholars today do
not have the knowledge of how important these crimes are since it violate international and criminal
law within that state. Eugene McLaughlin identified four categories of state crime; Political crimes,
crimes by security, economic crimes and social and cultural crimes. However, I will focus on the
two that are more widely acknowledged Political crime is corruption and censorship, a state has the
right to label a behaviour as political crime if it's seen as a threat to the state. Crime by security has
to do with genocide and torture, a great example of crime by security is the Rwanda Genocide that
occurred in 1994 which ended up killing 800,000 citizens in just a few weeks. According to
Grabosky and Stohl (2010), state crimes can be divided into six main types; State terror against
another state, state terror against private interests, State facilitation of another state's terrorism, state
terror against its own citizens, state facilitation of private actors and political terror scale. In this
essay, I will be mainly concentrating on the Rwanda Genocide, Libyan civil war of 2011 and

Corruption and Bribery
Corruption and Bribery
April 29, 2015
Abstract
In this paper, I will be writing about corruption and bribery. I will define the terms and go on to
explain the regulations that have been put in place to stop corruption and bribery. I will then go on to
give examples of major corruption and bribery scandals that companies have recently been in and
what has been done to punish said companies for their crime.
Intro
Corruption is defined in the Merriam–Webster Dictionary as "dishonest or illegal behavior
especially by powerful people (such as government officials or police officers), the act of corrupting
someone or something, and something that has been changed from its original form". (Merriam–
Webster) Bribery ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This states that countries agreed to help out countries in need if they are under a new government
with a lot of corruption. In the UK they have their own form of anti–bribery. They installed the UK
Anti–Bribery Act in 2010 with the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The act states that being
bribed, the bribery of a public official, and the failure of an organization to stop bribery are
punishable under law through the act. It states that the criminal can do a maximum of ten years in
prison and pay massive fines for proceeding in corruption. This Act not only punishes organizations
in the UK; it also punishes organizations that have any link to that country with a universal
jurisdiction. A major concern of this Act is that in some places bribes are common and it will affect
companies that are in a global market that do business with countries that partake in such activities.
Like the UK, the United States of America also has laws regarding bribery and corruption. This is
the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 or simply FCPA. This act has two major parts to it. The
first being accounting transparency requirements from the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the
other dealing with bribery. This United States law "prohibits U.S. firms and individuals from paying
bribes to foreign

Campaign Cash And Corruption: A Rhetorical Analysis
Summary: The article, "Campaign Cash and Corruption: Money in Politics, Post–Citizens United" is
mostly about exactly what it says. Mentioned is, among other things, the massive influence money
has in political campaigns in the US, not just among national elections but in senate elections,
representative elections, and even state and local elections. Another thing touched upon throughout
the article is the revolving door with people becoming senators and then leaving their job as senator
to become a lobbyist and make tons of money to in turn try to convince senators to create certain
laws. Main Claims: The first claim the author makes is seen at the first sentence of the article. It is,
"Money's ability to exert disproportionate and undue ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several numbers used in just a few short lines of text outlines just how much money was spent on
individual state senate campaigns which furthers her claims. Krumholz also utilizes ethos to
establish credibility and again further her claims. Early in her article Krumholz boasts about a
service she used to find much of her information used in the article. Here is a quote from the article's
first paragraph emphasizing the service, "The Center for Responsive Politics (CRP), through the
website OpenSecrets.org, has been doing this for 30 years, and in doing so has become one of the
most credible and authoritative sources on money in US politics." With these few lines about the
service she is quickly earning credibility. This quote is a great use of ethos because she mentions the
company that owns the website she used to find her information as well as the website itself which
allows readers to check it out for themselves. Another reason this is a good use of ethos is the fact
that she comes right out and states how they have been doing what they do for a very long time
which makes them all the more credible. Surprisingly, the author does not use her own name to
establish even more credibility which I see as a slight downfall in her use in ethos to support her
points. I could not find much of a use of pathos in this article. Krumholz really does not play off
emotions. She almost entirely uses the credibility she established with the website service she listed
and the stats, facts, and figures to get her claims across. The counter argument to her claim would be
money plays no role and has no influence in political campaigns but she does not really touch on the
counter argument as it is seemingly implied. Not bringing much attention to the counter argument
seems to mostly help Krumholz in her argument. By not giving the counter argument of, no money,
no corruption in politics, Krumholz is implying that her argument is true,

Lack Of Rule Of Law Enforcement Essay
"There is systemic corruption in Latin America." Corruption is rooted in the psyche of the South
American population, which affects the length of their democratic processes, making it easier and
shorter to bribe rather than commit to broken processes. Moreover, corruption affects the highest
levels of government. In order to face this problem, "Latin America has made significant progress in
combating poverty and inequality." The economic development of states in Latin America allows
them to benefit from the international trade but it is not enough to maintain economic stability
within states. Deviant globalization creates an opportunity for transnational criminal organizations
to benefit from different activities like drug trafficking, human trafficking. The Western Hemisphere
presents different problems unlike other regions of the world. Mainly Latin America is affected by
problems of corruption and drug trafficking. Weak states are the biggest challenge in Western
Hemisphere, because corruption in Latin America is one of the factor that creates lack of rule of law.
In addition, a weak economy and absence of adequate law enforcement creates a safe haven for
transnational criminal organization. Moreover, the region presents serious problems in the quality of
democracy regarding human rights, as well as illegal immigration. Globalization both affects weak
states positively and negatively. To respond to this challenge, states must cooperate to economically

Causes Of Corruption In Kenya
Corruption has always existed in different forms, and is not determined by politics or geography. It
exists in rich and poor countries alike, it involves both individual States and international
organizations and its costs are borne by the citizens. It affects the proper running of governments,
distorts the correct functioning of economic and political institutions and hampers transparency,
exploits the human person for selfish interests, renders respect for rules obsolete and is a
manifestation of structural sin. In our own locality in Kenya, citizens complain about corruption in
the high offices but will comfortably cheat each other in the market place. Public transport hikes
rates at will without regard to theconsequences on the most vulnerable. Big decisions affecting the
citizenry are made at coffee tables in hotel lounges where "lobbying" means financial and political
inducement. For every special interest bill that makes its way into parliament, members of
Parliament seek to be sensitized in terribly expensive seaside resorts.
On top of this luxury, huge allowances are paid to members of parliament that attend these
"awareness" workshops. (chweya, 2001–2004). Corruption has thus eaten into society threatens to
ravage the entire African system. Manifestations of corruption are limitless; its roots seem to be
identifiable from the fallen nature of the human person. However, one hastens to add that the human
person is redeemed and has potential to contest his own

Arguments Against Police Corruption
Have you ever felt you were the victim of discrimination or seen someone who is being subjected to
misconduct? Who would you turn to for help? Maybe you would think about calling the police. But
what if the police were involved in the discriminating acts? For many people, these hypotheticals are
an everyday reality, due to police corruption. Police corruption is an issue in today's society because
a select group of law enforcement officers have shot unarmed people, arrested people without
appropriate reason and abused the trust of the courts and the public.
In recent years there has been an increased number of fatal police shootings involving unarmed
victims. One such shooting occurred in Bakersfield, California when a 73 year old man was shot for
failing to comply when asked to stop approaching police and remove his hands from his pockets.
Francisco Serna is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Acts of corruption whether they cause harm to another person or not betray that oath. The public is
taught to trust and depend on these public servants. Any illegal actions on the part of a law
enforcement officer confuses the public and causes people to doubt the entire legal system. How can
one be trusted to uphold the law if he is breaking it himself? A 2015 Gallup poll shows confidence
in law enforcement is at a 22 year low. Gallup states, "The actions of police in certain U.S. cities
including Ferguson, Missouri; Staten Island, New York; and North Charleston, South Carolina have
recently come under scrutiny after black men were killed while being apprehended by white police
officers." It is most likely these acts of police misconduct and corruption that have lead to the
decline in public

The Dark Side Of Mexico
Selam Hagos Hagos 1
Professor Daniel Horan
English 1A
25 October, 2015 The dark side of Mexico El Narco, a nonfiction book, describes the drug war in
Mexico that has continued and intensified in the past couple of decades. Criminal activities of drug
traffickers have resulted in instability of Mexican citizens. Some casualties in the past decade have
been more than 34,000 due to the drug war. The drug war is still ongoing between numerous
Mexican drug cartels and the Mexican government. Because of Mexican drug war between the
Mexican government and drug cartels many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mainly, Medellin and Colombia Cali were known to be established drug cartels. Since their demise
in the early 1990s, Mexican drug cartels dominated the illegal drug market and controlled more than
90% of cocaine supply in the United States. In 2006, government intervention against such cartels
resulted in arresting key cartels such as Gulf and Tijuana, which ultimately resulted in drug
violence. These cartels continued their fight for gaining control of trafficking routes into the United
States against their Mexican government. "The ambushes triggered the nationwide violence and at
present, the government is nowhere close to invading country's cartels and drug traffickers. The
situation has gotten even worse at the moment"(Grillo). Throughout this timeline, the government
had kept an approach of arresting the high profile cartel leaders, but this 'kingpin' strategy has not
been sufficient. It brought security at streets of Mexico. The strategy of taking down top level drug
cartels contributed to the cartels' fragmentation with divided leaders and same business. Which
emerged to the rise of more violent, militaristic groups. These groups straightway targeted the
Mexican military. Hence, cartel members and the Mexican military have continuously battled each
other numerous times and resulted in mass homicides. From the perspective of government
intervention techniques, the Mexican military

Corruption in Government
Corruption in Leadership: Public Service and Government Cynthia Klecha Abstract Corruption
throughout the world is extensive. Corruption is defined as the twisting of integrity. A corrupt
individual is an opponent of the truth; their virtues and ethics are deficient. In the United States,
people in all positions of private district, public assistance, and government bureaus have been
entangled in varieties of corruption. Corruption crimes include bribes, insider trading, patronage,
embezzlement, electoral fraud, kickbacks, unholy alliances, conflicts of interest and several others.
Corruption is a weapon that demoralizes the credibility of public ... Show more content on
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This corruption affects the trust of the public and threatens the safety of the nation. Each act of
corruption from a public servant can have extenuating results reaching far beyond those initially
involved in the offense. Most officials who serve the public strive to enhance the lives of Americans,
but several make choices to go against the law because of unethical motives. These reasons usually
include assembling a larger bank account for themselves or their families. Public officials involved
in corruption offenses have come from employees who work at city hall, police departments,
schools, courts, transportation, zoning or health departments, and governmental offices. Politicians
in all sectors of politics are not immune to public corruption either. The FBI, in 2005 made public
corruption number four on their top ten orders of investigative priorities. The FBI began a national
program around the country, putting trained agents in strategic positions to detect public corruption.
They use skills in surveillance in both the cyber world and undercover operations. The FBI officials
often team with governments in each state to identify fraud and also work together to prevent
different types of corruption. Dan O'Brien, Chief of the Public Corruption and Government Fraud
program at FBI Headquarters stated, "In 2004, we opened over 900 cases, which led to over 650
convictions or guilty pleas. We're also proactive. We've got analysts

Essay On Police Corruption
Good Cop, Bad Cop
When something is said about a cop it usually goes one of two ways, either they are praised on the
job they do or they are put down and called names. Police officers have been known to take bribes
for illegal things. There is corruption all over the states, it is everywhere from Chicago to even
Kansas. Police tactics are endangering civilian lives. Corruption is causing so much tension between
civilians and officers.Even though a large quantity of officers are corrupt not all of them are, some
do go above and beyond their duty and help their communities anyway they can. Not all police
officers are corrupt, but the ones who are give a bad reputation to them all. It would help everyone if
all cops could be trusted instead ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(the Gale Group Inc., 2005) Majority of the crimes committed by police officers is either taking
bribes in the form of money or drugs or helping a criminal in some form or fashion.
Corruption is all over the states, some however is worse than the others. In Detroit, a former
Chicago police officer on the lam for 14 years was arrested last Tuesday. Former Chicago PD Sgt.
Eddie Hicks, 68, had fled on the eve of his drug conspiracy trial in 2003. He had been charged in
2001 with running a crew of rogue officers who robbed drug dealers, stole their cash and sold their
drugs to other dealers. (Smith, 2017) Smith (2017) study found the following:
"In Louisville, Kentucky, a former Bullitt County Sheriff 's Office chief deputy was indicted last
Wednesday for stealing drugs from the department evidence room. John Cottrell allegedly took
marijuana, hydrocodone, and other pills, and investigators found some of the drugs in his office.
Cottrell claims he is the victim of a vendetta by department supporters of former Sheriff David
Greenwell, who himself has been indicted on drug charges. Cottrell faces charges of theft of a
legend drug, abuse of public trust, and evidence tampering." Something was rotten in the state of
North Carolina. There were rumors of corruption in the Northampton County Sheriff's Office and
whispers that Lann Tjuan Clanton, an ex–cop from a nearby police department, was selling drugs in
the hardscrabble eastern half of

Bribery & Corruption
Bribery and Corruption:
Is Signing the OECD Convention Enough?
Darina Tomayeva
500127919
LAW724
Professor Lan
Word Count: 1645
Bribery and Corruption: Is Signing the OECD Convention Enough?
Before the 1990's, the conventional belief was that corruption in developing countries was
practically inevitable and in some cases even desirable. However, a more in–depth investigation into
this issue suggests that bribery and corruption can cause significant problems for all parties
involved. For example, for suppliers of bribes such as corporations, it can cause many uncertainties
since the quality and the price of their products are not the only factors considered in the transaction
(Hamra, 2000). Therefore, corporations are not usually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Russian government authorities claim that the facility violates various safety regulations. However,
IKEA argues that the requirement that the mall be able to withstand near hurricane force winds are
ludicrous because there is not history of such weather conditions existing in the area. These
regulations appear to be intentional and artificial roadblocks put in place due to high levels of
corruption. This recent incident with IKEA may dissuade other foreign investors from investing into
the Russian economy since they will need a large number of approvals from an incredible number of
agencies. This process provides for unlimited corruption opportunities. It is challenging for
countries to fight against corruption because of the difficulty in proving that such illegal transaction
took place (Bloombergs Businessweek Magazine, 2009).
In countries such as Russia, corruption and bribery are common because poverty is prevalent among
the largest part of the population. On the other hand, Georgia has recently executed a rigorous fight
against bribery and corruption. Even though, poverty is wide spread in the country of Georgia, it
proved that corruption can be broken with appropriate and decisive reforms. The World Bank's
Doing Business listed Georgia 16th easiest place for a company to do business, up from 112th in
2005 (Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, 2012) . With the

Women's Rights In Iraq
Understanding the current situation within Iraq, we will take a look into the country's history. In
1920 Iraq started its rebellion against the British which lasted until 1932 when it declared its
independence. Iraq was governed by a monarchy until 1958, when a group of Iraqi military officers
staged a coup and over threw the monarchy declaring Iraq a republic. Major General Abdul Karmel
Qasim took over as Iraqi prime minister, minister of defense, and commander and chief after the
successful coup. In 1963 yet another military coup was enacted that inevitably led to the death of
Major General Abdul Karmel Qasim. In 1978 Saddam Hussein became president of Iraq. A short
time later in 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait; this sparked the start of the infamous ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
There sheer numbers are a daunting task compounded ISIS using advanced tactical equipment
seized from Iraq against their military making the fight ever more difficult. The United States and a
coalition of other nations have been bombarding militants since September 2014. Along with the air
strikes the countries militias have organizing to fight the war crimes being committed by ISIS. The
Shia militias were key to the recapture from IS of another city, Tikrit, in April after it had been held
for more than eight months (Tikrit battle– http://www.bbc.com/news/world–middle–east–
27838034). Some of these Militias are supported by Iran and cannot receive air support from the
coalition because their motives are not known. After the initial collapse of the Iraqi army at the
hands of ISIS they have rebuilt and are currently engaged in operations to retake the major cities
that were lost around the

Nigeria And Angol African Countries Plagued By The...
Nigeria and Angola are both West African countries plagued by the resource curse. The countries are
teeming with oil, ranking Nigeria as Africa's largest oil producer and Angola as the second largest
oil producer. In 2014 it was reported that Nigeria was responsible for producing 2.4 million barrels
of oil per day and Angola produced 1.8 million barrels of oil per day. While these numbers have
fluctuated greatly in the past, both countries still remain at the top as Africa's oil producers. The
production of oil in Nigeria and Angola has brought in a great deal of profit to both countries,
however, it has also come along with a number of complications. "Fuel abundance in less developed
countries tends to generate negative developmental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neither country has strong state institutions so political progress and economic development become
difficult. A lack of state institutions lowers the standard of living and impedes civil rights.
Corruption is also a "symptom of missing institutions" (McMillan 156). Corruption is a major
obstacle in Nigeria and Angola which is influenced by oil money. In both cases there is a "bloc of
corrupt powerful elites ... while a large percentage of the population [continues] to live below
poverty lines" (Ajayi 1). The money that is generated from oil falls into the hands of elites which
directly impacts the country 's ability to democratize. In Nigeria, "oil revenues have been the
primary lubricant in making democracy 'work'" (O'Neil, Fields, and Share 760). Politicians have
rigged elections by promising money and positions of power to citizens to guarantee votes. This is
problematic because Nigerians are not having their voices heard. They are being bribed with money
and power to vote for a politician, which is enticing in a country where the citizens live below the
poverty line. This not only hinders democracy, but is a breeding ground for violence. In Angola, the
government aims to keep corruption and other abuses of power a secret from Angolans. The state
owns most newspapers and the only television station, so they tend to show government propaganda
only in favor of the state. Any journalists who have spoken against the government have been beaten
by police,

In The Aftermath Of The September 11 Attacks, The United
In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the United States, including its allies, waged brutal
campaigns directed at the Al Qaeda leadership and, the Taliban in the Middle East. America's fight
against terrorism nonetheless consumed billions of dollars since the 9/11 attacks. Earlier, countries
such as England, Spain, Italy, and Russia, similarly waged wars against the Provisional Irish
Republican Army, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, the Red Brigades and the Chechnya separatists. In most
of these cases, research shed light on the mechanisms that led to the demise or the defeat of these
terrorist groups. However, when it comes to similar groups located in the southern hemispheric
countries such as Nigeria, the mechanisms leading to the group ... Show more content on
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Corruption may undermine the fight against terrorism by draining public resources, and trust in
government institutions. As one scholar puts it, "corruption begets distrust, which begets disorder,
which breeds a host of other evils." The expectation is that countries or regimes in the developing
world witnessing an aggravated grand corruption will have difficulties curbing terrorism.
Comprehending how illegal and corrupt behavior cause systemic damage to national security is
essential to how states, especially, weaker states, plan to defeat terrorism. It will also aid the
international community to know how and where to direct foreign assistance and military aid to
countries battling against terrorism. As this study seeks to explain how grand corruption underlies
CT campaigns, it is important to establish the study's boundaries. Terrorism is a loaded term, and its
definition is questioned. Despite it being analytically elusive and a highly–contested term, for the
purpose of this research, it embodies a systematic use of indiscriminate violence directed at civilian
to influence a wider audience. The violent component is asymmetric, and the mode of deployment
of the force falls outside the forms of political struggles such as insurgency and civil wars. Violence
and coercing are "intended to cause fear among the civilian population and when the

Grand Abortion : Limitation To Grand Corruption
2.2 Limitation to grand corruption One of the most famous typologies of corruption analysed in
anti–corruption research is that of grand18 and petty corruption, although no international or
national legal instruments provides expressly for this distinction. Thus, there is no legal definition
for the term „grand corruption‟, with the effect that the concept and its prerequisites remain
controversial.19 2.2.1 Qualitative element: powerful high–level authority Originally,20 the level of
authority where corruption takes place has exclusively determined the distinction between grand and
petty corruption. Whilst grand corruption takes place at the policy formulation end of politics, thus
at the highest levels of political authority, petty corruption, also labelled as bureaucratic or
administrative corruption, occurs in the public administration, at the implementation end of politics.
For instance, payments to mid– and low–level government officials, such as police or immigration
officers, demanding bribes constitute petty corruption. Beyond controversy, high–level authorities
encompass prominent figures such as heads of States, heads of governments and ministers.
However, the precise scope of high–level authority remains subject to debate.21 2.2.2 Quantitative
element: large–scale corruption Increasingly, authors focus also on quantitative aspects to draw a
line between grand and petty corruption.22 Typically, grand corruption is committed on a large scale
and involves 18 The term „grand corruption‟ was first used by Moody–Stuart in The Good Business
Guide to Bribery (TI 1994). He defined it as „the misuse of public power by heads of State,
ministers, and top officials for private pecuniary profit.‟; Jayawickrama N „Corruption – A Violation
of Human Rights?‟ available at http://resources.transparency.bg/download.html?id=219 (accessed
26 October 2013). 19 On the differentiation between grand and petty corruption, see Mashali B
„Analyzing the relationship between perceived grand corruption and petty corruption in developing
countries: case study of Iran‟ (2012) 78 International Review of Administrative Sciences 777 et seq.
20 Moody–Stuart (note 18) based his concept merely on the hierarchy of the perpetrator

Nigeri A Long, Complicated And Tragic History
Nigeria is known for having a long, complicated and tragic history. Since achieving independence in
1960, Nigeria has struggled to stabilize its government. Nigeria's history is studded with military
coups and corruption. The rule of numerous coups, which have occurred relatively close together
over a span of about twenty nine years, make it extremely difficult for a stable form of democratic
government to be created. Instead of a true democracy, Nigeria suffers under a kleptocratic
government. Nigeria's corrupt form of government consistently takes from its people for their own
reward. Another factor of government instability, is that Nigeria is a state comprised without regard
to the nations within its borders. The people of Nigeria ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The police force are supposed to be the vision of protection and justice for the citizens of Nigeria,
but instead they are some of the people most feared and criminal. Godwin Ekpo was a Nigeria
citizen who was shot through the jaw when he refused to pay a police officer a day's wages in a
bribe, "all of a sudden, I heard a gunshot twice. And...I went down, holding my jaw...and the blood
was just gushing out" ("How"). This is a gruesome example of the severity of corruption in the
everyday life of the locals in Nigeria. Corruption has reached even the 'protectors', and innocent
people are targeted for not giving into the thievery. In Godwin Ekpo's case, he was asked for just a
day's wages, however, when officers request bribes of greater amounts, escaping the grasp of an
ever–growing and persistent poverty looks to be impossible. Another aspect of the local and
'everyday' corruption is when people seek out justice against the corruption of the government,
investigations can be haulted or even over turned. In a PBS video article, Kemi Okenyodo stated
"the low–level corruption makes it worse, when you come in contact with police officers, when you
go and report a case, and a case can easily be turned against the person that has come to report"
("How"). There truly is no justice for the people of Nigeria in their law enforcement or in their
government in charge of it all. Corruption

The Youth And Anti Corruption
1. Calls Upon the establishment of youth integrity camps worldwide to educate the youth on anti–
corruption where these integrity camps will: A. Educate on the causes and consequences on
corruption such as: i. Centralized political and economic power in the elite, ii. Poor social service
systems; B. Teach the youth how to effectively fight corruption with their communities by
promoting awareness of corruption within individuals, C. Instill an anti–corruption culture within
the youth to: i. Alleviate corruption in their country, ii. Reduce cases of corruption; D. Be funded
and managed through Transparency International (TI),
2. Encourages the implementation of the Corruption Awareness Program (CAP) within developing
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Governments to reform and improve services, ii. Better allocation of resources within government
agencies, iii. Eradicate hidden service costs such as bribes; B. Empower citizens by allowing them
to voice their opinion on corruption within the governments effectively: i. Creating more public
awareness of corruption, ii. Allowing for reform to take place within the current system; C.
Additionally address problems associated with corruption such as: i. Delivery of public services, ii.
Quality and reliability of public services, iii. Lack of transparency in services; D. Provided and
analyzed by the International Center for Policy Studies (ICPS),
4. Endorse nations adopt The Integrated Personnel and Payroll Information System (IPPIS) within
their state in which the goals of this systems include: A. Creating an effective way to eliminate
corruption associated with money laundering corrupt management of funds by storing and
processing information such as but not limited to: i. Listing all transfers of funds within the
government, ii. Showing salaries for all government workers; B. Creating transparency within
government payroll systems by: i. Not being able to modify or destroy information, ii. Automatic
system so less likely to have errors, iii. Effectively finding ghost workers; C. Addressing challenges
in manual payroll systems by eliminating salary delays, D. Bringing uniformity within the
government by management of personnel

The Human Right Of Practicing A Religion
Pakistan is part of a human rights watch by all countries. Rights are being violated daily and
innocent people are getting killed and even raped without anything being done about it. In Pakistan
it is seen the women's rights are being ignored and women are being treated like they are worthless.
In current Pakistan culture it is a normal punishment for a female is to be raped if she as shamed her
family, in which in Pakistan culture is not a crime because it happens so often. Minorities in
Pakistan are being killed just because of the simple fact that they are practicing a certain religion.
The basic human right of practicing a religion is abolished when you are in Pakistan. Minorities are
being killed almost daily, in very violent attacks from people whom do not believe in what they are
doing. The only thing that is stopping these people that are participating in these horrible actions
from being charged and caught is the corrupted government. The government role in protecting
human rights is very huge. The corruption of the government is key to these human rights violations
happening every day. The main three human rights being violated in Pakistan are women's rights
being violated, minorities getting killed and the corruption of the Pakistan government.
Keywords: Pakistan, Women rights , Human rights, Minorities, Corruption, Government
The famous Nelson Mandella once said "to deny people their human rights is to challenge their very
humanity" Nelson was saying that if

The Arab Spring Movement And The Egyptian Revolution Essay
The Arab Spring movement is a fundamental event that occurred in the Arab world and a source for
contentious debate amongst Western and Middle East scholars regarding the degree of political
change and empowerment that the Arab Spring produced; political change refers to the
overthrowing of autocratic governments and empowerment refers to the newfound collective
identity, empowerment, and unity amongst citizens to challenge corrupt governments. Social
movements such as the Arab spring, are defined as collective acting with some degree of
organization and continuity outside of institutional or organizational channels for the purpose of
challenging or defending the state authority, whether it is institutionally or culturally based in the
group, organization, society, culture, or the world order of which they are a part (Orum and Dale
2009, 218). With this definition in mind, the Arab Spring is a wave of social protests initiated by
civilians against corrupt governments. In the case of Egypt, the Arab Spring movement is primarily
recognized as the 2011 Egyptian revolution. This revolution is characterized by eighteen day long
social protests that largely focused on political and regime changes in regards to Hosni Mubarak's
governance. In part, because Mubarak failed to meet the legitimate aspirations of their citizens.
These include but are not restricted to political/economic freedoms, human dignity, and economic
prosperities. Considering these explanations, the uprising in

Police Corruption
Police Corruption
Second Essay for AJ 101
Krystal Lamas
Victor Valley Community College
Author Note
This paper was prepared for AJ 101 for Mr. Ronald M. Field .M.A.
Abstract
Police corruption is a complex issue. Police corruption or the abuse of authority by a police officer,
acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants, is a growing problem in the United States today.
Things such as an Internal Affairs department, a strong leadership organization, and community
support are just a few considerations in the prevention of police corruption. Controlling corruption
from the departmental level requires a strong leadership organization, because corruption can take
place anywhere from the patrol officer to the chief. The top ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Is there a solution to the police corruption problem? Probably not, because since its beginnings,
many aspects of policing have changed, but one thing that has not, is the existence of corruption.
Police agencies, in an attempt to eliminate corruption have tried everything from increasing salaries,
requiring more training and education, and developing policies which are intended to focus directly
of factors leading to corruption. Despite police departments ' attempts to control corruption, it still
occurs. Regardless of the fact, police corruption cannot simply be over looked. Controlling
corruption is the only way that we can really limit corruption, because corruption is the byproduct of
the individual police officer, and police environmental factors; therefore, control must come from
not only the police department, but it also must require the assistance and support of the community
members. If a police administrator does not act strongly with disciplinary action against any corrupt
activity, the message conveyed to other officers within the department would not be that of
intimated nature. In addition it may even increase corruption, because officers feel no actions will be
taken against them. Another way that police agencies can control its corruption problem starts
originally in the academy. Ethical decisions and behavior should be taught.

The Link Between Corruption and Poverty : Lessons from...
The Link Between Corruption and Poverty : Lessons from Kenya Case Studies INTRODUCTION
"One thing can be said–the mere fact that corruption has become an item of national preoccupation
is paradoxically the first real achievement by Kenyans over corruption" Since the end of the last
decade the emphasis has moved from building public awareness on corruption issues to
understanding the nature of corruption and its effects on the economy, society and politics;
understanding the nature of the beast as it were. The global anti–corruption movement, therefore,
has moved towards research and a host of rigorous tools have been developed to study and monitor
corruption wherever it takes place. Hand in hand with this, efforts to combat corruption ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Looting, as far as I can tell is most prevalent in a number of developing countries and I have also
heard of it in relation to certain countries in transition. To understand it with a view to dealing with
it one needs to examine the context that facilitates it. CORRUPTION AS AN ELITE ACTIVITY
Many African countries are characterised by weak and vulnerable national governance institutions,
such as parliament, the judiciary, civil service and police; a limited democratic culture; and, human,
natural, technological resources that are not developed. Many of these countries are also
characterised by an environment where there is limited awareness on the part of wider population
with regard to consequences of corruption. In this type of environment, the very character of vital
national institutions such as the civil service, judiciary, legislature, police and others are
transformed. Even though one cannot sometimes tell from the outside, an alternative or parallel
power structure develops that has tentacles in all economic, political and social sectors. This
structure has one primary purpose, to maintain the ruling elite's hold on state power and, therefore,
the primary mode of economic accumulation. Many African elites of today have acquired wealth
through connections to the state or via participation in the state itself through politics, the civil
service or military. They are the ones who win most government contracts, are able to obtain loans
from state–owned

Nigeria And Angol African Countries Plagued By The...
Nigeria and Angola are both West African countries plagued by the resource curse. The countries are
teeming with oil, ranking Nigeria as Africa's largest oil producer and Angola as the second largest
oil producer. In 2014, it was reported that Nigeria was responsible for producing 2.4 million barrels
of oil per day and Angola produced 1.8 million barrels of oil per day. While these numbers have
fluctuated greatly in the past, both countries still remain at the top as Africa's oil producers
(Carpenter; Ajayi). The production of oil in Nigeria and Angola has brought in a great deal of profit
to both countries, however, it has also come along with a number of complications. As Ajayi writes,
"fuel abundance in less developed countries tends to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neither country has strong state institutions so political progress and economic development become
difficult. A lack of state institutions lowers the standard of living and impedes civil rights.
Corruption is also a "symptom of missing institutions" (McMillan 156). Corruption is a major
obstacle in Nigeria and Angola which is influenced by oil money. In both cases there is a "bloc of
corrupt powerful elites ... while a large percentage of the population [continues] to live below
poverty lines" (Ajayi 1). The money that is generated from oil falls into the hands of elites which
directly impacts the country 's ability to democratize. In Nigeria, "oil revenues have been the
primary lubricant in making democracy 'work'" (O'Neil, Fields, and Share 760). Politicians have
rigged elections by promising money and positions of power to citizens to guarantee votes. This is
problematic because Nigerians are not having their voices heard. They are being bribed with money
and power to vote for a politician, which is enticing in a country where the citizens live below the
poverty line. This not only hinders democracy, but is a breeding ground for violence (O'Neil, Fields,
and Share). In Angola, the government aims to keep corruption and other abuses of power a secret
from Angolans. The state owns most newspapers and the only television station, so they tend to
show government propaganda in favor of the state only. Any journalists

The Progressive Era ( 1900-1919 )
The Progressive Era (1900–1919) presented solutions to the social, political, and economic changes
in the United States of America which had surfaced in the framework of the rapid changes produced
during the Industrial Revolution and the growth of modern capitalism in America. Many
progressives believed that these changes marked the end of the old order and invited the beginning
of a new era fit for the industrial age. Others believed that these changes marked a necessity for
improvement rather than complete eradication. Regardless, American citizens utilized their ability to
enrich social circumstances, both politically and morally, to guarantee social justice around 1865–
1929. In a general sense, the conservative goals of this period substantiated the Liberal
developments passed by Progressive leaders. Corresponding to the definition of conservatism, "a
political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, stressing established institutions, and
preferring gradual development to abrupt change" , the triumph of Conservatism existed in a sense
that efforts were made to maintain established philosophies vital to an industrial social order. The
Progressive leaders essentially wanted to perpetuate Liberal reform to bring upon general
conservatism. Therefore, the 19th century can truly be defined by both the "triumph of
conservatism" and the success of progressives. An array of accomplishments from the Progressive's
battle were conservative in nature. The fight against

The United North American Trade Association
In the 7th century, a central Asian Turkish tribe joined with the local Slavic community to create the
first Bulgarian State. This state quickly fell to the Ottoman Empire, struggling to fight for
independence for centuries until 1908 when autonomy was finally achieved. The Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR) took over Bulgaria in 1949, and it wasn't until 1990 that the country was
an independent nation again. Since the fall of communism Bulgaria has been working towards
democracy and a free market economy, though they are often hindered by object poverty and
corruption, as this essay will further discuss later. Despite these negative aspects the country
managed to join the North American Trade Association (NATO) in 2004 and the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The other ethnic groups: Turkish with 8.2% of society, Roma with 4.4%, and others with about 11%
tend to have kids earlier, thus breaking the mold (CIA). The official language of Bulgaria is
Bulgarian; about 77% of the country speaks it. 8.2% speak Turkish, 3.8% speak Roma, and about
11% speak other languages. When it comes to religion almost 60% of the country claims to be
Eastern Orthodox, 7.8% are Muslim, 3.7% claim no religion, 1.7% follow a western Christian faith,
and a massive 27% claim some unspecified or alternative religion (CIA). Though there are multiple
languages and religions practiced in Bulgaria, it is clear that there are majorities and minorities to
each. This situation where one group is so much larger than another can easily lead to hostilities and
discrimination, two things which Bulgaria has seen much of in modern history. This essay will go
into more detail about the discrimination faced by the Roma later. The Republic of Bulgaria is a
modernizing European nation in terms economy. Only 6.7% of the population practices agriculture
while a shocking 30.2% are employed in the industry sector and 63.1% work in the service fields
(CIA). One of the biggest driving factors in the economy is industry. As a residue from the Soviet
Era the country is outfitted with countless steel mills, petroleum refineries, chemical factories,
nuclear fuel producers, and so on (CIA).

How Drug And Human Trafficking Differ From Traditional...
but this could possibly happen in areas like Munro's 'borderlands', the Golden Triangle, or other
places within Southeast Asia.
How drug and human trafficking differ from traditional security threats are that unlike traditional
external military threats which represent a state or a force, transnational traffickers are a part of a
globalise network of groups and individuals. Discussed in the previous paragraph, people that are a
part of the trafficking industry range from everyday people and businessmen, to criminal groups;
with the only relation they have to each other is the commodity they smuggle. Because of this and
the illicit market drive of demand and supply, traditional means of increasing police, destroy
criminal groups, and increasing illegal trafficking penalties does little to reduce the demand and
supply. In order to reduce the flow of trafficked commodities, states should reduce the supply and
demand of the illicit industries. This essay will now discuss the state security challenges of
corruption.
Corruption is an important factor necessary for smuggling illicit commodities transnationally. Both
Munro and Phil Williams support this in their texts, with Williams stating that, corruption is a
'lubricant which allows organised criminal organisations to operate with maximum effectiveness'. As
discussed in the previous paragraph, the drug industry provides large amounts of funds to illicit
groups. These funds can be used to pay off state officials to not

What the U.S. Government Shut Down Teaches Us About...
What the U.S. Government Shut Down Teaches us about Organizational Corruption
Brian Pinkowski
Posted with images on "How to Fight Corruption"
http://brianpinkowski.wordpress.com/2013/10/14/what–the–u–s–government–shutdown–teaches–
us–about–organizational–corruption/
The 2013 U.S. Government shut down demonstrates the powerful and destructive effects of conflicts
of interest on groups, nations, and the global community. Notwithstanding press releases to the
contrary, it is fairly clear that the repeated refusal to come to agreement on national policy over the
last few decades is strongly linked to the interests of Democrats and Republicans to establish
favorable positions to benefit their respective organizations for the coming ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Willingness to promote subgroup purposes (Political party purposes) over those of the larger group
(U.S. society) has been observable in the U.S. Congress and Senate for several decades.
Fundamentally, this is a disagreement with the larger policy. (A disagreement on the primacy of the
larger policy.)
Disagreement with the important purposes of the U.S. Constitution ("insure domestic tranquility,
promote general welfare . . . for ourselves and our posterity") and rationalizing the supremacy of the
interests of political parties over those larger societal goals, has demonstrably weakened current
U.S. society and imposed large burdens on future generations. Further, it has further weakened the
U.S. reputation vis–à–vis other nations.
Political parties in the U.S., however, understand the importance of adherence to their own policies
and have systems in place that they follow to impose "party discipline." Again, their willingness to
"discipline" their party officials for failure to stay focused on party goals (ahead of larger U.S.
goals), creates a conflict of interest that is destructive to the larger group.
Correcting Refusal to Follow Policy
Groups, whether corporate or government, face similar difficulties. Subgroups within a corporation
will periodically oppose or disregard otherwise rational goals and policies, sometimes to extreme or
even criminal ends.
It should go

A Round Table : Role Of The State Development
Chae Yeon Kim IDS 120 3 May 2016 A Round Table: The Role of the State in Development
Possibilities Among developed and underdeveloped nations, the role of the state in development is
often one that is contested. The differing perspectives include that of the state as being essential, an
obstacle, or less of a factor in development than others. In this paper, I will first discuss how the
state is essential for development by creating the conditions for investment and economic growth to
happen. Next, I will discuss how the state can kill growth by pursuing overly protectionist policies
as well as being corrupt. I will then analyze how ethnic diversity can be a determinant of
development, more so than the state. Finally, I will argue that ... Show more content on
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Violence and retribution came under the purview of the state only. Criminal law became separate
from civil, ending the private provision of violence and allowing the state to create conditions for
prosperity (Bates, 50). Today, richer countries tend to have strong political institutions that are able
to prevent violence (Posner, May 4). Protection of private property also creates incentives for
investment, which necessitates the need for a state. As illustrated by the evolution of the
parliamentary state, political and economic transformations often go hand–in–hand. The monarch
had to promise to not confiscate property, incentivizing the creation of a set of institutions that
curbed its own power. This came through the development of parliamentary governments, providing
the political foundations for development to happen (Bates, 56). When the state enforces property
rights, more equal opportunity, and constraints on elites and itself, the conditions for investment and
development are positive (Acemoglu, 156). Modern day government policies of import substituting
industrialization can foster industrialization and development by using the powers of the state. This
happens through the protection of domestic industries from international competition by imposing
tariffs, quotas, and government subsidies (Ray, 657–658). By doing so, states could create artificial
competition to industrialize, thus creating

The Most Problematic Crimes That Are Polluting Italy 's...
The most problematic crimes that are polluting Italy's criminal justice system is corruption,
organized crime, drug trafficking, terrorism, and illegal immigration. Corruption creates a fertile
ground for organized criminal activities, even terrorism, as criminals are aided in their illegal
activities by the complicity of corrupt public officials. If left unchecked, corruption will undermine
political, social and economic stability, ultimately threatening the safety and security of society as a
whole. Political parties are considered the most corrupted institution in Italy, followed by parliament
and legislature and police. According to Transparency International (2015) survey on global
corruption, 64% of people feel that their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Compared to other countries, Italy is equally corrupted as Brazil, Greece, Bulgaria, and Swaziland
(Transparency International, 2015). "Italy total crime is the 4th highest in Europe and it has one of
the highest percentages of crime victims with 24.5% of its population claiming to be victims.
Italians have one of the lowest rates of faith in their police force, with just 54% stating they believe
in police efficiency and 65% claiming it's not safe to walk alone at night" (NationMaster, 2015). The
safety concerns for the tourists and locals are at a low because of police corruption and bribery, and
that police are not taking some of the crimes that are being reported seriously. In Italy, U.S. citizens
are less likely to be a victim of a violent crime, but they will fall victim of pickpocketing, purse
snatching, residential and car break–ins in populated Italian tourist destinations (Overseas Security
Advisory Council, 2015).
Italy's international police is responsible for protecting the boarder for illegal trafficking and
domestic crime. The Interpol National Center Bureau (NCB), which is party of Italy international
police Cooperation Service (SCIP), has "two divisions within SCIP that focus on fighting crime
such as organized crime, terrorism, illegal immigration, drugs, missing persons, environmental
crime, property crime, and wanted fugitives" (Interpol, 2015). Organized crime has been a major
problem in Italy for a number of years. Organized

Organized Crime And Corruption In Latin America
Bono, an Irish venture capitalist and philanthropist, once stated, "The biggest disease is corruption.
The vaccine is transparency." Unfortunately, Latin American and Caribbean states became infected
after the end of colonialism in the 1800's, and not a single Latin American or Caribbean state has
cured itself. On 25 January 2017, Transparency International, an anti–corruption NGO, released its
2016 edition of the Corruption Perceptions Index, which revealed that the average score on the
Index for the Latin American and Caribbean region (LAC) was a meager 44 out of 100. Anything
below a 50 out of 100 indicates that governments are failing to tackle corruption. There are two
principal reason for the rampant corruption witnessed in the LAC: the relationship between
organized crime and corruption and the region's skewered political system that creates a breeding
ground for powerful oligarchies that misappropriate power and funds to satisfy their own desires.
First, the correlation between organized crime and corruption is both a cycle and geographical.
Organized crime cannot exist without corruption, but corruption is, in part, briberies by criminal
organizations or simple businesses looking to bypass government regulations. Moreover, Central
America, due to its geographical location, is a hub of drug trafficking and criminal gangs. With
regard to the LAC's crooked political system, during the region's colonial days it was ripe with
corruption, and that trend persisted after

Corruption In The Federal Government
Political corruption in the United States is present an at least one of the three branches of
government in all fifty states but is most common in the Legislative branch. Ending political
corruption is nearly impossible because public officials will always find a loophole in the existing
laws but reducing corruption is possible. The most efficient way to dramatically reducing political
corruption is by targeting the Legislative branch of the United States government. Two members of
Congress are trying to exactly do that by proposing a law, At the federal level, that would impose
term limits on members of Congress. Senator Ted Cruz and Representative Ron DeSantis are both
pushing an amendment to be added to the United States Constitution which would impose term
limits on members of the House of Representative and the Senate. Political corruption in the
legislative branch of the federal government is a problem because members of Congress will favor
special interest rather than their constituent. A law that was passed at the federal level to try solving
this problem is the "Honest Leadership and Open Government Act" and a proposed law at the state
level Ohio "Strengthening Term Limits on State Legislators" Amendment but both laws don't go far
enough. By Imposing term limits on Congress it will help reduce political corruption because it will
constantly bring new faces to Congress which will make it harder for special interest to have a
"grip" on Congress. Congressional term

Systemic Corruption Of Latin America Essay
"There is systemic corruption in Latin America." Corruption is rooted in the psyche of the Latin
America population and together with the procedures make impossible or incredibly long, the
people prefers to bribe in order to make the procedures. Moreover, corruption affects the highest
levels of government. In order to face this problem, "Latin America has made significant progress in
combating poverty and inequality." The economic development of states in Latin America benefiting
from the international trade but it not enough to maintain economic stability within states, deviant
globalization creates an opportunity to transnational crime organization to realize deferent activities
like drugs trafficking, human trafficking. The Western Hemisphere presents deferent problems
unlike other regions of the world, mainly Latin America is affected by problems of corruption and
drug trafficking. Weak states is the biggest challenge in Western Hemisphere, because corruption in
Latin America is one of the factor that creates lack of rule of law, in addition a weak economy and
absence of adequate law enforcement creates a safe haven for transnational criminal organization.
Moreover, the region presents serious problems in the quality of democracy regarding human rights,
as well as illegal immigration. In fact, the effects of globalization both affect weak states positively
and negatively, to respond to this challenge states must cooperate to economically develop the
region and

Case Study Of Ratan Tata
Ethical Leadership: Ratan Tata and India's Tata Group
"Businesses need to go beyond the interest of their companies to the communities they serve", Ratan
Tata.
The meaning of the word corruption is the dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power,
typically involving bribery. Personally, I think corruption forms part of the business. That does not
mean it is an efficient part of the organization. In the case of Ratan Tata and India's Tata Group, it is
known as one of the key in emerging markets in India. Its global footprint was acquired under the
leadership of Ratan Tata, and the same time the group faced a drastic period where the excessive
power from political elite and their accomplices. The results of this control were nepotism, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since some cultures tolerate corruption more than others. The level of tolerance is reflected it by the
nature of the act to consider as legitimate cause. Also, there are some researches that blame the
influence of the British colonial past as the differences between Protestants and Catholics. Another
way to measurement corruption is to analyze those countries with economic success as its main goal
of the government and the limitation of opportunities offered to the society; those countries usually
ends with higher levels of corruption. We can see that social heterogeneity generates corruption too.
the lack of efficiency and professionalism in the bureaucracy links to a tenancy of corruption
amount the countries. Also, we cannot lead back the individual decision. That choice that each
person is responsible for it. If the leader lacks from ethics, the rest of the organization will follow a
corrupt and disturb management. Per the Index of Corruption Perceptions, the high–income
industries show the least corruption level; in contrast, the lowest income countries have the most
corruption. The United States was the 19th, Denmark and Zealand showed a little level of
corruption, and North Korea and Somalia the highest level at

The Government Protecting Citizens from Corruption
Introduction The fundamental ground of our democracy is "The First Amendment" that gives its
citizens the promise of freedom of expression. The First Amendment may be seen as a concept of
basic freedom, which carries the idea that it, is more important to practice rather than to protect it.
Regardless if a person is liberal or conservative, Republican or Democrat, the role within the United
States government is to carry out essential responsibilities its citizens cannot perform. The United
States citizens are responsible of electing politicians into government positions to solve the
problems the country faces. One of those problems is corruption.
The power of money is at the center of political corruption and even though fraud has been in
existence for a long time, in recent years it has become a lot worse. In the past when politicians
sought to run for office each individual had to raise a few thousand dollars, businesses in the past
were smaller, manageable and the risk factors were minimal. Currently political contributions run in
the millions, making Washington a booming business. Most of the money that is raised goes to
lobbyist, campaign aids, deceiving PR operations, and pretentious grass–roots groups. The
American citizens have felt the repercussion with the political and lobbying establishments who are
now in control of the public debates and the policy–making process all for the benefit of the well–
financed special interest groups. My paper will focus on how the

Crime: Police Brutality and Conclusion A. Police Essay...
Ethnicity and the Police Part I: Outline
Eileen Garcia
CJA/344 Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice
June 17, 2013
STEPHEN HUMPHRIES
Police corruption and citizen complaints relative to ethnicity I. Introduction A. Police corruption
Police corruption has become an international problem. This was initially a common practice during
the period when the police institutions were being developed but the effect has been felt by many
people, even affecting peacekeeping operations. The police abuse and corruption has become
endemic in the U.S making many citizens seek help from other organization. An example of such a
case was experienced in the police training program in Afghanistan were the civilians were brutally
abused forcing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1. The U.S. Supreme Court on the court case this is the case of 2009 where the Supreme Court
agreed that this had been against the sixth amendment right of confrontation for anyone who is
under suspicion to be given a chemical drug test report and not having a testimony of the person
who is carrying out the test. In spite of the ruling that such practices were not allowed by the
constitution, it also rules out that the "notice–on–demand" statues were in line with the constitution.
The state was not in a position of violating the constitution by this statue by notifying the defendant
that the prosecution was able to submit a test even though they didn't have a testimony from the
person who carried it out, as it will also give the defendant enough time to object the results. 2.
Forensics examiners that violated the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
Because of the case, the court came up with a clean distinction between the confrontation and
compulsory clauses. Even though the sixth amendment ranted Melendez–Diaz got a permit to be
able to call the forensic expert and have them as a witness. Instead, this would somehow reduce the
trouble of having more witnesses on the side of the defendant as opposed to the prosecution side.
However, it is a requirement that there should be testimony produced by the forensic experts who
carry out the test on chemical substances in such cases. This right was

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