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2 Personality TraitsPersonality Psychology Foundations and F.docx
- 1. 2 Personality Traits Personality Psychology: Foundations and Findings Marianne Miserandino Learning Objectives What is a personality trait? How do we study personality traits? How accurate are we on judging personalities?
- 2. 3 How do traits define personality? Trait A person’s typical style of thinking, feeling and behaving in different situations Idiographic: individual Nomothetic: Universal traits 4 According to Eysenck, how are our personalities organized? 5 Who was Gordon Allport? (1897 – 1967) First college course on personality Central, Secondary and Cardinal traits
- 3. Theoretical vs. Lexical approach 6 How would you score on these questions? I like to go to parties I find myself leading group conversations I make friends easily I think outside the box I am relatively open to new ideas I like to learn about different cultures I get nervous speaking to others I find I have lots of anxiety I don’t like when others are looking at me; I feel I am being judged I keep my room very organized I don’t like to get behind on my work People count on me for getting the job done What is a factor analysis? Raymond Cattell (1905 – 1998) Measurement approach: A statistical technique used to classify
- 4. data. Determined 16 Personality Factors Group A:Group B:Group C: Self-SatisfiedFun-LovingWell- WorriedSociableorganized Secure - - 8 Factor analysis of Music Genres What steps are taken to conduct a factor analysis?
- 5. 10 Combine and weigh participant responses to form factors Small number of factors able to recreate variation of data set responses Each factor explains certain amount of variance between participants Factor loadings estimate how strongly each question fits into given factor; interprets like correlation Each factor defined by questions with highest factor loadings Factors identified and named How were universal principles determined?
- 6. Cattell Factor Analysis 16 factors 1946 Allport & Oabert Lexical Analysis 4504 trait items 1936 Fiske & Norman and Others Built on Cattell’s work Big Five factors 1949-1963 How were universal principles determined? Block California Q-Sort 5 factors 1961 Jackson
- 7. Person Research Form 5 factors 1984 Myers & McCauley Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 5 factors 1985 How were universal principles determined? 13 Buss 5 traits Rooted in biology 1996 What is Eysenck’s PEN Model (Supertraits)? Determined personality differences were biologically based Three broad personality types
- 8. Narrow traits associated with each factor 14 What’s the difference? Big Five Lexical Solution Roman numerals reflect frequency in lexicon Emotional Stability (Neuroticism) and Culture (Openness) Five Factor Model Factor Analysis Costa & McCrae NEO-PI-R Biologically based traits
- 9. Openness What behaviors would you expect? Facets
- 11. Conscientiousness What behaviors would you expect? Facets Competence
- 13. Extroversion What behaviors would you expect? Facets Warmth
- 15. Agreeableness What behaviors would you expect? Facets Trust
- 17. Neuroticism What behaviors would you expect? Facets Anxiety
- 19. How many factors best explain personality? Cattell’s 16 factors failed to capture extreme antisocial aspects of personality; are not supertraits Eysenck believed Agreeableness and Conscientiousness are habits 6 Factors: HEXACO GPF (one factor): Positive aspects of personality: Emotional stability, agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, intellect
- 20. 22 What about other factor solutions? 23 What are pros and cons to the Trait Approach? Strengths Use of objective measures Many practical applications Generated research Weaknesses
- 21. How do traits develop? No consistency among theories Disregards the situation Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Personality Psychology: Foundations and Findings Marianne Miserandino 3 Personality Traits: Practical Matters 1 Chaplin et al., 2000 Correlational study V1: Handshake (Firm Handshake Composite) V2: Personality
- 22. Results: Gender differences Personality predictions How readily can we infer personality? 2 What traits are missing from the five factors? Do the five factors describe personality in other cultures? How does personality develop over the lifespan? Learning Objectives 3 Personality Adjectives What traits are missing from the five factors?
- 23. Religiosity Core (central) vs. secondary trait Loads on Agreeableness and conscientiousness Openness and extraversion Demonstrated a 6th loading Stronger effect on life outcomes than personality IQ vs. sophistication or interests (culture; openness) Loading on Conscientious-ness Emotional Intelligence Intelligence A closer look at three… Sexuality Ratings on the Sexy Seven (80% overlap) Sexual attractiveness, Erotophilic Disposition, Sexual restraint = Extroversion Emotional Investment = Agreeableness Sexual orientation = Openness Gender orientation = Neuroticism Relationship exclusivity = Conscientiousness
- 24. 6 Spiritual Transcendence Scale – Short FormSAANDSDIn the quiet of my prayers and meditations, I find a sense of wholeness.I have done things in my life because I thought it would please a parent, relative, or friend that had died.Although dead, memories and thoughts of some of my relatives influence my current life.I find inner strength and/or peace from my prayers and/or meditations.I do not have strong emotional ties to someone who has died.There is no higher plane of consciousness or spirituality that binds all people.Although individual people may be difficult, I feel an emotional bond with all humanity.My prayers and/or meditations provide me with a sense of emotional support.I feel that on a higher level, all of us share a common bond. How do your scores compare on the STS-R? Greek philatimo: honor, polite, generous Chinese filial piety: brining honor to the family/group
- 25. Amae: Strong dependency (parent/child) Korean cheong: human affection Indian hiskama karma: detachment Mexian simpatia: avoiding conflict Filipino pakikisama: going along with others What are some regional traits? 9 Translate and back translate Look at correlations How do we know a survey is a valid measure? 10 Chinese Personality Inventory Cheung et al., 1996 10 trait clusters Dependability
- 26. Chinese tradition Social potency Individualism 5 factor model + Interpersonal Relatedness Replication Western culture Openness Are more factors needed? More indigenous research is needed How does the FFM translate in other cultures? 11 S-data Experience sampling method T-data O-data L-data How do we triangulate data? Mills College Harker & Keltner, 2001
- 27. Participants: 141 women graduates from Mills College IV: Senior class photo from 1960s- Coded as Duchene (genuine) or Pan-Am (forced). 50% coded as Duchene - natural. DV: Measures of happiness, satisfaction in life, marriage, health @ age 27, 43, & 52 yrs. old Results: Likelihood of stable & happy marriage versus single or divorced. Higher personal well-being, satisfaction, & happiness. Lower negative emotionality, higher competence, greater affiliation w/others. 12 Extraversion Agreeableness Openness What makes a great president?
- 28. 13 What characterizes a high need for achievement? the desire to excel Projective Tests (TAT) Implicit vs. explicit (self-attributed) Characteristics Do well as entrepreneurs Moderate risk takers Energy for what they like Rely on feedback Take personal responsibility Anticipation Environment 14 How does the nACH vary? Gender
- 29. Definitions of achievement Relationship vs. Rule orientation Goal attainment vs. External rewards Culture Individualistic vs. Collectivist Self vs. Group Samples from the ASQ You tell a joke and everyone laughs. (PsG) The joke was funny. Your timing was perfect. You ask someone to dance and he/she says no. (PsB) You are not a good enough dancer. He/she doesn’t like to dance. You do exceptionally well in a job interview. (PmG) You felt extremely confident during the interview. You interview well. You forget your spouse’s/boyfriend/ girlfriend’s birthday. (PmB) You aren’t good at remembering birthdays. 1 You were preoccupied with other things. You get a flower from a secret admirer. (PvG) You are attractive to him/her.
- 30. You are a popular person. You lose a sporting event for which you have been training for a long time. (PvB) You are not very athletic. You aren’t good at that sport. How do people explain their achievements? Attributions and Attribution Retraining View of IntelligenceGoal OrientationPerformance LevelBehavior PatternEntity: IQ is fixedPerformanceHighMasteryLowHelplessIncremental: IQ can increaseLearningHighMasteryLowMastery How does your view of your traits affect performance? 18 Mastery and Performance Goals by Culture
- 31. 19 C TYPE C Pleasant Repressed Internalizes anger/anxiety B TYPE B Relaxed Less competitive than Type A Slow to anger A TYPE A Ambitious Time conscious Hardworking Often hostile
- 32. Is personality typology used today? 20 How does Type A personality affect health? 21 How does Type A personality affect health? Guyll & Contrada, (1998) IV: IV: DV: Results: Interactions made high hostility individuals more hostile
- 33. 22 What are the physical consequences of hostility? 23 What are major theories on infant temperament? Goodness of fit: The extent to which the child’s temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of the social world to which she must adapt 24 What are characteristics of neurotics (social anxiety)?
- 34. Pessimistic Evaluation apprehension negative interpretations fewer social encounters less eye contact less disclosure What are characteristics of neurotics (social anxiety)? Emotional Stability and Health Affectivity Intensity Expressiveness 26
- 35. What does research tell us about the trait, optimism? Dispositional optimism Optimism and health Is it always detrimental to be pessimistic? Defensive Pessimist: imagine the worst and end up preparing Anxiety List Distracted Test Scores List Distracted
- 36. DP Opt. 29 College dorm rooms (Gosling, Ko, Mannarelli & Morris, 2002) Web page owners (Vazire & Gosling, 2004) Handshakes (Chaplin, Phillips, Brown, Clanton & Stein, 2000) Can we predict personality? 30 Development: Consistency and change (degrees) Personality coherence: Trait is the same but expression different Changing traits of a group (mean level change) or changing person (individual change) (time vs. others)
- 37. How consistent is personality over the lifespan? Personality Coherence General Consistency 31 How consistent are the Big 5 across the lifespan? 32 Greatest normative change: 20 – 40 yrs. Assertive, warm, self-confident, agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable Earlier: Openness, emotional stability Later: Agreeableness, Conscientiousness How does personality change over the lifespan?
- 38. 33 Maturation Work experience Personal experiences (including non-normative) Personality and health Where do individual differences in personality come from? 34 Adaptive Defense Mechanisms Adaptive Defense Mechanisms: involuntary healthy coping mechanisms Broad classes: Social support seeking Conscious cognitive strategies Involuntary mental mechanisms Highly adaptive Poorly adaptive
- 39. Adaptive Mental Mechanisms College sample from Harvard (368; high SES; born about 1920) Core City (456; low SES; IQ = 95; born about 1930) Terman Woman Sample (1921; 672 gifted women; IQ 151; born around 1910) (Vaillant, 2000) Adaptive Defense Mechanisms Levels of Defense (DSM-IV) Defensive dysregulation Delusional projection Psychotic denial Psychotic distortion Action Level Passive aggression Acting out Disavowal or image-distortion level
- 40. Projection Fantasy Compromise formation level Dissociation Displacement Isolation Repression Reaction Formation High Adaptive Anticipation Altruism Humor Sublimation Suppression Examining childhood poverty, physical limitations of old age, stressful life events, and severe combat Men considered to have the most adaptive defensive mechanisms were just as likely to come from low SES families as those with the least adaptive defensive mechanisms. As adults, 1% with the most adaptive defense mechanisms
- 41. compared with 21% with the least adaptive defense mechanisms were in the lowest social class Those that had the most adaptive defense mechanisms were least likely to suffer depression later in life Those in the study who fought in WWII and suffered PTSD suffered sign. fewer symptoms if they were identified as having adaptive defense mechanisms Adaptive Mental Mechanisms (Valliant, 2000)