PTSD vs Somatization Disorder: Key Differences

Ptsd
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PTSD AND SOMATIZATION DISORDER Laura Bennett Belluvue University I will look at some of the ways that
PTSD and Somatization Disorder are alike. One symptom that they have in common is musculoskeletal conditions. Another symptom that they have in
common is GI problems. Some of the treatments for both disorders that are the same are cognition therapy and the use of antidepressant medications.
I will now look at how each of these is different and also will look at some of the different treatments for each. Somatization disorder is defined as a
psychiatric condition marked by multiple, medically unexplained physical or somatic symptoms. In order to qualify for the diagnosis of somatization
disorder, somatic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I will now discuss PTSD. Post–traumatic stress disorder is defined as being a mental health condition that is triggered by a terrifying event. (Loeb,
J., Stettler, E., Gavila, T., Stein, A., & Chinitz, S., 2011) Some of the theories that can cause PTSD are when a person goes through, sees or
learns about an event that causes intense fear, helplessness, or horror. There are some researchers that think that a person is more likely to develop
PTSD than others when their risk of anxiety and depression increases, a person's life experiences, a person's temperament and/or the way the brain
regulates the chemicals and hormones their body releases in response to stress. There are several risk factors associated with PTSD. Some of them
being female, experiencing intense or long lasting trauma, having experienced other trauma earlier in life, having other mental health problems, and/or
lacking a good support system. PTSD can disrupt a person's everyday life–from their jobs to their enjoyment of everyday activities. There are three
groups of medications that may help someone with PTSD–antipsychotics, antidepressants and antianxiety. There is one medication that has been
shown to decrease the nightmares of PTSD victims.–prazosin. There are two other types of therapy that have been shown to help in the treatment of
PTSD–exposure therapy–especially virtual exposure therapy–where a person is virtually exposed to the situation that initially caused their PTSD–and
eye movement
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Migraine Headaches
Treatment and Cause of Migraines
Jochon D. Dobbins
The Academy of Health Care Professions
Abstract The word migraine is a Greek word which means "half of head". It is thought that people who suffer from Migraines usually experience
pain on one side of their head. There are several signs or symptoms that are usually associated with migraines. Here are some examples. * Tiredness *
Sensitivity to light * Nausea or vomiting * Sensitivity to certain smells * Reaction to eating certain types of foods
There is no cure for a migraine. However, there are several different types of methods used to treat and diagnosis a migraine. The following pages will
discuss these methods as well as go in to more detail about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, migraine is also very common in children. It has been reported in children as young as 18 months old. About 10% of school–age
children suffer from migraine. Half of all migraine sufferers have their first attack before the age of 12. Before puberty, boys suffer from migraine
more often than girls. As adolescence approaches, the incidence increases more rapidly in girls than in boys.
Migraine often goes undiagnosed in children and adolescents. In childhood migraine, head pain is often less dramatic or severe than other symptoms,
such as unexplained nausea or vomiting, abdominal pain, or dizziness. Moreover, it is not uncommon for attacks to occur with only minor or even no
head pain, making it hard to diagnose. Motion sickness is an early warning of the predisposition to childhood migraine. In childhood, the non–headache
symptoms are often referred to as migraine equivalents.
While symptoms of childhood and adolescent migraine may be different from those typically found in adults, children are just as disabled. Children
who suffer from migraine are absent an average of 7.8 days from school each year, compared to 3.7 days of absence for children without migraine.
Treatment for childhood and adolescent migraine depends on the age of the child and the frequency and severity of the attacks. Although there are
well over 100 drugs used to prevent or treat migraine symptoms, none have been approved for use in

Dissociative Disorder
Somatic and Dissociative Syndromes
Let us start by defining somatic symptom disorder, malingering, factitious disorder, and dissociative disorders according to the DSM–5. A somatic
symptom disorder is a disorder in which persons become excessively distressed, concerned, and anxious, about bodily symptoms they are experiencing.
Malingering is intentionally faking to achieve some external gains, such as financial compensation or military deferment. Factitious disorder is a
disorder in which an individual feigns or induces physical symptoms, typically for the purpose of assuming the role of a sick person. A dissociative
disorder is a disorder marked by major changes in memory that do not have clear physical causes. Are all of these disorder legit? ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This is mental disorder where an individual overthinks about his/her symptoms. Thoughts are harder to control than physical actions in my opinion and
this is a disorder that is brought up because of thoughts and emotions. When discussing conversion disorder, a disorder in which medically unexplained
bodily symptoms affect voluntary motor and sensory functions, the emotions that are so hard to get rid of actually induce physical symptoms. Our mind
and bodies are connected more than we think and this disorder proves it. I find this disorder difficult to question is legitimacy because the symptoms
are real. Even though the doctors cannot find physical causes, they can find physical proof of the disorder.
The last disorder to discuss is dissociative disorder. A dissociative disorder is similar to a conversion disorder in that there are no physical reasons for
the symptoms but the symptoms are real. Even though clinicians cannot find physical causes, there must be something that happens with patients of
this disorder because most of the time the disorder appears more than once in patients. Whether there is a small biological defective or a mental mishap,
there is something that happens to patients that makes them adopt the symptoms of this

Cancer Research Paper
Cancer: Silent Killer
By:
Wynne Michael David S. Gogo
Submitted to:
Ms. Katrina Q. Sundo
Abstract
Cancer nowadays is very widespread.
But what is cancer?
Cancer, known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a large group of different diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. Incancer, cells divide
and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the body
through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. Not all tumors are cancerous. Benign tumors do not grow uncontrollably, do not invade neighboring
tissues, and do not spread throughout the body.
There are many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reviews of Related Literature
According to Olivia Newton–John "My cancer scare changed my life. I'm grateful for every new, healthy day I have. It has helped me prioritize my
life."
According to Joel Siegel "What cancer does is, it forces you to focus, to prioritize, and you learn what's important. I mean, I don't sweat the small
stuff. I used to get angry at cab drivers. It's not worth it.... And when somebody says you have cancer, you realize it's all small stuff. And if it weren't

for the downside, everyone would want to have it. But there is a downside."
According to Melissa Bank "During chemo, you're more tired than you've ever been. It's like a cloud passing over the sun, and suddenly you're out.
But you also find that you're stronger than you've ever been. You're clear. Your mortality is at optimal distance, not up so close that it obscures
everything else, but close enough to give you depth perception. Previously, it has taken you weeks, months, or years to discover the meaning of an
experience. Now it's instantaneous."
Methodology
I used survey method by giving them some questionnaires and tried to ask some patients having cancer. I gave them some questions and let them
answer the questionnaire. After that I had an actual interview with some of the patients.
Findings
I. Biographic data
Name: Beth Gomez Address: Jones Avenue, Cebu City 6000 Cebu

Epidemic Definition
In the Psychiatric Epidemiology course syllabus, a discussion question that is raised for the sessions on "Somatoform Epidemics as Emergent Social
Behaviors" is whether mental and behavioral disorders are contagious. While the current recommended and required readings for these sessions provide
strong evidence for the transmittable qualities of somatic illnesses, they primarily describe somatic epidemics in Western, post–industrialized settings.
The addition of the article "Trauma and loss as determinants of medically unexplained epidemic illness in a Bhutanese refugee camp (2001)" to the
course would provide students with an example of somatic illness in a setting where it is less studied and understood.
In "Trauma and loss as determinants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Gallay et al. study, an outbreak of potentially somatic illness that took place in 5 schools in Belgium in 1999, is investigated. The outbreak,
characterized by symptoms including headache, vomiting, and trembling, resulted from a batch of harmless Coca–Cola drinks that had been sent to
each of these schools. Despite the fact that the Coca–Cola products were innocuous, cases in the study reported symptoms after consuming a
"contaminated" Coca–Cola drink. The study controls were students who were present during the outbreak but did not develop any illness. The key
findings of this study included significantly higher odds of a low mental health score among the cases compared to controls. However, unlike the Van
Ommeren et al. article, Gallay et al. did not assess associations between specific mental health factors and the somatic illness. Additionally, the Galley
et al. epidemic cannot rule out the possibility that the symptoms were in fact due to contaminated Coca–Cola products. Moreover, as described above,
the paper by Van Ommeren et al. brings a unique perspective to the current body of knowledge on somatic illnesses particularly since it was conducted
in a distinctive

Identifiable Sick Role
Methodology
During the interaction between doctors and patients with medical situations, the identifiable sick role is described as a social process. Doctors use
usual biomedical diagnostic techniques but depend also on their personal experience, logic and opinion in checking if the patient is legitimately sick.
So therefore legitimacy of illness is often strictly based on a doctor.
Many people report pain in the body that cannot be diagnosed by medical doctors. These reports of 'unknown illness' questions credibility of doctors
and ultimately if the patient is legitimately sick. These illnesses are called termed M–medically U–unexplained S–symptoms. The following study
which was done in Denmark gives a view about modern–day sociological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Is sick role still relevant in modern times?
Data showed that if a person was categorised as Sick Role then they could be granted sick leave, social grant and compensation. Illnesses that
affected people were not constraint to a specific period of time but rather affected almost everyone at some point in their lives. It is inevitable that
people would be sick and as such the sick role was found to still have relevance today, for it is inevitable that it would be implemented.
Conclusion
The ultimate gatekeeper of sick role would be the doctor. They provide the necessary establishment of social control or play the role of an ethical care
giver in society, using their authority to differentiate between normality and 'deviance' in social systems. Therefore preserving social order is the
foundation of functionalists' postulates on the specifics of illness and medical circumstance, with medicine being the essential mechanism to govern
the possibly disturbing manifestations of

Ussr And The Soviet Revolution
After the end of World War II, there was a bipolar world with the two superpowers being the United States and the United Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR). Though they fought together in the war to defeat Hitler and the Axis powers, their lifestyles were too different to remain allies once it ended.
The United States had a capitalist economy with free–markets whereas the USSR was a communist nation. Due to this, the two nations were in the
midst of a Cold War. Instead of fighting with armies, they fought with threats, propaganda, and science to determine which nation would become the
world superpower. The USSR and the United States were in a nuclear arms race, but by 1986, public unsatisfaction due to declining economic and
political power... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Small pellets of slightly enriched uranium would be put into containers called fuel rods, then set up into a line, called a fuel assembly, and
positioned into a pressure tube. The tube, cooled by pressurized water, is allowed to boil until reaching about 290 degrees Celsius. The assembly
can be lifted into and out of the reactor, allowing fuel replenishment during reactor operation. Graphite blocks surround the pressure tubes in order
to act as a moderator to "slow down the neutrons released during fission so that a continuous fission chain can be maintained." Boron carbide
control rods are also supposed to absorb neutrons in order to provide automatic, manual, or emergency control. If there were ever a deviation in
operation parameters, the rods would be dropped into the core to reduce or stop reactor activity. Although, Chernobyl had certain measures in place
to stop a reactor in case of emergency or overheating, the reactors had characteristics deemed unsafe ("Appendix to Nuclear Power Reactors").
April 25, 1986 was a normal day at the Chernobyl power plant. For weeks, the workers had been planning a routine shutdown to coincide with a test
of nuclear reactor four. They were trying to determine how long the turbines would spin and supply power to the main circulating pumps following
any loss of main electrical power ("Chernobyl Accident 1986"). This test was needed to verify that the cooling process on the reactor stayed in place
even with no power because if

Drug Addicted Babies
Keelana Char
English 155
Ms. Mendiola
19 September 2012
Drug Addicted Babies The use of illicit drugs and abuse of alcohol exact a steep price from our society. Substance abuse is a factor in many serious ills
such as crime. More upsetting, however, is the affects that it has on children born affected from their dependent mothers. The National Institute on
Drug Abuse estimates that 60 percent of women of childbearing age consume alcoholic beverages despite the fact that alcohol consumption during
pregnancy is implicated in a wide range of birth defects and developmental disabilities, including mental retardation, physical abnormalities, and visual
and auditory impairments. (Nevitt, 1996) Since most drug users are in the child bearing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because lack of emotional stimulation and feedback can literally turn off the infant production of growth hormone, these cases are often the most
severe. Severe non–organic failure to thrive is potentially fatal. Infant malnutrition develops starvation or overwhelming sepsis. Non–organic failure to
thrive is associated with severe maternal depression or other serious mental illness, maternal substance abuse, or severe sociopathic personality
disorder. (Van, 1977) Infants who were exposed to alcohol and/or drugs may exhibit this disorder, which is characterized by a loss of weight, or
slowing of weight gain, and a failure to reach developmental milestones. This can be due to medical and/or environmental factors. The infant's behavior
includes poor sucking, difficulty in swallowing, and distractibility. Many of these children live in chronically dysfunctional families, which place them
at greater risk of parental neglect. (Van, 1977) Within seventy–two hours after birth, many infants who were exposed prenatally to drugs experience
withdrawal symptoms, including tremors and irritability. Their skin may be red and dry; they may have a fever, sweating, diarrhea, excessive
vomiting, and even seizures. Such

Research Paper On Hypochondriasis
Somatoform disorders are characterized by psychiatric medical condition identified by multiple medically unexplained physical symptoms. In other
word, this is an illnesses that that occurs in the body without any apparent physical cause. In order to qualify for the diagnosis, physical complaints
must be serious enough to interfere significantly with a person's ability to perform important activities, such as work, school and responsibilities, or
lead the person experiencing the symptoms to seek medical treatment. Under the condition of somatoform disorder, some patients identify themselves
as having hypochondriasis. Hypochondriasis is a somatoform disorder characterized by a medical illness where individuals are preoccupied with the fear

Is The Sick Role As A Temporary Social Role?
When somebody begins to feel dizzy and coughs sporadically, or when an individual breaks their arm, the normal thing to do is to see a doctor.
When seeking medical expertise or consultation, many people expect that they will obtain a reason for why their bodies are not working at its
normal everyday state and that the doctors are able to prescribe something to fix their problem. Sometimes it can be easy to predict a diagnosis like
the common cold, while other times, it can be the exact opposite and a doctor's perspective is required. However, physicians are also humans, and
make mistakes, meaning that they are not always right. The aftermath of my experience led me to not only question medical authority, but to also
hide myself by doing what many individuals do, pretend to be something they are not. Parson defines the sick role as a temporary social role
exempting the individual from blame and fulfilling their social roles, however, claiming this brief part comes with responsibilities such as getting
better quickly and the implementation of doctor's directions (Parson, 1978, 592). Not only does the patient have duties, but so the doctors. The
physician's role must gain the patient's trust and access to their body as well as act in the most competent way as possible and act in a way that will
benefit the patient (Reuter, 2016, "Structural Functionalism and the Sick Role"). Finally, doctors are the only ones who could decipher who can lay a
claim to the sick role (Reuter,

Biomedical Model And Social Model Of Health
Introduction
In this essay I am going to discuss the biomedical model and social model of health, and see how the two relate to Lay perspective on health and illness.
AccordingHealth can be viewed as the state of being fit and well, as well as a state of mental sanity (WHO 2005). According to Blaxter (2004), if a
person can perform daily functions such as going to work, taking care of the household, etc he/she is considered healthy. Many studies have found that
lay people define health as the absence of illness, However being healthy means different things to different people as much have been said and
written about people's varying concepts of health. Some lay perceptions are based on pragmatism where health is regarded as a relative phenomenon,
experienced and evaluated according to what an individual finds reasonable to expect, given their age, medical condition and social status (Blaxter
2004) and for them being healthy, may just mean not having a health problem, which interferes with their everyday lives (Bury 2005).
According to Baggott (2004) the biomedical model of health looks at individual physical functioning and describes bad health as the presence of
disease and illness symptoms as a result of physical cause such as injury or infections and attempts to ignore social and psychological factors. Baggott
(2004) states that the features of biomedical model rest mainly on biomedical changes, which can be defined, measured and isolated. In effect this is
directed

Psychosocial Care Of Children During Intensive Care Unit
Psychosocial Care of Children in Intensive Care Unit
Kyoung Oh (500402649)
CCLD446 Children and Chronic Illness
Professor Jennifer Butterly & Sarah Patterson
Word Count: 2467
Introduction According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, successful completion of each developmental stage results in a healthy
personality and the acquisition of basic virtue. The individual experience the conflict at each stage of development and it is crucial to resolve the
conflict in order to successfully move to the next stage. Respectively, developmental approach is the most commonly used method in pediatrics to
address the psychosocial needs of hospitalized children (Ivey, 2006). This paper will closely examine all children who are admitted into Intensive Care
Units (ICUs) in general without focusing on neither particular age group nor chronic illness. Furthermore, discuss children's psychosocial adaption to
ICU and the negative implications on their development in terms of physical health such as unstable attachment, isolation from families and friends.
Furthermore, address strategies while working with children in the ICU to prevent any negative implications.
Intensive Care Unit
There is various aspect of care available for the children who enter hospital and they are placed at each care according to their diagnosis and
individual needs. One study identifies Intensive Care Unit (ICU) as, "health care settings where a wide range of lifesaving methods of

Hysteria And Its Effects On Society
Hysteria, as stated by Dinwiddie, has been traced back to the Hippocratic School of medicine, perhaps even as far back as ancient Egypt. Hysteria is
when psychological conflict is turned into physical symptoms, such as when a patient complains of symptoms for which no clear physical cause.
Somatization disorder has often been linked with hysteria in the same ways that hypochondriasis has, however these two diseases are not the same. In
the past hypochondriasis was thought to be a somatization disorder, but has since been re–classified as an anxiety disorder by the DSM–IV (Ehrlich,
2013). A somatization disorder is a chronic condition in which a person has physical symptoms involving multiple body parts that have no physical
cause, it is currently one of the hardest diseases to diagnose. To be diagnosed with somatization disorder, a person must have four pain symptoms, two
gastrointestinal symptoms, one sexual symptoms, and one psuedoneurological symptom (Medina). Diagnostic criteria states that a person must exhibit
these symptoms for at least six months, however these symptoms do not have to occur throughout the entire duration. Along with these symptoms a
diagnosis must adhere to one of the following. After investigation the symptoms cannot be fully explained by a medical condition, and when there is a
related medical condition, the symptoms must exceed what is to be expected from laboratory findings (Dinwiddie, 2013). To understand what
contributes to a diagnosis, one

Commissioning Of The Modern Health Care
MDM111: Commissioning Liaison Psychiatry Services More Effectively to Meet the Challenges of Modern Health care Economy.
Introduction
Mental healthcare needs to be funded in conjunction with physical healthcare (1) (8) (9) so that liaison psychiatry services to address mental health
needs are included in specifications for emergency, unscheduled and elective physical healthcare. This principle should also apply to complex or
regional services, such as those that are commissioned through national service commissioning. Funding mechanisms for liaison psychiatry, such as
commissioning, need to be applied so that services are cohesive and can provide holistic patient care (10).
Thirty per cent of people with a long–term physical condition ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Liaison psychiatry services (LPS) provide psychiatric assessment and treatment to those patients who may be experiencing distress whilst in hospital
and provide a valuable interface between mental and physical health.
This is even more important as a high proportion of people with physical health conditions also have co–morbid mental health problems, many of these
problems go undiagnosed and untreated leading to poorer health outcomes and higher costs of care. In addition, mental health co–morbidities increase
hospital costs by 45– 75% per case, the extra costs of physical health care associated with mental health co–morbidities and medically unexplained
symptoms amount to around ВЈ13.5 billion a year(11). Across a range of conditions, each patient with co–morbid depression costs health services
between 30 and 140 per cent more than equivalent patients without depression (4).
Although there are guidelines available for the commissioning of LPS (5), the level of service provision remains heterogeneous in different parts of the
country(7) and interestingly differ significantly even within the same Acute and Mental health NHS Trust. The difference in service provision is
reflective of the service provider, source of funding and commissioning agreements. I have

Adolescent Depression : Childhood And Adulthood
Adolescent Depression
The period of teens is usually used to describe the stage between childhood and adulthood, which is defined as the establishment of the onset of
puberty, around age 11 to 13 years (Edelman 515). Many researchers and developmental professionals in the United States use the age span 10 to 24
years as a working definition of adolescence, and this adolescence period talk about to the psychosocial, emotional, cognitive, and moral changes from
childhood to young adulthood, while puberty refers to the development and maturation of the reproductive, endocrine, and structural processes that lead
to fertility (Edelman 515).Depression (major depressive disorder or clinical depression) is a serious mood disorder which causes and affect how one
feel, think, and handle daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working. The symptoms are required existing for at least two weeks in order to be
diagnosed.
Adolescent depression is also known as teenage depression. Teenage depression is a mental and emotional disorder with no different medically from
adult depression. Nevertheless, depressive symptoms in teens may be noticeable in a teenager in different ways than in adults due to the different
social and age–related challenges facing teens which includes peer pressure, sports, changing hormone levels, developing bodies. Adolescent
depression is related with stress levels, concerns, and in the most horrible possible situations like suicide. Depression tend to affect

A Research Study On Sick Role Theory And The Social...
Discussion Throughout many readings, methods of study and findings criticism of sick role theory was visible or even implied. However it's
impossible for us to talk about the sick role without seeing the important contribution it has had in helping form a link between physiological,
psychological and social processes. From my previous chapters I intended to illustrate Parsons functional study of social system. Here the attempt
to understand broader concepts of his theory and criticisms by looking deeper into my questions of sick role application, role of doctors and the
social control of deviance. Does the sick role apply to all illnesses? The theory Parsons put forward perhaps assumed to neglect certain illnesses such
as psychological illness, physical irregularity, chronic illness e.g. hypertension, diabetes, kidney failure etc. Chronic illness may not always allow a
person to go back to society and do things at full function as other people but these persons are still considered sick requiring treatment, wanting to
get healthier to the best of their ability and trying to have a normal life. From my findings I notice assumption was made by others because of the
concept of "getting well and returning to one's normal social roles', the focus is on getting well–this means returning to a state of good health allowing
you to go about life as a normal person in society and does not mean get cured totally. Thus I believe the sick role ought to be applied to all illnesses
with

Drug Rehab
Drug Rehab Orangetown
An addiction is a physical or mental dependence on a substance, action, behavior, or emotional responses thereof. Addictions, as far as those seen in
drug rehab facilities, is most often substance related.
Drug rehab centers focus on addiction that is forged through consistent and increasing use and abuse of drugs and, or alcohol. Drug rehab, is a
structured program of physical, mental, behavioral and emotional applications that incorporate counseling and cognitive–behavioral therapeutic
sessions to help the addict come to an understanding of, and regain their control over, their disease.
Drug and alcohol abuse are on the rise and continue to be of grave concern in the state of New York.Heroin specifically, is deemed ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a medically–supervised live–in arrangement at a drug and alcohol treatment center. Inpatient treatment options have the advantage of medical
detox services to manage the effects of the detox and withdrawal process. All counseling and treatment therapies are conducted in the treatment center,
and other important elements of healing are attended to in the form of helping the patient regain their physical health such as exercise, nutrition,
vitamin therapy, and supplemental treatments.
Outpatient treatment:
Outpatients live at home during treatment, enabling them to continue to work, take care of their family, and meet social obligations. Use of alcohol or
drugs is prohibited. Individual and group counseling is attended in addition to personal therapy sessions. Outpatient treatments may utilize drug therapy
and can provide replacement drugs to taper the addictive substance over a period of time to ease the withdrawal process.
How to

Chernobyl : The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
Chernobyl was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred April 26th, 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the town of Pripyat, Ukraine.
Chernobyl is the worst nuclear disaster in the world in terms of cost and causalities. 31 people died as a direct result of the explosion – all of whom
were reactor staff and emergency workers. Until the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, Chernobyl was the only nuclear accident classified as a
level 7 event (the maximum classification) on the International Nuclear Event Scale. The Chernobyl accident was the outcome of a extremely flawed
Soviet–era reactor design called RBMK as well as faulty and careless actions of the under educated and under trained operators. RBMK –which
translates to "High Power Channel–type Reactor"–is a design that American physicist Hans Bethe has called "fundamentally faulty, having a built–in
instability." The RBMK design is now universally recognized as being defective, although as of 2013 there are 11 RBMK reactors operating in
Russia. The operators had switched the safety systems off, and the reactor was being operated under improper and unstable conditions. The accident
occurred during an experiment scheduled to test a possible safety emergency core–cooling feature. At 1:23 a.m. on April 26, extremely hot nuclear fuel
rods were lowered into cooler water, creating a giant amount of steam, which – because of the RBMK reactors ' design flaws – created more reactivity
in the nuclear core of reactor

Principles of Safeguarding and Protection in Health and...
Principles of safeguarding and protection in Health and Social Care Unit 204 Level 2 NDAQ number A/601/8574 101 Know how to recognise signs
of abuse Definition of physical abuse Physical abuse is non–accidental pain or injury inflicted on a service user by a health or care worker. This can
include hitting, shaking, rough treatment or inappropriate use of restraint. Definition of Sexual Abuse Sexual abuse usually refers to any sexual
activity that is unwanted and is inflicted by physical force or other methods of coercion such as threats or intimidation. Definition of Emotional
/Psychological Abuse This refers to the psychological or emotional exploitation of the relationship between a care worker/person and a service... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
uctance to undress or uncover parts of the body 1.2 Signs and Symptoms of Sexual Abuse * Person discloses, either fully or partially, that sexual
abuses occurring or has occurred in the past * Person has urinary tract infections, vaginal infections orsexually transmitted diseases that are not
otherwise explained * Person appears unusually subdued, withdrawn or has poor concentration * Person exhibits significant change in sexual
behaviour or outlook * Person experiences pain, itching or bleeding in genital/anal area * Person's underclothing is torn, stained or bloody * A
woman who lacks the mental capacity to consent to sexual intercourse becomes pregnant * A person found having any sexual activity with a
person with severe mental incapacity * Images of sexual abuse on the internet Signs and Symptoms of Emotional/Psychological Abuse * Untypical
ambivalence, deference, resignation, becoming passive * Person appears anxious or withdrawn, especially in the presence of the alleged
perpetrator * Person exhibits low self esteem * Person rejects their own cultural background and/ or racial origin * Untypical changes in behaviour,
for example, continence problems, sleep disturbance, depression or fear * Person is not allowed visitors or phone calls * Person locked in a room/in
their home * Person is denied access to aids or equipment, for example, glasses, hearing aid, crutches * Person's access to personal

Hypochondriasis Research Papers
Somatoform disorders are a group of psychiatric disorders that cause unexplainable physical symptoms. The DSM IV lists the symptoms as
weakness, seizures, or abnormal movements that are not attributable to a general medical condition or to feigning and that are judged to be associated
with psychological factors. Hypochondriasis is defined as "an overwhelming fear that you have a serious disease, even though health care providers
can find no evidence of illness" (University of Maryland Medical Center). Although it is widely believed to be a stable and chronic condition with a
low remission rate, studies show that patients exhibit significant declines in symptoms yet continue to meet the DSM's diagnostic criteria over an
extended time period.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This new DSM–V term focuses on basing diagnosis on positive symptoms, rather than the absence of a medical explanation of somatic symptoms.
"While DSM–IV was organized centrally around the concept of medically unexplained symptoms, DSM–5 criteria instead emphasize the degree to
which a patient's thoughts, feelings and behaviors about their somatic symptoms are disproportionate or excessive " (American Psychological
Association). The DSM–V now defines conversion disorder as functional neurological symptom disorder due to overlapping symptoms and lack of
medical evidence. Another key change in the DSM–V criteria is that while medically unexplained symptoms were a key feature for many of the
disorders in DSM–IV, a somatic symptom disorder diagnosis does not require that the symptoms are medically unexplained. The criteria for conversion
disorder has been modified to underscore the the essential importance of the neurological examination and in recognition that relevant psychological
factors may not be demonstrable at the time of

The Human Body And Mind
Introduction Within some stage of an individual's lifetime, certain suffering or different forms of grief will undoubtedly be experienced. An example of
this is a poor prognosis of a newly diagnosed condition. Research has found that as a whole, individuals will experience detrimental effects to their
physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioural states when this situation occurs (Leming & G, 2015). These effects, if not identified and monitored,
could add further psychological impact to the patient's physical health and mental state possibly creating greater negative effects to the body, than the
poor diagnosis itself (Rogers–Clark, McCarthy & Martin–McDonald, 2005). The human body and mind, through a range of internal and external
factors, develops responses to this negative diagnoses (Rogers–Clark, McCarthy & Martin–McDonald, 2005). Physical Response The initial
psychological response often takes the form of physical impact. This is directly correlated to the arrival of anxiety and depression (Madhukar &
Trivedi, 2005) which are linked to the decline in physical health (Halford & Brown, 2009). This response may become more prevalent overtime as the
individual processes the complications the poor prognosis given may have on their life. Furthermore this will trigger physical manifestations of anxiety
and depression such as pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, self–harm and poor mobility either consciously or subconsciously. Recent studies conducted
on dealing will

Research Report : Perspectives Of Healthcare Professionals
Mini–Research Report: Perspectives of Healthcare Professionals Communication Healthcare professionals are trained in various areas of the medical
field, relatively intensely; however, tend to not be thoroughly trained in the areas of patient communication. As the front line of patient care and
communication, how a nurse deals with a patient can set the entire tone of their visit and experience. Even in situations where there are no clear
answers to patients' complaints, the professional must maintain a tone of understanding, concern, and tenderness. Appropriate patient communication,
both verbal and non–verbal, is an extremely important part of a nurses training. This subject is an area of interest to me because I will be a nurse in
the healthcare industry and desire to provide an all–encompassing care to my patients. Understanding how to handle patients who experience
unexplainable physical symptoms, knowing what hinders communication, and using proper body language are all things that need to be evaluated
when working in the healthcare field.
How do healthcare professionals treat patients who experience symptoms of an illness with medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS)?
Weiland, Blankenstein, Van Saase, Van der Molen, Jacobs, Abels, Van Dulmen, Vernhout, and Arends (2015) "designed a randomized controlled trial to
evaluate the effectiveness of a communication skills training for medical specialists to improve MUPS specialist care" (p. 3). According the

Hsc 24 Health And Social Care
Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care (HSC 24) Section 1 How to recognise sign of abuse Physical abuse happen when
is involved contact planned to cause bodily harm, feelings of intimidation. The signs are physical suffering or injury, injuries that are the shape of
objects, injuries in a variety of stages or injuries that have not received medical attention. A person is being taken too many times or different places to
receive medical attention, skin infections, dehydration or unexplained weight changes or medication being lost, behaviour that indicates that the person
is afraid or avoiding the perpetrator, change of behaviour. An individual is more vulnerable to this time of abuse if has a... Show more content on
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Any act of theft of money or property, or use of money or property, without the person 's consent, or without the appropriate legal authority; the
misuse of money intended for, or belonging to, an adult by someone who has been trusted to handle their finances, or who has assumed control of
their finances by default. The individuals more vulnerable to this abuse are elderly people, the ones that live alone, individuals with learning
disabilities, and all disable people, individuals who do not have good support networks around them, and individuals being cared for at home who are
reliant on another person for care and support. Institutional abuse involves failure of an organisation to provide appropriate and professional
individual services to vulnerable people. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behaviour that amount to discrimination through
unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, stereotyping and rigid systems. The signs or symptoms are treating adults like children, arbitrary
decision making by staff group, service or organisation strict, regimented or inflexible routines or schedules for daily activities such as meal times,
bed / awakening times, bathing / washing, going to the toilet, lack of choice or options, such as food and drink, dress, possessions, daily activities
and social activities, lack of privacy, dignity, choice or respect for people as individuals, unsafe or unhygienic environment, lack of provision for dress,
diet or

Influence of Drugs to Youngsters
Laoag City
THE INFLUENCE OF PROHIBITED DRUGS TO YOUNGSTER
SONNY MADAMBA
February 2013
THE INFLUENCE OF PROHIBITED DRUGS TO YOUNGSTERS
I. INTRODUCTION
Prohibited drugs are often addictive. The word "addictive" means that a person will want to keep taking the drug. They can also be bad for the health
and could cause death if overdosed. Drugs can be highly addictive, and that's one of the main dangers. Drug abuse – two words that strike fear,
confusion and concern into parent's hearts. And with good reasons, as drug abuse can have a serious, life changing impact on youngsters, their physical
and mental health is at stake.
Most of the drugs are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Often they will sacrifice everything for the drug.
One of the most dangerous effects of addiction is denial. The urge to use is so strong that the mind find many ways to rationalize the drug use and
addiction. You may drastically underestimate the quantity of drugs you are taking, how much it impacts your life, and the level of control to use drugs.
Denial is an unconscious defense mechanism. Minimizing and rationalizing the addiction is less harmless than admitting that drug use is dangerously
out of control. But the prize of denial can be extremely high including the loss of important relationships, job finances, security and physical and mental
stability.
If you are really to admit you have a drug problem, congratulations! Recognizing that you have a drug problem is the first step on the road to

recovery, one that takes tremendous courage and strength. Facing addiction without minimizing the problem or making excuses can be frightening
and overwhelming, but recovery is within reach. If you are ready to change and willing to seek help, make a commitment. Sooner, your recovery will
prosper and will build a satisfying, drug free life. Don't try to do it alone. It's all too easy to get discouraged and rationalize "GETTING HIGH ONE
MORE TIME." Whether or not you choose to go to a Drug Rehabilitation Program, rely on self–help programs, counseling, support is essential.
Recovering from addiction

Goiter Disease Endocrine System
NAME:KAYONGO MALE SOWEDI. ADDRESS:P.O BOX 21381. CITY:KAMPALA. STATE/PROVINCE:UGANDA. ZIP/POSTAL CODE:256
STUDENT NUMBER:70634191. COURSE TITTLE:ANATOMY AND PYSIOLOGY 1. COURSE NUMBER:SCI 135. RESEARCH PROJECT
NUMBER:40943400. 100 The Goiter Disease That Affects The Endocrine System, Its Methods of Diagnosis, Symptoms and Complications of The
Disorder, Diagnostic Findings From Imaging and Histology, Treatment, Methods of Prevention and Directions for Future Research. Kayongo M.
Sowedi Penn Foster College. This paper was prepared for Anatomy and physiology 1 Research Project SCI 135, with a Research Project Number of
40943400 and Student Number of 70634191. The Author could be reached on,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is further sub–divided into two kinds, which is; i).The mulitinodular Goiter (Struma nodosa), where the thyroid gland has developed many lumps
or nodules. Here the thyroid gland feels generally lumpy. ii). And then, the single nodule/uninodular/Struma uninodosa. George krucik (2005–2014)
also notes that the types of Goiters are; The colloid Goiter (endemic), that develops from lack of iodine, a mineral essential to the production of thyroid
hormones. People that get this type of Goiter usually live in areas where iodine is scarce. That is, prevalent in developing countries. Secondly, the
non–toxic (sporadic), of which the cause of this, is usually unknown, although it may be caused by medications like lithium and aminoglutethimide.
Nontoxic filters do not affect the production of thyroid hormone and thyroid function is healthy. Thirdly, toxic or multi–nodular Goiter, which forms
one or more small nodule as it enlarges. The nodule produces its own thyroid hormone, causing hyperthyroidism. Generally, it forms as an extension of
a simple

Occupational Therapy Case Study
PSY–570 Topic 2 Case Study: MAEGAN STONE Patient: A 35–year–old male who is married and has two school–aged children (8 and 10 years old).
Job History: Patient joined the military upon graduating from high school. He was unsure of a profession/career to pursue. Patient was in the
United States Marines for 8 years. He reports 2 tours of duty overseas; one of those tours being spent in Iraq. While in the military, patient earned his
bachelor's degree in business. Patient currently works as a manager in a bank. He reports moderate levels of stress in his job, which sometimes results
in him staying home from work to avoid the stress. The patient reports that while he does not dislike his job, it is not a career he can see remaining in
until... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For starters, it states that the patient intended to join the military after high school because he was unsure of a career path to follow, which leads
me to believe that his passion did not lie in the armed forces; which could leave him mental drained since he was in for eight years and served two
rounds of overseas duty. One of those tours being in Iraq, which could leave anyone mentally and emotionally scarred; as well as proving to be
physically daunting. The patient mentions he earned his degree and does not hate his job; however, he finds it stressful and cannot see himself doing
it much longer. This makes me think that it is still not truly what he wanted out of life and just settled so he had something once he retired from the
military. He eats well, is physically active, and does not abuse drugs or alcohol; and while repeatedly going to the emergency room for chest pain, he is
sent home because there is nothing medically and physiologically wrong. This information is significant because his anxiety, chest pains, headaches,
back pain, difficulty sleeping, and angry out bursts must be attributed to something different; perhaps mental. The patient seems to have a relatively
normal home life and does not mention any specifically traumatic experiences or

Somatization Disorder
Somatization disorder is define as a mental condition with medically unexplained physical, symptoms. The minor symptoms will consist of nausea,
bloating, diarrhea, headaches, pain in the back or joints, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and urinary retention. The worst of the physical symptoms
can disable a patient completely such as seizures, problems with coordination, balance, or paralysis. Many studies have shown that patients with panic
disorders are more aware to the changes in their breathing and heartbeats. There are different levels of somatoform such as Catastrophizing Thinking. A
patient with a headache will then associate it to having a tumor, or shortness of breath would indicate asthma. Many patients then seek medical treatment

Depression : The Cause And Causes Of Depression
According to Mayo Clinic, "Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest." This mental health disorder
affects the way you feel, think, and act. It can also lead the person to many emotional and physical problems. The person may have trouble doing
normal daily activities and have a feeling that life is meaningless. Surprisingly and sadly, according to WHO.intDepression Fact Sheet, "Depression is
a common mental disorder. Globally, more than 300 million people of all ages suffer from depression." Now, what causes so many people on Earth to
feel this horrible disorder?
There are many causes that can lead to depression. Stress is a very common cause. Excessive stress can be related to parental problems. A parent
may set high expectations for a teen which can lead to stress since the teen is trying to be the best in everything. Sadly, some parents may
emotionally, mentally, or physically abuse their child or may not give a child attention since they work so much, this can lead a teen to feel hurt or
worthless and lead to traumas in the future. Bullying is all over the place and teens are very affected by it. If a teen has an illness or learning
disability, they can be targeted to be a victim of bullying, which can lead to depression and suicide. Tragic accidents are also something that happens
commonly. Tragic accidents can lead a teen to traumas, disabilities, or mental illnesses. Something else that a teen may go through is

Memories Of The Gulf War Syndrome
9
MEMORY LOSS IN GULF WAR SYNDROME
Katherine Krishun
What Causes Memory Loss in Gulf War Syndrome? Chemical Exposure or Stress?
PSY 101/112
10/24/2016
Gulf War Syndrome is a chronic multi symptom illness affecting 250,000 of the 697,000 1991 Desert StormGulf War veterans. Iraq and Afghanistan
war veterans may also suffer from this syndrome. The Veterans Administration "refers to these illnesses as "chronic multi symptom illness" and
"undiagnosed illnesses". We prefer not to use the term "Gulf War Syndrome" when referring to medically unexplained symptoms reported by Gulf War
veterans. Why? Because symptoms vary widely" (Gulf War Veterans Medically Unexplained Illnesses, 2016). The illnesses included in this syndrome
are: chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, functional gastrointestinal disorders, and undiagnosed illnesses including fatigue, cardiovascular disease,
muscle and joint pain, respiratory disorders, headaches neurological and psychological problems, and sleep disorders.
Research is being done on the correlation of combined chemical exposure plus stress and their effects on memory. Many veterans suffer from PTSD
and some researchers believe that the Gulf War Syndrome (GWS) symptoms are in response to the stress associated with PTSD alone. Other
researchers believe that along with stress, there are neurological deficits linked with chemical exposures.
Prior to entering the theatre of operation, veterans were given

The Ethical Issues Of The Undiagnosed Pain Scenario
Pain is an immanent aspect of life; it is protective, provoking innate survival mechanisms in response to a perceived threat. As such, it is often
associated with extremes of emotion, designed to protect the individual during times of bodily stress (Savage, 2008). However, the underlying cause of
such pain is not always readily elucidated. Devoid of objective measures or obvious underlying pathology, the physician is reliant on the patient's
perception of their pain to govern treatment. When such a pain management scenario is further complicated by clinical suspicion of substance abuse,
especially in the setting of opioid analgesia, treatment is both medically and ethically complex (Novy, 2009). This case study attempts to address the ...
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History and clinical examination were unremarkable. She was admitted and commenced on opioid pain medication with ability to self administer as
required.
The treating physician immediately commenced a litany of investigations, both invasive and non–invasive. Over the course of her two week admission,
infection, malignancy, pregnancy and a spectrum of other conditions were similarly excluded as the cause of her discomfort. Ms CP's medical records
were eventually obtained from neighbouring hospitals, revealing multiple lengthy admissions for medically unexplained symptoms, following a
childhood spent on the children's ward due to chronic severe asthma. Multiple references to clinical suspicion of substance abuse were identified.
Investigation into her social history revealed Ms CP to be unemployed, with her welfare payments having recently been ceased following a resolved
back injury which occurred 2 years previously.
Throughout her hospital stay, Ms CP was exceptionally helpful, providing detailed history to medical staff and volunteering in learning tutorials with
medical students. She described the hospital as her "home" and spoke fondly of a childhood spent terrorising students and junior doctors while
receiving treatment for her asthma. During comprehensive history taking and examination conducted by multiple health professionals, her descriptions
shifted and evolved, often differing between healthcare providers and

Diabetes : A Common Type Of Diabetes
Maintaining a Healthy Life with Type II Diabetes, was the topic that I chose to write about. Type II diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. It
comes from the pancreas not producing enough insulin. I chose this topic because; diabetes is a very common disease in society today. Secondly, it has
many symptoms and affects individuals more than we think. Some think that diabetes can be cured and most health professionals disagree. It is
interesting on how to live with the limitations that diabetes can bring.
Type II diabetes is known as "insulin resistant" or the pancreas not making enough insulin. Some things that can cause this form of diabetes are: being
overweight, too much glucose from the liver or mixed messages from cells. Of course children can get it but it comes from childhood obesity.
Diabetes can even be genetic; although some people get it and it doesn't run in their families. Other ways to get diabetes can be health related, but a
person's age and ethnicity may have something to do with it.
Diabetes is a disorder characterized by hyperglycemia or related blood glucose (blood sugar). Our bodies function best at certain level of sugar in the
blood stream. If the amount of sugar in our blood consist of too high or too low, then we typically feel bad. Diabetes is the name of a condition where
the blood sugar level consistently runs too high or low.
Diabetes is divided into two major subgroups: Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. The division is based upon

The Nervous System And Nervous Systems
Every move that our bodies make, thinking about a film you saw last night or an essay you need to write for school, shaking off a little bug from the
leg, deciding between two things or drinking tea after it cools a bit, every action, reaction is driven by our nervous system. All the information taken
in is processed and executed by electrical and chemical signals to and from nervous cells. The nervous system controls all our physiological and
psychological reactions. All animals have nervous system, except for very simple ones like sponges (The Nervous System, 2015). Human's nervous
system is probably the most complex one, all of our thoughts, emotions and actions are based on the three principle functions: sensory input, integration,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Efferent divisions includes also the somatic nervous system that controls skeletal muscle movements. And the autonomic nervous system that controls
inner organs such as heart, lungs etc. In the autonomic nervous system there are two divisions: sympathetic, that triggers an action and parasympathetic
that relaxes the body. The whole nervous system is made up by nervous cells– neurons, which respond to stimuli and transmit signals along. There are
many different types of neurons and different sizes of neurons.
Human's moods, impulses that flash through the mind or ideas are spurred by the biological condition. Which means that how you think, sense, feel
and see the world around you is influenced by chemicals in the brain (The chemical mind, 2014). Every neuron is made up of the cell body, where the
DNA information and the mitochondria are stored. Dendrites receive messages, they pick up the electric impulses and activate the action potential that
passes the impulses along to the cell body and the axon, which transmits the electrical impulses from the cell body out to other neurons or muscles and
so on. The axon is sometimes protected by myelin sheath, which helps speed up the transmission of messages. It shoots the electrical charge to its
terminals and toward the neighbouring neuron. The place where one neuron almost touches the other is called synapse, the little gap between two
neurons is called the synaptic gap. When the actual potential runs

Abuse And Neglect
"Childhood should be carefree, playing in the sun; not living a nightmare in the darkness of the soul." (Dave Pelzer, A Child Called "It") In this paper,
I will be discussing what child abuse means and how it can cause problems throughout their adolescent and adult years. Childhood abuse and neglect
can cause psychological problems, health problems, and can create difficulties in socializing with others that can cause problems during their
adolescent years.
What is Child Abuse and Neglect
According to the article, What is child abuse and neglect? Recognizing the signs" Child abuse is defined as "Any recent act or failure to act on the
part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; ... Show more content on
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Victims of child abuse can leave a negative mark on a child that can lead to psychological problems and health problems, as well as difficulty in
socializing with their peers.These issues can follow them throughout their adolescent and adult years. An article printed by The American Society
for the Positive Care of Children stated that the country with the highest child abuse rate is the United States of America. It was reported that an
average of five children a day died from child abuse and neglect. The president of EMC (Every Child Matters Fund) Michael Petit, said, "Over the
past 10 years, more than 20,000 American children are believed to have been killed in their own homes by family members. That is nearly four times
the number of US soldiers killed in Iraq and Afghanistan." Child abuse and neglect can have a lasting impact on the brain which can cause the child to
have mental delays and difficulty with sleeping among other serious

Oa Recovery
more quickly and easily than in OA (Kritchevsky et al., 2004). Due to its psychological cause, therapy can help aid recovery of past identity. Whereas
in OA, the effects last much longer and some may never regain memories (Nordqvist, 2015). The severity of RA corresponds with the amount of brain
damage and area affected, as different areas of the brain relate to different memory systems (Madon, 2011). A further difference of RA is that the
temporal gradient of loss in OA is steepest in most recent years before onset, and spares earlier memories. Whereas, for PA there is a consistency in the
loss of personal identity, no personal identity is spared (Kritchevsky et al., 2004). Finally, the type of information forgotten is another distinction....
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(2002a). Disorders of memory. Brain,125, 10:2152–2190.
Kopelman, M., Christensen, H., Puffett, A., & Stanhope, N. (1994). The great escape: A neuropsychological study of psychogenic amnesia.
Neuropsychological, 32(6), 675–691.
Kritchevsky, M., Chang J., & Squire, L. (2004). Functional Amnesia: Clinical description and neuropsychological profile of 10 cases. Learning and
Memory, Chapter 11: 213–226.
Madan, C. (2011). Organic amnesia: A diversity in deficits. Eureka, 2(1), 37–42.
Markowitsch, H. (2003). Psychogenic amnesia. Neuroimage, 20, S132–S138.
McKay, G., & Kopelman, M. (2009). Psychogenic amnesia: when memory complaints are medically unexplained. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment,
15(2), 152–158. DOI: 10.1192/apt.bp.105.001586.
Nordqvist, C. (2015) Amnesia: Causes, symptoms and treatments. Medical News Today, retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles
/9673.php.
Reed, J., & Squire, L. (1998). Retrograde amnesia for facts and events: Findings from four new cases. The Journal of Neuroscience, 18(10), 3943 –
3954.

Serra, L., Fadda, L., Buccione, I., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. (2007). Psychogenic and organic amnesia. A multidimensional assessment of
clinical, neuroradiological, neuropsychological and psychopathological features. Behavioural Neurology, 18(1),

Childhood Maltreatment And / Or Neglect ) Is Prevalent...
Childhood maltreatment (abuse and/or neglect) is prevalent concern. In 2012, the Children's Bureau reported 3.2 million unique count cases of
childhood abuse that were screened. Of those cases nearly 20% where found to be substantiated, indicated or alternative response, which is an estimate
of about 686,000 children (unique cases) were victims of abuse and neglect nation in one year. Additionally, nearly 40% of those children did not
receive any services. These numbers, again are those cases that have been reported and founded, we know that underreporting of maltreatment, is too a
concern (Finkelhor & Dziuba–Leatherman, 1994). Long terms effects of childhood maltreatment are pervasive and well documented. Approximately
80% of the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A meta– analysis conducted showed significant correlations between childhood sexual abuse and PTSD, depression, suicide, sexual promiscuity, the
victim–perpetrator cycle, and academic performance (Paolucci, Genuis and Violato, 2001). Horwitz, Widom, McLaughlin, & Raskin White (2001)
suggested childhoods sexual abuse acts as stress factor that amplifies the impact stressful life events. Spataro and Mullen (2004) looking at
childhood sexual abuse survivors over a 20 year period had three times greater risk of having anxiety and acute stress disorders and five time higher
rate of personality disorders than controls. Not only are psychological well documented, there too is plethora of physical symptomology. CMS report
more symptoms and are less likely to describe their health as good. CMS are sick more often and utilize the doctor more (Felitti, 1991), having surgery
almost twice as often (Kendall–Tackett, Marshall, & Ness, 2000). CMS have an increased risk of having one or more chronic pain syndromes
(Drossman et al.,1990; Kendall–Tackett, 2000; Schofferman, Anderson, Hinds, Smith, & White, 1992); the constellation of somatic symptoms
experienced are labeled with specific diagnoses such as fibromyalgia,(Van Houdenhove, Neerinckx, Lysen, et al, 2001; Boisset–Pioro, Esdaile &
Fiztcharles, 1995; Walker, Keegan,

Predictive Value of Alexithymia: A Prospective Study in...
Review of APA Statistical Guidelines: "Predictive Value of Alexithymia: A Prospective Study in Somatizing Patients"
The August 1999 article in the American Psychologist discusses proper statistical methods and how they should be utilized in journal articles. Using
some of the guidelines put forth in the article, I will attempt to show the extent to which Bach & Bach (1995) follow these principles.
The article in question investigates the role of alexithymia as a predictor of persistent somatization. The study was conducted over a two–year period
with the consent of thirty patients exhibiting somatoform and anxiety disorders. The personality trait of alexithymia is ... Show more content on
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No, not really, the population must be assumed by the subject matter. We are to assume that the study is concerned with people who have a somatoform
disorder or anxiety.
Sample
The sample is definitely outlined well in the article. The authors make it known to us that the participants for the study were volunteers from a previous
study about somatoform disorders. They clearly state the age ranges, sex, and education of all the patients.
Assignment
For the purposes of this study, nonrandom assignment was used. This was not stated but rather an obvious point. The procedure called for the
participants to all receive the same treatment throughout the study. A control group was not used so suspicions must be raised as to the validity of the
research.
Variables
In terms of variables, the study uses a simple approach to tackle this task. Each patient was grouped by whether or not they exhibited a certain
diagnostic disorder at the time of the testing. They were either a yes or a no for five different types of disorders.
Instruments
As far as questionnaires, these are the only procedural devices used in the study. The authors make it very clear as to what psychometric tests were
used. They describe each one and its purpose. The tests used were the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Whiteley Index, the Hopkins

PRESCRIPTION MEDECINS USE AND ABUSE 2
PRESCRIPTION MEDECINS USE AND ABUSE Krasimir Atanasov
English 5
Teacher:
June,2014
END NOTES
1. Waters Jo, "Taking antiobiotics ruptures my tendom: The hidden dangers of everyday drugs are assume are harmless", 7 February 2012.
2. National Drug Intelligence Center (2010). National Threat Assessment: The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society. Washington,
DC: United States Department of Justice.
3. Bellenir K," Alcoholism Source book 2000", p.19,20,21.
4. Gordon A.J., Conigliaro, J., Maisto, S.A., McNeil, M., Kraemer, K.L., Kelley, M.E. (2003). "Comparison of consumption effects of brief
interventions for hazardous drinking elderly. Substance Use and Misuse", p.1017–1035.
5. Patterson Thomas, Lacro ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By having an accurate dosage, a high purity level, and a lower price, prescription pills have established a place next to regular street drugs. Medical
offices and pharmacies help supply a large amount of these drugs. There is no glory in catching doctors and pharmaceutical companies involved in
this illegal drug trafficking. Media coverage is small due to the fact there are no guns and no bundles of case for the world to see. Sometimes action is
taken, but the results are usually small. Very few doctors, dentists, and pharmacists are prosecuted annually for prescription fraud.
The evidence now conclusively points to the fact that Whitney Houston has been killed by the pharmaceutical industry. "Whitney Houston 's death
must serve as an urgent reminder that pills are not the answer, and that those who seek to alter their moods, physiology or biochemistry through Big
Pharma 's deadly drugs are only playing Russian roulette with their lives" said coroner officials.
In a research of an estimated 10 prescription frauds, one doctor received a short sentence; the other nice pleaded guilty and were put on probation. Part
of the problem is that medical practitioners are usually charged under laws carrying low prison penalties. The laws are written allowing health care
professionals to escape serious drug trafficking charges, no matter how fraudulent. About 75% of physicians convicted of prescription drug crimes got
to keep their license. Medical and

Munchausen Syndrome : A Mental Illness Essay
Munchausen syndrome, also referred to as factitious disorder, is a mental condition in which sufferers cause or pretend to have physical or
psychological symptoms that are not actually occurring. Munchausen syndrome is considered to be a mental illness because it is associated with
severe emotional difficulties that are present with the illness. Due to the fact that there are no reliable statistics regarding the number of people in the
United States who suffer from Munchausen syndrome, it is considered to be a rare condition to have. Even before getting its current name, this
condition has been described since the biblical times. For example, sufferers of this syndrome during the Middle Ages went as far as scraping off their
skin and putting leeches in their mouths to induce bleeding. This illness was named after Baron Karl Friedrich von Munchausen who lived from 1720
to 1797 and was known for claiming to ride cannonballs and traveling to the moon.
The reason why I choose this psychological disorder was because it was brand new topic to me. I was very interested in the fact of not knowing
anything about this topic previously so I was able to go into this research with a blank slate. After researching what this syndrome was, my main topic
of interest was that Munchausen Syndrome is a largely unexplained phenomena, as it is both quite rare and difficult to diagnose. It is also practically
impossible to treat, as most people will emerge with negative results. Most of the

Advantages and Disadvantages of Projective Tests
Final Examination Part one (answer any two) What are some of the advantages and disadvantages with using projective tests? Make sure to
include the concepts of validity and reliability in your answer. As part of the ability tests, which measure what we have learned and our ability to
learn new things, Projective tests are used to deduce a person's feelings, needs and motive on the basis of a person's interpretation of ambiguous
stimuli, which consists of pictures, patterns and stories. The commonly used projective tests are the "Roschach Inkblot Test" in which the test taker
must describe what he or she thinks the image is. Another test is the "Thematic Apperception Test" In which the test taker must make up stories
interpreting a series of 20 ambiguous scenes. Projective tests allow many psychologists to assess unconscious aspects of personality, a great
advantage of projective testing is that since the subject doesn't know how can his or her response will be interpreted dues to the fact that there is no
grading scale to go by, the subject is not easily led to lie or fake his or her personality traits. On the downside the responder's attitude can easily be
influenced by the test setting, also since there is no grading scale the test results tend to lack validity and reliability, since the results may vary by
examiners. What are somatoform disorders? Why are they difficult to diagnosis and treat? Somatoform disorders are a group of psychiatric

PTSD vs Somatization Disorder: Key Differences

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