24 Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from Incarceration The Lemoyne Owen College Division of Social and Behavior Science What is the Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from Prison? A Senior Capstone Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for CRJS 460 Comment by Calverta McMorris: correct By Alex Washington Instructor Dr. Calverta H. McMorris February 26, 2020 Abstract: The exponential increase in the number of women parolees and probationers in the last decade has made women the most rapidly growing group of offenders in the United States. The purpose of this descriptive, qualitative study is to understand the unique gendered experiences of homeless female ex-offenders, in the context of healthcare needs, types of health services sought, and gaps in order to help them achieve a smooth transition post prison release. Focus group qualitative methodology was utilized to engage 14 female ex-offenders enrolled in a residential drug treatment program in Southern California. The findings suggested that for homeless female ex-offenders, there are a myriad of healthcare challenges, knowledge deficits, and barriers to moving forward in life, which necessitates strategies to prevent relapse. These findings support the development of gender-sensitive programs for preventing or reducing drug and alcohol use, recidivism, and sexually transmitted infections among this hard-to-reach population. Table of Content I. Chapter 1 a. Introduction 5 b. Statement of problem 6 c. Significant of the study 6 d. Need for the study 7 e. Purpose of study 7 f. Operational definitions 8 II. Chapter II -Review of Literature a. Introduction 10 b. Independent Variable (Incarceration) 14 c. Dependent Variable (Socioeconomic Status) 14 d. Theory Discussion. (Locus of Control) 15 III. Chapter III Research Methodology a. Research Question 18 b. Research design 18 c. Selection of participants 18 d. Procedure 19 e. Instruments 19 f. Demographics collected 20 g. Assumptions about the kind of research project 20 Chapter I Comment by McMorris, Calverta: Check APA Manual for correction Introduction: Women face many objections as they reenter their community after being incarcerated. The collective voices of homeless female ex-offenders are both unified and emblematic of a population which continues to struggle and is at a crossroads. Successful reintegration amidst a storm of healthcare barriers, relationship challenges, substance use and addiction, as well as lack of education and job skills is the reality for many women. The study findings emphasize the need to understand that successful post-release supervision necessitates adequate linkage to healthcare (physical and psychological), job skills and opportunities for employment, stable and safe perman ...

1. 24
Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from
Incarceration
The Lemoyne Owen College
Division of Social and Behavior Science
What is the Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once
Released from Prison?
A Senior Capstone
Submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for
CRJS 460 Comment by Calverta McMorris: correct
By
Alex Washington
Instructor
Dr. Calverta H. McMorris
February 26, 2020
Abstract:
The exponential increase in the number of women parolees and
probationers in the last decade has made women the most
rapidly growing group of offenders in the United States. The
purpose of this descriptive, qualitative study is to understand
the unique gendered experiences of homeless female ex-
offenders, in the context of healthcare needs, types of health
services sought, and gaps in order to help them achieve a

2. smooth transition post prison release. Focus group qualitative
methodology was utilized to engage 14 female ex-offenders
enrolled in a residential drug treatment program in Southern
California. The findings suggested that for homeless female ex-
offenders, there are a myriad of healthcare challenges,
knowledge deficits, and barriers to moving forward in life,
which necessitates strategies to prevent relapse. These findings
support the development of gender-sensitive programs for
preventing or reducing drug and alcohol use, recidivism, and
sexually transmitted infections among this hard-to-reach
population.
Table of Content
I. Chapter 1
a. Introduction 5
b. Statement of problem
6
c. Significant of the study
6
d. Need for the study
7
e. Purpose of study 7
f. Operational definitions 8
II. Chapter II -Review of Literature
a. Introduction 10
b. Independent Variable (Incarceration)
14
c. Dependent Variable (Socioeconomic Status)
14

3. d. Theory Discussion. (Locus of Control)
15
III. Chapter III Research Methodology
a. Research Question 18
b. Research design 18
c. Selection of participants
18
d. Procedure 19
e. Instruments 19
f. Demographics collected
20
g. Assumptions about the kind of research project
20
Chapter I Comment by McMorris, Calverta: Check APA Manual
for correction
Introduction:
Women face many objections as they reenter their community
after being incarcerated. The collective voices of homeless
female ex-offenders are both unified and emblematic of a
population which continues to struggle and is at a crossroads.

4. Successful reintegration amidst a storm of healthcare barriers,
relationship challenges, substance use and addiction, as well as
lack of education and job skills is the reality for many women.
The study findings emphasize the need to understand that
successful post-release supervision necessitates adequate
linkage to healthcare (physical and psychological), job skills
and opportunities for employment, stable and safe permanent
housing. Successful community reintegration is composed of
providing physical and psychological services, as well as
substance abuse treatment, job skills and employment
opportunities. For clinicians working with homeless women on
parole or probation, it is imperative to understand that this
population has experienced victimization, traumatic life
conditions, and may continue to be faced with potential
substance abuse issues. Furthermore, clinicians need to consider
the fact that this population struggles with meeting necessities;
thus, they need to develop chronic disease treatment plans to
facilitate transportation, appointments, and care. Another
strategy which can be employed is that providers of RDT
facilities can collaborate with nurses and primary care
practitioners in order to help facilitate mental health services,
dental and other allied health services for this population.
Comment by McMorris, Calverta: Need references and
removal of personalpronouns.
Statement of the problem:
The problem is that once female offenders are released back
into their community, whether its directly or indirectly, these
ex-offenders’ socioeconomic status’ changes unbelievably
because of the times they are disadvantaged while being
incarcerated. Women are typically convicted of relatively minor
crimes, because they are usually convicted of offences that are
less serious than those committed by men, the sentences they
receive are also different. However, female imprisonment has

5. increased dramatically in most western jurisdictions over the
last 15-20 years as evidenced by increases in the numbers of
women given sentences of imprisonment, in daily female prison
populations and in the rate of imprisonment of women (McIvor,
2010). Furthermore, because the rise in women’s imprisonment
has outstripped parallel increases in the imprisonment of men,
women now make up a greater proportion of prisoners. As of
2016, the number of incarcerated women increased by more than
750% (N/A, 2017). Comment by Calverta McMorris: Too much
space
Significant of the study:
African American women make up the largest percentage of
incarcerated women, they are also the most invisible prison
population, because their voices are often ignored. As a result,
literature on African American women's prison writing is even
scarcer, due to lack of access or knowledge. Most importantly,
they address broader social problems with race, gender, and
sexual oppressions. Women social relationships, incarceration
experiences, and community context, and the intersection of
these factors with race, influence the occurrence and timing of
recidivism. The significance of this study is to report the
discovery of how female offenders’ socioeconomic status is
overwhelmed by their time spent incarcerated. Over the past
quarter century, there has been a profound change in the
involvement of women within the criminal justice system. This
is the result of more expansive law enforcement efforts, stiffer
drug sentencing laws, and post-conviction barriers to reentry
that uniquely affect women (N/A, 2019). Treatment, education
and a focus on return to the community need to be the new
model, not just locking people in cages. Recidivism rates are
high, and this is largely because people are not provided the
resources while incarcerated to improve their behavior (Redden,
2018). Comment by McMorris, Calverta: rewrite
Comment by McMorris, Calverta: reference Comment by
McMorris, Calverta:

6. . Given the lack of information about the background of the
family of the ex-offenders, future research could benefit from
further investigating the family system that was in place before
the prisoner's admittance to prison. That investigation could
further the supportive nature in which there is a necessary
support for studying the family. Another option to help further
this study would be to take heed of the programs that are in
place to help with prisoner's reintegration into society. This
would allow for more information about how the program works
and if that would be effective in keeping prisoners out of prison
and lowering recidivism. The policies put in place and when
they were put in place should also come into play in further
investigation of this study. Policies could affect how many
prisoners enter prison or possibly released from prison because
of the "enforcement" of the policy. Depending on the prison
conditions that they faced while incarcerated, it could increase
their criminal activity following reentry intosociety (Francesco,
2011).
Need for the study:
This study is compulsory to the increasing number for female
offenders that are continuously being imprisoned. They are
taken away from job opportunities or employment, education
opportunities, friends, associates, and even their families. The
United States is one of the top incarcerators of women in the
world. The percentage at which women are incarcerated diverge
greatly from state to state. That indicates to the number of
problems that female offenders faces as being the criminal
justice system. As they are incarcerated families are
overwhelmed as well as the person imprisoned. This study will
inform options as to what can be done to decrease ex-offenders’
chances of returning to prison as well as their chances of being
successful following their time spent being incarcerated.
Lastly, over the past 24 years our knowledge and understanding
of women’s lives have increased dramatically. The new
information has impacted and improved services for women in
the fields of health, education, employment, mental health,

7. substance abuse, and trauma treatment. At present, both a need
and an opportunity exist to bring knowledge from other fields
into the criminal justice system in order to develop effective
programs for women. Until recently, theory and research on
criminality focused on crimes perpetrated by males, with male
offenders viewed as the norm. Historically, correctional
programming for women has thus been based on profiles of
male criminality or paths to crime. However, the programs,
policies, and services that focus on the overwhelming number of
men in the corrections system often fail to identify options that
would be gender-responsive and culturally responsive to the
specific needs of women. Comment by McMorris, Calverta:
References
Purpose of study:
The purpose of this study is to regulate if imprisonment
influences the socioeconomic status of a female prisoner once
they are released. The increasing of female offenders is rising
each year, as the years continue to go on all across the nation is
something that should be discussed. The lack of awareness
taking place in prison for female offenders could examine
positive and negative development of these prisoners’ lives.
Whether a person is incarcerated for a few months to a few
years, they are still not a part of their community during the
time that is spent in prison. They feel like they have to
acclimate to life all over again after being released from prison,
hence bettering their socioeconomic status if it was at all
afflicted to them being incarcerated. The primary focus of this
study is to describe the socioeconomic status of female
offenders after incarceration women. The independent variable
in this study would be incarceration, and the dependent variable
would be socioeconomic status. The target population is female
offenders who were released from prison between the ages of
18-35. the research question by explaining the aspects of the
socioeconomic status of female offenders once they are released
from incarceration Aside from the race in which the study is
being conducted, choosing the age group was imperative. The

8. millennials seem to be the age group that is more likely to be
incarcerated than any other age group. Comment by
McMorris, Calverta: Wrong word Comment by McMorris,
Calverta: New word Comment by McMorris, Calverta: Missing
information. See Capstone format. References Comment by
Calverta McMorris:
Operational definitions: Comment by Calverta McMorris:
Terms must be alphabetized and referenced
Socioeconomic status- is the social standing or class of an
individual or group. It is often measured as a combination of
education, income and occupation.
Offender- is the way prison inmates and lawbreakers are often
referred to in news reports or by police officers and prison staff.
Recidivism- tendency to relapse into a previous condition or
mode of behavior.
Incarceration- the state of being confined in prison;
imprisonment.
Success- is peace of mind, which is a direct result of self-
satisfaction in knowing you made the effort to do your best to
become the best that you are capable of becoming.
Community- a group of people living in the same place or
having a particular characteristic in common.
Victimization- the action of singling someone out for cruel or
unjust treatment.
Crime- an action or omission that constitutes an offense that
may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law.
Locus of Control- a construct that is used to categorize people’s
basic motivational orientations and perceptions of how much
control they have over the conditions of their lives.
external locus of control- tend to behave in response to external
circumstances and to perceive their life outcomes as arising
from factors out of their control.
internal locus of control- tend to behave in response to internal
states and intentions and to perceive their life outcomes as
arising from the exercise of their own agency and abilities.
Quantitative- relating to, measuring, or measured by the

9. quantity of something rather than its quality.
Transition- the process or a period of changing from one state
or condition to another.
Solitary Confinement- the isolation of a prisoner in a separate
cell as a punishment.
Psychological distress- is a general term used to describe
unpleasant feelings or emotions that impact your level of
functioning. ... Sadness, anxiety, distraction, and symptoms of
mental illness are manifestations of psychological distress.
Chapter II
Literature Review:
Women make up a growing share of incarcerated populations,
and they have different needs than justice-involved men. Most
female inmates are also mothers of children under the age of
eighteen. These women do not stop being mothers when they
receive a prison sentence, but in fact try a variety of means to
maintain motherhood and mothering while away from their
children. Based on research conducted in a women’s prison,
mothering from the inside reveals how inmate mothers find
places for their children to live, manage relationships with
caregivers, demonstrate their fitness as mothers, and negotiate
rights to their children under challenging circumstances. The
impact of race, ethnicity, and marginality on women in prison is
traced through the development of the women s motherhood
careers. The incarceration of African American women and
threaten to render these women recidivists. The increased
incarceration of African American women is part of a cultural
phenomenon that reflects their social exclusion in U.S. society.
African American women possess limited access to resources to
address their health conditions due to intersecting oppressions
of race, class, and gender that may be further compounded by
involvement with the criminal justice system. Women presented
with multidimensional treatment needs, including limited
educational/employment histories, significant child-care needs,

10. and histories of victimization and psychological distress.
Comment by Calverta McMorris: Correct and explain
Comment by Calverta McMorris: Comment by Calverta
McMorris: Comment by Calverta McMorris: Name of
authors and dates Comment by Calverta McMorris:
Comment by Calverta McMorris: This information is not
congruent Comment by Calverta McMorris:
Women being incarcerated for drug related offenses at an
alarming rate, it is imperative that treatment services be
designed to reflect the realities of their lives. This means
comprehensive, integrated programs that understand and address
the intersection of race, class, gender, and addiction. Even
though most professionals believe addiction is a disease,
societally we still respond to it chiefly as a crime. When men
are incarcerated, women are usually the ones 'holding them
down', supporting them and taking care of their children, on the
outside. The woman will regularly visit her man and promise to
wait for him. But when women become inmates themselves,
they rarely get that same kind of support. Despite decreasing
crime rates, the United States incarcerates more people than any
other nation. Comment by Calverta McMorris: This is your
thesis sentence. All things in the rest of this paragraph must
support, explain, discuss, describe this sentence.
Follow this for all paragraphs Comment by Calverta McMorris:
Incomplete sentence
We can also no longer think only of individual addicts but must
acknowledge that society fosters addiction. In 2016, there were
1.2 million women under the supervision of the criminal justice
system, including 1,031,999 women on probation or parole. Out
of 213,722 women incarcerated in 2016, nearly half (102,300)
were in jail, and an earlier study suggests that more than half of
the women in local jails likely have not been convicted of a
crime. While the rate of imprisonment for African American
women has been declining since 2000, the 2016 rate (96 per
100,000) was twice the rate of imprisonment for white women
(49 per 100,000)(EJI, 2018).Women in state prisons are more

11. likely than men to be incarcerated for a drug or property
offense. Compared to 14 percent of incarcerated men, 25
percent of incarcerated women have been convicted with a drug
offense; 27 percent of incarcerated women have been convicted
of a property crime, in contrast with 17 percent of incarcerated
men. Girls of color are much more likely to be incarcerated than
white girls. The number of incarcerated youths has declined
significantly, but the placement rate for African American girls
(110 per 100,000) and Native girls (134 per 100,000) is more
than three times greater than for white girls (32 per 100,000).
Girls are more likely to be incarcerated for the lowest level
offenses; 38 percent of youth incarcerated for status offenses
like truancy and curfew violations are girls, and more than half
of all youth incarcerated for running away are girls (EJI,2018).
The United States judicial system seems to be inefficient. Both
men and women, who have not yet been convicted of a crime,
rot in overcrowded, unsafe, understaffed jails while waiting on
their fair trial in court. Considering the case of Kalief Browder,
who was a 16-year-old when he was arrested and who spent
three years behind bars on Rikers Island—including two of
which he spent in solitary confinement--- before his case was
dismissed (Brown & Patterson, 2016). Riker's practices
isolation incarceration at its jail complex. It has been discussed
that data on jail isolation is not as available as it should (Haney,
2016). The trauma of those years behind bars lingered. At the
age of 22, Kalief Browder committed suicide. Comment by
Calverta McMorris: explain Comment by Calverta McMorris:
reference, but this paragraph is about addictions. Were the
crime committed because of acditions? Comment by Calverta
McMorris: Comment by Calverta McMorris: Comment by
Calverta McMorris: Comment by Calverta McMorris:
Comment by Calverta McMorris: Comment by Calverta
McMorris:
Socioeconomic Status (SES) is a measure of an individual's
sociological and economic status. Socioeconomic status is
considered to be a major basis for inequalities and an important

12. predictor of life. It is an assessment measured in a variety of
ways that pertain to a person's work experience, economic, and
social position concerning their counterparts, based on
education, income, and occupation (Andrew, 2010). The
quantitative differences of socioeconomic status can be
measured. The metrics of socioeconomic status include: current
occupation, education of parents, the highest level of education
attained, household income, wealth (assets, capital), net income,
and other related variables. People are usually separated into
groups based on metrics, from least advantaged to most
advantaged, or low, medium, or high SES (Andrew, 2010).
There are also three theories of how SES might also greatly
affect health. Comment by Calverta McMorris:
Theory
The materialist theory states that gradients in income and
wealth are associated with varying levels of deprivation, which
in turn affects health status as those with fewer means have
inferior access to health care and the necessities of life
(Andrew, 2010). Another view is that education influences
health through lifestyles and health-related behaviors such as
smoking, substance use, and diet (Andrew, 2010). The third
theory sees the social status and personal autonomy as key
influences on health, particularly through the stresses that
accompany low autonomy and low social status (Andrew, 2010).
Income is associated with employment status, and many
economic factors and the benefits are available to those with
disabilities and poor health raising problems of reverse
causation (Alexander, 2010). Socioeconomic status is a property
of individuals; however, a collection of measures that can be
used to describe the social context in which people live. For
example, employment rates, average income, or educational
attainment may be useful descriptors when describing the
groups of people living in similar geographic areas such as
housing facilities or neighborhoods and may allow for a
conducted study on health. Comment by Calverta McMorris:
Need more references. Each paragraph must have at least four

13. different references. Comment by Calverta McMorris: How is
this information related to your topic?
There are several strategies for creating alternatives to
incarceration for non-violent and drug-affected women, and
specific policies that should be modified or nullified in order to
give women exiting prison an opportunity to reconstruct their
lives. We must advocate for changes in the following laws and
policies to assist women in maintaining their ties to their
children while incarcerated and provide the legal and economic
support that will enable them to regain custody of their
children, as they have the basic supports to do so, after their
release from prison. More than 60 percent of women in state
prisons have a child under age 18(EJI, 2018). (Bloom, Chesney-
Lind, & Owen, 1994) argue that mothers in prison face multiple
problems in maintaining relationships with their children and
encounter obstacles created both by the correctional system and
child welfare agencies. The distance between the prison and the
children's homes, lack of transportation, and limited economic
resources compromise a woman prisoner's ability to maintain
these relationships. Children of women in prison experience
many hardships. Children may be traumatized by the arrest of
their mother and the sudden, forced separation imprisonment
brings. Emotional reactions such as anger, anxiety, depression,
and aggression have been found in the children of incarcerated
mothers. Comment by Calverta McMorris: Comment by
Calverta McMorris: Incorrect. Get APAM Comment by
Calverta McMorris:
Using a large, modern sample of women released from prison,
we find that women who are drug dependent, have less
education, or have more extensive criminal histories are more
likely to fail on parole and to recidivate more quickly during the
eight-year follow‐up period. We also observe racial variation in
the effect of education, drug use, and neighborhood
concentrated disadvantage on recidivism. This study highlights
the importance of an intra‐gender, theoretical understanding of
recidivism, and has import for policy aimed at female parolees.

14. There are numerous amounts of issues, problems, and trends
facing prisons today(Travis,2014). (Travis, 2014) Some of the
major problems that prisoners face while still incarcerated are
overcrowding, health care, racism, gang activity, and assaults.
Overcrowding in the U.S. Prison system is a huge issue. The
United State has the world's largest prison population. Although
the United States only takes up 5% of the world's population,
they are responsible for 25% of the world's prison population
(Brown & Patterson, 2016). There are more mental health
patients in prisons and jails than in hospitals or special
facilities (Lurigio,2011). They await trial such as their
counterparts and miss out on the treatment they need because
funding for mental health has been cut from the state budget.
With that being said prisoners are not receiving the proper
treatment, thus, possibly keeping them in prison longer. Racism,
gang activity, and assaults still exist even with prison walls.
Prisoners are abused by fellow prisoners as well as by guards.
These issues that are faced by prisoners affect their
socioeconomic status once they are released. The reentry
process for offenders is very difficult. Once prisoners are
released into society, they must become accustomed to the many
changes that may have taken place. Depending on how long they
were incarcerated, it may seem as though prisoners are
completely oblivious to the outside world. The reentry process
for offenders is very difficult. They may have to brush up on
technology, employment opportunities, and uniting with their
support system which is a combination of family and friends.
Comment by Calverta McMorris: Comment by Calverta
McMorris: Comment by Calverta McMorris: Comment by
Calverta McMorris: Treatment for what
The theory that best regulate with this research is the Locus of
Control Theory. The Locus of Control Theory was created by
Julian Rotter in 1954. Control can be defined as the power to
determine outcomes by directly influencing people, events, and
actions. A locus is a place, position, or point in which
something occurs. Locus of Control Theory is broken down into

15. two schools of thought. One school of thought is the internal
locus of control and the other being the external locus of
control. People who base their success on their work and
believe they control their life have what is called an internal
locus of control (Vyncke, 2010). Opposed to its counterpart the
external locus of control, which is when people attribute their
success or failure to outside influences. Those who take
responsibility for their actions, whether those actions or results
are good or bad identify more with an internal locus of control.
They tend not to reject the thought of outside influences, for the
outcomes in their lives. Conflicting a person with an external
locus of control looks to their surroundings as a part of their
success or failure. They applaud those around them for a job
well done, even if they did not contribute to the
accomplishment. Socioeconomic status was theorized by
sociologist Talcott Parsons in 1970. Parsons understood that
there is such a thing as an idea of status as a position in the
social structure. A status is assessed, and the social evaluation
is central to Parson's contribution to the concept of
socioeconomic status. Parson's also understood family units as
the key component of rank, class or caste. The core premise of
this theory is that society has to differentially evaluate positions
so that members of society are motivated both to pursue the
training necessary for the most important positions and, once in
those positions, to perform them as well as possible. There are
differences in socioeconomic status which is another way to
understand "necessary" hierarchy. Once female offenders are
released from prison, they must reenter a society that is
comprised of their possible occupation, the highest level of
education attained, wealth (capital, assets), household income,
education of parent/guardian, net income, and other related
variables. All these variables are entities of socioeconomic
status and are influenced when prisoners are released. An ex-
offender can have an internal or external locus of control, which
can then affect their socioeconomic status. If a person has more
of an internal locus of control, they are more likely to take

16. responsibilities for their actions. The ex-offenders with an
internal locus of control, are least likely to fall victim to a low
socioeconomic status. However, those with an external locus of
control tend to blame their surroundings for their missteps.
Many accumulate a low socioeconomic status as well as, the
possibility of returning to prison. Comment by Calverta
McMorris: How does theory support, explain, discuss, the DV
Methodology:
Research Question
The research question for this study is: What is the
Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from
Prison?
The hypothesis for the study:
H0: There is no association between incarceration and
socioeconomic status.
H1: There is an association between incarceration and
socioeconomic status.
The research question for the Locus of Control Theory: How
does the Locus of Control Theory play a part in life after
incarceration as it pertains to the ex-offender’s socioeconomic
status?
Design:
This is Quantitative Research.
Sampling Procedure and Sample
It is essentially beyond the bounds of possibility to study every
individual in the target population. In this case, the target
population, female offenders who were recently released from
prison between the ages of 18-35, would be sampled in
Memphis, TN. The simple random sampling procedure would be
used for this specific study. There is a need for an equal chance
among everyone in the target population to be able to
participate in this study. The sample will possibly be more
altered depending on who randomly selected for this study and
who responds. The participants of the study will be selected at
random. They will be chosen from the different steppingstones

17. of the legal system at 201 Poplar. Furthermore, there is not
limited to those who have probation meetings, those whom
might have an active court case, as well as those whom might
just be there to pay on their court fees.
Data Collection Procedure
The issue for this would be: following an everyday routine and
the unbelievable conditions that a corrections facility offer; how
would that influence a female offenders’ socioeconomic status
once releases? Data will be collected from recent studies, done
by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Also, at random sampling, a
survey will be distributed to female offenders between the ages
of 18 and 35. An association between both the independent
variables and dependent variables will be shown through the
results. The participants of the study will be selected at random.
They will be chosen randomly at 201 Poplar in Memphis, TN
which houses some inmates but is also where different types of
the court are held, as well as probation offices. The study will
be conducted with surveys. These questionaries’ would be
constructed of questions with close-ended questions. These
questionnaires will be both self-administered. The surveys will
also include a Locus of Control Theory test to measure if they
seem to be internally or externally controlled.
Instruments:
The instruments used would be surveys, to operationalize the
key variables in the study are described below in the text.
Instruments were developed to address two of the research
questions, 1) Females offender’s socioeconomic status once
released and 2) Concerns of being incarcerated as a woman.
Both questionnaires designed for use in the study was developed
concert with women who has history of being incarcerated.
Demographics collected
The demographics collected would be female offenders that
have been previously incarcerated, between the ages 18-35. The
study will be conducted in Memphis, TN.
Assumptions of this study
The assumptions of this study vary. The literature review

18. is breaking down the research question by explaining the
aspects of the socioeconomic status of female offenders once
they are released from incarceration. Based on previous studies
the odds seem to be against them once they are released back
into society. This study is only being conducted on female
offenders the ages of 18 -35, with that being said false
stereotypes can arise, presuming the assumption that all female
offenders among any age face the same problems upon release
from prison. Given the lack of information about the
background of the family of the ex-offenders, future research
could benefit from further investigating the family system that
was in place before the prisoner's admittance to prison. That
investigation could further the supportive nature in which there
is a necessary support for studying the families of ex-offenders.
Another option to help further this study would be to take heed
of the programs that are in place to help with prisoner's
reintegration into society. This would allow for more
information about how the program works and if that would be
effective in keeping prisoners out of prison and lowering
recidivism. The policies put in place and when they were put in
place should also come into play in further investigation of this
study. Policies could involve how many prisoners return to
prison or possibly, released from prison because of
"enforcement" of the policy. It is somewhat assumed that this
study, is because of the number of females that are incarcerated,
are more likely to have a much harder time in reentering society
because of the limitations one could be presented with once you
are released. Such as readjusting to a society that is constantly
changing, reconnecting with family members and friends,
finding a job, and for some even finding a place to live.
Need to develop an outline for this paper, especially for chapter
two
Chapter one
Introduction
Problem statement

19. Need Statement
Significance Statement
Purpose
Chapter II
Introduction
Incarcerated Women
1. Incarcerated Women
Gender differences
2.Separation from children and significant others.
3. Drug and Substance Abuse Before and After imprisonment
a. Rate of SA or addiction in prison among women
b. Lack and need for substance abuse treatment.
4. health care
a. Physical
b. mental
5. Vocation and educational programs.
6. Sexual abuse Before and After imprisonment
7. female incarceration statistics 2019
Choose topics from above to included in the paper, number 7
must be included
Move the information in this paper under the selected sections.
Find information to discuss and complete each section. Do not
plagiarize, use your own words. Add references.

20. References Comment by Calverta McMorris: Correct the
reference use APA 7th edition
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