This document provides definitions and examples of various research terminology and methods. It discusses different types of research like primary research, secondary research, quantitative research, qualitative research, audience research, market research, and production research. For each type of research, it provides the definition, advantages, disadvantages, and examples of ways to conduct that type of research. It also defines key terms used in research like objective, subjective, valid, and reliable. Finally, it provides an example of referencing sources in the Harvard referencing style.

1. Research
Theory
Lorraine Laconico

2. Terminology
• Circulation - this is the amount or count of how much copies, tickets are being sold around the
media field
• Hits - this term is used to when a feature broadcast has a large impact for audience. Or a large
amount of publicity for media has been reached
• Box Office Figures – this is where the number of tickets sold are calculated overall.
• Ratings – this is a measurement of a music, shows, and films’ viewing audience or how the program
can be well enough to broadcast
• Sales - this refers to selling advertising space, radio, online, newspapers and magazines to such
companies that relates the directories, entertainment etc – media field. It is also an activity that
sells good amount of product etc in a given targeted time period

3. Primary Research
• Definition – this is a research method that you provide your own. You are capable to provide your own details,
gather data of your own that has never been gathered before.
• Advantages – this gives you a freedom to support your own theory/research and include all the facts etc
needed.
• Disadvantages – however, it can cost a lot of money as it is expensive, and along with the time-consuming as it
also cost you a lot of time through the process of researching
• Example – there can be lots of ways to conduct a primary research such as;
• Creating few surveys/questionnaires – this a another type of research tool that provides multiple questions regarding to a
product or subject that helps it conduct a statistical data
• Interviews – this is a conversation towards an individual related to ask elicit questions privately. Furthermore, this
qualitative research are mostly held by professionals or trained to poses questions to an interviewee.
• Vox pops – this is a form of survey that asks each people informal questions. The aim is to receive multiple results and
opinion from the representatives to any given subjects.
• Focus groups - unlike interviews, this is opposite to when asking the interviewee a series of questions. This is held in a
group which means a batch of participants are going to be asked with questions altogether
• Product analysis – this involves tests, features, costs, quality, durability, and other aspects of a product when operating an
examination. This analysis is conducted by potential buyers. This can also represent how worth purchasing the product is

4. Secondary Research
• Definition – This is a type of research which already existed and published and can be used in other studies and
can be improved by new data that will be discovered.
• Advantages – The study is already done; you just have to find the use of it, and you can find several resources.
• Disadvantages – If your subject or topic is hard or has a wide range, you will have a hard time in looking and
sometimes you won’t get the data you need. You will have to trust the skills of the former researchers.
• Example – Here are some several example of research:
• Internet Research – One of the ways where you can gather an already existing data is the internet, but you have to
know which sites are reliable.
• Library Research – A way of gathering data through the use of books, magazines, notes, and etc.
• Archive Research - primary source research in an archive, Special Collections library, or other materials.

5. Quantitative Research
• Definition – A type of educational research in which the researcher decides what to study. The results vary more
on statistics.
• Advantages – You can get more acceptable results and faster method.
• Disadvantages – There are some things that can’t be measured accurately and it does not give you a reason.
• Example – Ways in conducting a quantitative research:
• Close ended survey questionnaire – The result will be a numerical data that can be graph and analyse statistically.
• Numerical Reviews – The result will base on the scale given by the researchers.
• Levels – The outcome will vary base on the interpretation of the researchers.

6. Qualitative Research
• Definition – A type of educational research in which the researcher relies on the views of the participants.
• Advantages – It is flexible since the participants or respondents has the freedom to express themselves.
• Disadvantages – Qualitative research can be very subjective and does not give you a very specific example.
• Example - Ways in conducting a quantitative research:
• Unstructured Interviews – The questions should be open ended so that the respondents has the freedom to
express themselves.
• Observation through a recording – Stating what have you seen or heard.
• Ethnography – A researcher living the life of the subject.

7. Audience Research
• Definition – This is a type of research where you scrutinize about your target audience in ways like finding out
what they want and what are their needs.
• Advantages – You will know where to focus for improvements and developments.
• Disadvantages – All people have different perspectives, different wants and needs so you just have to go with the
majority.
• Example – when do you conduct a audience research?
• Brand consumers – A company can know which product the consumers buy the most, in that way the higher the
demand, the higher the supply and the higher income.
• Product Interviews – In this way the company will know about a consumer’s point of view.
• Brand witness – With the help of the witness, he/she can back up and support the brand to get higher profit.

8. Market Research
• Definition – This is where a researcher analyse a gathered data from the potential buyers or consumers of a
certain product or goods and giving an interpretation from the data.
• Advantages – It will help a company know where to set their centre of attention.
• Disadvantages – It can be limited and very time-consuming.
• Example - Ways to conduct a market research:
• Searching online on what is high on demand – The internet always know what is the most consume at anytime so
this can be a big help on determining what product should be published.
• Survey Forms – This will help the company on knowing what the consumer wants.
• Focus Group – In this way, the company will know each perception of a consumer and will know what to do or to
improve.

9. Production Research
• Definition – This is the type of research where you will scrutinize about production related issues. Create new
ideas or make better ones.
• Advantages – It helps you to create new and improved ideas for the consumers.
• Disadvantages – The market makes a constant change and some information are inaccurate.
• Example - Ways to conduct a market research:
• Primary Research – Since you will e creating new ideas, you have to start from the bottom and do primary
research to have a data and information you need.
• Functionality Testing – In this ways you will know if your conclusions of the function of the product is accurate or
not.
• Sample product – By giving or offering a sample, you can know the effectiveness and the consumer opinion.

10. Terminology
• Objective - this refers to a data based information. Which means it cannot be biased. For example,
when someone gives you an assessment topic, it can be formulated through facts or other answers
that comes up with facts
• Subjective – this means when something/someone stands on its perspectives itself. It can be a
personal opinion, choice, or decision etc
• Valid – this is used when something comes from a fact, executed with the proper legal authority
and formalities, a valid contract, and logically corrected a valid argument.
• Reliable – this term is used when one thing can be needed to one trough when you need it. It is
dependable as it can be a source somehow

11. Harvard Referencing
Name of the film being researched;
1. King, S. (1986) IT
2. Wallace, TL. (1990) IT
3. Berman, E. (2017) Why Stephen King Planned
to Quit Writing Horror After It. TIME Magazine
4. PC Games (2022) The best horror games on PC
in 2022. [available from: The best horror
games on PC in 2022 | PCGamesN]