Copyright and citation issues : PROOF course Writing articles and abstracts / Leon Osinski
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As an author of scholarly papers, you will use in your paper materials (text fragments, picture, tables, figures) of other people. In most cases this material is copyright-protected which means that in most cases, not always, you have to ask permission to re-use that material and to attribute the source of the material. This is also the first topic of this lecture: you as a user of copyright-protected material. In the second place, when you’re done writing you want to publish your paper in a journal. In most cases, not always, this goes with a transfer of the copyright that you initially own to a publisher. Transfer of copyright has some consequences and this is the second topic of this presentation: you as a producer of copyright-protected material.
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Copyright and citation issues : PROOF course Writing articles and abstracts / Leon Osinski
- 1. Copyright and citation issues PROOF course Writing articles and abstracts 01-07-2015 l.osinski@tue.nl, TU/e IEC/Library Available under CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
- 2. Agenda A few words on copyright You as a user of copyright-protected material + Attribution and citing + Quoting figures, images and tables You as a producer of copyright-protected material + Copyright transfer + Creative Commons licenses and open access + Publishing the data underlying your paper
- 3. What rights are we actually talking about when we talk about copyright? + Economic or exploitation rights: the right to disseminate the work (publish, copy) and to transform and build upon the work + Moral or personal rights: the right of the author to be identified as such with any edition of the work (attribution) and the right to object to ‘derogatory’ treatment of the work (integrity) If you own copyright you and only you are allowed to disseminate the work and build upon it. If others wants to do this - re-use your work - they (almost) always have to ask your permission to do so Copyright
- 4. Why do you have to acknowledge the source of another person’s text in your paper (attribution)? To avoid being accused of plagiarism When do you have to acknowledge the source of the text? Paraphrasing / restating another person’s text in your own words Opinion / viewpoint / conclusion author Citing / quoting a text literally Numbers / exact data How do you acknowledge the source of the text, or: how to cite or refer to a publication? In the text: numerical or combination author + year In the reference list: according to style rules You as a user of copyright-protected material attribution & citing
- 5. Reference style rules Aim = to identify and retrieve publications unambiguously Descriptive elements [author name(s), year, title …] ; separated by punctuation marks [: , . _ ( )] ; placed in a certain order ; and sometimes typographically emphasized [italic, underline, capitalisation] Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). (2009) The Chicago manual of style (16th ed.). (2010) Vancouver IEEE Source: http://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/APA
- 6. Reference management software Reference Manager and Mendeley: supported by IEC / Library Functionality Database software for end users Storage and retrieval of documentary information Automatic importing of references and pdf’s Automatic compiling of reference lists Cite while you write
- 7. Using another person’s figures, images, tables in your publications
- 8. RL
- 9. This image may probably not be used as a quote in a scholarly article
- 10. However, if your research is about different representations of scholars in comics, it is allowed provided of course that you acknowledge the author or source
- 11. Rekdal, O.B. (2014). Academic urban legends. Social studies of science, 44, 638-654. doi: 10.1177/0306312714535679 Spinach as a rich source of iron, or how to cite author B which is cited by author A Lee, C. (2014). Timestamps for audiovisual materials in APA style. Retrieved from APA style blog: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2014/01/timestamps- for-audiovisual-materials-in-apa-style.html Academic citation practices need to be modernized Follow @Write4Research Get an ORCID-id You as a user of copyright-protected material recommended reading & actions
- 12. You as a producer of copyright- protected material Copyright transfer
- 13. What may you do with your paper when it’s published by transferring copyright? Are you allowed to: share or re-publish it, for example on your website, blog, institutional repository or ResearchGate make paper or digital copies of it, for example for colleagues or students re-use (parts of) it for another publication, for example your dissertation? Depends on the publisher Depends on the version of the paper: pre-print, accepted manuscript, published journal article
- 14. Publisher Elsevier on sharing and using your articles
- 16. Email on behalf of publisher Elsevier to remove pdf’s from a Dutch institutional website
- 17. What can you do about it? Give publishers a license to publish in which normal scholarly use of your paper is ensured, or try to adjust the publishing agreement Publish open access or with a Creative Commons license …
- 19. What others are allowed to do* with your work when you have attached a Creative Common license to it * Copy, publish, transform, build upon the work
- 20. Publishing and archiving data in a repository 3TU.Datacentrum, DANS, Figshare, Zenodo, B2SHARE, Dryad Publishing in a data journal Journal of Open Psychology Data Geoscience Data Journal [Wiley] Data in Brief [Elsevier] Scientific Data [Nature] Attach your data to your publication Sharing or publishing your data Source: www.aukeherrema.nl
- 21. More information: Copyright Coach Open Access Coach Data Coach Questions?
- 22. URL’s of mentioned web pages (in order of appearance) #1 1. Website IEC/Library [TU/e]: http://w3.tue.nl/nl/diensten/bib/ 2. Plagiarism: http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/overview 3. Reference style rules [Murdoch University]: http://library.murdoch.edu.au/Students/Referencing/ 4. Reference Manager [TU/e]: http://w3.tue.nl/nl/diensten/bib/digibib/zoeksystemen/a_z/reference_manager/ 5. Mendeley [TU/e]: http://w3.tue.nl/nl/diensten/bib/digibib/zoeksystemen/a_z/mendeley/ 6. RightsLink Elsevier: https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=ELS&contentID=S0926580513 001131&orderBeanReset=true 7. How can we trust scientific publishers with our work if they won’t play fair? [Blog post on fair use of images] : http://julianstirling.co.uk/how-can-we-trust-scientific-publishers-with-our- work-if-they-wont-play-fair/ 8. Rekdal, O.B. (2014), Academic urban legends: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312714535679 9. APA Style blog: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/ 10. Academic citation practices need to be modernized:https://medium.com/advice-and-help-in- authoring-a-phd-or-non-fiction/academic-citation-practices-need-to-be-modernized- 6eb2e4a44846 11. Write4Research [Twitter]: http://twitter.com/Write4Research 12. ORCID: http://www.orcid.org 13. Author rights your rights [video Dirk Visser]: http://youtu.be/hWZ_ZYbAIyg 14. Repository TU/e: http://www.tue.nl/repository 15. Copyright policies publishers [Sherpa/Romeo]: http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/ 16. Elsevier, Article sharing: http://www.elsevier.com/journal-authors/sharing-your-article
- 23. URL’s of mentioned web pages (in order of appearance) #2 17. Alicia Wise, What’s changed in Elsevier’s sharing policy: http://www.slideshare.net/aliciawise/whats-changed-in-sharing-policy 18. License to publish [Copyright Toolbox]: http://copyrighttoolbox.surf.nl/copyrighttoolbox/authors/licence/ 19. Author addendum [SPARC]: http://www.sparc.arl.org/resources/authors/addendum 20. The Cost of Knowledge: http://thecostofknowledge.com 21. Creative Commons: http://creativecommons.org/ 22. PhD thesis Maxim Hendriks (CC BY): http://repository.tue.nl/748466 23. Open poster about CC licenses: http://creativecommons.pl/2012/06/open-poster-about-cc- licenses/ 24. 3TU.Datacentrum: http://data.3tu.nl 25. DANS: http://www.dans.knaw.nl/en 26. Figshare: http://figshare.com 27. Zenodo: http://zenodo.org 28. B2SHARE: https://b2share.eudat.eu/ 29. Journal of open psychology data: http://openpsychologydata.metajnl.com/ 30. Geoscience data journal: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2049-6060 31. Data in brief: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/data-in-brief/ 32. Scientific data: http://www.nature.com/sdata/about 33. Municipal waste data set: http://dx.doi.org/10.4121/uuid:31d9e6b3-77e4-4a4c-835e- 5c3b211edcfc 34. PhD thesis Lilliana Abarca: http://repository.tue.nl/770952 35. Copyright Coach [TU/e]: http://www.tue.nl/copyrightcoach 36. Open Access Coach [TU/e]: http://www.tue.nl/openaccess 37. Data Coach [TU/e]: http://www.tue.nl/datacoach
Editor's Notes
- Introducing myself and IEC/Library ; shortly showing website IEC Why ‘Copyright’ in a course on scientific writing, in a course which will be especially about the readability and understandability of papers? The reasons are simple. First of all, as a writer you will use in your paper materials (text fragments, picture, tables, figures) of other people. In most cases this material is copyright-protected which means that you have to ask permission to re-use that material. This is also the first topic of this lecture: you as a user of copyright-protected material. In the second place, when you’re done writing you want to publish your paper in a journal. In most cases, not always, this goes with a transfer of the copyright that you own to a publisher. Transfer of copyright has some consequences and this is the second topic of my lecture: you as a producer of copyright-protected material. If you have questions, if things aren’t clear, don’t hesitate to interrupt me. The reasons why copyright matters to you also reflect in the agenda of my presentation [next slide]
- A short explanation of the agenda, a few words on what copyright is: [ When you create something, you own the copyright of it. But what rights do you actually have when you have copyright? Copyright means two things: 1. Having copyright means that you and only you have the right to exploit your work by publishing it, by reproducing it and by re-using it, this means: you may copy it, distribute or publish it and make derivative works of it;. If another person want to do this with your work [re-using it], they have you to ask permission for that. 2. Besides that copyright also means that you have the moral rights of your work. This means your work is personal yours, no other person may attribute your work as his or may slightly alter your paper and say it’s his, or may use it for example in a context which you don’t like. Even when you have transferred the copyright to another person or party, the personal rights remain yours.]
- A few words on what copyright is. When you create something, you own the copyright of it. But what rights do you actually have when you have copyright? Copyright means two things: Having copyright means that you and only you have the right to exploit your work by publishing it, by reproducing it and by re-using it, this means: you may copy it, distribute or publish it and make derivative works of it;. If another person want to do this with your work [re-using it], they have you to ask permission for that. These rights can be transferred to another person or party, a publisher for example. Be aware of the consequences of transferring your copyright ; Disseminating a work must be seen in a broad perspective: sending a digital copy of a paper to students taking your course, etc. Besides that copyright also means that you have the moral rights of your work. This means your work is personal yours, no other person may attribute your work as his or may slightly alter your paper and say it’s his, or may use it for example in a context which you don’t like or which damages your reputation. Even when you have transferred the copyright to another person or party, the personal rights remain yours. I won’t pay attention to these moral rights in my presentation. Who owns initially the copyright of the paper you are writing? In an academic environment, it is almost always the author of the article, so not the university or your promotor. Copyright is simple: almost always you have to ask permission to re-use another persons work. Almost always: there is one exception which is relevant to you as a scholar.
- Research builds on previous research. So, when you’re writing a paper almost always you will use results or material of other people, for example a table or figure or a fragment of text. In most cases these results are copyright protected, this means you cannot just use this material in your paper but you must request permission to use it in your paper from the copyright holder. Of course, there are exceptions to this ‘rule’. The most important one for scientists is quoting: you are allowed to quote small parts of another man’s texts without asking him or her for permission. Of course, this is regular scholarly use but I suppose you were not aware that quoting had something to do with copyright, that it is an exception to the general copyright rule. Quoting goes with one important prerequisite. [There are more than one… ] This is that you have to acknowledge the author or source of the cited text. This is also called attribution. If not, you can be accused of plagiarism. Plagiarism = copying of ideas, data or text without permission or acknowledgement ; knowingly and falsely, so in bad faith, attributing an idea or text to yourself. Plagiarism is considered a deadly sin. However, there are more situations in which you must acknowledge the source, not only when citing a text or figure literally When do you have to acknowledge the source of the text? Paraphrasing / restating another man’s text in your own words Opinion / viewpoint / conclusion author Citing / quoting a text literally Numbers / exact data How do you acknowledge the source of the text, or: how to cite or refer to a publication? In the text: numerical or combination author + year In the reference list: according to style rules.
- Possible example on relevance of punctuation marks: Mampel, K. L. Z. Phys. Chem. 1940, A187, 43. Volgens mij is het auteur K.L. Mampel die gepubliceerd heeft in het Z(eitschrift) fuer Physikalische Chemie Abteilung A, vol. A187, p. 43
- Of course there are more applications: Endnote, BibTex (for LaTex), Zotero (Firefox). Even Word has this kind of functionality.
- About using another person’s figure, table or image in your paper. There are some misunderstandings about this topic. People believe they always have to ask permission to re-use another person’s figure or table. This is also what a publisher wants you to believe: you have them to ask permission to use a figure from a paper they own the copyright. Publishers even have developed an application which allows you to request for permission easily. This application is called RightsLink. My point here is that publishers are claiming to much. You don’t need to ask for permission in every case
- Suppose you want to use a figure from this paper in your own paper and you want to ask permission for that. For this kind of re-use, Elsevier (and other publishers) offers a service called RightsLink. [ Mouse click: RL (down right) to Get rights and content ] [ Image links to Elsevier’s webpage of this paper showing RightsLink by clicking Get rights and content ] Showing RightsLink by quickly going through the form. In most cases you don’t need to pay for this kind of re-use. However, my point is that you do not need to request for permission to re-use a figure because quoting also applies to figures and tbales, not only to small fragments of text! When you have transferred your copyright to a publisher, you have to ask the publisher permission to re-use your ‘own’ figures (when quoting doesn’t apply)! Possible solution[?]: publish your Figures and Tables in advance with for example Figshare (CC BY). http://www.figshare.com (example Osinski) Question is: is publication of a figure (with data) with Figshare already considered a publication which hampers the publication of your paper?
- However, you don’t need always to ask permission! You can consider a figure or image as a quote and just as it is allowed to quote fragments of text in your paper, it is also allowed to quote figures or images in your paper. Of course, the figure then has to be a quote, which means it has to be functional and subordinate to the content of your paper! Using a figure or image just to brighten up your paper or thesis is not allowed without permission.
- Citation is associated primarily with quotation of text passages. Less well-known is the fact that photographs, images, figures and (fragments of) videos may be cited as well. Images too may be cited without prior permission. Under the condition however that image material is truly used as a citation, meaning that: it is used in a scientific context. This applies for many TU/e AV productions ; it plays a functional part. The cited (image) material must be relevant to the subject, e.g. illustrate or support it. Displaying a photograph or video simply for the purpose of making an AV production look more attractive is not permitted ; it is of limited dimensions and fulfills a minor part in the production. A citation may not be too lengthy ; it comes from a legally published source. Citing from confidential, not yet published documents is not permitted ; the work cited has not been distorted. Exercise caution when it comes to matters like cropping photographs or using photographs in a lesser quality ; the source and name of the work cited must be mentioned. Always give credit to the author and source! Sometimes this can be difficult. If you’re not sure, don’t do it. Explanation hyperlink ‘allowed’: use of another persons images is fair use, so allowed.
- Paper Rekdal: excellent and nice paper about the myth that spinach is good nutritional source of iron. It’s also an illustration about the importance and the correct way of citing and checking sources other people cite. So, author A cites author B and you (author C) wants to cite author B. How do you do that? And do you have to check what author A is saying about author B. Blog Lee: about how to quote video footage. Twitter @Write4Research: contains excellent tips about scholarly writing in general. I’ve discovered it when preparing this lecture ORCID: a bit off topic, nevertheless important. ORCID = unique persistent identifier of you as researcher, that distinguishes you from every other researcher and, through integration in key research workflows such as manuscript and grant submission, supports automated linkages between you and your professional activities ensuring that your work is recognized. ‘There are a lot of Chinese people but not so many Chines names’
- Disclaimer I’m not a legal expert (by education) Most things I’m going to say are based on the assumption that you initially indeed have copyright on your ‘writings’. Maybe you or your supervisor have signed an agreement (with NWO, with a company) in which things are stated differently If there are no other agreements made, the copyright of your paper belongs initially to you, not to your university, not to your supervisor
- In the background, just an example of a paper written by TUe researcher Bert Blocken (with others of course) and published by Elsevier. The copyright of this paper has been transferred to Elsevier. Question is what are you, according to Elsevier, allowed to do with your paper? With ‘do’ I mean especially what are you allowed to with regard to ‘exploiting’ your paper, this is by publishing (making public) or re-publishing it. It not depends on you but it depends on the copyright policy of the publisher. See link to Sherpa-Romeo. And it depends on the version of the paper: final author version versus publishers version
- This is publisher Elsevier about what you’re allowed to do with your own paper. So, you may include it in your thesis. You have published your paper with Elsevier, with that you have transferred your copyright to Elsevier and now Elsevier allows you to include your paper in your dissertation! [Image links to website Elsevier: second picture to page Copyright -> click Personal (scholarly) purposes ; first picture to page ‘Sharing your article’] Question: what is or is not allowed? 1. Using copyright protected material may start with using your own paper in your thesis! Sometimes a thesis is a compilation of already published papers. If you have transferred the copyright of these papers you should really ask the publisher to re-publish your paper in your thesis. In most cases journal publishers allows this. 2. Putting your paper on your own webpage? In our TUe repository? What about Research Gate? Research Gate is very popular among scholars and sometimes Probably not. Linking to your article is always allowed. http://www.slideshare.net/aliciawise/whats-changed-in-sharing-policy http://www.elsevier.com/about/company-information/policies/sharing
- And Elsevier is serious about enforcement of its copyright policy.
- Negotiate your copyright Negotiate for a balanced copyright. Publishers of scientific journals want authors to sign a copyright transfer agreement or licence before an article is published. Every publishing house will use its own standard contract, and so the rights you retain will inevitably vary. TU Delft Library can advise you and help you negotiate your copyright in order to retain the most important rights as • the right to reuse an article to be included in a book; • the right to rewrite and adapt an article; • the right to distribute the article among colleagues; • the right to copy your article for teaching purposes; • the right to file the (full text of the) article in a repository. See the video you’ve watched a few moments ago. When I was watching this video again, I realized it was already a rather old video, it’s already a few years old. Nowadays, the advice would simple be to just publish open access. Within a few years you have to publish open access [Horizon 2020, Open access proposal Dutch Ministery of Education]. Or don’t publish with some publishers: see The Cost of Knowledge
- Someone who wishes to (re)use a work of yours, must first ask your permission. Especially in the age of the Internet, where publishing has become an easy thing to do for everybody, this may pose problems. And often is it simply not known who holds copyright to a work placed on the Internet, or it is not clear how he/she may be contacted. A so-called Creative Commons license, so to say, turns things around. By way of such a license, you as holder of copyright indicate beforehand what others may do with your work. You retain copyright, but share your work with others by setting the conditions under which they may use it. Others will not need to bother you anymore by asking if they may use your work. With a CC license you’re giving some (copy)rights away, but you give them away to everyone, not just to one publisher as when you transfer your copyright. [ Picture: link to PhD thesis of Maxim Hendriks = published with a CC BY license ]
- BY = Attribution = This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials. BY-SA = ShareAlike = This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms. This license is often compared to “copyleft” free and open source software licenses. All new works based on yours will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also allow commercial use. This is the license used by Wikipedia, and is recommended for materials that would benefit from incorporating content from Wikipedia and similarly licensed projects. BY-NC-SA = ShareAlike NonCommercial = This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms. BY-ND = No derivative works = This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to you. BY-NC = NonCommercial = This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms BY-NC-ND = NonCommercial No derivative works = This license is the most restrictive of our six licenses, only allowing others to download your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercial
- Also during your research you have to share data. Your promotor wants to take a quick look at your data, or you may want to have an opinion on your data by a colleague. DOI: unique identifier: remains the same, even when the underlying internet address (URL) changes. By publishing your data with a DOI, it allows you or others to: claim data retrieve data cite data let data be reused attach data to his/her publications