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2) Redundant Epistasis is when multiple genes can produce the same trait. In the com lab, you were introduced to the aleurone, a protective shell around the kernel that can be red, purple or colorless. If it is colorless, then the kernel displays the color of the endosperm, which can be yellow or white. There are three genes that determine whether the aleurone is colored: C , R and I , each of which has dominant alleles ( C , R , I ) and recessive alleles ( c , r , i ) . If any of these genes have a colorless genotype, the aleurone is colorless, but if all three genes have a colored genotype, the aleurone is colored. The colored allele is dominant for the C and R genes, which means that either cc or will produce a colorless aleurone, regardless of the genotype for the other loci. However, the colorless allele for the I gene is dominant, meaning that either I or If genotypes have colorless aleurones, regardless of the other loci. This means that only com kernels that are C R ii will have colored aleurones. If the aleurone is colored, then its color is the color of the kernel, as the endosperm cannot be seen. The aleurone's color is determined by the P locus, where the purple P allele is completely dominant to the red p allele. If the aleurone is colorless, then the endosperm's color can be seen, which determines the color of the kernel. The endosperm's color is determined by the Y locus, where the yellow Y allele is completely dominant to the white y allele. Suppose you self-fertilized a com plant that was heterozygous for all five loci. The corn cobs from this plant can produce kernels that are yellow, white, red or purple. CcRr Ii Pp Yy 2a) What are the expected phenotype proportions for the kernels produced by this plant? (Hint: to make this calculation easier, you might do two branch diagrams, one to calculate colored versus colorless, and then use that result as the first node of a second branch diagram to calculate purple/red versus yellow/white.). (10 pts) .
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2) Multiple types of epistasis can affect the same phenotype- In the c.docx
2) Multiple types of epistasis can affect the same phenotype. In the corn lab, you were introduced to the aleurone, a protective shell around the kernel that can be red, purple or colorless. If the aleurone is colorless, then the kernel is the color of the endosperm, which can be either yellow or white. There are three genes that determine whether the aleurone is colored: C , R and I , each of which has dominant alleles ( C , R , I ) and recessive alleles ( c , r , i ) . If any of these genes have a colorless genotype, the aleurone is colorless, but if all three genes have a colored genotype, the aleurone is colored. The colored allele is dominant for the C and R genes, which means that either cc or rr will produce a colorless aleurone, regardless of the genotype for the other loci. However, the colorless allele for the I gene is dominant, meaning that either II or Ii genotypes have colorless aleurones, regardless of the C and R genotypes. This means that only corn kernals that are C R ii will have colored aleurones. If the aleurone is colored, then that color is the color of the kernel, as the endosperm cannot be seen. The aleurone's color is determined by the P locus, where the purple P allele is dominant to the red p allele. If the aleurone is colorless, then the endosperm's color can be seen, which determines the color of the kernel. The endosperm's color is determined by the Y locus, where the yellow Y allele is dominant to the white y allele. Suppose you crossed two corn plants: the seed plant was heterozygous for all five loci while the pollen plant was homozygous for all five: Cc Rr Ii Pp Yy. x cc RR ii pp yy This cross can produce kernels that are purple or red (if the aleurone is colored), as well as kernels that are yellow or white (if the aleurone is colorless). 2) What are the expected proportions of kernel colors that would be produced by this cross? Show your work. (Hint: you might do two branch diagrams: one to calculate colored versus colorless, and then use that result as the first node of a second branch diagram to salculate puyple/red yersus yellow/white.) (10 pts) Scanned with CamScanner
.
please answer all questions to the activites- The study of genetics an.docx
please answer all questions to the activites.
The study of genetics and inheritance is concerned with understanding the biological properties that are transmitted from parent to offspring. Mendel's work resulted in the two laws of inheritance: (1) the Law of Segregation and (2) the Law of Independent Assortment. Exercise 1- Law of Segregation COVh A In Mendel's experiments in pea plants, he observed seven traits of the plants including height, pea shape, pea color and observed that these traits had two easily recognizable forms (tall versus short plants, round versus wrinkled peas, and yellow versus green peas). Each of these variant forms of the same gene (tall vs. short) we now referred to as alleles. Mendel found that when studying crosses of plants and observing one trait (plant height) using monohybrid crosses, the alleles of the gene segregate from one another when gametes are formed. The law of segregation results from the separation of homologous chromosomes and, thus, alleles during meiosis. The subsequent random fertilization of gametes results in the predicted ratios observed in monohybrid crosses. In a monohybrid cross, one pair of alleles is studied. If both parents are homozygous, with one parent homozygous dominant and the other parent homozygous recessive, the first generation will be heterozygous exhibiting the dominant phenotype. As Mendel demonstrated, 75% of the second generation (F2) offspring will have the dominant phenotype and 25% the recessive phenotype (a 3:1 ratio). This prediction can be validated using the chi-square statistical test. In corn (Zea mays), for our purposes, the inheritance of the seed (kernel) color can be considered to be a single gene, with one pair of alleles (purple vs. yellow). The purple color allele is dominant, and the yellow allele is recessive. Note: For genetic accuracy, the color-determining pigments are found in the aleurone coating of the endosperm, which can be colorless, purple, or red, and in the endosperm proper, which is yellow or white. Color production is subject to epistasis and modification by other genes. In this exercise you will collect data from the second-generation ( F 2 ) offspring of a monohybrid cross. P 1 Parental Generation Procedure: 1. Obtain one (1) ear of monohybrid corn per group. 2. Count at least 20 seeds total on the ear of corn, recording how many of the seeds are purple and how many of the seeds are yellow in Table 1 below. 3. Record your totals on the classroom whiteboard. 4. You can now test the validity of your (THE CLASS) data using the chi-square test. The chi-square is a relatively simple mathematical calculation that can determine how well the observed experimental results (the actual count) correspond to the theoretical prediction (the expected results). The formula for the chi-square calculation is: x 2 = e 1 ( o 1 e 1 ) 2 + e 2 ( o 2 e 2 ) 2 = x 2 = the symbol for the term, chi-square 0 = observed count (number) ( o 1 = the purple seeds, o 2 = ye.
Multiple Alleles
Features of multiple alleles. The same genes have more than two alleles. All multiple alleles in homologous chromosomes occupy the respective loci. A chromosome or gamete only has one group allele. Each human contains only two separate gene alleles, one for each homologous pair of chromosomes carrying the gene.
More than two alternative alleles of a gene are known as multiple alleles in a population occupying the same locus on a chromosome or its homologue. ... Multiple alleles express various alternatives of one trait. Different alleles can exhibit codominance, dominance-recessive behaviour or incomplete dominance.
Multiple alleles.pdf
Multiple alleles
Characteristics of mutiple alleles
Reason of Multiple alleles
Examples of multiple alleles
Lesson 1 genetics of cat coat colour
Monohybrid crosses, multiple alleles, sex linkage, epistasis and pleiotrophy explained though cat coat colours
Recommended
2) Multiple types of epistasis can affect the same phenotype- In the c.docx
2) Multiple types of epistasis can affect the same phenotype. In the corn lab, you were introduced to the aleurone, a protective shell around the kernel that can be red, purple or colorless. If the aleurone is colorless, then the kernel is the color of the endosperm, which can be either yellow or white. There are three genes that determine whether the aleurone is colored: C , R and I , each of which has dominant alleles ( C , R , I ) and recessive alleles ( c , r , i ) . If any of these genes have a colorless genotype, the aleurone is colorless, but if all three genes have a colored genotype, the aleurone is colored. The colored allele is dominant for the C and R genes, which means that either cc or rr will produce a colorless aleurone, regardless of the genotype for the other loci. However, the colorless allele for the I gene is dominant, meaning that either II or Ii genotypes have colorless aleurones, regardless of the C and R genotypes. This means that only corn kernals that are C R ii will have colored aleurones. If the aleurone is colored, then that color is the color of the kernel, as the endosperm cannot be seen. The aleurone's color is determined by the P locus, where the purple P allele is dominant to the red p allele. If the aleurone is colorless, then the endosperm's color can be seen, which determines the color of the kernel. The endosperm's color is determined by the Y locus, where the yellow Y allele is dominant to the white y allele. Suppose you crossed two corn plants: the seed plant was heterozygous for all five loci while the pollen plant was homozygous for all five: Cc Rr Ii Pp Yy. x cc RR ii pp yy This cross can produce kernels that are purple or red (if the aleurone is colored), as well as kernels that are yellow or white (if the aleurone is colorless). 2) What are the expected proportions of kernel colors that would be produced by this cross? Show your work. (Hint: you might do two branch diagrams: one to calculate colored versus colorless, and then use that result as the first node of a second branch diagram to salculate puyple/red yersus yellow/white.) (10 pts) Scanned with CamScanner
.
please answer all questions to the activites- The study of genetics an.docx
please answer all questions to the activites.
The study of genetics and inheritance is concerned with understanding the biological properties that are transmitted from parent to offspring. Mendel's work resulted in the two laws of inheritance: (1) the Law of Segregation and (2) the Law of Independent Assortment. Exercise 1- Law of Segregation COVh A In Mendel's experiments in pea plants, he observed seven traits of the plants including height, pea shape, pea color and observed that these traits had two easily recognizable forms (tall versus short plants, round versus wrinkled peas, and yellow versus green peas). Each of these variant forms of the same gene (tall vs. short) we now referred to as alleles. Mendel found that when studying crosses of plants and observing one trait (plant height) using monohybrid crosses, the alleles of the gene segregate from one another when gametes are formed. The law of segregation results from the separation of homologous chromosomes and, thus, alleles during meiosis. The subsequent random fertilization of gametes results in the predicted ratios observed in monohybrid crosses. In a monohybrid cross, one pair of alleles is studied. If both parents are homozygous, with one parent homozygous dominant and the other parent homozygous recessive, the first generation will be heterozygous exhibiting the dominant phenotype. As Mendel demonstrated, 75% of the second generation (F2) offspring will have the dominant phenotype and 25% the recessive phenotype (a 3:1 ratio). This prediction can be validated using the chi-square statistical test. In corn (Zea mays), for our purposes, the inheritance of the seed (kernel) color can be considered to be a single gene, with one pair of alleles (purple vs. yellow). The purple color allele is dominant, and the yellow allele is recessive. Note: For genetic accuracy, the color-determining pigments are found in the aleurone coating of the endosperm, which can be colorless, purple, or red, and in the endosperm proper, which is yellow or white. Color production is subject to epistasis and modification by other genes. In this exercise you will collect data from the second-generation ( F 2 ) offspring of a monohybrid cross. P 1 Parental Generation Procedure: 1. Obtain one (1) ear of monohybrid corn per group. 2. Count at least 20 seeds total on the ear of corn, recording how many of the seeds are purple and how many of the seeds are yellow in Table 1 below. 3. Record your totals on the classroom whiteboard. 4. You can now test the validity of your (THE CLASS) data using the chi-square test. The chi-square is a relatively simple mathematical calculation that can determine how well the observed experimental results (the actual count) correspond to the theoretical prediction (the expected results). The formula for the chi-square calculation is: x 2 = e 1 ( o 1 e 1 ) 2 + e 2 ( o 2 e 2 ) 2 = x 2 = the symbol for the term, chi-square 0 = observed count (number) ( o 1 = the purple seeds, o 2 = ye.
Multiple Alleles
Features of multiple alleles. The same genes have more than two alleles. All multiple alleles in homologous chromosomes occupy the respective loci. A chromosome or gamete only has one group allele. Each human contains only two separate gene alleles, one for each homologous pair of chromosomes carrying the gene.
More than two alternative alleles of a gene are known as multiple alleles in a population occupying the same locus on a chromosome or its homologue. ... Multiple alleles express various alternatives of one trait. Different alleles can exhibit codominance, dominance-recessive behaviour or incomplete dominance.
Multiple alleles.pdf
Multiple alleles
Characteristics of mutiple alleles
Reason of Multiple alleles
Examples of multiple alleles
Lesson 1 genetics of cat coat colour
Monohybrid crosses, multiple alleles, sex linkage, epistasis and pleiotrophy explained though cat coat colours
51 Mendelian Gene cs Lab 5 52 La.docx
51
Mendelian Gene cs
Lab 5
52
Lab 5: Mendelian Gene cs
53
Introduc on
In 1866, Gregor Mendel, an Austrian Monk, published a paper en tled “Experiments in plant hybridiza-
on”. It went largely unno ced un l 1900 when it was rediscovered and subsequently became the
basis for what we now refer to as Mendelian Gene cs.
Mendel was the Þrst to recognize:
Inherited characters are determined by speciÞc factors (now recognized these as genes).
These factors occur in pairs (genes).
When both alleles of a gene are the same they are said to be homozygous, while if they are di erent
they are said to be heterozygous. When gametes form, these factors segregate so that each gamete
contains only one allele for each gene. Remember, alleles reside on the chromosomes that are divid-
ing. These original observa ons lead to what we now refer to as The law of segrega on and the law of
independent assortment.
Figure 1: Law of Segrega on
Concepts to explore:
Gregor Mendel
Law of segrega on
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Independent assortment
Dominant vs. recessive
Incomplete dominance
Co-dominance
Genotype
Phenotype
Monohybrid cross
Dihybrid cross
Punne square
Lab 5: Mendelian Gene cs
54
The law of segrega on states that during
meiosis, homologous (paired) chromo-
somes split (Figure 1). The law of inde-
pendent assortment states that during
meiosis, each homologous chromosome
has an equal chance of ending up in ei-
ther gamete, and alleles for individual
genes segregate with the chromosomes
on which they are located (Figure 2).
Using corn as an example (Figure 2):
The large chromosome has the gene for kernel color (Y = yellow, y = blue).
The small chromosome has the gene for kernel texture (S = smooth (green); s = wrinkled (red)).
When a dominant allele is present, that characteris c is expressed, regardless of the second allele. In
this case both the Yy and YY o spring will be yellow.
A recessive allele is only expressed when both alleles are recessive. In this case only the yy combina-
on is blue. The dominant allele is always represented by capital le ers, while the recessive is repre-
sented by lower case le ers.
Genotype refers to the combina on of alleles for a par cular trait. Phenotype refers to the appear-
ance of that combina on of alleles. In our example, the genotype of the diploid cell is Yy, Ss, while the
phenotype is Yellow and Smooth.
Figure 2: Law of Independent Assortment
Figure 3: Monohybrid Cross
Punne Square F1
Lab 5: Mendelian Gene cs
55
Alleles can exhibit incomplete dominance and co-dominance. An example of incomplete dominance is
the cross of two plants, one with red ßowers and one with white, whose o spring have pink ßowers.
In the case of codominance, the same cross would result in red and white striped ßowers.
If we know the genotype of two parents we can.
Polygenic inheritance
This PPT consists of 24 slides explaining Polygenic Inheritance . Some traits are controlled by two or more genes. These traits differ from Mendelian traits and donot show discrete alternative or contrasting forms and show continuous ranges. Examples of such traits are wheat seed colour, plant height, Human skin colour controlled by at least three genes showing many shades of dark and fare, human height, human eye colour etc
A- Mendelian Genetics Questions 1- In pea plants a purple flower (P) i.docx
A. Mendelian Genetics Questions 1. In pea plants a purple flower ( P ) is dominant and a white flower ( p ) is recessive. a. What is the genotype of a pure hreeding white plant? b. If a pure brecding purple plant is crossed with at pure breeding white plant, what phenotype is expected for the offspring? 2. In pea plants a tall plant (T) is deminant and a short plant ( t ) is recessive. a. Use a Punnett square to show the cross between two heterory gous tall plants. Parent genotypes: b. What would be the predicted genotype and phenotype ratios of the offipping? Cieastype Matid Fhrefype Matie 3. In hamsters, black hair ( B ) is dominant to brosin hair (b) and shott hair (H) is dominant to long hair (h). A black, long-haired hamster (Bbhh) is erossed with a brown, short-haired hamster (bbHh). a. What pereentage of the offspring will be brown with long hair? Use a Punnett square to show the genotype and phenotype ratios of the offspring. 4. In rabbits, white coaf color ( C a ) and black coat color ( C A ) are codominant, and both of these alleles are dominant over albino (c). Helerovygotes ( C C ) are spored. c. Use a Punnet square to show the genocype and phenotype ratios of the oflspring from a heterorygous black-coated rabbit and a bornorygous white-coated rabbit. Wivary or Rot Panoyer Rosit 5. In plants known as "four d'elocks", the allele for red fower color is incompletely deminast over the allele for white flower coloe. Heterorygous pink flewered four "elocks were allowed to self-pollinate. c. Use a Punnett square to show the genotype and phcnotype ratios of the offlspring. d. In theory, what pereeti of the offipping would be penk? Perecntage pink? 6. Skin color in humans is determined by a (ctadient fult itr the blanti). inberitance system, possibly involving as many as 9 genes. For simplicity let ins consider the inflwence of 2 genes: A and B , where the dominant allele (upper case A or B) darkens skin colot. Suppose a woman who is AABb reprodnces with a man who is Aabb: b. List all of the possible genetypes of the pametes that could be produced by each parent. c. Use a Punnet square to show the genathpe ratio of the oflispring.
.
Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems .docx
Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems
Introduction
Although the science of genetics has become a highly sophisticated discipline dealing
with the interactions of hereditary factors at the molecular level, it has its roots in the
basic laws of heredity initially discovered and presented by Gregor Mendel more than
one hundred years ago. Mendel's success in discovering these laws was due largely to his
application of the simple rules of mathematical probability - the laws of chance - to his
observations concerning the inheritance of certain characteristics in the garden pea plant.
Reginald Punnett and the Punnett Square
The Punnett square is a diagram used by biologists to determine genotypic probability
within the offspring from a particular genetic cross. The Punnett square shows every
possible genotypic combination of maternal alleles with the paternal alleles for a genetic
cross. Punnett squares only give probabilities for genotypes, not phenotypes. The square
diagram was designed by the British geneticist, Reginald Punnett (1865-1967) and first
presented to the science community in 1905. Punnett’s Mendelism (1905) is considered
the first popular science book to introduce genetics to the public.
Solving Genetic Problems
R
R'
R
RR RR'
R'
RR' R'R'
Maternal alleles
A
A
a
Aa
Aa
Paternal
Alleles
a
Aa
Aa
The first step in solving a genetic problem is to establish the genetic symbols you will use
in your problem solution. Stay consistent by using these same symbols throughout the
problem solving process.
Represent dominant and recessive alleles (different forms of a gene) using traditional
genetic symbols. Dominant alleles should be represented with the capital version of an
alphabetic letter while using the lower case version to show recessiveness. For example:
B = black color, b = white color.
Each individual gene or trait is diploid (2n) in nature and therefore, must be represented
with two alleles. Continuing with the alleles mentioned previously, an individual may
have the genetic makeup BB, Bb, or bb when using those alleles.
Remember that gametes (sperm and egg) are haploid (n) and can only provide one allele
per trait. For example: B or b
An individual’s genotype contains the possible gametes that can be expected to be
produced by that individual. Much of genetics revolves around the probability of the
makeup of gametes. If the individual is homozygous, all of the gametes produced will
possess the same kind of allele. For example, an individual with the genotype BB would
be expected to produce only B gametes and individuals with genotype bb would produce
only b gametes.
If the individual is heterozygous, that is the individual’s genotype contains one dominant
allele and one recessive allele (Bb), the gametes produced will possess one or the other of
the two forms of the gene – B or b. ...
QUANTITATIVE INHERITANCE SMG
A general account of Quantitative (Multiple factor or Polygenic) Inheritance; Examples : Kernel colour in Wheat, Ear size (Cob length ) in Maize(Zea mays) ; Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Inheritance
In 1905, the French biologist Lucien Cuénot discovered an interestin.pdf
In 1905, the French biologist Lucien Cuénot discovered an interesting mutant mouse displaying a
yellow coat color. He bred the mouse and its progeny for several generations but could never
obtain a pure breeding stock of yellow mice! Normal mice have a coat color called Agouti which
appears gray. When he crossed pure breeding gray Agouti mice with the yellow mouse, half the
progeny had the gray Agouti coat and half had the light yellow coat. When he crossed the F1
yellow mice with each other, he found that 1/3 of the F2 progeny had the gray Agouti coat and
2/3 had the yellow coat. When he crossed the F2 yellow progeny with pure breeding Agouti
mice, he found again that they produced 50% gray Agouti mice and 50% yellow mice.
Based on these results, you would conclude that relative to the Agouti coat color, the Yellow
coat color is:
A. Completely Dominant
B. Incompletely Dominant
C. Co-dominant
D. Incompletely Penetrant
E. Recessive
Cuénot was never able to produce a pure breeding strain of yellow mice even after trying several
crosses for several years. Provide a one-sentence explanation for why Cuénot was unable to
obtain yellow mice but not a pure breeding stock of yellow mice.
Solution
(A) It is complete dominant. As per definition, dominant allele shows phenotype in homozygous.
Genes are located on chromosomes and consist of DNA. They are passed from parents to their
offspring through reproduction. Genes also contain information about a specific characteristic or
trait and can either be dominant or recessive. Each gene has a designated place on every
chromosome, called a locus. All copies of a gene are not identical and alternative forms of a gene
is called alleles that lead to the alternative or different form of one trait. Alleles are helpful in
identification of the two members of a gene pair, which produce opposite contrasting
phenotypes, e.g., b is an allele of B and vice versa. When the two alleles of a gene are identical,
the individual is homozygous for that trail, and on the other hand, if there are two different
alleles, the individual is heterozygous. A homozygous pair can be either dominant (AA, BB) or
recessive (aa, bb). Heterozygous pairs are made up of one dominant and one recessive allele (Aa,
Bb). In heterozygous individuals, only one allele, the dominant one, is able to express itself,
while the other allele, the recessive, is hidden but still present. The dominant genes are denoted
by upper case letters and recessive genes are denoted by lower case letters. The word genotype
was created to identify genes of an individual and phenotype for the external appearance of the
trait and genes.Phenotype and genotype are terms used to describe the difference between the
visible expressions of the trait versus the actual gene makeup. An individual, which expresses a
dominant trait may carry a recessive allele, but the recessive expression is hidden by its dominant
partner. Mendel\'s observations from these experiments can be summar.
AP Biology Ch. 11 Inheritance
modes of inheritance including complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, epistasis, etc.
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2. Suppose P ( A B ) = P ( A B c ) . Are A and B independent?
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2. Show that the first least squares assumption, E ( u i X i ) = 0 , implies that E ( Y i X i ) = 0 + 1 X i
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More Related Content
Similar to 2) Redundant Epistasis is when multiple genes can produce the same tra.docx
51 Mendelian Gene cs Lab 5 52 La.docx
51
Mendelian Gene cs
Lab 5
52
Lab 5: Mendelian Gene cs
53
Introduc on
In 1866, Gregor Mendel, an Austrian Monk, published a paper en tled “Experiments in plant hybridiza-
on”. It went largely unno ced un l 1900 when it was rediscovered and subsequently became the
basis for what we now refer to as Mendelian Gene cs.
Mendel was the Þrst to recognize:
Inherited characters are determined by speciÞc factors (now recognized these as genes).
These factors occur in pairs (genes).
When both alleles of a gene are the same they are said to be homozygous, while if they are di erent
they are said to be heterozygous. When gametes form, these factors segregate so that each gamete
contains only one allele for each gene. Remember, alleles reside on the chromosomes that are divid-
ing. These original observa ons lead to what we now refer to as The law of segrega on and the law of
independent assortment.
Figure 1: Law of Segrega on
Concepts to explore:
Gregor Mendel
Law of segrega on
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Independent assortment
Dominant vs. recessive
Incomplete dominance
Co-dominance
Genotype
Phenotype
Monohybrid cross
Dihybrid cross
Punne square
Lab 5: Mendelian Gene cs
54
The law of segrega on states that during
meiosis, homologous (paired) chromo-
somes split (Figure 1). The law of inde-
pendent assortment states that during
meiosis, each homologous chromosome
has an equal chance of ending up in ei-
ther gamete, and alleles for individual
genes segregate with the chromosomes
on which they are located (Figure 2).
Using corn as an example (Figure 2):
The large chromosome has the gene for kernel color (Y = yellow, y = blue).
The small chromosome has the gene for kernel texture (S = smooth (green); s = wrinkled (red)).
When a dominant allele is present, that characteris c is expressed, regardless of the second allele. In
this case both the Yy and YY o spring will be yellow.
A recessive allele is only expressed when both alleles are recessive. In this case only the yy combina-
on is blue. The dominant allele is always represented by capital le ers, while the recessive is repre-
sented by lower case le ers.
Genotype refers to the combina on of alleles for a par cular trait. Phenotype refers to the appear-
ance of that combina on of alleles. In our example, the genotype of the diploid cell is Yy, Ss, while the
phenotype is Yellow and Smooth.
Figure 2: Law of Independent Assortment
Figure 3: Monohybrid Cross
Punne Square F1
Lab 5: Mendelian Gene cs
55
Alleles can exhibit incomplete dominance and co-dominance. An example of incomplete dominance is
the cross of two plants, one with red ßowers and one with white, whose o spring have pink ßowers.
In the case of codominance, the same cross would result in red and white striped ßowers.
If we know the genotype of two parents we can.
Polygenic inheritance
This PPT consists of 24 slides explaining Polygenic Inheritance . Some traits are controlled by two or more genes. These traits differ from Mendelian traits and donot show discrete alternative or contrasting forms and show continuous ranges. Examples of such traits are wheat seed colour, plant height, Human skin colour controlled by at least three genes showing many shades of dark and fare, human height, human eye colour etc
A- Mendelian Genetics Questions 1- In pea plants a purple flower (P) i.docx
A. Mendelian Genetics Questions 1. In pea plants a purple flower ( P ) is dominant and a white flower ( p ) is recessive. a. What is the genotype of a pure hreeding white plant? b. If a pure brecding purple plant is crossed with at pure breeding white plant, what phenotype is expected for the offspring? 2. In pea plants a tall plant (T) is deminant and a short plant ( t ) is recessive. a. Use a Punnett square to show the cross between two heterory gous tall plants. Parent genotypes: b. What would be the predicted genotype and phenotype ratios of the offipping? Cieastype Matid Fhrefype Matie 3. In hamsters, black hair ( B ) is dominant to brosin hair (b) and shott hair (H) is dominant to long hair (h). A black, long-haired hamster (Bbhh) is erossed with a brown, short-haired hamster (bbHh). a. What pereentage of the offspring will be brown with long hair? Use a Punnett square to show the genotype and phenotype ratios of the offspring. 4. In rabbits, white coaf color ( C a ) and black coat color ( C A ) are codominant, and both of these alleles are dominant over albino (c). Helerovygotes ( C C ) are spored. c. Use a Punnet square to show the genocype and phenotype ratios of the oflspring from a heterorygous black-coated rabbit and a bornorygous white-coated rabbit. Wivary or Rot Panoyer Rosit 5. In plants known as "four d'elocks", the allele for red fower color is incompletely deminast over the allele for white flower coloe. Heterorygous pink flewered four "elocks were allowed to self-pollinate. c. Use a Punnett square to show the genotype and phcnotype ratios of the offlspring. d. In theory, what pereeti of the offipping would be penk? Perecntage pink? 6. Skin color in humans is determined by a (ctadient fult itr the blanti). inberitance system, possibly involving as many as 9 genes. For simplicity let ins consider the inflwence of 2 genes: A and B , where the dominant allele (upper case A or B) darkens skin colot. Suppose a woman who is AABb reprodnces with a man who is Aabb: b. List all of the possible genetypes of the pametes that could be produced by each parent. c. Use a Punnet square to show the genathpe ratio of the oflispring.
.
Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems .docx
Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems
Introduction
Although the science of genetics has become a highly sophisticated discipline dealing
with the interactions of hereditary factors at the molecular level, it has its roots in the
basic laws of heredity initially discovered and presented by Gregor Mendel more than
one hundred years ago. Mendel's success in discovering these laws was due largely to his
application of the simple rules of mathematical probability - the laws of chance - to his
observations concerning the inheritance of certain characteristics in the garden pea plant.
Reginald Punnett and the Punnett Square
The Punnett square is a diagram used by biologists to determine genotypic probability
within the offspring from a particular genetic cross. The Punnett square shows every
possible genotypic combination of maternal alleles with the paternal alleles for a genetic
cross. Punnett squares only give probabilities for genotypes, not phenotypes. The square
diagram was designed by the British geneticist, Reginald Punnett (1865-1967) and first
presented to the science community in 1905. Punnett’s Mendelism (1905) is considered
the first popular science book to introduce genetics to the public.
Solving Genetic Problems
R
R'
R
RR RR'
R'
RR' R'R'
Maternal alleles
A
A
a
Aa
Aa
Paternal
Alleles
a
Aa
Aa
The first step in solving a genetic problem is to establish the genetic symbols you will use
in your problem solution. Stay consistent by using these same symbols throughout the
problem solving process.
Represent dominant and recessive alleles (different forms of a gene) using traditional
genetic symbols. Dominant alleles should be represented with the capital version of an
alphabetic letter while using the lower case version to show recessiveness. For example:
B = black color, b = white color.
Each individual gene or trait is diploid (2n) in nature and therefore, must be represented
with two alleles. Continuing with the alleles mentioned previously, an individual may
have the genetic makeup BB, Bb, or bb when using those alleles.
Remember that gametes (sperm and egg) are haploid (n) and can only provide one allele
per trait. For example: B or b
An individual’s genotype contains the possible gametes that can be expected to be
produced by that individual. Much of genetics revolves around the probability of the
makeup of gametes. If the individual is homozygous, all of the gametes produced will
possess the same kind of allele. For example, an individual with the genotype BB would
be expected to produce only B gametes and individuals with genotype bb would produce
only b gametes.
If the individual is heterozygous, that is the individual’s genotype contains one dominant
allele and one recessive allele (Bb), the gametes produced will possess one or the other of
the two forms of the gene – B or b. ...
QUANTITATIVE INHERITANCE SMG
A general account of Quantitative (Multiple factor or Polygenic) Inheritance; Examples : Kernel colour in Wheat, Ear size (Cob length ) in Maize(Zea mays) ; Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Inheritance
In 1905, the French biologist Lucien Cuénot discovered an interestin.pdf
In 1905, the French biologist Lucien Cuénot discovered an interesting mutant mouse displaying a
yellow coat color. He bred the mouse and its progeny for several generations but could never
obtain a pure breeding stock of yellow mice! Normal mice have a coat color called Agouti which
appears gray. When he crossed pure breeding gray Agouti mice with the yellow mouse, half the
progeny had the gray Agouti coat and half had the light yellow coat. When he crossed the F1
yellow mice with each other, he found that 1/3 of the F2 progeny had the gray Agouti coat and
2/3 had the yellow coat. When he crossed the F2 yellow progeny with pure breeding Agouti
mice, he found again that they produced 50% gray Agouti mice and 50% yellow mice.
Based on these results, you would conclude that relative to the Agouti coat color, the Yellow
coat color is:
A. Completely Dominant
B. Incompletely Dominant
C. Co-dominant
D. Incompletely Penetrant
E. Recessive
Cuénot was never able to produce a pure breeding strain of yellow mice even after trying several
crosses for several years. Provide a one-sentence explanation for why Cuénot was unable to
obtain yellow mice but not a pure breeding stock of yellow mice.
Solution
(A) It is complete dominant. As per definition, dominant allele shows phenotype in homozygous.
Genes are located on chromosomes and consist of DNA. They are passed from parents to their
offspring through reproduction. Genes also contain information about a specific characteristic or
trait and can either be dominant or recessive. Each gene has a designated place on every
chromosome, called a locus. All copies of a gene are not identical and alternative forms of a gene
is called alleles that lead to the alternative or different form of one trait. Alleles are helpful in
identification of the two members of a gene pair, which produce opposite contrasting
phenotypes, e.g., b is an allele of B and vice versa. When the two alleles of a gene are identical,
the individual is homozygous for that trail, and on the other hand, if there are two different
alleles, the individual is heterozygous. A homozygous pair can be either dominant (AA, BB) or
recessive (aa, bb). Heterozygous pairs are made up of one dominant and one recessive allele (Aa,
Bb). In heterozygous individuals, only one allele, the dominant one, is able to express itself,
while the other allele, the recessive, is hidden but still present. The dominant genes are denoted
by upper case letters and recessive genes are denoted by lower case letters. The word genotype
was created to identify genes of an individual and phenotype for the external appearance of the
trait and genes.Phenotype and genotype are terms used to describe the difference between the
visible expressions of the trait versus the actual gene makeup. An individual, which expresses a
dominant trait may carry a recessive allele, but the recessive expression is hidden by its dominant
partner. Mendel\'s observations from these experiments can be summar.
AP Biology Ch. 11 Inheritance
modes of inheritance including complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, epistasis, etc.
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A- Mendelian Genetics Questions 1- In pea plants a purple flower (P) i.docx
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AP Biology Ch 12 gene linkage groups and chromosome maps
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Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems .docx
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