Summer Training Undertaken At E.H Ansari &Amp; Co

Summer Training Undertaken At E.h Ansari & Co
A PROJECT REPORT ON SUMMER TRAINING UNDERTAKEN AT E.H ANSARI & CO.
CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of Bachelors of
COMMERCE (BCOM) Honours Submitted by Priyanka Singh A3146913024 Batch of 2014–16 At
AMITY UNIVERSITY NOIDA June–July 2015 DECLARATION I, PRIYANKA SINGH student of
AMITY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA in BCOM (Honours), hereby declare that, this Project Report under
the title SUMMER TRAINING is the record of my original work under the guidance of CA Mr. E.H
Ansari. This report has never been submitted anywhere else for award of any degree. Signature of
the Student: Place: noida Date: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is a great opportunity & pleasure for me
to express my profound gratitude towards all the individuals who directly or indirectly contributed
towards completion of this report. Working on this report was a challenges and a new exposure in
the corporate world. I am greatly in debated to Mr. E.H Ansari under whose guidance and concern I
am able to bring the report into its real shape. I am thankful to DR. ADARSH ARORA and all
faculty members of ACCF Department in providing me useful guidance for the completion of this
report. I convey my gratitude to all those who are directly or indirectly related in the completion of
this project report. Priyanka Singh Roll No:
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Who Are The Regulatory Accounting Bodies Of A Chartered...
Task One : 1) Who are the regulatory accounting bodies in NZ? NZICA and NZASB are the two
most popular regulatory accounting bodies in New Zealand . NZICA : The New Zealand Institute of
Chartered Accountants (NZICA) is the representing name for the Institute of Chartered Accountants
of New Zealand. The Institute is representing over 35,000 members in New Zealand and overseas.
Most accountants of New Zealand belong to this Institute. NZICA is previously known as New
Zealand Society of Accountants. NZASB : The New Zealand Accounting Standards Board
(NZASB), The NZASB has delegated authority from the XRB(External reporting Board) Board to
develop or adopt and issue accounting standards for general purpose financial reporting in New
Zealand. In doing so the NZASB must function with the financial reporting strategy established by
the XRB Board. 2) What is the role of the NZASB and NZICA and how do they impact accounting
practices in NZ? The Role of NZASB is to establish accounting standards for general purpose
financial reporting which will encourage the preparation of financial reports that engenders
confidence in New Zealand financial reporting, assists entities to compete internationally, and
enhances entities accountability to stakeholders. The Role of NZICA is to develops and promulgates
ethical rules, professional and ethical standards and related guidance and contributing through
advocacy to the development of national financial reporting standards and international

Cycle For English Reflection
Every cycle for English, we have to write two different reflections relating to the topics we discuss
in class. The reflections have to be on two different days, but they can be on any two days we want.
I think the reason behind having us write the reflections about two different days makes us reflect on
the cycle as a whole, rather than a singular, individual day. Also, having us write reflections about
two different days could prevent procrastination, and therefore produces better work. I think the
reason behind Doc Mitsuda letting us choose which days we write the reflection on lies with time
management and what happens in class on different days. Some people have different activities on
different days, so it could be more convenient for

The Role of Auditors in a Firm
Audit is determined by a formal examination of a firm's financial records, inspection of its accounts
and other related documents by accountants called auditors. Basically, auditing is a controlled
process which includes professional judgment and requires applying of analytical skills. Also, it
involves appropriate forms of expertise and its approaching. A team with professional skills perform
this task according to the relevant standards, for instance, International Standards on Auditing
(ISAs), International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), International Public Sector Accounting
Standards (IPSAS) or International Standards on Quality Control (ISQCs) and other applicable
equivalents.
The role of auditor as a specialist is to review the company's accounts in order to certify the
legitimacy and validity of its financial records. They work in the places like independent certified
organisations or accounting departments. Furthermore, auditors can give an advice and warn about
possible risks and cost savings that company could made. As money going in and out of
organisations, auditors examine the records and check if it is processed correctly. Their obligations
also include visiting factories for checking stocks and companies' equipment.
Actually, there could be internal or external auditors. Considering internal, they work for specialized
firms, large corporations or charities and as a part of a company's accounting team. That is to say,
internal auditors perform in the

The Field I Have Chosen Essay
Gabrielle Wallace– 2714875 The field I have chosen is accountants in New Zealand. Everyone has
skills and predispositions, ever since I have been a little girl I have been meticulous with numbers,
and accounting gives me the opportunity to use my skills. I want to become a senior accountant and
carry on the family business one day. I am currently studying accounting at university, specialising
in taxation and corporate accounting. This essay will give me the opportunity to explore the
accounting industry, it will give me a better edge when I go and work for Ernst and Young this
summer. The forces I will be discussing are women in accounting, deskilling labour, globalisation
and data to decision making. The face of the accounting profession is changing, there are a growing
number of females entering the accounting industry. Previously it retained the image of a male–
dominated industry; recently there has been a skew that is noticeably female with women now
making up 42% of the industry according to the NZICAAccording to the New Zealand Institute of
Chartered Accountants, the number of women in accounting has risen by 5% in 2012 and is
forecasted to grow. Female accountants are paid less than men according to the New Zealand
Institute of Chartered Accountants. In 2013, NCIA reported that on average there is a 26% income
difference between men and women . This can be accredited to the reason that well paying jobs like
accountants allow flexibility which can be

The Benefits Of Experiential Learning
i. Using relevant literature discuss the benefits of experiential learning
When I first started this module, I believed that my CV was satisfactory and that my interview
ability was of a very high standard, however from my lessons I understood
ii. Reflection on ACCA workshop
My first impressions on the ACCA work shop, were that they were there to, try to recruit students
into the ACCA program over organisations such as the ICAEW, however true this maybe, the ACCA
workshop was actually a very helpful experience.
The learning outcomes from the work shop to maximise our strengths aiding us on our route to long
term success. With this in mind we were shown about a tool called Johari's window, this tool is
supposed to improve self–awareness in regards to our strengths and weaknesses. We were told to
separate into pairs as our strengths and weaknesses may not always be apparent to us. I thought this
to be a great idea however for myself, nobody in the room knew me well enough, so I decided to
take this concept home to ask people who knew me well to get a better understanding of my
strengths and weaknesses. Before I thought I was very self–aware of my strengths and weaknesses.
However there was a lot I learned about myself from my inquisition.
My strengths, I am genuinely quite aware of, however I didn 't realise how apparent it was to my
friends how forward thinking I was, mainly strategically and how personable I am, with being open,
relatable and understanding

Manual on Forensic Accounting
FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
Introduction
Necessity is the mother of all inventions. Yes, it is the growing arena of business and surging
number of white–collar crimes that have paved the way for the development of Forensic
Accounting.
According to AICPA, "Forensic Accounting is the application of accounting principles, theories and
discipline to facts or hypothesis at issues in a legal dispute and encompasses every branch of
accounting knowledge."
According to The Accountant's Handbook on Fraud and Commercial Crime, Forensic Accounting is
the application of financial skills and an investigative mentality to unresolved issues, conducted
within the context of the rules of evidence.
Forensic Accounting borrows knowledge from Accounting, ... Show more content on
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It is a relative thing, that is where fraud and forensic crossed each other's path.
Fraud doesn't necessarily end up in court, but forensic accountant has to make evidence suitable for
admission in court. It is a stereotype thing, as long as auditors are concerned, audit report is
supposed to be a mere true and fair view of an account, but when if you are to prove or disprove an
allegation of fraud, there must be a forensic accounting investigation and report. It might have been
tampered with, ours is not to determine whether the suspect is guilty or not, but to give a better
interpretation to the evidences. It impacts on the financial sector of the economy.
There are lots of procedures in forensic that you cannot violate like that chain of command, you
have to know how the evidences were taken and preserved to avoid cases of tampering with
evidence in our court.
One major weapon accountants have is the use of questions or the interview technique in conducting
auditing jobs; there is no way you can start working without questioning, that is the most critical
thing, but not many accountants know its utmost usage, in forensic, we call this embedded
incompetence. What actually determines the success of the forensic report is the interview
technique.
Forensic Accounting ensures:
(a) Assessment of the damages caused

ICAEW Code Of Ethics Essay
Q1. Critically evaluate the ICAEW Code of Ethics and guidance on Professional Conduct in
Relation to Taxation for professional tax accountants. Introduction about the ICAEW Code of Ethics
The purpose of ICAEW code of ethics is to set a professional standard of the ethical obligations that
professional accountants can follow. The professional accountants have a moral obligation to take
into account of the public interest and maintain the reputation of the accounting profession. Personal
self–interest must not subject to these obligations. If accountant violates to this code, they will easy
to get disciplinary action. The professional accountant should also comply with the fundamental
principles of professional ethics, which are Integrity, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Ethics code and the guidance is an important complement to the legal system of the accounting,
it covers the issues which are tend to fall into the gray areas, such as behaviors that are not
forbidden, yet not specially permitted by the law. (John Wily &Sons, 2015) It cannot be replaced by
other legal accounting system. Strengthen the accounting professional ethics can effectively improve
the level of professional accountants. If the accountant does not have the awareness of this ethics
and lack of the professional skills, it will be difficult to ensure the authenticity and reliability of the
information. So the ethics and the guidance played an important supplement to the legal system for
accounting. For example, when a tax accountant is facing a situation where the client wants to fudge
their income to avoid paying a high tax. The client may pay the accountant fees for helping them
evade tax. In doing this, the accountant may be long–term benefit, But if their actions are exposed,
severe penalties would come. So the ethics code and guidance constrain the behaviors of accountant.
Also, it is a duty for the accountant to reject the illegal actions such as tax evasion.(Swails,2000)
All workers in all professionals are supposed to go beyond the minimum standard that are required
by the law. (Maijiu Hamunen,

Sim 335 Managing Project
Brochure ACCA Diploma in International Financial Reporting
ACCA Diploma in International Financial Reporting
This brochure contains detailed information about the ACCA Diploma in International Financial
Reporting (DipIFR). Should you have any questions after reading this brochure, please contact us at
BPP Nederland. Contact person : Phone number: e–mail: Iris Calmes MSc RA 020 – 5677823
i.calmes@bppnederland.nl
About the ACCA DipIFR
The Diploma in International Financial Reporting is an internationally recognised qualification in
financial accounting using International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS / IAS). It is accredited
by the ACCA (Association of Certified Chartered Accountants) and is aimed at accounting and ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As you will sit an official ACCA exam you'll need to register online with the ACCA. You can
register by post or online on the ACCA website: www.accaglobal.com When you register for
DipIFR you will automatically be entered for one exam. You do not need to register separately for
Registering with ACCA for DipIFR
Entering for the exam
the exam. However, if you need to re–sit the exam you will need to register for the exam again by: –
Sending your registration for to the ACCA by post or – Registering on–line on yuor MyACCA
webpage with your registration number and password In order to take exams in – June: your entry
must be received by the ACCA in Glasgow by 15 April – December: your entry must be received by
the ACCA in Glasgow by 15 October – Exam date in June: June 9, 2011 – Exam date December: to
be set by ACCA in first two weeks of December 2011
Important dates
The fee for the DipIFR course is € 2.600, including all course materials. In addition there is a
separate registration fee with ACCA of £167, payable directly to ACCA. Course fee and registration
with BPP You can register with BPP for the DipIFR classroom course using the attached registration

form.
Detailed course programme Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 and 7 Framework, Accounts
preparation and Non Current Assets Group accounts Inventories, Leases, Provisions, Substance over
form Cashflows and Ratios Financial Instruments, Pensions, Deferred tax and Share based payment
DipIFR

Statement Of Purpose In Accounting
It all started when I was in standard four, my mother asked my ambition and I said that I want to
become a cashier in supermarket. Well, I still young and do not any knowledge regarding
accounting. At that time, I only know how to calculate simple calculation. For me, accounting is a
basis part in our life because I am very sure that everyone use this accounting concepts in their daily
life. For instances, they check how much money that they had spent on that day or even a business
firms will record their daily transactions whether it gain or loses. The words 'Accounting' begin to
develop in myself when I was in high school. This leads me to the world of accounting. In addition,
I become more passionate in accounting and finance because my father is a sole proprietorship and
he own a small chemical substances business so my passion grow more within business. This enable
me to understand some of financial concepts which inspire me to pursue my degree study in
university to become a chartered accountant.
My favourite subject is mathematics which it help me to think in order to solve the problems. As
time passing by, I become more clear that anyone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have able to handle the data accurately during my Accounting Information System subject.
Studying business ethics make me realize into the people attitude and behavior within the society.
Law have given me knowledge of legal system to determine the implication of my action within
organizations when looking and handling the people accounts. Financial Reporting Accounting
taught me more than I could imagined, which it broaden my knowledge in different aspects and
concepts of accounts whether in ledger account, partnership dissolution account or company
transactions. Besides, this enhance my problem solving and analyzing skills. Overall, I had gain my
confident when assignment presentation and think more

My Personal Goal Statement in Accounting and Finance
My Personal Goal Statement in Accounting and Finance 'Accounting is like Art'. You have to
analyse every aspect before making a just decision. A teacher of mine once told me that if you were
good at art, you would be good at accounts. It was hard to find her logic at first, but after I choosing
to take Principles of Accounts in SPM, it all began to make sense. You need logic; everything has a
set order and method. Each piece is placed carefully and has a high significance amongst its
environment. You need analytical skills. Take apart every piece of information and use it to make
your own decisions.
Passing with distinction and I have been awarded Level 2 Certificate in Book–keeping and
Accounts, I can proudly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During my time with the company, I have gained an award for my doing work performance. My job
role involves cash handling, serving customers, dealing with parents' enquires and complaints, both
in person and over the phone as well as teaching. Working so closely with the public has increased
my confidence, and my interpersonal skills as well as giving me an insight into how businesses,
especially the retail business, work. I have not only learnt some skills in teaching but also putting
into practice ways of increasing sales and profits at the tuition centre.
I love to play sport whenever I can as it fills me with great enjoyment. I hope to continue being
involved in sports at SIM by joining the sport clubs that are available because playing sport provides
me with a good balance in my life between leisure and work which allows me to produce my best
results academically. I plan to keep this balance at institute. Most of my spare time, I enjoy listening
to different kinds of music and to help myself relax and take my mind of things, I like reading
magazines and solving logical problems such as Sudoku. I also like going out with family and
friends at least once a week.
As an individual, I have always aspired to higher education at institute as I have a positive and
committed attitude to learning new things. The idea of moving on

Essay on The Three Main Accounting Professions
This report is on the three main accounting professions. I will be talking about CA, CGA and CMA
and what they do for a living. These three accounting professions may seem the same but I will be
explaining how they are different. I will discuss all of these details in my report.
I'll start off talking about the roles and duties of these three accounting professions. A Chartered
Accountant's role or purpose is "providing professional advice, aiming to maximise profitability on
behalf of their client or employer and undertaking financial audits"1. A Chartered Accountant has
many things to do for a living. They have to review the company systems and analyze the risks
involved, perform tests to check financial information, advise ... Show more content on
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In addition to this they have to "ensure future stability, growth and profitability" of a business 7.
Next, these three accounting designations differ from each other because they all have different roles
and responsibilities to commit to. A Chartered Accountant job differs from the other two accounting
designations because their purpose is to provide advice on how businesses can earn more money and
find any forensic accounting in the business. 2. A Certified General Accountant job differs from the
other two accounting designations because their purpose is to help businesses save money and carry
out any financial activities from their respective business 3. A Certified Management Accountant job
differs from the other two accounting designations because their purpose is to help a business grow,
be stable and make more profit in the long term 7. These reasons explain why these three accounting
designations differ. The life of an accountant is important but what is more important is how they
get the job. I'll be discussing the employment of these three accountants. A Chartered Accountant
works in many industries and businesses 8. They tend to work in commerce businesses but could
also work overseas, at the government and public practice 8. Chartered Accountants are

SAICA Case Study
Tutorial 6
9 September 2014
Name: James
Surname: Gilbert
Student Number: 201404266
Tutorial Group: 1
The Maintenance of the professional status of Chartered Accountancy in South Africa.
SAICA, SAIPA, CIMA and the IRBA are just a few of the professional bodies, or institutions, found
in South Africa with the purpose of developing and maintaining the professional standard of
Chartered Accountancy perceived within this nation. The real question is though, how do they do it?
Especially in such a way that sees South Africa renowned for the top seat in Chartered Accountancy
standards. To understand how this feat is achieved it is important to first know what a profession is:
A profession is an occupation organized in an institutional form, its members offer client services
based on an intellectual body of knowledge and a specialised repertoire of skills, that are not
ordinarily possessed by the non–professional, in order to explicitly serve public interest. (Lee. 1995,
49) These members are, in addition, required to practice and behave in an ethically and functionally
sound way as set out by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This being an "enforceable law" with regards to the conduct of professionals ensures the further
professional conduct of the members of SAICA and an increase in the public confidence of the
profession. The reason that SAICA has been able to set these standards and effectively seclude the
profession and disallow just anyone to practice as a CA, is due to the Royal Charter that enables the
CA profession to be recognised as just that. (Kizlik, 2014) This royal charter effectively is the base
that allows all other mechanisms to be developed and allows the profession to maintain and improve
its professional

Accounting System And The Roman Empire
Another Society with their own intricate accounting system was the Roman Empire. This comes as
no surprise because of the scope and size of the Roman Empire; accounting was once again a
necessity to a well–maintained society. There is evidence of comprehensive financial statements in
the rule of Emperor Augustus circa 63 BC–14 AD. These statements included information on
expenses on "statistics concerning the provinces and dependent kingdoms; direct and indirect
taxation; as well as recurrent expenditures and gifts", as well as, "the amounts of cash in the
Aerarium...and in the hands of the publicani" (Oldroyd, "The Role...", 1995). The Aerarium was the
treasury, and the publicani was the public. These are similar to what the Chinese had because they
were used by the government to go about completing the financing and running of the empire. These
figures could be used to make it easier to track all the expenses and revenues of the government. The
government was not the only ones to keep accounting records in the Roman Empire either. Account
books were kept by those look to maintain and achieve citizenship. It is believed that "men of
property at Rome often did write up their permanent account–books about every month." They were
required to do this to maintain their citizenship because citizenship was tied to the amount of
property owned and this meant a need to keep records of it. (Oldroyd, "The Role...", 1995). As well
as citizens, accounting was a necessity for the soldier of

The Ethical Guidelines Provided By The Cima Provides...
The ethical guidelines provided by the CIMA provides different conflict resolutions. Examples of
the different conflict resolutions that the CIMA offers are; considering facts for proper identification
and then applying the proper course of actions once determined. The facts need to be relevant fact
and there needs to be different ethical issues involved. There are also different essential principles
that should be related to the matters that are being questioned. The CIMA also suggests that there
needs to be internal procedures established and also an alternative course of action should be
established incase anything were to happen. The CIMA provides a meeting or session with the right
person within their organization or even a board of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also provides opportunities for getting disassociated with such engagements or engagement teams
so that conflict can be resolved in a more efficient and faster matter.
Define facilitating payments and bribes. Discuss the difference between them. Which are all allowed
and which are prohibited? Explain
A payment made by a citizen to a government official for expedite the process of government
facilities for who is entitled called facilitation payment in U.S. but in some other countries these
payments called bribe. These payments are extra burden on companies or individuals. Both
payments are not good as per ethics. This fee only applies when the payment if made to speed up the
government's action. There are several different classifications that can be considered a facilitation
payment and these vary in many ways. Section 162 C of FCPA act defined the bribe and facilitation
payments. If a company made a payment to a foreign government official or employees which is
unlawful under sec 162 c of FCPAAct called bribe. Bribes can be paid by money or other things in
place of money for influencing government decision. The payment of bribe is considered unlawful
under FCPA act, so it is not allowed as deduction under income tax as expenses. A payment made to
Government official to expedite the process of government facilities for whose otherwise company
or

Essay- Accounting as a Profession
Introductory Part
Accounting is the study of how businesses track their income and assets over time. Accountants
engage in a wide variety of activities besides preparing financial statements and recording business
transactions, including computing costs and efficiency gains from new technologies, participating in
strategies for mergers and acquisitions, quality management, developing and using information
systems to track financial performance, tax strategy, and health care benefits management. They
perform these vital functions by offering an increasingly wide array of business and accounting
services to their clients, in order to provide information to them.
Accounting– the best profession
There is a lot to gain from a career in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Besides preparing financial statements and recording business transactions, they also calculate costs
and efficiency gains for new technologies, participate in the set up for acquisitions and mergers, and
develop IT systems to track financial performance, tax strategy, and employee benefits management.
There are some options a student can follow in choosing a career in accounting.
Audit
Audit is the bread and butter work of accounting. Accounting auditing careers involve checking
accounting ledgers and financial statements within businesses, public and not–for–profit
organizations. Being increasingly computerized, this work can rely on sophisticated random
sampling methods. This provides a solid foundation to future specialist work, and enables us to
understand how an organization makes money.
Budget Analysis
A budget analyst develops and manages an organization's financial plans. Besides quantitative skills
many budget analyst jobs require good people skills because of negotiations involved in the work.
Financial
Financial accountants draw information from the general ledgers to prepare financial statements.
They also take part in the business's important financial decisions involving mergers and
acquisitions, employee benefits planning and long–term financial projections. This work can vary
from week to

Australian Tax Compliance And Laws For Individuals And...
Broadly skilled finance professional with over 3 years experience in both accounting and taxation.
Thorough understanding of Australian tax compliance and laws for individuals and companies.
Excellent financial reporting skills, building meaningful financial information and reports that can
be presented to financial and non–financial members. Benefits from Chartered and Commercial
environments, whilst quickly demonstrating the versatility to adapt to both. Pro–active
communicator, confidently developing relationships both internally and externally, and liaising with
all levels of staff.
Financial & Statutory Reporting Tax Advice & Compliance Corporate & Capital Gains Tax
Fixed Asset Registers Financial Forecasts/Projections Cash Flow Statements
Cost Management High NetWorth Client Tax Business Structuring
Investigative Analysis Fixed Asset Maintenance Superannuation Returns
FBT, GST, BAS, IAS & PAYG Client Relationship Management ATO Legislation Translation
Qualifications & Education:
Studying CPA Qualification | Six papers completed with two subject left.
2012 Certificate III in Business | Navitas Workplace Solutions, Melbourne, VIC
2011 Master of Practising Accounting | Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC
Academic Awards:
Top Student Award | Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC, for excellent performance, Semester 1,
2011
Certificate of Excellence | Highest result in Strategic Cost Management, Swinburne,

Essay on The Ethical Values Held in Accounting, A...
Every profession faces a multiple of ethical challenges on a daily bases, this can be clearly
witnessed in the accounting profession. The main focus of this literature review is to discuss the
ethical values held in this profession and to also explore the ethical challenges that they face.
Professional ethics for accountants is all about making sure that accountants carry out their duties to
the highest standard possible and in a very professional manner. A code of ethics is designed to
make sure that ideal behaviour is being carried out and it must be enforceable and realistic. From
reading a variety of literature the core principles of the code of ethics are as follows: integrity,
objectivity, professional competence and due care, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the quality from which public trust derives and the benchmark against which a member must
ultimately test all decisions.' Smith (2003, p47) From reading this Smith feels that anyone working
in the accounting profession must be trained and equipped to a high standard at implementing moral
judgement so that they can consider the well being of those that will face the consequences of their
actions.
Citron (2003) examined how and when these ethical values came about. It
..was developed at a time of mounting levels of criticism of the auditing profession.
Therefore it was a move that the UK Chartered Accountants Joint Ethics Committee felt that was
needed in order to make sure that ideal behaviour was being carried out and to also make sure that
all accountants were doing all their work to a high standard.
However like everything when the ethical values that are integrity, objectivity, professional
competence and due care, confidentiality and professional behaviour are complied with, it can still
leave accountants to be faced with many potential ethical dilemmas. Jackling, Cooper, Leung and
Dellaportas (2007) carried out an online survey in relation to ethical issues and put it forward to
sixty six different professional accounting bodies. They found out from their research that the largest
ethical

Reflection On Professional Development
In this short essay my own personal view on professional development will be made evident through
reviewing past experiences, allowing recommendations for better practice to occur. Other topics
discussed and analysed will be; the structure of the organisation, the effectiveness on leadership and
management. My own role within the organisational structure will be reflected on, considering the
impact of skills in practice, further, justifying what I will need for future personal and professional
development.
Reflective practice is an important tool, as people learn from their own professional experiences
(Pascal and Brown, 2009). Reflection provides opportunity for furthering personal and professional
development (Nganga, 2011). As it helps to certify knowledge skills and experience that is used
within practice (Freire, 1972).
Boud, Keogh and Walker (1985) states that, looking through past and present experiences helps with
progression in the future. The reflection on practice is finding the weaknesses and overcoming them
(Dyer and Taylor, 2012).
Johns (2000) situates that a number of models can help to structure a reflection. As they provide a
framework that helps develop a deeper understanding and analysis. One reflective model is Schön
(2002) the model of reflection–in–action and reflection–on–action. This model is beneficial to use as
it involves working on getting to the bottom of what is happening in the experience process, such as;
the decisions made and the feelings felt at that time of the event. Reflection–on–action involves
looking over the event and drawing on professional knowledge to understand what happened and
why it happened and to develop deeper knowledge (Thompson and Pascal, 2012). However, this is
not the only model that could be used. Other models such as Kolb (1984), Gibbs (1988) and
Brookfield (1995) have different frameworks to help breakdown an issue.
I like to use Schön (2002) model in the workplace as I am thinking about what I am doing as I am
doing it. This does not provide a lot of time to think in depth and to break the event down, leading to
not gaining a better understanding of what happened, without this I have no targets to better my
professional development.

A Brief Note On The Association Of Chartered Accountants
Nowadays, accountancy sector seems to be more and more attractive to students as accountant is
considered as the 'best job' in the world according to a survey of LV Company (2013). Therefore, in
that competitive position, with most students who are majoring in this area, achieving a qualification
from a particular professional body is generally considers as their first aim to the colossal success of
career in accountancy. By being qualified, students might be recognised and obtained more global
opportunities in business career in such a competitive accounting industry. ACCA and CIMA are
two standout accounting bodies which award people those qualifications. ACCA and CIMA have
their own policies and operation systems. This essay will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
CIMA is having 218000 members and students in 177 countries (CIMA, 2014).
In percentage data, ACCA is nearly double CIMA about worldwide members as ACCA is holding
40% worldwide members while CIMA has only 23% (ACCA Brochure, 2014). However, if the
degree of growth of total students and members recently is taken in to consideration, CIMA has the
largest growth in POB members including ACCA (CIMA, 2014).
Firstly, candidates of both ACCA and CIMA have to get through strict examination systems before
being recognized by these two institutes' qualifications.
ACCA has 400 exam centres around the world and their exams are taken place twice annually in
June and December (ACCA Global, 2014). There are two levels in ACCA assessing scheme and
they are fundamental level and professional level (ACCA brochure, 2014). Applicants have to
complete all three exams of knowledge and six exams of skills in fundamental level in order to
move into professional level which includes three exams of essential and two in four optional exams
(ACCA, 2014a).
CIMA examination system is completely different from ACCA. CIMA Global (2014a) has showed
that their new syllabus for 2015 would have covered several new topics such as sustainability,
integrated reporting and so on for three levels of the process which are operational level,
management level and strategic level.

Audit Quality
AUDIT QUALITY
A BRIEF DISCUSSION REGARDING THE QUALITY OF ASSURANCE AND AUDIT Student
ID: 1204335 Xiaoyu ZHENG
AUDIT QUALITY
A BR IEF D ISC US SI ON R EGAR D IN G THE QUAL IT Y OF A S SUR A N CE AN D A UD
IT
A
INTRODUCTION
uditing has inevitably become one of the essential activities in the current business world. It may be
attributable to the fact that financial reports still remain the major criteria in evaluating the
performance of
the business. Audit quality refers to different denotations in various business sectors; hence in this
paper deliberations of audit quality are limited to professional audit firms within the scheme of
Australian Securities and Investments Commission (hereinafter ASIC). Due to the complexity ...
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2
AUDIT QUALITY
However, it is not appropriate to neglect contributions from the APESB in assisting the assurance of
audit quality. It is the fundamental flaw of the ethical standards of all types that hinders the full
efficacy of ethical standards on the quality of auditing processes. Ethical standards still serve as
dynamic supports to legal framework. Both the staffs from the audit firm and audit regulators are
required to review auditing processes to compensate the imperfection of legal framework and code
of ethics.
3
DUE CARE & PERFORMANCES
As per discussed above, it is essential that due care and performances such as professional qualities
and expertise from auditors themselves and staffs in the firm as well as the audit regulator ASIC are

critical in the assurance of audit quality. According to Leung, Coram and Cooper, audit quality could
be compromised due to pressures faced by the auditors (2011). They backed up such statement with
stunning percentage of non–verifiable opinions in the auditing processes from both national
accounting forms of 20%

Chartered Accountant
Overview A CA (Chartered Accountant) is a professional accountant who has earned the CA title
through training and practical experience obtained from the CICA (Canadian Institute of Chartered
Accountants). The institute, which has over 66,000 members, conducts research into current
business issues and sets accounting and auditing standards for all types of businesses. A CA is a
complete professional in the field of Accountancy – informed in the subjects of Accountancy,
Auditing, Business Management, Information Technology, Taxation, Corporate and Commercial
Law, Financial Management, Economics and other linked subjects. Chartered Accountants serve
business clients by preparing, reviewing and evaluating financial statements, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Many corporation controllers are CA's. A controller is an upper–level executive whose tasks include
planning, coordinating and assessing all activities in accounting, auditing, financial control and
budgeting. A controller is responsible for the organization of the management and supervising their
decision–making. They also participate in devising the financial and administrative policies of the
company. Soon enough it may eventually lead to positions such as Vice–President–Finance or
Treasurer and even President.
Government Opportunities
There are also many opportunities for a Chartered Accountant in all levels of government. Federal
and provincial departments regularly employ CA's for such positions as treasurers, chief
accountants, auditors, budget analysts, financial management officers and financial analysts.
Government accountants prepare budgets, track costs and analyze financial statements. Most CA's
chose to work at firms or corporations other than for the government mostly because of the pay.
They can achieve much more money than the government offers although the government provides
many health and security benefits. CA's have lots of mobility and freedom. It's quite easy for them
to quit a job and find another one the next day since there is a constant demand for experienced
CA's. The pay involved in

Why to Become a Chartered Accountants
WHY TO BECOME A CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT
Early or late, everyone has to start his vocational life. Its an important event of life because then
after an entirely new world starts – THE WORLD OF WORK. Many courses are available for
simple and common vocations which do not require any special skill. Anyone can do them. But
............. TO BE DIFFERENT IS TO BE RENOWNED......... So if one really wants to do something
challenging and diversified, then Chartered Accountancy is the most dignified profession.
A MISCONCEPTION REMOVED
It was an old image that accountant are boring and old fashioned, they crunch numbers and work in
compliance and tax. But the profession of CA has replaced and upgraded this old image and has
created something which has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the foundation of a set of attributes that lie behind today's CA and makes them unique. These
four attributes lie at the heart of the CA brand:–
➢ Insightful: The penetrating mental ability to find the underlying truth. The capacity to
simultaneously take a macro and micro view and see a solution unseen by others. ➢ Precise:
Focused on delivering clear, accurate, fact based solutions that drive business success. ➢ Ethical:
The principles and good judgement to successfully navigate a marketplace characterized by
uncertainty and change. The ability to achieve breakthrough results without breaking the highest
standards of professional conduct. ➢ Without equal: CA is about status, achievement and always
striving to be the best– it is the reference point from which quality decisions and business excellence
are measured. CA has every qualities like intellectual, technical, functional, personal, inter–personal,
communication, organizational and business management. His brain is expanded by serious thinking
during his academic years. He has immense responsibility taking ability and duty–fulfilling power.
CA of the 21st century is a new breed of professional, a strategic thinker and broad

Accounting Admission Essay Sample
For me accounting is personal. As an immigrant, life has seldom been easy. It has been marked by
continuous sacrifice, unfamiliar settings, and unnerving trials. From an early age I witnessed my
parents painstakingly keep track of their income and expenses in order to make ends meet. Such
trying moments were the early signs of my inclination towards accounting. In essence, these painful
experiences stirred something within me, something that culminated into a passion. After exposure
to numerous accountants and academic courses, I was firmly convinced accounting was my calling.
In pursuing my calling, I attended Miami Dade Honors College and earned an Associate of Arts
Degree in Accounting. Afterwards, I transferred to Florida International University, where I hope to
acquire my Bachelor of Accounting in April 2018. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, a good education never comes cheap. With today's ever increasing tuition costs, paying
for graduate school is my greatest challenge. Coming from a low income household, my family
struggles financially, living paycheck to paycheck, hoping emergencies do not find their way onto
our doorstep. For that reason, being an EY Scholar would help me exponentially in pursuing my
academic endeavors and career goals without hindrances. What is more, being an EY Scholar will
allow me to reach my full potential, clearing the path for me to dedicate time solely to my studies
and bringing diversity to the institution's social community through involvement in extracurricular
activities. As an EY Scholar, I will be surrounded by other passionate, like–minded individuals who
will stop at nothing to achieve their goals. Taking part in this program will help me develop my
professional network and build connections, as well as providing me with career guidance through

The Role And Role Of Management Accounting
Management accounting is about adding real value to the organization by combining accounting,
finance and management with the business skills and techniques. It involves in management
decision making, devising planning and performance management systems. Management
accounting provides expertise in financial reporting and administer to assist management in the
formulation and implementation organization's strategy.
The professional body for management accountants CIMA, defines management accounting as 'the
application of the principles of accounting and financial management to create, protect, preserve and
increase value for the stakeholders of for profit and non– profit enterprises in the public and private
sectors. Management accounting is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the function and the objective of cost accounting is similar to management accounting.
Hence sometime authors refer to management accounting and cost accounting as the same.
Main areas involved in management accounting includes costing, Planning, Control, decision
making, and performance evaluation. Costing determine how much it is costing to produce, this
helps to determine the selling price. Planning involves defining objectives and assessing future cost
and revenues.
As, management accounting plays a crucial role in every organization, there is a qualified recruit to
carry out management accounting. This recruit or employee is known as management accountant.
The role of the management accountant is to handle all financial matters and ensure the
organizations financial security. Management accountants help to drive the business's overall
management and strategy and also plays an important role in determining the status and success of
the organization. Management accountant's advice managers on the financial implications of big
decision. The sustainable success of the organization and the solutions to the issues are derived from
the information provided by the management accountants. These information's assist in formulating
business strategies and monitoring

Comparing a Chartered Public Accountant and a Chartered...
Accountant
Career Demand The public accountant provides a range of accounting and auditing services to
everyone from individual taxpayers to businesses. Accountants can even become more specialized
and become auditors and government accountants. Accounting is typically a 9–5 weekday job, as
those are the hours that most businesses operate. Some overtime is typically required if there is an
audit or it is tax season. The primary roles of a public accountant can be divided into three distinct
jobs. The first job, and the most commonly accomplished, is known as performing external audits of
companies (Public Accountant Job Description). Under Sarbanes–Oxley, United States businesses
must submit a full audit of their company's annual budget sheets along with many other financial
documents to an external accountant who reviews the documents and certifies that the reports are
accurate (Zhang, 2007). The second job that accountants have is offering tax services to the public
(Public Accountant Job Description). Often citizens prefer that an accountant complete their taxes
annually, especially if that person is self–employed. The third job that accountants complete is
consult services. Often corporate and estate–planning law firms willl hire accountants to assist in
creating ideal wealth management options for clients and ensure that those options are in agreement
with current tax laws.
Educational Requirements There is no formal educational requirement to become an

Code Of Ethics And The Laws Of The Accounting Profession...
Critically reflect on the arguments as to why a code of ethics is essential to support the regulation of
the accounting profession in New Zealand.
Introduction
Code of Ethics display the ideal qualities that one should follow and demonstrate, in the accounting
profession. It lays down the expected standards, and are based on personal characteristics and
behavior. According to New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants Act 1996 the five
fundamental principles in the Code of Ethics are integrity, objectivity, professional competence and
due care, confidentiality and professional behavior (NZICA, 2013). These five principles aim at
guiding an accountant in a moralistic way. Although it highlights the general expectations of an
accountant, it is designed to benefit the wider accounting network. The Code of Ethics can also be
thought of as a perfect role model, which accountants use to compare themselves against. The Code
of Ethics is vital to the accounting profession because it helps keep a controlled, safe and positive
working environment.
Discussion
Integrity is one of the fundamental principle, which is responsible for securing and maintaining
confidence among the public, and also internally through professionalism. In the Code of Ethics,
integrity is defined to be, the key to building a network of good trust, and also personal
characteristics that distances one from taking advantage personally (Velayutham,2003).Generally we
can assume that integrity is directly

The Career Of An Accountant
Commerce assignment 2015 due 18th of march
Vocation investigation
Joseph caccamo
Career: accountant
Qualifications: there are a number of qualifications you need to undertake the career of an
accountant. Core knowledge areas needed are accounting systems and processes, financial
accounting, and management accounting these are essential for a career in accounting. Other areas
of knowledge are optional so you don't have to do them but they would help you pursue your career
in accounting. Things such as commercial law, corporation's law, accounting information systems
and more. The career of accounting is available through a bachelor of commerce. Different types of
accountants have to attend different subjects because they need some subjects ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It also offers you the flexibility to combine specialty study in a wide range of majors, allowing you
to change what you do to suit your career wants and help you to get where you want to go.
University of Melbourne the required atar for 2015 is 87 but a guaranteed entry if you score and atar
of 95 and above the course is 3 years full time and part time is optional. As a Commerce student you
will get comprehensive business training and have the chance to explore complementary disciplines.
There are seven Commerce majors available, and many elective subjects to choose from. For
domestic and international students. There is access for scholarships for the bachelor of commerce.
The fee per year is determined by how many subjects you are doing. Need English requirements for
course.
Macquarie University the required atar is 81 the duration of the course is 3 years full time and part
time optional. This degree prepares you to become a business professional in a wide range of
careers. This degree gives you a comprehensive understanding of all business functions and a set of
practical skills to succeed as a professional. For domestic and international students. Key features of
the university course Macquarie business and commerce graduates are sought after by industry.
Specialise in one or two distinct areas of

Management Accounting, Chartered Institute Of Management...
Introduction of management accountant
Roles are different for management and Management accountant. Same person could do both, but
the roles will completely differ. Thus, Management accountants support all the decisions made by
the managers. They can mix up their roles that they have daily across the departments and multiple
functions. In addition, it includes working for branches of companies that are located in other
countries and preparing non–financial and financial work. Achieving an organisations strategic goals
are vital, all the decisions made by management accountants has a huge impact to help them achieve
their goal. Management accountant used to only provide, process and collect information during the
year 1950.
For management accounting, Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) is one of the
world's major professional bodies. Today's management accountant's role are as follows:
formulating business strategy, conducting internal business audits, monitoring financial control,
monitor spending and to explain the impact of the financial outcome of business decisions and the
landscape of competitors.
Skill–set of today's management accounting are as follows: communication, planning, risk, analysis
and strategy. Communication is vital as it is used to explain quantitative information to non–
financial managers. For planning and budget; accounting technique is applied. Risk is managed and
identified. Business strategy is formulated to create value and

399 Tutorial 5 Essay
ACCG 399: Accounting in Context
Accounting's Positivistic Tendencies: Overlaying a Social Science
With Pure Scientific Rationale
Tutorial 5 – Week 6
This written Comprehensive Professional Portfolio is comprised of individual and group tasks which
are to be completed within tutorials and will require further work and writing up outside of the
classroom. These set of tutorial activities extending till the end of the session, are intended to take
you through a learning journey of exploration and development. They have been specifically
designed to incorporate not only a real–life perspective to your university learning but also to further
enhance graduate capabilities such as your ability to engage in critical, analytical and ... Show more
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I believe that anyone watching just the first part of this documentary can make the assumption that
we were going downhill with all these unstable inventions that were supposed to bring in more
turmoil for the rest of the world. In order to reporting accuracy, they interview lots of people to
indicated this fact rather than merely provide neutral opinion. In addition, the film illustrates some
data and provides some powerful reports to support their viewpoint. The following parts also explain
the main factors result in the financial crisis, and the economic recession. The film also emphasis on
the investor and related parties should burdened accountability what the challenge we need to face.
Positive accounting theory refers to the branch of academic research in accounting[–>0] that seeks
to explain and predict actual accounting practices. These contrasts with normative accounting[–>1]
theory, that seeks to derive and prescribe "optimal" accounting standards. In other words, the
accountant should to obey the standard accounting rules and regulation to prepare financial report
and they must utilize optimal accounting standards. But in this film, lots of accountants prepare the
misleading financial report, which make the potential investors and shareholders believe that
companies still operate profitability, and on–going development. Actually, the companies already
make huge

Personal Statement Essay: My Passion For Accounting
A knowledge of Accounting is useful for everyone. It can be used in their daily life to manage their
salary wisely, to know how much money they have with them or how much money they have spent.
They can also be a better investor if they have this knowledge. As for me, my passion for accounting
started in secondary school. When I was 16, I needed to choose whether to pursue my studies in
Pure Science stream or Social Science stream. I choose the latter, even though I was a Science
student because I enjoy trying something different. I was also eager to learn and know more about
accounting, of which I have heard a lot about. As a beginner, I faced some difficulties in taking a
new subject. Not surprisingly perhaps, I did not really perform in ... Show more content on
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The reason why I choose this field is I can see that every company needs an accountant to manage
their finance and to consult them about business and almost every day, new businesses are created
and existing businesses expand. Furthermore, being an accountant, I would be able to run my own
business as I would have the knowledge and skill to manage and lead the business. It can be seen
that this Accounting course will give me a wider variety of career options which will allow me to
choose job with the best prospects and for which I am most passionate about. To broaden my
knowledge, I have read a different number of books. One of them was "Midas Touch" written by
Donald J.Trump and Robert T.Kiyosaki. This book is not about business, it is about what it takes to
become a successful entrepreneur which in my opinion, the characteristic of an entrepreneur is
similar to an accountant. Reading these books give me an extra knowledge that is not covered in
school and has strengthened my desire to further my study in accounting. Since I am genuinely
interested in Accountancy, this will increase my chances of doing well in the course since my
motivation will be

Business And Financial Performance Essay
I have always considered obtaining BSc. Honors degree in applied accounting from Oxford Brookes
University as an important milestone of my academic career. In this session I decided to prepare
research and analysis project and I chose the following topic: "The business and financial
performance of an organization over a three year Period".
Reasons of choosing Specific Topic, Sector And Company: One of the most imperative reasons that
I chose this topic was that this topic was easier to understand. During my ACCA studies I read
different tools and techniques relating to the business and financial analysis so I was in a better
position to work on this area of topic. Another reason for selecting this topic was that I want to
pursue my ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Rosemary Peavler, n.d.)
Analyze the business performance of the company with help of SWOT analysis. (FTC, 2008)
Identify the impact of environmental factors on the performance of the company with the help of
PEST analysis. (Alan Chapman, n.d.)
On the basis of these tools and techniques, I will conclude the business and financial performance of
the company.
Research Questions:
What are the necessary skills i.e. analytical, technological required for preparation of this project?
How much time should be assigned to each part?
How will I gather the data related to the company which is reliable?
What are the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities and threats faced by the
company?
What is the impact of political, economic, social and technological factors on the performance of the
company?
How will I reach out a conclusion with the help of these tools and techniques? (Shane Johnson,
2005)
Overall Approach for the preparation of research and analysis project I planned my research
according to the limited amount of time available to me. I selected accounting and business models
which appeared appropriate for the analysis. I also acknowledged different sources of information
that would be required and that they should also be accessible. These sources were

The Role Of Management Accountants And The Past And Recent...
The role of management accountant has been attracting a lot of interest since the principle of
scientific management was published by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911, which marked the birth
of management accounting theory. When researching the roles of management accountant in both
past and recent years, it is obvious to find that things have changed a lot. This essay is going to
briefly introduce both the past and the recent roles of management accountants first. Then discuss
the reasons for management accountants' changing role. After that the analysis of the advantages this
changing role will bring about and the limitations it has will be given. Finally, some suggestions
about how to treat this changing role in today's economic environment will be offered.
In past years, traditional management accountants are "score–keepers", they provide information to
facilitate the process of assessing organization's actual performance against its planned activity
(Burns, Quinn, Warren, & Oliveira, 2010). They mainly make people do what they are expected to
do. While now they are acting as internal consultants of the company. They spend less time on
routine tasks and more time on giving advice to managers to help them to develop a business–
sensitivity in making decisions.
There are many factors facilitating the change in the role of management accountants. From external
aspects, firstly, with the rapid development in science and technology, more and more advanced and
easy–to–use

Innovation Management
"If you ever become a marketer, then your friend in the company should be the accountant"
These were the words of advise given to me by my Marketing professor at Red McCombs School of
Business in University of Texas, Austin. I recall this statement every time I think of costs involved
in new product development or in every marketing endeavor I undertake.
The above words also applies to all persons leading an Innovation projects: Be it new product
development, process improvement or research.
In the world of innovation, accountants & their contribution are one of the least appreciated. A
success/failure of an innovation project is credited to the project manager or product manager or the
development manager, but rarely the name of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When developing a plan for an innovation project, it is best to sit with an accountant and comeup
with a financial plan. Gather the financial information that determines the viability of the project, at
what levels of expenditure the projects become unviable, develop a plan to monitor the project
expenses and constantly review the viability of the project. To do all this, you have to work with the
accountant as a partner in progress.
Also remember this: Money speaks louder than ideas!
So if your idea is backed by the accountant, then people will listen to you.
Track all your Costs
Once a project is approved, then managers need to keep a close tab on the costs of the project. But
that's in an ideal world.
Reality in most organizations is that product/development managers have little clue of what their
current costs are, what their total costs is, and how much more money will they need to complete the
project. I have spoken to several development managers in several fortune–500 companies, and they
don't know their numbers, instead they will talk about the time frame of the project, head count etc.,
but not the numbers – because they do not know the numbers and nobody in the organization will
ever tell them.
Smaller companies tend to do better. Managers in smaller companies know the costs and therefore
can take better and faster decisions.

Understanding all the costs is a

Essay about Bookkeeper vs Accountant
Bookkeepers vs Professional Accountants
Many bookkeepers in our world today define themselves as accountants, but what is the difference
between a Professional Accountant and a Bookkeeper? This essay aims discuss and examine the
relationship between each of the occupations, examine the differences that sets the two occupations
apart and then explore what makes an accountant a professional in today's world. Comments made
by third parties will be looked at in depth in order to reach a fair conclusion.
Bookkeepers today have an important but restricted role in the business world. Their main role is to
record the financial transactions of a business. As a bookkeeper, you will be employed to sustain all
the ledger accounts, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, if you are a qualified accountant, there are many different sectors in which you can enter
into. Directions.gov.uk shows the many different roles within the accounting profession, these
include; "tax accountancy, external audit, internal audit, corporate finance and management
accountancy". Each role differs greatly from another however all are classed under the profession of
Accounting.
There are many varieties of personalities within accounting which makes it hard to generalise, but
there are fundamental personal & professional qualities that are essential for success within the
profession. To begin with, ACCA paper F1 2008 (p94) states the 5 personal qualities as; "Reliability,
Responsibility, Timeliness, Courtesy and Respect". These are very important as accountants work
with people from all walks of life and it is essential that they gain the trust of their client . To be a
reliable accountant, you would have to ensure that your work was up to professional standards and
completed before deadlines. To be a responsible in the profession, you must take ownership of your
own work and take fault if anything happens to it. Timeliness speaks for itself as it requires excellent
time keeping whether it be showing up on time for work or meeting deadlines. The final personal
qualities are to have courtesy and

The Role Of Accounting And Possible Future Of Accountancy...
Introduction
Traditionally, accounting has a role to play in preparing financial reports, and tax preparation
manually (Zodage, 2015). According to World Report's Best Jobs (2014, cited in Hood (2014)), the
accountancy was recognised as the third rank of the best professionals, and it is one in all careers
having high demand (Hood, 2014). Nevertheless, the business practices and the environment have
continuously changed and reshaped aspects of the accountancy profession (Wolters Kluwer, 2014).
Some critics argued that services relating to accounting will be inevitably replaced by technology
(Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand, 2015). Conversely, others believe that this
career will still exist; however, the role of accountants will be altered along with the changing in the
business environment (Towers, 2015). This report will present the crucial factors impacting the
traditional approach of professional accounting and possible future of accountancy.
Factors Disrupting Accounting Profession in the Future
● The development of technology
Advanced technologies are crucial factors causing a major change in accounting areas (Guthrie &
Parker, 2016). Since the development of technology will certainly grow, accountants will obtain
various benefits from embracing it. For example, cloud–based technology allows the professionals
to adopt cheaper software, access to mobility of workplace and obtain real–time data (Nixon, 2015).
In contrast, Nixon

Integrated Reporting Of Nigeri Where We Are Coming From
4.0 INTEGRATED REPORTING IN NIGERIA: WHERE WE ARE COMING FROM 4.1
PRACTICES & PLAYERS Accounting principles as practiced in Nigeria has its origin in Britain
due to the colonial influence and the early influence of accountants of Nigerian origin who were
practising in the UK. These accountants were made a move to institutionalize accounting in Nigeria
and therefore designed the framework of accounting practice based on their current inclination.
Association of Accountants in Nigeria (AAN) [1] the progenitor of ICAN was formed in 1960.
ICAN herself did not come into existence until September 1, 1965 [ 2]. This officially set the ball
rolling for the regulation of accounting practice in Nigeria. ICAN is not the only professional
accountancy association regulating the practice of the profession in Nigeria though it has remained
dominant over the years. The other being Association of National Accountants of Nigeria (ANAN)
which was chartered on 25th August, 1993 [3]. Relations between the two bodies has been anything
but cordial as ICAN sought to void the decree establishing the other body in order to have sole
control over the regulation of accountants and accounting profession in Nigeria. In November 2007
this attempt failed as the Federal High court in Lagos dismissed the suit. [4] 4.2 POOR
REGULATIONS AND REGULATORY FRAME WORK Despite the controversies in the practice
of accounting profession, in–roads were made towards strengthening the regulation of financial
reporting

History Of Accounting Essays
Once upon a time, Luca Pacioli wrote a math book. It was just a little survey and should have been
treated like ordinary books of the time and read and then disappeared into historical archives and
forgotten. A few brief chapters on practical mathematics made this one special.
The time was 1494. Columbus had discovered America just two years before. The author was a
Franciscan monk.
The chapter on practical mathematics addressed mathematics in business. He said that the successful
merchant needs three things: sufficient cash or credit, an accounting system that can tell him how
he¡¯s doing, and good bookkeeper to operate it. His accounting system consisted of journals and
ledgers. It rested on the invention of double–entry ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Citing the needs of courts to employ public accountants ¡°to aid those Courts in their investigation
of matters of accounting¡± select accountants were titled ¡°Chartered Accountants.¡± The US
equivalent title is ¡°Certified Public Accountant¡±. These titles are used to this day.
The arrival of the income tax laws were another major event in accounting history. Attorneys
naturally thought that since income tax returns were legal documents, they would have exclusive
rights to prepare them. Accountants replied that since that the bulk of the work in preparing a return
involved accounting calculations, they were more properly accounting work.
The substance of the tasks trumped legal argumentation. US law firms in the 1920¡¯s were slow to
incorporate income tax preparations into their business skills. Public accountants saw a new
lucrative opportunity and jumped into tax work with both feet. By the time the lawyers challenged
the accountants for practicing law without a license, income tax preparation had been so thoroughly
identified with accountants that they lost the case.
The Great Depression rocked the integrity of the accounting profession. The British Steamship
Company was just one of the large world giants that went bankrupt just after posting large profits.
¡°How could profitable companies go bankrupt?¡± Investors asked. Court cases showed that the
economic reality was that the companies weren¡¯t profitable after all. The profits were the result of

Pharmaceuticals Plc Case Study
The objective of every organization is to make profit, remain viable and have a guaranteed going
concern. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the business and financial performance of an
organization at every point in the interest of stakeholders.
For a well detailed analysis of an organization, it is very important that not only the financial
performance is considered but the business in context. This is because the financial performance and
the business context of an organization are interrelated, any effect or change to the business context
can have a direct impact on the financial performance of the organization.
1.2 TOPIC SELECTION AND ITS REASON FOR ITS SELECTION
The accounting profession mostly deals with the analysis of Business and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The questions are:
What is the financial and business performance of Alliance Pharmaceuticals Plc in comparison with
its competitor GW Pharmaceuticals Plc?
What are major factors/features existing in Alliance Pharmaceuticals Plc internal and external
business environment affecting its business performance?
What is the liquidity and profitability level of Alliance Pharmaceuticals Plc?
What recommendations can be offered to Alliance Pharmaceuticals Plc for further improving its
performance?
1.7 RESEARCH APROACH
A comprehensive analysis of an organization can only be carried out by analysing its financial and
business performance. This can be achieved by the use of quantitative as well as qualitative analysis
techniques for evaluating financial and business performance. There are various techniques to
measure financial performance of an organization the most common which I will be using is the
ratio analysis for quantitative analysis. For qualitative analysis, I will be using SWOT and PEST

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