Air Pollution Solutions

Air Pollution And Its Effects On The World
ABSTRACT
Present day scenario of Delhi in terms of air pollution is undermining and is predicted to continue
growing on that front. The air quality, in–fact, is the worst of all the major cities in the world. One of
the reasons for the suffering air quality is Vehicular Pollution which is mainly due to the fuels. This
paper mainly intensifies on the use of CNG instead of Petroleum–based fuels like petrol and diesel.
It compares all of the above with respect to pollution control as well as the expenses associated with
their use to suit the general public. This paper provides the current status of the use of these fuels
and their preferences.
INTRODUCTION
"Normal human activity is more harmful for nature than the greatest wars or nuclear explosions in
history." For the last decade, pollution has been on a steep rise all across the world with air pollution
taking a lead. In India, particularly in Delhi, the level of pollution is scarily high making it the
eleventh most polluted metropolis in the world[1]. A considerable role in pollution is played by Air
pollution. Air pollution is caused by road dust, industrial gases, vehicular pollution, burning of solid
wastes and concrete batching[2].
Vehicular Pollution is due to emissions from vehicle including PM10 and PM2.5, Sulphur Oxides,
Nitrogen Oxides, Volatile organic compounds, CO, air pollutants including Benzene, Carbon di–
oxide (owning to the greenhouse effect), partially burnt Hydro Carbons and certain amount of Lead.
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The Problem Of Air Pollution
Almaty is in the list of ten most polluted cities in the world. Even Moscow is on the 14th place,
which means that the problem is not in the cars number only. (KazakhstanToday, n.d). Moreover,
some of the Kazakhstani experts claim that air pollution in Almaty will soon achieve the critical
point (Kapital, 2015). The problem is that both the government and citizens understand the current
problem, but there is still no change. Air pollution causes environmental changes, increasing in
average temperature and also a lot of illnesses and diseases such as allergies and lungs problems.
The problem has to be solved because Almaty is the financial center of Kazakhstan and a lot of
people including students, workers, foreign tourists come every year. Almaty does not have a lot of
factories, so the main cause of air pollution is transport. Due to increasing of air pollution from
transport in Almaty, which causes cardiovascular mortality of 446 people per 100,000 in Almaty
(Kenessariyev et al,2013) , the problem has to be solved by building more metro stations,
prohibiting old cars coming to the city and promoting using pollution–free clean natural gas.
Air pollution in Almaty has been a big problem until recent days. It is located among mountains, so
it is more difficult for air to ventilate. Because of that, a lot of greenhouse gases remain in the
atmosphere of the city. With increasing amount of population and vehicles, the air is becoming more
and more polluted. Today, Kazakhstan

Natural Gas and Its use as a Alternative Fuel Compared to...
Natural Gas and Its use as a Alternative Fuel Compared to Gasoline Have you ever confused the
terms "Natural Gas" and "Gasoline"? Well don't, because they are two very different types of gases.
Natural gas and Gasoline are considered fossil fuels to most scientists because it is believed they
were formed from the remains of sea animals and plants that died 200–400 million years ago. These
sea animals were then covered by layers of sediment and rock over time which caused them to
become buried deeper and deeper, until enormous amounts of pressure and heat turned them into oil
and gas. Raw natural gas is a mixture of different gasses and the main ingredient is methane, a
natural compound that is
formed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also set off small explosions or drop heavy (Preston, Benjamin "I Feel Gassy" 5.8.12)
weights on the surface and record the sound waves as they bounce back from the sedimentary rock
layers underground. (www.NEED.org 2011). Scientists may also measure the gravitational pull of
rock masses deep within the earth, yet the most widely used and effective way of finding
Natural gas is by drilling down through the layers of sedimentary rock to reach the rock formations
that contain oil and gas deposits. After natural gas comes out of the ground, it goes to a processing
plant where it is cleaned of impurities and separated into its various components.
Now, the type of natural gas that goes into automobiles is called Liquefied Natural Gas, or
LNG. The process for making LNG starts the same way as producing natural gas, except the natural
gas is cooled to –260 degrees Fahrenheit. By doing this, the natural gas changes into
LNG and its volume is reduced 600 times. Another exceptional way Natural gas is found is by 3–
D and 4–D seismic imaging. This technique uses powerful technology from computers to help
determine accuracy in whereas to drill. Another technique used to find natural gas is called
"Hydraulic fracturing.". This involves the injection of more than a million gallons of water, sand and
chemicals at high pressure, down and across into horizontally drilled wells as far as 10,000
feet

Air Pollution In America
The primary cause of climate change is the burning of fossil fuels. Carbon pollution causes more
frequent and severe storms, floods, heat waves, and wild fires. Power plants and major industrial
facilities in Georgia Emitted more than eighty–five metric tons of carbon pollution in 2011. Thirteen
counties in metro Atlanta are currently in nonattainment because the region does not meet the
federal air quality standard. The American Lung Association's "State of the Air 2015" report gave a
failing grade on ozone to Gwinnett County where I currently live in Metro Atlanta. Metro Atlanta's
air pollution problem is due to the population growth, traffic congestion, and the lack of a large scale
transit system. In 2000 the American Lung Association's "State of the Air" ranked Atlanta as the
ninth most populated city for the ozone but we have improved since then. The south usually has
problems with the ozone due to more sunlight and warmer temperatures. Nationwide nearly forty–
four percent of the people live in a place where pollution levels are often too dangerous to breath.
Air pollution can lead to serious health issues such as heart disease, heart attacks, and an increase
risk of death from lung cancer. According to the Georgia Environmental Protection Division on
average Atlanta has around forty "code orange" days where health officials warn that children and
people sensitive to ozone, people with heart or lung disease to limit outdoor exertion during the
afternoon or evening

Speech : Air Braking System
TERM PAPER/SEMINAR on Title: AIR BRAKING SYSTEM Submitted to AMITY
UNIVERSITY Guided By: Submitted By: Mr. Atul Sharma Name of the Student: Ashish Yadav
Enrolment.No. A2346113011 AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH GAUTAM BUDDHA
NAGAR DECLARATION BY STUDENT I/We, ......................................, student(s) of B.Tech (....)
hereby declare that the project titled "....................................................." which is submitted by
me/us to Department of.................................., Name of the Institute, Amity University Uttar
Pradesh, Noida, in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in ..... , has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma
or other similar title or recognition. The Author attests that permission has been obtained for the use
of any copy righted material appearing in the Dissertation / Project report other than brief excerpts
requiring only proper acknowledgement in scholarly writing and all such use is acknowledged.
Signature Noida Date Name and Signature of Student(s) ABSTRACT In this term paper I have
discussed about the airbrakes

Course Taking And Apparatus Set Up
Course taking and apparatus set up will be the first steps in this project. For safety measures, the
apparatus needs to be reinstalled under the fume hood. Basic pretreatment processes will be carried
out in order to prepare the biosorbents for adsorption. Aiming to check the reliability of the system
and find possible pitfalls, some preliminary tests will be run, and the results will be analyzed. Once
the reliability of the apparatus, repeatability of the process, and standard operating procedure are
determined, the next phase of the project will be commenced.
5.2 Phase 2
In this phase, the experiments will be focused on single component and binary systems. Firstly, pure
methane will be fed into the column and the adsorption process will be investigated. Afterwards, the
same experiments at similar conditions will be carried out using pure water vapor. Based on the
result of these experiments, a new set of experiments will be designed and carried out for binary
systems (Methane and water vapor). Equilibrium and kinetics will be studied. Dynamic studies will
be accomplished. Generally, the performance of Flax Shive and Oat Hulls in PSA process will be
determined.
5.3 Phase 3
To further investigate the adsorption process, various isotherms will be fitted on the experimental
data. Equilibrium capacity, uptake of species, diffusion constants, and selectivity will be calculated.
Based on these results, the nature of the adsorption process will be determined. Afterwards, a set

Proposal Essay On Pollution
Proposal Essay Suneet Mahajan
Western Governors University
WGU Student ID #000704510
Pollution refers to impurity into the environment of particles which has harmful effect on health.
There are many forms of pollution, like air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution which impact
health and environment. High air pollution level is responsible for health issues in Delhi. Over the
last few years, the level of pollution has changed significantly in India and specifically in Delhi.Due
to increased traffic on roads, traffic movement is slow which forces vehicles to move in lower speed
which reduces efficiency and emission level increases. Another cause of vehicular pollution is
increase in number of diesel vehicles, which is also a major contributor to ai r pollution. According
to Department of Transport of Delhi, there are more than 7.6 million vehicles on National Capital
region and which grows at a target rate of 14% per annum. Due to air pollution people are suffering
from Lung and heart disease. In addition to 7.6 million registered vehicles of Delhi and equal
number of vehicles enter Delhi everyday which add to air pollution. In order to control Vehicular
pollution, we have to adopt and implement stringent steps to reduce the vehicular pollution. The
feasible solutions to control pollution is to reduce the number of vehicles on roads by introducing
concept of odd/even rule for playing the vehicles, ban on registration of diesel cars which is major
source of vehicular pollution, introduction of CNG (Combined National GAS) for taxis coming in
delhi these steps will reduce vehicular pollution and help people to breath clean air.
In order to reduce the congestion of road, the proposal is to apply odd/even rule for playing the
vehicles wherein vehicles with odd number registration plates will run on odd dates and vehicles
with even number registration plates will run on Even dates. This will be applicable between 8 AM
to 8 PM and will result into challan but no compounding of Vehicles. This rule will be applicable to
all the government Vehicles and vehicles coming out of Delhi. There will be exemption for CNG
Cars, cars driven by women with kids, President of India Vehicles, Prime minister and

The Four Elements Of Earth Bending
I´ve always believed that the pillars of planet Earth are the four main elements. Of course I am
referring to Air, Water, Fire and Earth. Imagine having the ability to harness and bend each of these
four elements into anything you desire. Each one of these elements has their own different but
unique characteristic. They all have endless possibilities depending on how you decide to use each
one of them.
Let us start with the simplest one, the Air element. This element is really basic. Although Air
bending sounds really simple there are a lot of things you are able to do with it. You can create air
rushes, tornadoes and other kind of aerial disruptions. However, the most interesting characteristic
of being an Air bender is that you have the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is probably the most complicated one but for me it´s the best out of every single one. It is only
complicated because of all the uses it has. Being a skillful Water bender has a lot of benefits. You are
able to control water, obviously. As you control water you are able to turn this water into ice and
vice versa. Also as a Water bender you have the ability to heal of other people wounds and of course
your own wounds. But my favorite use of water bending is blood bending. This ability as the name
implies consists of you having the ability to control the blood of any being either being an animal or
a human being. You can manipulate all of their actions; they are basically puppets to the grand
puppet master that you

Essay on Regression Analysis
Introduction Our regression analysis was done on OMNITRANS fuel consumption. This has been
an ongoing issue for OMNITRANS where there seems to be an inconsistency with there CNG fuel
consumption. There continues to be variance in what is consumed each day compared to the amount
of miles driven. This issue is very important to OMNITRANS because it makes it very difficult to
plan for future use with the CNG industry. OMNITRANS wants to have a consistency with CNG
use so they can plan for budgeting purposes and new contracts that are connected with the CNG
usage. We are going to establish what we believe will be a good analysis for OMNITRANS to look
at and establish what is needed in order to improve there fuel consumption within the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead of taking an average of all fuel consumed for a month by using the 5 different days we are
able to look at a better sample of what is actually happening with fuel consumption. Fuel Consumed
Miles Driven When X Y Day1 2904.2 8712.6 Day6 2807.1 8421.3 Day11 4128.3 12384.9 Day16
3489.3 10467.9 Day21 2424.3 7272.9 Coefficient of Determine = 1 Fuel Consumed Miles Driven
2500 7500 3500 10500 Next was the issue of establishing the Y factor. With this we ran into an issue
of how many miles for each day. Even though OMNITRANS has set schedules for there buses there
seemed to be an issue of establishing a breakdown of each bus bases on the different routes. Some
buses drive only10 miles a day while another bus may drive up to 400 in single work day. What we
have done is taken the average miles per gallon and multiplied by the amount of fuel consumed in
gallons. We found that this is the best way of showing the correlation between the X and Y. The
opportunity for this is that if we can establish a norm of what should be happening with fuel
consumption we would have a better way of establishing what is going on with the OMNITRANS
buses. Below you will find our regression analysis for the data that was explained between the X
and Y. Interpret Results By the data above it will show that there is a direct relationship between fuel
consumed and miles driven. As fuel

Fossil Fuels Vs. Renewable Energy Essay
Abstract – The world can't be imagined without IC Engines ,as their applications are wider in
various fields. And mainly used input for this engines are fossil fuels. But the challenge in this is
decreasing rate of resources. The fossil fuels may not be available after some years if they used in
the same way .Not only the fossil but also the electric power is the non renewable energy, This paper
concentrates to run the engine without fossil fuels or electricity.
Keywords – IC Engines, fossil fuels , non renewable energy
I. INTRODUCTION
In today's motorized life , It's difficult to live without motor (Engines) and the main source of it's
input power is fossil fuels & partly electric power. In future these fuels or electricity may not be
available widely as they are non renewable energies. So, it may be difficult to use engine with the
fuels. Not only the problem of lack of resources but also but also they pollutes the environment. If
the fossil fuels are used in this way for some more years ,It may difficult to breath in the future and
many things which are harmful to the earth may happen like global warming .this may leads in
danger to the lives of creatures. To solve this problems compressed air technology (CAT) was
invented, and again the problem in this is input power. The air may be freely available in the
atmosphere , but it needs to be compressed to use and the power it needs for compression is
electrical energy , which is also a non– renewable energy.

The Cause And Effects Of Air Pollution In The Beijing City
A Ghanaian and founder of Smart Youth Volunteers Foundation, Lailah Gifty Akita said "Laziness
has made our cities unclean. If we begin to work and act appropriately, we will clean our cities of
any dirt." People's self–centered personality had caused the pollution, and if people think more
about the city and implicate to help then people can get rid of the pollution. So, as the city that
suffers from one of the most serious pollutions, Beijing air quality is a getting worse every year
because of the dearth of citizen support. Also, Beijing population is increasing and as people
increase so do the number of cars. Unfortunately, the amount of trees shrinks, and the Beijing
government cannot reduce the use of coal that is unnecessary. Consequently, Beijing suffers from air
pollution as a result of high population density, commercial use of coal, and lack of citizen
involvement. To begin with, the amount of inhabitants in Beijing causes pollution. As the capital of
China, most every Chinese person dreams of living in Beijing, for this reason Beijing is full of
people, and as they move in the air becomes worse. Beijing population is increasing every day and
as people increase car use also increases. With nearly 20 million of people living in Beijing, this
amounts to 5 million cars driving around every day. Even though the government tries to limit cars
that drive in one day by the plate number of each car, but still these cars create abundant carbon
dioxide. To make matters

A Project Report on Working Capital of Bharat Pump and...
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 PREFACE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS
 ORGANIZATION CHART OF BPCL
 INTRODUCTION OF COMPANY
 CUSTOMER OF BPCL
 PRODUCT PROFILE
 QUALITY ASSUARANCE
 SWOT ANALYSIS
 STRATEGY FORMULATION
 MARKETING STRATEGY
 MANAGEMENT PROBLEM
 SEGMENTATION
 RECOMMENDATION
 PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHT
 FINANCIAL AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE REPORT
 CONCLUSION

 CERTIFICATE OF APPRECIATION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
PREFACE
The instrument of government owing property is nothing new. It is almost as old as human
civilization itself. We have reference of public places and buildings such as the great bath and
municipal halls in the towns valley civilization which also happens to be one of the oldest ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
BPCL had entered into technical collaborations with World famous manufactures of Pimps,
Compressors and Gas cylinders and high technology Oil Equipments. In a very short period the
company absorbed the technology and establishes itself as a World renewed manufacturing of a
wide range of high–tech products in the fluid handing areas. In spite of being an import substitution
oriented unit. BPCL competes with renowned international manufacturing and secure Prestigious
orders from the counts core sector industrials. Almost all the national project in the areas of oil
exploration and exploration. Refineries petrochemicals and Fertilizers process industries, thermal
hydro and nuclear power plant have BPC's product which are functioning to the total satisfaction of
the total satisfaction of the customers. The confidence reposed on BPCL by customer select in terms
of steady and continuous ion order position as well as receipt of high value order to manufacturing
and supply the high tech product like cementing units. Sucker Rod Pumping units and Nuclear
Pumps besides Mud pimps for deep deling oil rigs and compressors etc. Through quality of BPCL
product in good as compared to any other competitors but the company did not perform well due to
various reasons. The concept of holding company was this adopted by the government to recognized
BPCL along with other five companies in a

Air Pollution And Its Effects
According to the World Health Organization, approximately 7 million premature deaths annually are
linked to air pollution. Air pollution is described as "a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air"
("Air Pollution" MedlinePlus). This form of pollution mainly occurs from the burning of fossil fuels,
noxious gases from vehicles, manufacturing chemicals, ground–level ozone (a reactive form of
oxygen and a primary component of urban smog), and tobacco smoke ("Air Pollution" National
Institute...). These emissions suspend deadly particles around in the air that can remain in the
environment for long periods of time. People exposed to high levels of air pollutants may experience
"burning in their eyes, an irritated throat, or breathing difficulties" ("Basic Information"). Moreover,
this pollution can lead to serious, long–term health concerns including accelerated aging of the
lungs, lost lung capacity, decreased lung functionality, and developed diseases such as asthma,
bronchitis, emphysema, and possibly cancer ("Health Effects"). Air pollution poses a threat to the
majority of Earth's population due to the fact that the average adult breathes in 3,000 gallons of air
everyday ("Basic Information").
Outdoor air pollution is one of China's most serious environmental problems. Because of the mass
continued use of coal, China's air pollution mainly consists of coal smoke with sulfur dioxide and
suspended particulate matter. Dozens of studies have been conducted on urban

Career Objective Sample
Career Objective
Accomplished and highly safety focused Electrician seeking a challenging new career opportunity
where I can utilise my qualifications and extensive experience on various oil & gas projects
spanning 12 years. Trade qualified, multi–skilled and competent member and leader, I possess
advanced technical, fault–finding and problem solving skills, coupled with proven
instrumentation/automation and hazardous area expertise. Capable of functioning in remote areas,
harsh and challenging conditions, I am flexible to work various rosters/shifts on a FIFO basis, with a
proven track record of achievement promoting and adhering to workplace safety regulations,
coupled with a 100% accident free record. Physically fit and energetic, with ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
May 2014 – Dec 2014 G&S ENGINEERING | www.g–s.com.au Bechtel: Curtis Island QCLNG
Project – Gladstone, Queensland
Instrumentation & Control Technician
Company Profile:
G&S Engineering in an alliance with Calibre Global and Brown Consulting is a leading Australian
integrated engineering services and project delivery group, providing comprehensive capability
across the asset life to service the resources and infrastructure markets in Australia and overseas
locations.
Project Scope:
Queensland Curtis LNG (a joint venture of QGC, China National Offshore Oil Corporation & Tokyo
Gas), Australia Pacific LNG (a joint venture of ConocoPhillips, Origin and Sinopec), and Santos
GLNG (a joint venture of Santos, Petronas, Total, and Kogas) each engaged Bechtel to design and
build the liquefied natural gas complex on Curtis Island.
Key Duties:
Worked collaboratively as part of the specialist electrical team sub–contracted to Bechtel on the
QCLNG project to carry–out the commissioning, installing and fault finding on all major
instrumentation and controls

The Fuel Of The Future
As we all know gasoline is the fuel of the past, and were all looking towards the fuel of the future.
While auto manufacturers race to bring low pollution emitting vehicles, ZPM(Zero Pollution
Motors) are the beginning of this transition. Zevolution, a combination of revolution, and evolution,
is revolutionizing car manufacturing, and the evolution of engine technology, and the solution to
pollution released by gas powered vehicles. Zero pollution motors, the fuel of the future is the first
compressed air powered vehicle, with this new cleaner modification of power. Thisprocess less
pollution, in which reducing greenhouse gasses.("Zero Pollution Motors").
The founder of ZPM is a CEO named, Shiva Vencat. Vencat has been an entrepreneur for over 15
years, meaning he organizes and operates businesses. Since the early stages of this project, he has
been the U.S. representative for the Motor Development International. Other than this business, he
was also in hospitality business, commodities trading, and innovation management ("Zero Pollution
Motors,
LLC.").
Compressed air for engines dates back to the nineteenth century, when the first compressed air
locomotive was built. The AIRPod vehicle is an improvised and improved version of this invention.
The
ZPM was created to find an eco–friendly vehicle fuel that is safe for the environment. The fossil
fuels used in modern time are not only costly, but emit dangerous gasses, which pollute the
atmosphere, causes the ozone layer,

Background And Present Status Of Energy Sector Essay
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Present Status of Energy Sector
Bangladesh is a terra firma of some natural resources such as oil, gas, coal, hard rock, white clay,
boulder etc. Bangladesh being the prime delta in the world, serves as a decent pool of Natural Gas.
Exploration activities are undertaken by Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration and Production
Company Limited (BAPEX) and some International Oil Companies (IOC). Production activities are
undertaken by Bangladesh Gas Fields Company Limited (BGFCL), Sylhet Gas Fields Limited
(SGFL), BAPEX and some International Oil Companies (IOC).
As on 20 – 21 April 2015, Natural gas is being produced from 21 gas fields; the daily production
capacity is 2525 Million Cubic Feet (MMCF) whereas the daily production is 2594.30 MMCF and
daily 1047.00 MMCF is supplied to power sector, 75.60 MMCF is supplied to fertilizer sector,
1432.30 MMCF is supplied to other sectors (Bangladesh Oil, Gas, Mineral Corporation–
Petrobangla, 2015). Gas Transmission Lines are handled by Gas Transmission Company Limited
(GTCL). There are six separate distribution companies that are engaged in supplying Natural Gas to
diverse types of customers in different regions. They construct and handle distribution lines and
conduct marketing activities. A company named Rupantarita Prakritik Gas Company Limited
(RPGCL) was organized to alter vehicles' conventional combustion systems to Compressed Natural
Gas (CNG) based systems and to popularize the use of CNG.

The Watchtowers And Paganism
The Watchtowers The Watchtowers represents the four cardinal directions: North, South , East and
West. In many traditions they are also associated with each of the four classical elements: Air, Fire
and Water and Earth. These are the Elements of nature and are forces honored by Pagans and
Witches. The Watchtowers are often referred to as Corners, Quarters, Elements, Elementals and so
on. These related titles represents different forms of energy and holds different meanings.They are
seen differently by each induvidual, like with many other things in the Craft or Paganism. The
Watchtowers are being evoked (or invoked) when doing magickal rituals and workings, and they are
asked to watch over the circle. Usually the practitioner faces the ... Show more content on
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Some pracitioners feel that the pentacle represents the four elements and the top of the pentacle
representing the Divine, Spirit, Ether or Akasha, residing above the rest of the Elements. The
Watchtowers may also represent and house other beings assosiated with the Directions and Elements
for example Angels or other ethereal beings like Deomons, Fairies and Deities. For example, in
magical traditions influenced by Christianity the Watchtowers are understod to be the Achangels
Uriel, Raphael, Michael and Gabriel. Uriel is representing North, Raphael is represting East,
Michael is representing South and Gabriel is representing West. Personally I had no knowledge of
the Watchtowers in the earlier assignment. I guess that it meant the home of the Ancient ones. I have
called upon the Elements to assist me in some of my practice, and in some of the guided meditation
both Angels and Elements have been present, but I did not know so much of how they work. Now I
have learned more of what they are, the meaning and the importance of the many types of Beings. I
am sure I will work with them in the future, when learning to do more

Airframe Systems Essay examples
P1 – State three purposes of pneumatic supply system for a typical piston engine powered light
aircraft, and give the functions of the piston engine air compressor and receiver, within the system.
An aircraft powered by a piston engine usually tends to have a pneumatic air supply system. This
allows the function of different systems on the aircraft that are essential to the flight of the aircraft.
In a newer system the supply system will provide a vacuum of air for the gyro's, so that the de icing
boots on the leading edge of the wings can inflate, for example, the boots on the jet stream wings
inflate. The vacuum sometimes provides for some of the flight controls. An example of these flight
controls would be the auto pilot system. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The water then condenses as it passes through the turbine and out of the exhaust. Then passes into
the water extractor. The extractors job is to remove all the moisture out of the air in the system, ice
may form as the the air tends to come out of the turbine at 0c, so a sensor checks the temperature to
make sure that ice cannot form. If it becomes too cold, hot air can be directed from the bleed air
system through a valve.
M1 – The air supplied to the pneumatic systems of gas turbine powered aircraft, and piston engine
powered aircraft, is different. Explain how the pneumatic supply systems differ for the two different
aircraft types. Your answers must relate to typical pressurised passenger or cargo aircraft systems.
The pneumatic systems on gas turbine powered aircraft are different from those that are on aircraft
that are powered by piston engines.
Larger aircraft depend more on pneumatic systems due to their increased flying altitude and need a
form of environmental control system. For example, air conditioning. The air conditioning system
provides a more suitable living atmosphere pressure inside the cabin, by supplying oxygenated air to
breathe. The bleed air helps to pressurise the airframe of the aircraft at a high altitude.
Because the piston engine powered aircraft don't tend to fly at a high altitude, there is no need for a
large pneumatic supply system to power the climate control. This is how the two types differ from
each

The Natural Gas Vehicle ( Ngv )
Significant oil companies such as Sonatrac was founded and became immersed in LNG production
and transportation. Along with Exxon, Shell, and Burma Oil who became profoundly involved
(Kennedy). As refineries were built in the nineteen sixties, the growth of LPG expanded. The
regional business had its own structure for distribution and sale. During the oil crisis of nineteen
seventy–three, many countries built liquid recovery plants when they realized LPG is a significant
product. The expansion within the middle east of LPG production expanded tremendously between
nineteen seventy–five and nineteen eighty–five topping out at thirty million tons by nineteen eighty–
five. By nineteen eighty, exportation of LPG went worldwide (History of ... Show more content on
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European associations believe the use of CNG will increase to twenty–seven million vehicles and be
used as a main fuel by twenty–twenty. Today, there are over five million on the road worldwide. The
Iranian fuel preservation group, created infrastructure and developing CNG in Iran. Their aim is to
manage fuel consumption and decrease air pollution. They have established CNG car factories and
developed companies within the private regions to construct CNG fueling stations. (Majidpour).
This has led to the private sector to produce one hundred and sixty conversion workshops
countrywide (Kauffmann).
There are distinctive energy contents with LPG and Natural Gas, they are the same, but they are
different in many ways. LPG and Natural Gas are broadly accessible and consumed in numerous
products. There are two core distinctions in the way that natural gas (Methane) and LPG (Propane)
are expended. CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) is a readily substitution of petrol that is made by
compressing natural gas (Hahn). CNG is odorless, colorless and tasteless, comprising mainly of
methane. In addition, CNG is yielded from drilling natural gas wells or in combination with crude
withdrawal (Sirdah, Rahma). The term LPG encompasses more than one kind of gas, and a number
of hydrocarbon gases that fall into this type of LPG. The common trait between CNG and LPG is
their ability to be compacted

Alternative Energy : Wind Bags And Compressed Air Energy...
ENGR101 Term Paper Alternative Energy: Wind Bags and Compressed Air Energy Storage Kevin
Michael Black 013505594 Meghan Ismael Dr. Shahab Taherian California State University, Long
Beach College of Engineering ENGR101 7, Fall 2014 October 30, 2014 Renewable energy is
crucial to the future of human society, as it takes from sources that cannot be depleted, such as the
wind , waves, and the sun. However, the production of renewable energy is not steady and often
exceeds its demand. The excess energy created is often wasted, while renewable energy would prove
most effective if it were able to be stored. This would allow renewable energy to be used less in
times of low demand and saved for greater use in times of high demand. A recent innovation has
been developed to solve this problem: the wind bag. Using compressed air, the wind bag will store
and conserve renewable energy, maximizing the productivity of using the water and wind as sources
of energy. By analyzing newton 's second law of motion and centripetal acceleration, mathematical
equations for wind turbines, offshore wind farms in Belgium, the use of compressed air to store
energy, and the aspirations of RWE Power in Germany and the European project AA–CAES for the
future of using wind bags for the storage of renewable energy, it is conclusive that wind bags are
beneficial to the future of human society and are personally significant to each and every one of us.
The concept of the wind bag uses both windmills

Cause: Air Pollution and Natural Sources
Causes * Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials
that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural
environment into the atmosphere
* The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on
planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat
to human health as well as to the Earth 's ecosystems.
Natural sources * Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation.
* Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle. * Radon gas from
radioactive decay within the Earth 's crust. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* This effects not only the people who breathe it but also all systems that rely on circulating air.
When it is particularly heavy, the dust and grime can adversely impact machinery by clogging
filters, and gears.
Acid rain * Acid rain is caused when chemicals from pollutants enter the atmosphere and become
bound to rain droplets. * The chemical composition of the water then changes and becomes acidic.
When it falls to earth it has numerous consequences. Aside from polluting the existing water table,
the acid also affects plants and trees. Acid rain can kill a forest by affecting not only the leaves and
bark, but also by raising the acidity of the soil. * Acid rain affects human constructions as well,
especially any item made of stone. This includes monuments and statures, but also building
structures which are eaten away by the acid.
Health Issues * Air pollution causes numerous health consequences for people. Like the filters in
machinery and buildings, a person 's lungs can become coated with the particulate matter in the
pollution. * This can lead to any number of respiratory problems, depending on the levels of
exposure. At the very minimum, people who suffer from asthma or respiratory issues may have
more difficulty. * Long term exposure can lead to health concerns similar to long term smoking,
such as cancer and emphysema. This is in addition to any

Lpg And Natural Gas : Lpg
There are distinctive energy contents with LPG and Natural Gas, they are the same, but they are
different in many ways. LPG and Natural Gas are broadly accessible and consumed in numerous
products. There are two core distinctions in the way that natural gas (Methane) and LPG (Propane)
are expended. CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) is a readily substitution of petrol that is made by
compressing natural gas (Hahn). CNG is odorless, colorless and tasteless, comprising mainly of
methane. In addition, CNG is yielded from drilling natural gas wells or in combination with crude
withdrawal (Sirdah, Rahma). LPG envelops consequential type's fuels, along with hydrocarbon
gases, which are considered to be LPG. The familiar trait between CNG and LPG is ... Show more
CNG has limited uses since consumption needs to be in adjacent to where it is consolidated.
Natural gas, finds its way into the market place by nineteen eighty–five, as a motor fuel. Specific
containers were unrefined however, a few unrefined efforts created machine knowledge obtainable.
Advanced nations, expanded LNG and proceeded to transform engine transformations to CNG.
Vessels carrying LNG applied the boil–off method for gas as an alternative to re–liquefaction or
venting. Specific unrefined and petrol autos consumed CNG and LNG, while experiments were
occurring on marine engines, airplanes, helicopters, trucks, and trains (Kennedy). Nonetheless,
activity in these capacities had no economic influence on gas industry or LNG amenities
(Momenimovahed, Olfert). Since nineteen eighty–five, automobile comonents has progressed
quickly and numerous global corporations are immersed in exploration (Kennedy).
As described previously in the history of natural gas, around nineteen fifty Italy was associated with
the innovation, natural, nowadays it is the driving force of vehicles and are lucrative (CNG
Compressor). In recent times, the totality of natural gas automobiles has multiplied. One reason for
this growth of natural gas is economizing, in many nations the number of natural gas automobiles
has risen to over a million throughout the world. Natural gas are considerably less costly than
conventional fuels. The benefits of natural gas are

Changing Business Environment Companies For A New Customer...
Question 1:
In today's ever changing business environment companies need to explore newer opportunities and
take some risks to succeed. An article provided by Powerlinx, had surveyed 330 senior management
executives, to provide some feedback as to what benefits could be achieved from creating strategic
partnerships. There were six central benefits. One benefit was gaining access to a new customer
base. The expanded customer base would lead to increased market share which would allow a
business to succeed in their market segment. The second most important benefit would be expanding
revenue. Aligning with other firms that have similar objectives would make processes much more
efficient. When businesses align, there are additional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When companies work together, the investment burden is shared and production time is
significantly reduced. The synergy between the four companies will allow them to each focus on a
particular area in order to achieve their strategic plan. In addition to more efficient resource pooling
and shared responsibility, risk is significantly reduced. According to the Harvard Business Review, a
"company sets up a joint venture with a partner that has complementary assets and capabilities, in
order to limit up–front investments, speed up market entry, and reduce risk" (Vantrappen, Deneffe).
If one of these companies could handle all of the operations themselves, initiating a joint venture
might need to be reconsidered; the competitive advantage would be too valuable. Unfortunately,
none of these companies have that luxury, so the joint venture is warranted.
Question 2:
One opportunity in external environment which may have led this initiative is the growing
ownership of alternative fuel powered vehicles in the marketplace. According to the US Department
of Energy, alternative fuel powered vehicles were on the rise in the late 2000s ("7–8 Alternative"). In
regards to liquefied natural gas, the product was growing rapidly in popularity due to the
technological advancements of natural gas drilling giving way to a surplus of LNG for use ("What Is
LNG and Why Is It Popular"). Dan Usin (Navistar CEO) even said "Natural gas has clearly emerged
as the most

Alternative Fuels Essay
UPS's alternative fuels fleet is in response to growing trends in government and environmental
policies along with scientific discoveries in clean energy. The government launched a National
Clean Fleets Partnership aimed at helping businesses incorporate vehicles that run on alternate fuels.
The public private partnership began a collaboration between the U.S. Department of Energy and
businesses such as UPS's. Over the years UPS's has tried different options to achieve cost savings by
using fuel efficient alternative vehicles dating back to the 1930's. The first alternative vehicle they
started using was electric cars to deliver packages in New York City. These electric cars could only
reach 20–mph which was ideal in New York City, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the 2004 discovery of a massive shale gas fields in the Marcellus Shale region of the United
States this has caused the price of liquefied natural gas to drop in price making it a competitive
choice to diesel. This information is giving UPS more options to alternative fuels at a price that the
company can afford and still make a profit. UPS continues to test and gather information on
alternative fuels that would be best for their business and the environment. It is important for
businesses such as UPS to stay on top of changes in the external environment so they can make the
best decisions for the business. Without the discovery of the shale gas fields UPS would not have the
options that they currently do. The business needs to continue to stay up to date with external
environment information to know which alternative fuel technologies will become central over time.
UPS will continue testing new technologies in order to determine which energy source will have the
greatest benefit to the business. Sustainability is economic development that generates wealth and
meets the needs of the current population while preserving society and the environment for the
needs of future generations. UPS purchased 48 liquified natural gas engine tractor trailers in 2011,
by the

Business Strategies Of Oil And Gas Industry Essay
Business Strategies in Oil & Gas
Topic Analysis
By: Jared Punjabi
INFO 5903–92: Information Technology and the Future
Oklahoma Christian University
Submitted to: Dr. Kimberly Merritt
10/11/16
Introduction
Strategies are constantly changing in business, especially in the oil and gas industry. Different
strategies and new technology present a real challenge to companies pursuing to be the top
performers in the industry. Enerplus, Aramco, Maersk and Jones Energy all have unique strategies in
the industry. Interest in this fascinating industry was chosen because it was relevant to the local
environment. This industry also employed many people across the state. This will provide some
perspective into decisions that are made in local and global oil and gas companies.
Article Summaries
As the oil and gas industry changes, business strategies change. Following are five article
summaries over business strategies within the oil and gas industry. Stower, an editor at the Oil and
Gas Financial Journal, sits down with CEO Gordon Kerr of Enerplus Resources. Enerplus, located
out of Calgary, is one of the oldest oil and gas producers in Canada. They produce over 85,000
boe/day. 57% of production is natural gas and 43% is oil and NGLs. The Journal asks Stowers what
the business is doing to change its strategy to provide the business both income and stock growth for
investors. (Kerr, 2010) Diversity was the underlying answer to the Journal's question. Adding

Hybrid Thermal Compressed Air Energy Storage Essay
Global warming concerns, volatile oil costs, and government incentives are leading to increased
interest in the adoption of renewable energy sources. However, the integration of renewable sources
in our existing infrastructure is challenging, as renewable generation is unstable and intermittent by
nature. Energy storage compensates for the inherent intermittency of renewable energy sources, by
storing energy during surplus power production periods and discharging the stored energy during
low production periods. Compressed Air Energy Storage has received much attention as a viable
solution due to its economic feasibility, low environmental impact, and large–scale capability.
However, conventional CAES systems rely on the combustion of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is shown that the efficiency of the HT–CAES plant is not theoretically bound by the Carnot
efficiency and always higher than that of the Brayton cycle, except for when the heat losses
following compression rise above a critical level. The results of this work demonstrate that the HT–
CAES system has the potential of increasing the efficiency of a pure TES system, executed through
a Brayton cycle, at the expense of an air storage medium.
Subsequently, a realistic and irreversible hybrid configuration is presented that incorporates two
stages of heating through separate low–temperature and high–temperature thermal energy storage
units. A thermodynamic analysis of the HT–CAES system is presented along with parametric
studies, which illustrate the importance of the operating pressure and thermal storage temperature on
the performance of the storage system. Realistic isentropic component efficiencies and throttling
losses were considered. Additionally, two extreme cavern conditions were analyzed and the cyclic
behavior of an adiabatic cavern was investigated. An optimum operating pressure resulting in
maximum roundtrip storage efficiency of the hybrid storage system is reported. Additionally, a
modified hybrid design is investigated that includes a turbocharger in the discharge process, which
provides supplementary mass flow rate alongside the air storage. This addition has the potential of
drastically reducing the necessary

The Effects Of Air Pollution On Our Lives
During the recent years, air pollution has been the main cause of health problems in this society. Air
pollution has caused so many health related sickness to the life we live in now. Air pollution has
brought in high increases of poisonous gases that impact the weather by global warming, and the air
we breathe. As we breathe this toxic air we get in the same chemicals that are mostly found in
cigarettes. Some people could get many diseases breathing this kind of air today, because the
cigarettes have so many chemicals today and new methods of inhaling them. The new methods are
e–cigarettes, which supposed to safer than normal cigarettes. Also new chemicals added to the
cigarettes. In ways that would impact their everyday life. Scientists and people have now got the
data that air pollution is causing so many problems because the increasing effect of ocean levels and
the decreasing layer of the ozone layer has brought in a main concern to what is happening in this
society we live in. In the beginning of this year, manufactures have made solar power cars and other
products that would at least help the environment, but all the manufactures have to keep making
more solar power cars and make it cheaper, to decrease air pollution. Although air pollution is
increasing, the main cause of air pollution is the effects of natural gas, car pollution, and factories.
These three problems are mainly the cause of air pollution because even though there are many
other factors to air

The Internal Environment Of Indraprastha Gas Limited
Executive Summary
The objective of this study is to understand and evaluate the internal environment of Indraprastha
Gas Limited. This study does a critical analysis of the vision statement, philosophy and the business
objectives of the company and the relationship and consistency between them. A review of the
business of the company is done to understand the relationshi between the vision and the business
processes of the organisation. It also takes look into the composition of the top leadership of the
company to see whether they follow the regulatory norms and the diversity in background necessary
for a strog and efficient leadership.
A detailed look into the value systems of IGL gves an idea how the company relates itself with the
employees, customers and the society as a whole. The study looks at some of the HSE policies,
corporate social responsibilities and the safety policies taken up by the company. Human resource
management of a company is one of the most important issues that a company needs to handle. This
study takes a critical look into that as well. Finally, there is an overview of the performance of the
IGL to understand whether the value systems, HR policies and the internal environment of the
organization is resulting into commercial success. Introduction
Indraprastha Gas Limited was incorporated in the 1998. IGL took over the Delhi City Gas
Distribution System from GAIL (India) Limited formerly known as Gas Authority of India Limited.
Indraprastha Gas

Louisiana Cng ( Cng ) On Two Basic Principles
Louisiana CNG was formed on two basic principles; bring affordable CNG conversions to everyday
consumers and provide safe reliable service. Founded near Franklin, Louisiana by Wesley Verret in
the spring of 2015, Louisiana CNG has consistently lived up to its standards; converting light,
medium, and heavy automobiles to operate on compressed natural gas (CNG). "Compressed natural
gas, or CNG, is natural gas under pressure, which remains clear, odorless, and non–corrosive"
(Consumer Energy Center, 2015, p.1). Based on recent calculations concerning transportation fuel
cost regarding gasoline and diesel fuel, Louisiana CNG has brought to the table an alternative,
compressed natural gas (CNG). Starting in 2008, after the nation's worst economic meltdown since
the Great Depression, fuel costs quickly sky rocketed. For the past six years until recently, price per
gallon for diesel or gasoline hovered around the three dollars per gallon mark. Because of the
nations demand for oil, this was the direct correlation in fuel prices. Over the course of this same
time frame a new technology evolved to offset oil prices, hydraulic fracking. While the benefit has
been tremendous not only in driving down oil prices, it also has provided huge troves of methane or
what industry experts call Natural Gas. Natural Gas per BTU is significantly cheaper than both
diesel and gasoline. CNG sales at the station less than two dollars per gallon. These prices have been
consistent over the past six

Cng Station Construction : Lower Installation Cost
CNG Station Construction: Lower Installation Cost
Many cities in the U.S. are ramping up to develop an infrastructure that will support compressed
natural gas (CNG) vehicles. Though there are very few CNG–compatible, or even hybrid OEM
passenger vehicles (Honda sells a CNG Civic and General Motors has started to produce a dual–fuel
Chevrolet Impala), the market is growing for CNG powered fleet trucks. From long–haul tractor
trailers, to regional or local same–day shippers, to garbage trucks, CNG is becoming a fuel of choice
among companies who carry the cost of fuel as a major operating expense. Even in the second half
of 2014 and now the first half of 2015, while oil prices are at their lowest in over a decade, CNG
remains significantly less per gallon equivalent than diesel.
Companies with large truck fleets are planning long–term and speculating that the price of oil won 't
stay low. Some of those companies are consumer goods manufacturers whose customers prefer to
purchase from organizations that promote sustainability, said U.S. Gain 's Bill Renz.
Another highly visible industry is waste disposal. We see waste trucks every day. The largest waste
disposal company in the U.S., Waste Management, Inc. continues its push to be environmentally
friendly. Not just in how it disposes of waste, but also in the fuel emissions from their fleets. The
organization has converted 2,000 of their collection vehicles to natural gas. This has elevated Waste
Management to the

Gas Utilization Of Oil And Gas Technologies
Although the difficulty in storing processing, transporting and distributing gas makes it difficult to
utilise (Cost of transporting per unit energy is about 10 times higher than that of oil) (Thomas et al,
2000), the evolution in oil and gas technologies has presented many new ways for the
commercialisation of APG, Technological options for the monetisation of APG categorised into the
methods available for getting gas from production sites to consumers where it can consumed. In this
chapter the various methods would be briefly described, highlighting obtainable products and
benefits, challenges and limitations and viability conditions. These methods are summarised as
shown in figure 10. Figure 10: Paths to gas monetisation 4.1.1 Pipelines This is the oldest and
simplest form of gas utilization. It involves transporting treated gas from producers directly to its
consumers (Speight, 2007; Kidnay et al., 2006) 4.1.1.1 Products and Benefits The product is
pipeline quality gas for domestic, commercial and industrial use or for further processing. Utilized
mainly for power and heat generation. Once in place, this system aids the utilization of massive
amounts of APG a well planned out pipeline network could supply numerous consumers from
numerous producers 4.1.1.2 Challenges and Limitations The Pipeline system is inflexible. Once
built, routes cannot be changed and additional connections are complex and uneconomical. Once
piping diameters are decided, quantities that can be

Improved Compressed Air Quality At Addington Depot Essay
IMPROVED COMPRESSED AIR QUALITY AT ADDINGTON DEPOT
Project Title
Compressor Air Receiver for Addington Depot within six months to reduce current Health and
Safety issues and equipment water damaged.
Introduction
This project addresses the issues that lie with the air supply and installation of a new air pipework at
Addington Depot.
The risk of not doing this project is that the compressor will have to be replaced in the future. The
amount of moisture in the system will eventually cause the compressor to malfunction. At the
moment the compressor is having mechanical problems due to the moisture in the system.
Air hoses that are lying across the ground and hanging from the wall are a serious trip hazard.
The current work environment is untidy.
There is risk of repetitive strain injury from repeatedly entering and exiting the repair road pit.
The compressor does not have an air receiver tank.
In air pipeline water is present at the lowest point.
Air equipment's and tools are getting water damaged.
The project will be divided into two stages:
Stage 1
Plan and install a compressed air receiver.
Stage 2
Plan and install pipework in the main repair road pit.
An air storage tank is an economical system addition that enhances the performance of the other
components in your compressed air system. A receiver tank, also called an air storage tank, gives
you additional compressed air capacity for times when demand surges. A properly sized receiver can
buffer

Disadvantages Of Air Conditioning
Every year air conditioning uses 6% of all the electricity produced in the United States and costs
about $29 billion annually. A price anyone would pay to stay cool during those hot summer months.
The cool air that circulates your house almost everyday not only keeps you from bearing the heat of
the summer sun, but has been proven to improve the efficiency of human beings, as well as
improving overall health, giving a fresh supply of air, and controlling the noises of the great
outdoors. Throughout the process of creating the modern day air conditioning unit, scientist and
innovators have developed the most accessible, reliable, and efficient model that not only keeps
people cool through the day but also has been shown to increase work ethic in people and treat
certain illnesses.("Advantages of the Air Conditioners. Advantages of AC.") Back before the AC
unit was created, people all around suffered from the heat of the burning sun year round however the
idea was sparked for medical reasons. John Gorrie believed air conditioning was key to treating and
avoiding diseases such as malaria. However his original idea involved shipping ice to florida from
lakes in the northern states. To work around this expensive method, Gorrie decided to go a more
artificial route. He created a machine that used compressed air and water powered by a horse and
wind driven sails or steam to produce cooler air. However, after creating this multi–billion dollar
piece of patented technology he was never able to bring it to the market. Instead he laid the
foundation for a future with artificial air conditioning and refrigeration.(Lester, Paul)
Several years later a new need for cool air presented itself to engineer Willis Carrier. The humidity
was causing wrinkles and coloring problems with Sackett–Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing
Company in Brooklyn. Carrier was tasked with solving this problem, leading us to the modern air
conditioner. His idea was very similar to Gorrie's. Carrier envisioned and composed a system of
chilled coils that maintained a constant humidity in 1903. However, the original design was too
large and expensive for houses. Therefore they began installing the systems in movie theaters. It is
no coincidence

The Natural Gas Vehicle ( Ngv )
Significant oil companies such as Sonatrac was founded and became immersed in LNG production
and transportation. Along with Exxon, Shell, and Burma Oil who became profoundly involved
(Kennedy). As refineries were built in the nineteen sixties, the growth of LPG expanded. The
regional business had its own structure for distribution and sale. During the oil crisis of nineteen
seventy–three, many countries built liquid recovery plants when they realized LPG is a significant
product. The expansion within the middle east of LPG production expanded tremendously between
nineteen seventy–five and nineteen eighty–five topping out at thirty million tons by nineteen eighty–
five. By nineteen eighty, exportation of LPG went worldwide (History of LPG).
The natural gas vehicle (NGV) has been inconsistent throughout history. With our environmental
conditions in fuel consumption, reaching years a new position in this arena has emerged positively
for gas to be an alternative for the fossil fuel. (AR) Natural test vehicles were prevalent in Europe
during World War II in the United States, in the interest in this gasoline alternative raised in the
nineteen fifties. The International Association for natural gas vehicles was formed during the
Canadian energy exhibition in Vancouver in nineteen eighty–six. By the early nineteen nineties,
natural gas vehicle supporters' set–up guidelines for international commercialization of natural gas
vehicles. Many natural gas vehicle associations emerged,

The Speed Of The Atmosphere By Torricelli
Key Meteorological Data:
The determination of the weight of the atmosphere by Torricelli in 1643 was of course the first step
in the development of meteorology to the rank of a science. The discovery of the air–thermometer
by Sanctorius of Padua in 1590 laid the base of a helpful revolution in the science. Meteorology
refers to the science of atmospheric phenomena and study of physical forces in the atmosphere like
heat, wind and movement of air. The degree to which air pollutants discharged from various sources
depends on meteorological conditions. The important air meteorological parameters that influence
air pollution are as follows:
1. Wind Direction and Speed
2. Temperature Inversion
3. Wind Rose
4. Mixing Height
5. Plume Behaviour
6. Lapse Rate etc.
1. Wind Direction and Speed: Wind speed (wind flow velocity), is caused by air moving from high
pressure to low pressure, usually due to changes in temperature. Wind speed describes how fast the
air is moving past a certain point. This may be an averaged over a given unit of time, such as miles
per hour, or an instantaneous speed, which is reported as a peak wind speed, wind gust or squall.
Wind speed and direction are important for monitoring and predicting atmospheric dispersion. The
direction and speed of winds govern drift and diffusion of air pollutants discharged into the
atmosphere. In other words, the pollutants discharges into the atmosphere are totally depends on the
direction and speed of the wind. The

The Issue Of Global Warming
Motorised vehicles have been the mainstay of transportation for the past 200 years or so, and we
cannot imagine a world without such a reliable machine, however, the pressing issue of global
warming has become relevant for these vehicles and for the wider population on an international
scale. Oil is the main source of energy in the world, we call it petrol, but this source of fuel is not
reliable nor is it environmentally stable for future use. It is stated by Barrett and Worden (2016), that
the burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 Giga tons of CO2 every year. Taking into account
the natural processes of plant life, that can only absorb half of those emissions the world creates, in
which on average creates a net worth of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its properties have so much potential for reduced CO2 emissions and overall, being a clean fuel
source, so why is their only 1% of the USA, using this for transportation fuel?( US Department of
Energy, 2015). CNG is an odourless natural gas composed of hydrocarbons, predominately methane
(CH4). At present it accounts for about a quarter of the USA's energy usage and is commonly
extracted from decomposition of organic matter such as landfills or livestock operations, however
only one tenth of 1% is used for transportation fuel. The rest is used for other productions such as
electricity or cooking appliances.
Bio Diesel (Alternate Fuel)
(B20 Combustion Equation)
C19H36O2 + 27O2 19CO2 + 18H2O
Biodiesel is also, an alternate fuel source for future development and its combustion results in low
emission release as well as being one of the cleanest engines on the road. Biodiesel, also known as
B20, is produced from manufacturing vegetable oils, animal fats and recycled restaurant grease. It is
thought to provide a cleaner burning replacement for petroleum diesel fuel. This is so as the use of
biodiesel reduces greenhouse emissions, by offsetting the amount of CO2 released, due to the
absorption of soybeans in the manufacturing process.
Transportation and storage comparison (CNG, B20)
CNG is stored on board in a compressed gaseous state within

Essay On Hybrid Thermal Compressed Air Energy Storage
Global warming and climate change concerns, in addition to volatile oil costs and government
incentives, are leading to increasing interest in the adoption of renewable energy sources. However,
the integration of renewable sources in our existing infrastructure is challenging, as renewable
generation is unstable and intermittent by nature. Energy storage compensates for the inherent
intermittency of renewable energy sources, by storing energy during surplus power production
periods and discharging the stored energy during low production periods. Compressed Air Energy
Storage has received much attention as a viable solution due to its economic feasibility, low
environmental impact, and large–scale capability. However, conventional CAES ... Show more
It is shown that the efficiency of the HT–CAES plant is not theoretically bound by the Carnot
efficiency and always higher than that of the Brayton cycle, except for when the heat losses
following compression rise above a critical level. The results of this work demonstrate that the HT–
CAES system has the potential of increasing the efficiency of a pure TES system, executed through
a Brayton cycle, at the expense of an air storage medium.
Subsequently, a realistic and irreversible hybrid configuration is presented that incorporates two
stages of heating through separate low–temperature and high–temperature thermal energy storage
units. A thermodynamic analysis of the HT–CAES system is presented along with parametric
studies, which illustrate the importance of the operating pressure and thermal storage temperature on
the performance of the storage system. Realistic isentropic component efficiencies and throttling
losses were considered. Additionally, two extreme cavern conditions were analyzed and the cyclic
behavior of an adiabatic cavern was investigated. An optimum operating pressure resulting in
maximum roundtrip storage efficiency of the hybrid storage system is reported. Additionally, a
modified hybrid design is investigated that includes a turbocharger in the discharge process, which
provides supplementary mass flow rate alongside the air storage. This addition has the potential of

4 Elements the Wars Essay
The Wars: Four Elements It was the ancient Greek philosopher, Empedocles, who first established
the four elements: earth, water, air and fire. He also stated that everything in the world is structured
by and rooted in these four elements. However during times of conflict and violence, humans begin
to disturb this harmony. When this happens, the elements stop representing life and start
representing a form of destruction. Throughout Robert Ross's journey in The Wars, Timothy Findley
exemplifies this theory by displaying the four elements in two diverse ways: benevolent and
harmful. Earth is said to be the feminine element. It is perceived to be nurturing, stable, and full of
endurance. The planet itself is a ball of life in which one is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This comes to no surprise. Like water, life is subject to change. Like water, life is shaped by the
places it exists in: the earth, the environment, and the ecosystems. Throughout his voyage, Robert
Ross finds himself in the presence of snow numerous times. For instance, it snows during Rowena's
funeral, "All the time the minister eulogized and all the time they prayed, it snowed" (Finley 18)
Robert also stands in the snow at the train station, much like Mrs. Ross let the snow beat down on
her face. Each of these events marks a point of permanent change. Everyone is able to imagine the
scene where the hero looks down and the town below him is awash in flames. Fire is the agent of
destruction; symbolism of both chaos and war. Burning everything in its path, it brings nothing but
devastation. "Fire storms raged along the front. Men were exploded where they stood – blown apart
by the combustion" (Findley 137) Staying true to this depiction, fire takes the lives of many during
the war, including Robert himself. While trying to save the horses, Roberts get caught in the barn
and the roof "went up in seconds like a tinder box." (Finley 212) Although the flames claimed the
lives of many, at times they also helped give Robert peace at mind. During Robert's stay at Desole,
he receives his kit bag which includes a picture of Rowena. He decides to burn the picture and it is

What Liquefied Natural Gas ( Lng )
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Research Topic The initial part of this
thesis provides, through selective reference to some of the literature, a clearer understanding of the
question of what Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG hereinafter) is and how its transportation system
works from the production plants to consumers all over the world. The aforementioned analysis will
constitute the basis of understanding the main international technical and geostrategic changes
taking place in the LNG industry and the factors which lead to the contemporary augmentation of
the spot market. In particular, this chapter includes an analysis of the technical characteristics of
LNG and its transportation process on the one hand, and an analysis of the legal background
focusing on chartering. More specifically, it provides a brief analysis of the definitions and the main
characteristics of the Time Charter Parties (T/C hereinafter), and Voyage Charter Parties (VCP
hereinafter). The remainder of the chapter is devoted to the presentation and discussion of the main
chartering routines followed when trading a vessel under different charter–parties (C/P hereinafter)
and special C/P forms. 1.1.1 Technical Background Analysis Definition and basic properties of LNG
This introductory subsection provides a brief overview of LNG basic properties, a pre–requisite for
accurately assessing potential LNG safety hazards and risks. Before proceeding to examine LNG
properties, it will be necessary

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