This document provides an overview of the key concepts around energy that were covered in a lecture, including: 1. Energy is the ability to do work and is measured in Joules, while power is the rate at which work is done and is measured in Watts. 2. There are different units used to measure energy and power, including Joules, BTUs, Watt-hours, and Kilowatts. 3. Energy exists in different forms, including kinetic energy from motion and potential energy from position or chemical state, and energy is transformed between forms but not created or destroyed. 3. Heat is a special form of energy related to molecular motion, and temperature indicates the average kinetic

1. Discussion of what is energy
Energy not just oil. gas or solar – not just a commodity
Basic phyisical parameter/characteristic
Deep connections between energy order and the development of intelligence
Physics definitions
Work = making a change in the universe
Energy = Ability to do work
Power = rate at which work is done - speedometer/odometerr analogy
Types of energy
Units definitions for the above
Converting from one unit to another (like distance measurments)
No energy is “lost” – wasted energy , like a weed, is energy we have no use for
Mention energy quality, more detailed lecture next day
A few sample calculations
Demos?
Heat things to the same temperature and have people touch them – specific heat?
Solar hot water
Introduce concept of specific energy

2. Lecture 1
Concept of Energy
E-101 - Energy and Sustainability
Professor Lonnie Gamble
Sustainable Living Department
Maharishi University of Management
This presentation was prepared on solar powered computers

3. “There is in all
things …
a hidden
wholeness.”
- Thomas Merton,
trappist monk and
mystic

5. Work, Energy, Power
Work: Something that makes a
change in the Universe
Energy: The ability to do work =
Joules
Power: The rate at which the work is
done = Joules per second (watt)

6. The Units of Energy and Power
Energy:
Joule
BTU - 1 lb water up one degree F
Calorie - 1 kg of water up one degree C
Watt-hour = 3600 joules
Kilowatt-hour = 1000 watt hours
Power:
Watts = joules/second
Kilowatt = 1000 watts
BTU/hour
Horsepower - 746 watts

7. Energy Units:
British Thermal Unit (BTU)
BTU is commonly used as for measuring
heat energy. A BTU is roughly amount of
energy released in striking a match

8. Energy Units:
Watt-hours
Watt hours are typically used to measure
electrical energy.
A watt-hour is a pretty small unit - it
takes 50 of them to make your toast - a
kilowatt-hour is 1000 watt-hours.
A typical utility-connected family uses
about 1000 kilowatt-hours per month of
electrical energy.
1 watt-hour=3.41 btu
1 kilowatt-hour = 3410 btu

9. Main Point # 1
Energy is the ability to do work, and is absorbed
or released when change happens. Some
examples: change in pressure, change in
temperature, change in voltage, change in
chemical concentration change in elevation in a
gravitational field.
Power is the rate that energy is being produced
or consumed
In order to do, one must think, in order think,
one must be. Therefore, the source of action
and change is ultimately being.

10. Power Units:
Watt =Joule/second
A watt is a pretty small unit - it
takes 1000 of them to run your
toaster.
A kilowatt is 1000 watts.
1 Kilowatt (kW) = 1000 Watts = 1000 joules/sec

11. Other Power Units
Heat: BTU/Hour =.293 watts
Engines, Motors: Horsepower = 746 watts

12. Main Point # 2
Power is a measure of energy flow, the
rate at which energy is produced or
consumed.
Consciousness flows effortlessly from
being to form the universe.

13. Forms of Energy

14. Main Point # 3
There are two main forms of energy:
Kinetic – energy related to movement
example: flowing water, wind
Potential - energy related to position or
state example: ball at the top of a hill
Being is pure potentiality. In
contrast, the manifest universe is eternally
in motion.

15. Energy is neither created nor
destroyed – it eternally changes from
one form to another.
Curving back on myself I create again
and again
The unchanging unified field is neither
created nor destroyed but gives rise to
the cycles of creation, maintenance,
and destruction at the surface of life.

16. Professor Walter Lewin, MIT

17. There is no “wasted”energy – energy
doesn’t disappear
But energy can loose it’s usefulness
Car example

19. Enegry and power ananlogy w/car
odometer or water tank

20. Example - Some Energy
Transformation Calculations
Google calculator and google units converter –
Use the form “10.5 cm in inches”
Solar hot water system – Krystofiak
PV system design
Energy Center web site
PV watts

21. Heat Energy
Heat is energy that comes from molecular motion.
Heat is the form of energy that flows from warm to
cold objects.
Heat flows spontaneously from hot to cold. It takes
energy to move heat from cold to hot.
Other forms of energy can be converted to heat at
100% efficiency

22. Temperature
Temperature is what increases when
energy flows into something and
decreases when energy flows out of
something
Ex: What involves more energy
-Heating water from 112 to 212 degrees F
- Lowering the temperature of a swimming
pool by 1 degree F

23. Heat Transfer
Conduction - heat flow by direct contact
between objects
Convection - heat flow by fluid motion
Radiation - heat flow by direct transfer
through space

24. Conduction
(slowed by
insulation)
Convection
(stop convective
loops)
Radiation
(Stopped by shiny surfaces)

25. Heat Loss Through Walls
Heat Loss in BTU/HR= A* (Tin-Tout)/R
Tin-Tout= delta T
Outside Temp =
20 deg F
Inside Temp =
70 deg F
R value = 20

26. PSYCHROMETRICS
The human sensation of heat
and temperature

27. Heat Storage, Specific Heat
Specific Heat: energy required to raise 1 lb
of material 1 degree F
Water = 1 btu/lb per deg F
Stone, concrete= .23 btu/lb per deg F
Sand = .19
Pine = .6
Gypsum = .26
Copper = .09
Earth Block = .25
600 tons of earth block in the SL center

28. What involves more heat flow:
Heating 10 lbs of water from 55
degrees to the boiling point?
OR
Lowering a 70 degree swimming
pool temp to 69 degrees?

29. Heat Flow Time Lag
Stone, Concrete: 1 inch per hour
Desert buildings heating example
(Sunspace)
Passive cooling example – masonry building

30. Heat and Phase Changes
Latent Heat
Water as ice at 32 degrees to water as liquid at 32
degrees requires
143 btu/lb
Liquid water at 32 degrees to liquid water at 212
requires
180 btu/lb
Water as liquid at 212 degrees to water as gas at
212 degrees requires
1040 btu/lb

31. Main Point #5
Heat is a special form of energy related to
molecular motion that flows from warm to
cold objects. Temperature drops when heat
flows out of an object, temperature rises
when heat flows in to an object. During
meditation, the mind naturally flows from
greater to lesser activity to the field of least
action, being

33. End Energy and Heat
• Energy Calculation Exercise

35. • SAI will bring increasingly cost-competitive systems to
market between now and 2015, with benefits accruing
from the early SAI years.
SAI Cost Reductions

36. Most frequently identified non-technical barriers to solar energy
implementation, listed in order of frequency.
High cost (addressed by all SAI activities, including R&D effort)
Lack of trained technical personnel, reliable installers, and
maintenance services
Lack of communication, information dissemination, and consumer
awareness
Inadequate financing options
Lack of appropriate, consistent interconnection standards
Inadequate government incentives
Lack of equitable and effective net-metering guidelines
Inadequate codes and standards
Liability issues / insurance requirements
Poor public perception of solar system aesthetics
Non-Technical Barriers
to Solar Commercialization

37. “Someday, after we have mastered the winds, the
waves, the tide and gravity, we shall harness for God
the energies of love. Then for the second time in the
history of the world, man will have discovered fire.”
- Teilhard de Chardin

38. Specific Heat Demo
• Demo 008
• Specific Heat of Lead
• This is not for the faint of heart or for those who religiously adhere to OSHA guidelines. Lead has a very low specific heat; this demonstration uses this fact in a
dramatic way when the demonstrator dumps hot lead pellets (100°C) onto his or her open hand.
• MATERIALS
• 25 g of lead shot
One large test tube (8 in)
Ringstand and clamp
Hot plate
500 mL beaker with 300 mL of distilled water.
Paper towels for cleanup
Tongs for holding hot test tube
Insulated gloves to handle the hot hotplate and water
• PREPARATION
• Place the beaker containing the water on the hot plate and heat to boiling. Place the lead shot in the test tube, clamp the tube in place so that the lead-containing
portion dips well into the hot water.
• PRESENTATION
• This demonstration should follow a discussion of specific heat, the calculation of amounts of heat required to bring about given temperature changes, and a
discussion of the magnitudes of the specific heat of various substances. The point to make is that water has an exceptionally high specific heat and that lead metal
has a very low specific heat. This demonstration exploits these facts.
• Compute the temperature change when 25 g of lead at 100°C as added to 25 g of water at 25°; it should be only 2-3 degrees. Ask the class if they believe the result of
these calculations; more specifically, ask if they would be willing to have 25 g of lead at 100°C poured into their open hand (which is mostly water).
• With as much drama and flourish as you wish, remove the test tube from the boiling water and pour the hot lead shot into your hand. It will feel quite warm, but not
painful. Ask whether anybody would want to repeat this with 25 g of boiling water. Be sure to demand an explanation for the expected negative response.
• DISCUSSION
• Since the specific heats of water and lead are 4.184 J/g°C and 0.16 J/g°C, respectively, the quantity of heat transfered from the lead to its surroundings will be only
around 4% of the amount released by an equal weight of water.
• HAZARDS
• This works very well with 25 g of lead. Don't try to scale up the demonstration! There is no disposal to speak of. The lead can be recycled for the next class, and the
water can be poured down the drain after it cools a bit.
• REFERENCES
• None for this demonstration that I know of...maybe a book on magic tricks.

39. Energy and Sustainability
SL E-101
The Concept of Energy and Heat

40. Thermal output of the sun in a quarter of a
second is enough to raise the temperature of
all of the water on earth up 100 degrees C
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule