Abstract Paper On Syphilis

Abstract Paper On Syphilis
Syphilis Ruth Ochungo HPRS 1206_409171S: Essentials of Medical Terminology Dr. Michelle
November 17, 2017 Abstract Syphilis is one of the highly infectious diseases that is transmitted by
various means. Syphilis has been and continues to be an epidemiologic problem. Although the
disease is regarded as a sexually transmitted disease, the disease is being transmitted in a variety of
ways that involves contact with body fluids. The disease manifests itself in a variety of ways in its
various stages and the impacts it causes in the body system varies depending on the stage of the
disease. Syphilis is treated by administering the right antibiotics at any stage. However, the damage
already done at late stages of treatment is irreversible. The disease has serious economic, social and
psychological impacts. Etiology Syphilis is caused by a spirochete bacterium called Treponema
pallidum. Humans beings are the only known natural host for this bacterium. Some important routes
of transmissions include sexual contact with a partner with active lesions, transfusion of infected
blood and transplacental transmission from mother to fetus (Joseph A. et. al 1994). Treponema
Pallidum was discovered in Europe during the 14th century and was already in America before the
arrival of Christophe Columbus (Joseph A. et. al 1994). Signs and Symptoms According to the
current findings, there are four stages of syphilis. The signs and the symptoms depend on the stage
of the disease.
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Syphilis Research Paper
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is
transmitted from person to person by direct contact with a syphilitic sore, known as a chancre. The
sore represents the spot where the bacterium entered the body. The disease starts as a painless sore
usually on your genitals, rectum or mouth. It usually happens in stages and symptoms vary in the
different stages. Symptoms may occur in different order, in the stages. Syphilis spreads from person
to person by skin or mucous membrane contact with these sores. Usually chancre develop within
three weeks. People do not always notice the sore as they can be painless, or even hidden within the
rectum or vagina. This type of syphilis is considered primary ... Show more content on
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After the first sign of infection the syphilis virus can remain dormant for years before becoming
active. If treated early syphilis can be cured with an injection of penicillin. Without being treated it
may be life–threatening with damage being done to the brain, heart, and other organs. Syphilis can
be passed from mother to the unborn child. If left untreated syphilis goes from the secondary stage
to the latent stage which is referred to as the hidden stage where you have no symptoms for years
and it may never return or progresses to the third stage which is called tertiary. Anywhere from
fifteen to thirty percent of people who have syphilis will develop the tertiary stage. This is critical as
it affects the eyes, nerves, brain, blood vessels, heart, liver, bones, and joints. Pregnant women can
pass it on to the child through the placenta or during birth. This is known as congenital syphilis
which has no symptoms except possible rash on hands and feet. Later this can cause deafness,
deformities of the teeth, and a saddle nose, this is a problem where the bridge of the nose

Sexually Transmitted Infections ( Stis )
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are caused by more than 25 infectious pathogens transmitted
from one person to the other during anal, vaginal as well as oral intercourse. More so, infected
pregnant women can transmit STIs to infants in utero, during birth, or through breastfeeding. The
most common STIs in the U.S. include chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes, human
papillomavirus, trichomoniasis, and bacterial vaginosis (Buttaro, Trybulski, Bailey, & Sandberg–
Cook, 2013). According to the Centers for disease control and prevention, CDC (2015), human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a common STD affecting more than 1.2 million people
in the United States (CDC, 2015). Compared to men, women are more biologically susceptible to
STIs. Adolescents and young adults are at higher risk of transmitting STIs due to their sexual
behaviors that consists of several partners, unsafe sex without condoms, and endocervical ectopia in
female patients (Buttaro et al., 2013).
The gram–negative diplococcus N. gonorrhoeae is the common pathogen for gonorrhea. About 80%
of female with this infection are asymptomatic. However, if symptomatic, female initially present
with symptoms such as dysuria, leukorrhea, lower abdominal discomfort, and abnormal uterine
bleeding. Later signs may include adnexal tenderness, cervical motion tenderness, purulent vaginal
discharge, elevated temperature, right upper quadrant pain, joint pain or swelling, skin lesions,
nausea, and vomiting. Other

chancroid
Chancroid at a Glance A sexually transmitted disease (STD) Common symptoms include sores on
the genitals Treatment is available Easily spread Condoms reduce your risk of infection Want to get
tested for chancroid? FIND A HEALTH CENTER STDs are very common. But we can protect
ourselves and each other from STDs like chancroid. Learning more about chancroid is an important
first step. Here are some of the most common questions we hear people ask about chancroid. We
hope you find the answers helpful, whether you think you may have chancroid, have been diagnosed
with it, or are just curious about it.There are several ways to help prevent getting chancroid or
spreading it to other people: You can abstain from vaginal and ... Show more content on
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Differential diagnosis[edit source] CDC's standard clinical definition for a probable case of
chancroid Patient has one or more painful genital ulcers. The combination of a painful ulcer with
tender adenopathy is suggestive of chancroid; the presence of suppurative adenopathy is almost
pathognomonic. No evidence of Treponema pallidum infection by darkfield microscopic
examination of ulcer exudate or by a serologic test for syphilis performed greater than or equal to 7
days after onset of ulcers and Either a clinical presentation of the ulcer(s) not typical of disease
caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) or a culture negative for HSV. Despite many distinguishing
features, the clinical spectrums of following diseases may overlap with chancroid: Primary syphilis
Genital herpes Comparison with syphilis[edit source] There are many differences and similarities
between the conditions syphilitic chancre and chancroid. Similarities Both originate as pustules at
the site of inoculation, and progress to ulcerated lesions Both lesions are typically 1–2 cm in
diameter Both lesions are caused by sexually transmissible organisms Both lesions typically appear
on the genitals of infected individuals Both lesions can be present at multiple sites and with multiple
lesions Differences Chancre is a lesion typical of infection with the bacterium that causes syphilis,
Treponema pallidum Chancroid is a lesion typical of infection with the bacterium

Syphilis Sexually Transmitted Disease
Syphilis is caused by a bacterium called Treponema pallidum, which is known to be a subspecies of
the pallidum. This bacterium is very thin and has a corkscrew shape. It is classified as the family of
a spirochete. According to Lori, Edmund, and Tramont in an article tittled Treponema Pallidum
(Syphilis) " It is a member of the family Spirochaeticea and is related to other spirochete genera
which have the capacity to infect man, namely Borrelia and Leptospira." The length is about 6 – 20
μm and has a diameter of about 0.25 μm. The thin shape and it's motility aids the bacterium in the
penetration of it's host mucous membrane or where there is lession on the surface of the skin. This
bacterium reproduce rapidly in great numbers as soon as it creates the chancre in the host. With this
it multiplies and spread aiming for the lymph nodes in the host body.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease, which the symptoms mimic other diseases. According to
the center for disease control and prevention it "has been called the great imitator because it has so
many possible symptoms, many of which look like symptoms from other diseases." Due to this
characteristic, it is hard for health professionals to diagnose at times and might be undetectable
during regular health screening. The symptoms of syphilis may vary ... Show more content on
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The only major component is that it prevalence varies widely among different hosts due to various
risk factors. With age, syphilis is common among youths mainly within the age rage of 20 to 29
years old. This is due to the fact that this is when most people are most sexually active. Syphilis is
most prevalent among African American men in the United States. The rate is "18.9 per 100,000
population." (CDC, 2014). The rate of syphilis is much greater among men, and this according to
center for disease and control is "11.7 cases per 100,000 males, compared to women which is 1.1
cases per 100,000

Taking a Look at the Tuskegee Project
The Tuskegee Project In the 1920's and 1930's syphilis was very prevalent and feared among most
populations. The U.S. Public Health Service wanted to learn more about this disease and they
launched six pilot projects in poor southern communities. One project was conducted in Macon
County, Alabama. This project, called the Tuskegee study, was a clinical study of untreated syphilis
in negro males. The Tuskegee project was meant to discover ways to improve quality care for the
black community. This initiative aimed at achieving greater knowledge of syphilis spanned the
course of forty years, from 1932 through 1972, before it was stopped based on ethical dilemmas.
The Tuskegee Project was initially a six month study of untreated syphilis. It progressed to a long
term, open–ended research study set up and authorized by the United States Public Health Service.
The Tuskegee Institute, a historically black college in Alabama, depended on the financial backing
from the federal government. When the Public Health Service came and asked for help in 1932, the
University agreed to participate in a study collecting information about black males from Macon
County, Alabama. This study involved 600 black men; 399 who had syphilis, and 201 who did not
and served as the control group. These men became test subjects. Testing was conducted by
government doctors. The doctors advertised how these males would have the chance to be special
government patients. The goal was to learn more

Sexually Transmitted Infections Case Study
Introduction Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are a global issue resulting in many sexual and
reproductive problems worldwide. In 2012, there were an estimated 357 million new infections of
one of four curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and syphilis. Syphilis, specifically,
resulted in an estimated 5.6 million new infections globally that year (Newman et al., 2015). From
2012–2013 there were 5.3 cases of syphilis per 100,000 population in the United States with men
accounting for 91.1% of all primary and secondary cases. Non–Hispanic black men aged 20–29
years old beared the highest burden of disease, and 75% of cases were among men who have sex
with men (Stamm, 2016). Black women have also been found to be ... Show more content on
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During this time sexual transmission is unlikely, however it is possible for a pregnant person in late
stage latency to infect the fetus (although this is more common during earlier stages) (LaFond &
Lukehart, 2006). Syphilis that goes untreated can eventually evolve into tertiary syphilis that causes
damage to the cardiovascular and central nervous systems (Clement, Okeke, & Hicks, 2014).
Transmission Vertical transmission occurs when T. pallidum travels from the bloodstream across the
placenta. This mother–to–child transmission often results in the presence of congenital syphilis in
newborns. If syphilis goes untreated in the mother she can become at risk for premature birth and,
occasionally, stillbirth, especially during the primary and secondary stages of infection (Juliet E
Stoltey & Stephanie E Cohen, 2015). There have also been reported cases of transmission via blood
transfusion, but this has become increasingly rare due to elevated screening tactics for blood
donations. Syphilis can be transmitted a few different ways, but is primarily spread by person–to–
person vaginal, oral, or anal sexual contact. During sexual activity, any skin that comes into contact
with an infected chancre is at risk of developing a sore of its own. These chancres most often
develop on the penis and cervix, but are also commonly found around the anus, in the rectum, or
around the mouth. Adequate condom usage can reduce the chance of syphilis transmission but is not

Cause And Effect Essay On Chlamydia
Sexually transmitted diseases, the very common and dangerous diseases of the world. Sexually
transmitted diseases earlier were known by 'Venereal Diseases'. The term venereal derived from
Venus, goddess of love. More than 12 million people in the United States, counting 3 million
teenagers, are infected with Sexually transmitted diseases each year. According to the American
Social Health Association, this disease contains more than 30 different bacterial, viral, and
parasitical diseases, e.g. AIDS and syphilis are life threaten and chlamydia infection can lead to
infertility.
According to the Center for Diseases Control, among the population of America nearly 95% people
are exposed to STD's. Those people are in between the ages ... Show more content on
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It is caused by Treponema pallidum. It usually effects into stages and can be cure through its
medicine but those medicines only work for it, not for the other health related problems. It is
transmitted through the direct contact with the syphilis sores. The areas of the body that are most
common to contract the bacteria are "regions of the body containing mucous membranes", such as
the "nasal lining, rectum, urethra, and vagina (Shmaefsky, Brian 2009)." This disease can be pass
through from pregnant moms to the infants. According to the PBS, NewsHour report, Gay and
bisexual men are more prone to syphilis and in the report, it is noted that 82% cases in man are gay
and bisexual men. The third common diseases are Gonorrhea, which can affect any membrane of the
body from rectum to genital. It can also be transmitted to the babies of infected

Syphilis: The Pre-Columbian Theory And The Evolutionary...
Syphilis is a contagious disease caused by the Treponema pallidum bacteria. Its primary means of
transfer is through sexual activity that includes oral and anal sex. Though our society can now cure
the disease with antibiotics, there are no united consensus as to its origin in fifteenth century
Europe. Though the Columbian theory is the most accepted theory used to explain the mysterious
arrival of the disease, two other prominent contending theories exists. They are the Pre–Columbian
theory, and the Evolutionary theory. Within each theory can be found a historical account of what
may have contributed to the spread of the disease. The explanation for all three theories are evident
in their names. The Columbian theory blames Columbus

The Pathogenic Bacteria That Is Responsible For A...
Treponema pallidum, a pathogenic bacteria that is responsible for a dangerous multistage, sexually
transmitted disease called Syphilis. This disease has been rapidly growing and is very easily
infectious. Many people will mistaken it for a different disease and the average amount of time for
symptoms to show is 21 days. It is curable within the first two stages, but once it moves onto the
late/latent stages, it's almost incurable due to damages that took place. There are more than one type
of antibiotic to treat it and multiple different tests to determine if someone is infected with Syphilis.
So even if this disease is easily contracted, there are preventative precautions that can be taken place
and treatment that aren't too difficult and time consuming. What is Treponema pallidum? This is a
very thin and tightly coiled gram negative spirochete bacteria that grows where little oxygen is
available according to Lori E. Fantry and Edmund C. Tramont (2014). This bacteria has periplasmic
flagella and contains peptidoglycan outer complex membrane. Since they lack endotoxins, they
make up for it by having lipoproteins which initiates inflammation. T. pallidum were originally
thought to be an anaerobe, however it is now discovered that it is a microaerophilic. Since this
microbe is so thin, it requires a dark field microscope to be viewed according to Radolph (1996).
Similar bacteria to T. pallidum includes T. pallidum ssp. pertenue, T. pallidum ssp. endemicum, and
Treponema

Gonorrhea Chlamydia And Syphilis Essay
gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis? What are the complications if an individual is not treated in the
initial stage of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis? Throughout history including the Bible, there
have been sexually transmitted diseases; as the bible states, "there is nothing new up under the sun."
It still holds true until this day. I will address certainly diseased that's been around for centuries.
Sexually transmitted diseases have been on this earth for centuries. Proverbs 5:11 says, "And thou
mourn at last, when thy flesh and thy body consumed," According to the Bible in Proverbs 5:3–11:
Mouth drops like honeycomb and lips smoother than oil. Her end is bitter as wormwood, sharp as a
two–edged sword. Feet go down to death; her feet take hold of Hell aka an unsaved person. It's best
to stay far away from her ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the disease if left untreated it can cause a pelvic inflammatory disease, the systems include pain of
the abdominal and fever. (King et al.). Syphilis described as a sexually transmitted infection
treponema pallidum bacterium, that can also pass straight through any scrape or cut into the
bloodstream. A person can get syphilis just by touching the sore of an infected person. Thus, as with
chlamydia and gonorrhea, syphilis according to the Center for Control Disease that it was over
36,00 new cases in 2008 with worldwide its about 12 million cases in Africa and Asia. (King et al.).
Syphilis is more common in African American; there were over 100 million deaths worldwide due
to syphilis. Syphilis can cause rashes from your head to your feet can cause blindness and as well as
death. (King et al.). In conclusion, discussion of the three sexual transmitted infections, it often
makes you wonder, how this disease where ever formed from biblical times until the present

Essay On American Red Cross
The American Red Cross performed numerous amounts of tests for infectious diseases on donated
blood. Their tests included West Nile virus (WNV), Human Immunodeficiency viruses Types 1 and
2 (HIV 1,2), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Syphilis (Treponema pallidum),
Human T–Lymphotropic virus (HTLV I/II), and Chagas disease (T. cruzi). Two infectious agents
that should be tested further are herpes simplex virus and ebola. These two viruses should be tested
because both viruses caused a huge outbreak and there is no effective cure against the virus. Also
the herpes virus is lifelong in individuals while ebola can kill individuals within a matter of days.
Chagas disease (T. cruzi) is a deadly disease triggered by the parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi).
This disease is commonly found in Latin America but it is also an endemic in America. A qualitative
chemiluminescent immunoassay (ChLIA) was used to test the blood donations. It aided in detecting
any antibodies to the T. cruzi virus in the human serum and the plasma specimens. The reactive
donations with the disease were tested further by a second screening test and a confirmatory test.
These tests were used to contained positive results. Those reactive blood samples are then destroyed
and not used for transfusion.
The B surface antigen (HBsAg) and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
HTLV II has not unfortunately proven as a serious clinical concern. Chemiluminescent
immunoassay (ChLIA) was used to detect HTLV I and HTLV II. Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) tests
is initially used to detect both the viruses' antibodies. If the test is positive then another screening
such as Western Blot is used to distinguish the virus. If distinguishing the viruses is unsuccessful
then a molecular testing such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), is used detect the genetic
material to analyze the

Syphilis Essay
I chose to write my professional paper on syphilis, with a focus on congenital syphilis (CS), not
only because I plan on practicing mid–wifery, but because I enjoy anything that has to do with
reproduction and congenital abnormalities. Although CS has been thought of to be an epidemic of
centuries past and is curable with penicillin, there are still a total of 713,600–1,575,000 cases that
occur each year worldwide (Richards, Schub, 2015). If syphilis goes untreated during pregnancy, it
can have devastating outcomes for the pregnancy and unborn child such as "early fetal loss, still
birth, prematurity, low birth weight, neonatal and infant death, and congenital disease among
newborn infants"(site hinawi..et.al.,year). The nurses' role centers around effective education,
prevention, and detection. Discussion CS is acquired by vertical transmission of the bacterium
Treponema pallidum from infected mother to unborn fetus while it is still in the uterus. If the mother
delivers with active genital lesions, the newborn may also contract CS from direct contact with
mucus membranes. "The overall risk of transplacental infection of the fetus is about 60 to 80%, and
the likelihood is increased during the second half of the pregnancy"(Caserta, 2013). Mothers with
untreated syphilis can transmit the bacterium at any stage (primary, secondary, latent, ... Show more
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Other risk factors include unprotected sex, woman who have sex with men who have sex with other
men, prostitution, drug abuse, and women who have history of at least one birth of a newborn
infected with CS. African Americans and Hispanics are at higher risk of transmission than
Caucasians. What I thought to be a very interesting statement in an article about CS by T. Schub and
S. Richards, MSN, RN was "CS rates have decreased in the U.S, but still exceed the number of
cases of perinatal HIV infection reported annually"( Richards, Schub,

T. Pallidum Research Paper
The progression of T. pallidum can be divided into four stages, each exhibiting different
characteristics and symptoms. The initial stage of T. pallidum is the Primary Stage, which presents
itself with sores in the place that the bacterium and disease entered the body. Round, raised sores
called chancres occur but can be difficult to notice based on their location such as the genitals or
anus. If an individual is treated, the chancres last 3–6 weeks. Without treatment, the disease will
progress to the Secondary stage. The Secondary Stage is characterized by skin rashes that appear red
or brown, and do not itch. Chancres can appear up to 6 months following infection White lesions
can develop in warm and moist areas such as the mouth or groin. ... Show more content on
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It is possible and common for these rashes to be faint or hard to see, which can cause them to go
unnoticed. Symptoms of the secondary stage can include a fever, swollen lymph glands, hair loss,
weight loss, and fatigue. Without treatment, the symptoms of the Secondary stage will go away but
the disease will progress to the Latent Stage. The Latent Stage is also known as the hidden stage
because there are no apparent signs or symptoms present. This stage can last for years. The two
types of Latent syphilis include Early Latent Syphilis, which means the initial infection occurred
within 12 months, and Late Latent Syphilis which means the infection initially occurred within the
last year. The final stage of syphilis is the Tertiary Stage. This possibly fatal stage can harm the
organ systems such as the brain, liver, bones, and joints. Appearing between 10 and 30 years, this
stage can cause death due to the untreated bacteria. Neurosyphilis, the bacterial invasion of the
nervous system, is a result of this untreated bacteria. Neurosyphilis

Health Assessment Of A Client Essay
Introduction This report will discuss the health assessment of a client who presented to my PEP
facility, Clinic 275. Clinic 275 is a confidential and complimentary walk–in sexual health service
which provides medical consultation/advice, testing and treatment for sexually transmitted
infections (STIs) (SA Health 2016a). Ultimately, this paper will illustrate how an ongoing health
assessment, history taking, provision of client education and care options of certain STIs are
fundamental to guiding the planning, implementation and evaluation of care for specific people. All
information regarding the client, who will be referred to as R, was permitted for use by the facility
and will maintain confidentiality in accordance with the guidelines of the Government of South
Australia (2015, p.7; Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia 2016). On 16/9/16 R presented to
the clinic and upon arrival, completed a form to guide his care plan (Gulanick & Myers 2014, p.
852–7; SA Health 2016a). This form revealed he was asymptomatic and sought a general sexual
health check–up. Due to these reasons, he was triaged to see a registered nurse in a nurse led clinic
(NLC). In this private NLC, a routine interview process was conducted and revealed R to be a
healthy (no notable PMHx) twenty–six–year–old of Indian descent who migrated from Singapore to
Adelaide five months ago. Additional to these demographic factors, this process also allows for the
collection of ones' sexual history to determine

Essay On Syphilis
Syphilis or the "great imitator" is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection caused by the Treponema
pallidum spirochete. A spirochete is a type of bacterium that is thin, long, and coiled in shape. T.
pallidum uses an opening of the skin to enter the body, and the infection is typically spread by direct
contact with a chancre (sore). Infection can occur with oral, vaginal, anal sex and can even be
passed during the birthing process. Congenital syphilis, when the pregnant woman transmits the
disease to their baby. Sores are most commonly found on the vagina, rectum, they can also be found
in the mouth or on the lips where they look similar to a fever sore or blister. T. pallidum is highly
sensitive to light, air, and temperature fluctuations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After entering the body syphilis moves through the bloodstream, attaching to cells and damaging
internal organs as time passes. Common symptoms in tertiary syphilis include coordination
difficulties, blindness, and dementia. With enough damage death can occur. Syphilis can be
transmitted to a fetus at any stage of pregnancy. Passing syphilis to a fetus increases the likelihood
of miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, and newborn death. If untreated, babies with syphilis may
experience slower development, seizures, or death. Syphilis can be hard to diagnose, two ways of
determining if someone has syphilis is by examining the material from a chancre under a dark–field
microscope, detecting syphilis bacteria, or by doing a blood test, detecting syphilis antibodies. If
treated during the early stages, syphilis is easy to cure with a penicillin injection. However if
someone has been infected for a long period of time additional doses of penicillin are needed. It is
important for people to know that treatment stops the infection but does not reverse any damage
done and more importantly anyone can become infected more than

Yaws Research Paper
NTD: Yaws
Yaws is a bacterial infection that comes from the spiral bacteria Treponema pallidum, and is the
most common infection of the organism. It affects not only the skin, leaving lesions, but both the
bone and cartilage. It presents itself in yellow ulcers and pain/swelling of the "long bones," and
untreated, yaws can lead to disfigurement and disability. Humans, though, are the only recipients of
this infection known thus far. This disease is most prevalent in hot and humid regions along the
equator, specifically Africa, Asia, the Pacific islands, and Latin America. The majority of
populations affected are those that are secluded and "at the end of the road" because they live in
very resource deficient or poor areas. These

Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria and it was first recognized in Europe during the
late 15th century. There are evidences that supports that the disease originated in the New World.
Scholars have found bones in Europe from pre–Columbian times, which show signs and
characteristics of infection with syphilis. Columbus and his crew were responsible for transporting
syphilis on their voyages during the renaissance period. A new study examines subspecies of
Treponema and from that it suggests that the subspecies pertenue which causes yaws is the most
ancient subspecies and it is related to organisms found in other primates which it's suggests that it
may have been the initial source of infection. The syphilis spirochete appears to ... Show more
It has so many possible symptoms, many of which look like symptoms from other diseases. The
painless syphilis sore that you would get after you are first infected can be confused for an ingrown
hair, zipper cut, or other seemingly harmless bump. The non–itchy body rash that develops during
the second stage of syphilis can show up on the palms of your hands and soles of your feet, all over
your body, or in just a few places. Syphilis can also affect the eye and can lead to permanent

Herpes Simplex Research Paper
Herpes Simplex is a viral STD that is caused by being sexually active with someone who has
herpes. Symptoms of herpes include; blistering sores on the mouth or genitals, pain during
urination, itching, fever, headaches, tiredness, and lack of appetite. There is no cure for herpes, but
there is certain medications that help treat it. The doctor tests for herpes by checking your body for
sores and asking you about your symptoms. To prevent contracting herpes, avoid physical contact
with infected people, don't participate in sexual activities during an outbreak, and wash your hands
thoroughly. Herpes Simplex is very common, approximately 42 million people in the united states
have herpes.
Cites: http://www.webmd.com/genital–herpes/pain–management–herpes#1
http://www.healthline.com/health/herpes–simplex?m=0 Syphilis ... Show more content on
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Syphilis is spread from sexual activity. Symptoms of syphilis include; fever, sores, sore throat, and
patchy hair loss. If left untreated for 10–30 years, syphilis can result in death. Doctors test for
syphilis by testing your blood, or liquid from a sore. Syphilis can be treated and cured by taking
certain antibiotics, but treatment may not undo any damage that has already been done. To prevent
contracting syphilis stay with a partner who has been tested for syphilis and does not have syphilis.
In the United States about 5 out of 100,000 people have

Sexual Transmitted Disease : Syphilis
ANALYSIS OF SEXUAL TRANSMITTED DISEASE: SYPHILIS
Kassia, KLK, Khuu
Introdution
Syphilis is a contagious disease spread by direct sexual activity, including oral and anal intercourse.
Syphilis can transport through unprotected sex and from a festering mother to child. "Syphilis
causes genital ulcer and facilitates HIV entry and shading" (Shimelis, et al, 2015). Early symptoms
of syphilis are having painless ulcers, or sores, in the mouth or genitals ("MedlinePlus," n.d.). The
secondary stage of syphilis can last up to 2–6 weeks after exposure and symptoms include having
"flu–like feelings," and a rash ("Syphilis," 2007).
Symptoms
There are many symptoms that show up when one develops syphilis. The primary symptom is
chancre, "a single asymptotic nodular–ulcerative lesion, reddish–brown in color," (Ramoni, Cusini,
et al, 2009). Secondary symptoms include having a rash, muscle ache, fever, sore throat, swollen
lymph nodes ("Syphilis," n.d.). Tertiary symptoms of syphilis include damage in the brain, nerves,
eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones and joints (Kenny, 2015). Congenital syphilis symptoms
include rash on the hands, feet, deafness, teeth deformities, and saddle nose ("Syphilis," n.d.).
Explanation of Mechanism Syphilis is caused by the bacteria "treponema pallidum," a thin, tightly
coiled bacteria; this bacteria is "highly infectious and survives for decades in the untreated host"
(LaFond & Lukehart, n.d.). It can also be spread while kissing, transfusion of

My First Week At The Clinic
Joselynn Lavilla
Professor Osterhoudt
MCB 2010 / Microbiology
Case Study #2
July 27, 2015
It was my first week at the clinic. I did not know what I had signed up for in taking a position at the
free clinic but I knew that I wanted to help society as much as I could. This was the place where I
could make a difference. When Dwight walked into the clinic, I was not sure of what to expect. It is
one thing to read something in a textbook but to experience it in its actuality is a completely
different story. He comes in with cracked and blistered feet and three infected toenails. He somehow
acquired sores on his wrists and under his arms and, claims that he has felt crazy and scared at
times. After examining the patient, the doctor and I speak in the hallway about his neural symptoms
being caused by a sexually transmitted disease. The doctor asks me what my thoughts are and I
quickly scan my mental list of sexually transmitted diseases that I remember. One disease
immediately comes to mind and that is syphilis. While examining the symptoms of the patient, there
are quite a few things that set off some red flags. Dwight has sores. The first stage of syphilis is
signified by the presence of sores, otherwise known as chancres. These chancres usually occur 10 to
21 days from conception but can take up to three months to appear. The sores are usually painless
and disappear within a few weeks whether or not a treatment has been applied. After 10 weeks of
the

Syphilis
Newspaper headlines reading "Texas' Lubbock County Syphilis Alert" or "Indiana's syphilis rose
70% in a year" would grab almost anyone's attention. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection
caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Syphilis is most common among the age groups of
24–29 and 20–24 year olds. Syphilis is most prevalent in men who have sex with men and African–
American men. Syphilis is transmitted during vaginal, oral, or anal sex. Congenital Syphilis is when
a woman who is positive for Syphilis gives birth and the baby is now infected. There is a common
misconception that all STIs will have a discharge or burn when you urinate but that is not the case
with Syphilis. The infection has a window of 10–90 days where symptoms can ... Show more
According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Syphilis rates have increased due to people
being uninformed about how Syphilis is transmitted, the symptoms of Syphilis, unprotected sex, and
with today's technology, the infamous hook up apps. The rate of people infected with Syphilis has
been at the highest rate since the early 1990s. Many state and federal programs around the nation
losing its funding, it becomes more difficult to educate people on STIs or even offer testing. Since
2003, STI prevention has dropped by $21 million. My opinion of not only Syphilis but also STIs in
general is that society needs to stop thinking it is a taboo. I think education is the first step in
helping decrease the number of STIs. Sex education should be taught in high school health classes.
When schools don't teach sex education or only teach abstinence, it leaves little education if any, for
safe sex. I also think that state/federal funded programs like Planned Parenthood should be funded
and not on the verge of closing throughout the nation. Clinics like Planned Parenthood provides an
alternative option to people who don't want to go to their family doctor for

According to the online article, "Syphilis Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis," found in the WebMD
website, states that syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that causes red sores in or around
certain areas of the body. These blistering sores can be painless at the beginning, but as it progresses
into a severe case they become a more painful infection. The article states that Treponema pallidum
is the bacterium that is associated with syphilis. As syphilis is now a rare disease, the article
explains how syphilis used to be one of the publics major health problems causing many long–term
tragedies for people such as blindness, brain damage, and arthritis.
"Syphilis–CDC Fact Sheet," an online article found in the website, CDC, describes ... Show more
The article further explains that depending on the particular stage the infected person is in, the more
doses are needed if in a later stage of syphilis and so on. Your physician should also provide certain
antibiotics such as doxycycline, tetracycline, or ceftriaxone. The infected person should also restrain
from any sexual contact with their partners until the infection is completely gone and upon further
notice of their

Center For Disease Control (CDC)
The Center for Disease Control (CDC), is the main government body tracking, preventing, and
evaluating the spread of risky and common diseases throughout the United States. In some cases,
some diseases are not being reported by local and state governments making it hard for the CDC to
track down the origin of the outbreak or behavior pattern of people involved. The authority
requiring notification of cases or laboratories' results referring to sexual transmitted diseases (STDs)
such as Syphilis, HIV, or communicable diseases resides in the respective state legislatures. In many
cases, local government health care departments provide epidemiologic services encouraging health
care providers to facilitate the findings with the intent to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The HIPAA Privacy Rule allows covered entities such as clinics, hospitals and private licensed
practices to disclose PHI to public health authorities when required by federal, tribal, state, or local
laws. This includes state statutes and rules that provide for reporting of disease such as syphilis,
HIV, gonorrhea, and other STDs. However, Florida's laws governing health information records for
these types of diseases are more stringent than HIPAA and will preempt, or override, HIPAA rules.
At UCCC, all patients should receive a Notice of Privacy Practices (NPP) when they register. The
NPP explains to the patients how we use and disclosure of their information and provides instruction
about how to make request for access to personal records. The patient has the rights to know how
their PHI will be used, access to copies of medical records, who actually accesses it, request more
confidentially while communicating with other entities regarding his or her health condition, and
file a complaint if she or he feels that their HIPPA rules have not being

The Origin, Etiology and Treatment of Syphilis Essay...
The Origin, Etiology and Treatment of Syphilis "And this disease of which I speak, this syphilis too
will pass away and die out, but later it will be born again and be seen again by our grandchildren
just as in bygone ages we must believe it was observed by our ancestors." – Fracastoro, 1538 1 It
has been written about, debated over, and has affected every culture it has come into contact with.
One can only be amazed when examining the microscopic syphilis bacterium. It traveled the seas of
1492 with Columbus, fought alongside Hitler in the war of the worlds, and gambled with the likes
of Al Capone. 2 This bacterium has been a part of hundreds of year's worth of human history, and
probably thousands of year's worth of prehistory. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are a total of 1,041 predicted open reading frames, with an average size of 1,023 base pairs,
representing 92.9% of total genomic DNA. 5 Comparison of the T. pallidum genome sequence with
that of another pathogenic spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, identified
unique and common genes and substantiates through considerable diversity observed among
pathogenic spirochetes. Furthermore, the gene sequence has indicated that a Gap1 sequence from T.
pallidum is very closely related to GAPDH genes from the eukaryotic Euglenozoa, indicating that
an interkingdom gene transfer may have occurred between these organisms. 6 The sequencing of the
Treponema pallidum genome can also set itself apart from many non–pathogenic relatives. The first
major difference is that syphilis has been hindered by the inability to culture the bacterium outside
the human host. The reason for this is because scientists do not know the nutrition needed for the
spirochete. 5 The second major difference revealed through gene sequencing is that the bacterium's
metabolism is very limited. Absent from the spirochete are many biosynthetic pathways. Examples
include pathways for synthesis of enzyme cofactors, fatty acids, nucleotides, and some electron
transport proteins. Because of the limited biosynthetic capabilities, Treponema pallidum depends on
the host for multiple nutrients. Thus, the spirochete has a repertoire of transport proteins with

Anal Warts Essay
Anal warts are an infectious condition resulting from exposure to HPV in sexually active people.
They can be uncomfortable and bleed or itch, as well as spreading to nearby skin. Treatment for anal
warts can include creams.
What Causes Anal Warts and How Do I Get Rid of Them?
Why Do I Have Anal Warts When I Haven't Had Anal Sex?
Individuals who have the misfortune of getting warts in or near their sex organs (genitalia) often
discover that the warts have spread to their anus. Others will develop warts only in the anal area.
Anal warts are a form of genital warts and are sometimes called anogenital warts. The medical name
is condyloma acuminata. It's possible to have warts in or around the anus or genitalia and not be
aware of them. They can be very small ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Papilloma is the medical name for warts in general, leading to the name human papillovirus, or
HPV, the cause of most warts, as well as certain cancers. HPV refers to more than 150 kinds of
viruses, each of which has an identifying number. Approximately one–third of the HPV types can
cause genital and anal warts in individuals. Those types are not the types that can cause cancer.
Some individuals may have several types of HPV.
HPV is highly contagious and infects almost everyone who is sexually active. Because it often
doesn't have noticeable symptoms, infected people can unknowingly spread it to their sexual
partners. Often symptoms don't develop until years after the initial exposure, which makes it
difficult, if not impossible, to determine who was first infected.
HPV requires intimate skin–to–skin contact and is most commonly transmitted by anal, oral, or
vaginal sex with an infected person. Sometimes it can be passed on without intercourse when an
infected person has very close skin contact with another. Unlike HIV (AIDS), it is not transmitted
by an exchange of body fluids. HPV is treatable, but not curable.
Women with HPV can infect their children while giving

Syphilis : A Thin Spiral Organism Of The Treponema Species
Syphilis Fact Sheet Karyanne Castle 1. Etiology/Pathophysiology/Incidence/Prevalence: Etiology:
Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by T. Pallidum, a thin spiral organism of the Treponema
species of spirochaetales. Syphilis is almost always caused by sexual contact with infected lesions,
but can rarely be spread through nonsexual personal contact, infection in–utero, blood transfusion,
or organ transplantation. Incidence/Prevalence: The invention of penicillin has drastically decreased
the annually reported cases in the United States. From 1943 to 2000, the number of cases declined
nearly 95% (Fauci, 2012). However, since 2000, the number of cases reported has increased from
<6,000 to 56,471 in 2013 (Syphilis, 2014). Globally, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regional lymphadenopathy is a common finding (McPhee, 2014). Secondary syphilis occurs six to
eight weeks after the chancre heals. Secondary syphilis is characterized by parenchymal,
constitutional, and mucocutaneous manifestations. The secondary lesions subside in two to six
weeks, and the infection proceeds to enter the latent phase. During the latent phase, the infection is
only detectable through serologic testing. Latent or tertiary Disease can be manifested as the gumma
(a benign granulomatous lesion), cardiovascular syphilis (usually involving vasa vasorum of the
ascending aorta causing an aneurysm), and symptomatic neurosyphilis (which can manifest as
symptoms of meningitis) (Fauci, 2012). 2. Differential Diagnosis: Primary Syphilis: Sexually
Transmitted Infections– Genital Herpes, scabies, Chancroid, and donovanosis. Noninfectous
causes– trauma, squamous cell carcinoma, medication side effect, or psoriasis. Secondary Syphilis:
skin disorders (Uphold, 2013). 3. Evaluation: o History: Question the patient about: Onset of
symptoms, duration of symptoms, presence of chancre, any rash or skin condition, sexual history,
symptoms of sexual partners, medical history, medications, drug and alcohol abuse, and allergies
(Fauci, 2012). Physical Examination: o Primary Syphilis presents as a chancre, a single painless
superficial ulcer with clean base and firm indurated margins appears at the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Reverse Sequence Syphilis...
Introduction
The traditional algorithm for syphilis screening has involved use of a manual non–treponemal test
(e.g. rapid plasma reagin, RPR) followed by confirmation with a treponemal test (e.g. Treponema
pallidum particle agglutination, TP–PA). Non–treponemal tests are inexpensive, but require
significant hands–on time by laboratory personnel and produce subjective results. High volume
laboratories are increasingly using a reverse sequence algorithm, using partially or fully automated
treponemal tests (e.g. enzyme immunoassay–EIA, chemiluminescene immunoassay–CIA, multibead
immunoassay–MBIA), followed by a non–treponemal test (e.g. RPR, VDRL) if reactive (1).
Potential advantages of the reverse sequence algorithm include reduced labor ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Our objective was to determine signal strength cutoffs associated with 98%, 99%, and 100%
reactive confirmatory testing (TP–PA or fluorescent treponemal antibody absorbed test, FTA–ABS).
For the four automated immunoassays we also attempted to establish a signal strength cutoff
associated with a consensus of at least 4/7 reactive treponemal tests (the index test plus at least 3
others). The findings from this study will inform laboratory guidelines on use of confirmatory
treponemal testing for patients with initially discordant serology.
Results
Among 1995 specimens tested, 907 (45%) were categorized as true positives and 1087(54%) as true
negatives using a consensus of the test panel as the gold standard (see Materials and Methods for
case definitions). Table 1 includes results for positive agreement, negative agreement and Kappa's
statistics for the seven assays. Positive agreement was lowest for FTA–ABS (86.1%, 83.7–88.2%)
and highest for Centaur EIA (99.7%, 99.0–99.9%). Positive agreement

microscopy and differential staining Essay
1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of light and electron microscopes
discussed in Chapter 3 that are used to study microorganisms? Focus your response in terms of the
following parameters:
◦Range of magnification
◦Resolving ability
◦Sample preparation
◦Possible states of sample (e.g. whole organism, part of, living, non–living, etc.)
2.What type of microscope would you use to investigate each of the following scenarios and why
(your answer to question 1 will help):
◦Determine the relative sizes of two eukaryotic cells.
◦Determine how many bacteria are dying after a chemical treatment.
◦Determine where in a eukaryotic cell a particular protein is localized.
◦Identify a virus from a contaminated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–not necesary to fix or stain specimen.
–internal structures of a cell more sharply defined
–Electron Microscopes: Beam of electrons used instead of light.
–Objects smaller than 2.0μm such as viruses must be examined with this type of microscope–
resolving power much greater because wavelength of electrons is 100,000 times smaller than the
wavelengths of visible light.
–images are always black and white, but they can be colored to accentuate certain details
–use electromagnetic lens instead of glas lens used by light microscopes
– two types of electron microscopes:
Transmission electron microscope : –Can resolve objects as close as 1PM and objects are generally
magnified 10,000 to 100,000X.
–only very thin section of specimen can be studied effectiviely. Thus specimen has no three–
demensional aspect.

–specimens must be fixed , dehydrated andviewed under high vacuum to prevent electron shattering
and these treatments not only kill the specimen,but also cause shrinkage and distortion.
Scanning Electron Microscopy :–overcomes the problem of sectioning associated with transmission
electronmicroscope
–striking three dimensional views.
–especially useful in studying the surface structures of intact cells and viruses
–resolves

Growth Curve of Serratia marcescens
Experiment 9: Growth curve of Serratia marcescens
Abstract
Bacteria grows by binary fission. The aim of this experiment is to follow the growth of Serratia
marcescens in nutrient broth at 37oCby recording the changes in turbidity (cloudiness) by
measuring the absorbance of visible light (600 nm) and also to prove that there is an increase in the
cell number and not just in mass during the growth. In the experiment we measure the full growth
curve of Serratia marcescens by measuring the absorbance at 600nm at every 10 mins. I also
determined the viable count at the start and the end of the exponential phase of growth. Using the
growth curve I calculated the growth curve and it was 1.2. Using this I found the doubling time
which was 34s. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Note, if counting by turbidimetric measurements or microscopic counts, the death phase cannot be
observed.). During the death phase, the number of viable cells decreases geometrically
(exponentially), essentially the reverse of growth during the log phase.
During the lag phase there is no increase in cell numbers, although the bacteria are synthesizing
enzymes present in their environment in preparation for the exponential phase. During the
exponential or logarithmic phase, the bacterial population grows at a rate that doubles the
population during the generation time. The stationary phase incurs neither an increase nor a decrease
in the cell population. The population growth cannot continue at the exponential rate since the
nutrient supplies have been depleted and waste products have accumulated. The final phase of the
bacterial population growth curve is the death phase, during which more cells die than are replaced
by new cells.
The aim of this experiment is to follow the growth of Serratia marcescens in nutrient broth at
37oCby recording the changes in turbidity (cloudiness) by measuring the absorbance of visible light
(600 nm) and also to prove that there is an increase in the cell number and not just in mass during
the growth.
Methods
Remove foam plug from the inoculate flask and pour it into a cuvette. Incubate it at 37°C and the
optical density readings at 600nm every 10–15 mins. Pour into the

Syphilis: Pathophysiology
Syphilis Pathophysiology It is an STD that can cause complications that could be long–term if
treatment isn't provided correctly. Symptoms are divided into three stages, primary, secondary, latent
and late syphilis. Signs/Symptoms Primary Stage Single sores may be noticeable. The sore indicates
where syphilis entered your body. The sore can be firm, round, and painless. Sometimes you may
not be able to see the sore. The sore lasts 3 to 6 weeks and will heal with or without treatment.
Though the sores go away, you should still get treatment so it does not progress to the second stage.
Secondary Stage Skin rashes and sores in your mouth, vagina, or anus may occur at this stage.
Typically starts with a rash on areas of your body. Other

Causative Agent: Treponema pallidum
Disease: Syphilis
Classification of the causative agent:
Gram – bacteria
Spiral in shape (spirochete, belonging to family Spirochaeticea)
Cannot grow on standard media culture (the are considered microaerophilic)
History:
The bacterial disease Syphilis has been known since the dawn of the New World, since the arrival of
Christopher Columbus in 1492.
It has been known to be one of the most common infections in world, next to gonorrhea (Neisseria
gonorrhoeae). Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) but can also be transmitted from
mother to fetus (known as congenital syphilis).
The spirochete is able to pass through intact mucous membranes or broken skin, thus rendering it
transmissible ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conversely, symptoms may not develop for up to 30 days. Gonorrhea may not cause symptoms until
the infection has spread to other areas of the body.
Signs and symptoms: Men:
A burning sensation when urinating;
A white, yellow, or green discharge from the penis
Painful or swollen testicles (although this is less common)
Some men with gonorrhea may have no symptoms at all. Women:
Painful or burning sensation when urinating
Increased vaginal discharge
Vaginal bleeding between periods.
Most women with gonorrhea do not have any symptoms. Even when a woman has symptoms, they
are often mild and can be mistaken for a bladder or vaginal infection. Both:
Discharge
Anal itching
Soreness

Bleeding
Painful bowel movements.
If untreated, gonorrhea can increase a person's risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV.
Treatments:
Testing for gonorrhea can be completed by analyzing a urine sample or a swab of an affected area.
Swab samples are commonly taken from the penis, cervix, urethra, anus, and throat. Previous
infection does not confer immunity – a person who has been infected can become infected again by
exposure to someone who is

HIV Syphilis Assay System : A Research Study
It is a research study that investigate whether a device, or treatment is safe and effective for human.
The clinical trial that I was involved in is about test device was developed to detect the HIV and
syphilis at the same time. The product's name is DPP® HIV Syphilis Assay System, which is an in
vitro qualitative, single–use Dual Path Platform (DPP) lateral flow immunoassay for the
simultaneous identification of HIV antibodies and Treponema pallidum in three samples type:
venous whole blood, plasma, and finger stick whole blood.
The test was created by adding an additional T. pallidum antibody test line to the previous DPP HIV
1/2 Assay which has been approved by FDA in December 2012. By combining these two analytes
into a new multiplex ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On–site monitoring carried out as–needed basis, as determined by review of the data forms supplied
during the clinical study and review of the Nextrials PRISM Database.
Method:
To run the test, a whole blood (finger stick or venous whole blood) or plasma specimen (a sample
loop of approximately 10 µL) is mixed with pre–measured buffer in a DPP® SampleTainer® Bottle
for 10 seconds. Two drops of the sample–buffer mixture are placed into Sample+Buffer Well #1 of
the test device. The sample migrates along a nitrocellulose–coated strip to the test and control areas
of a second strip, where specific HIV and T. Pallidum antigens (test areas) and non–specific IgG
capture proteins (control area) are immobilized. Five minutes later, the sample migration is
complete and soluble colored dyes on the test and control lines are washed away, indicating
successful sample addition. HIV and/or treponemal antibodies, if present in the sample, bind to the
immobilized HIV and treponemal antigens on the test lines, and non–specific IgG in the sample
binds to the control line.
After Five minutes of adding the sample, four drops of Running Buffer are added to Buffer Well #2.
The buffer hydrates the dried antibody–binding colored conjugates, which migrate to the test and
control areas and bind to any HIV and/or treponemal antibodies present, and also bind to the control
antibodies, producing one or more colored lines. Result

Bacteria Are Single Cell Microorganisms That Can Not Be...
Bacteria are single–cell microorganisms that cannot be seen by the naked human eye. Bacteria are in
many different classifications. Anaerobic bacteria, also known as anaerobes, are bacteria that do not
survive with the assistance of oxygen. Generally, in humans they live in the gastrointestinal tract,
but are also found in other places outside the body, such as, in soil and water, in foods, and in
animals. Some anaerobes are beneficial to humans, although many others can cause sicknesses, such
as appendicitis, diverticulitis, and gingivitis. Qualities that are included in anaerobic bacterial
infection are nasty smelling pus, abscesses, and the endangering of tissue. An example of an
anaerobic bacteria is bacteroides genus, which is both beneficial and harmful to humans. Secondly,
is anthrax, a disease caused by bacillus anthracis (bacterium). In most cases, this is a deadly disease
that puts both humans and animals lives at stake. With the large amount of financial, and
motivational support scientists have present day, researchers have developed an effective vaccine to
prevent this disease. Although not all cases of this have been cured and or prevented by this
vaccination, many cases have profoundly responded and ended in a much more positive outcome.
Coccus is a bacteria that is shaped like an oval or sphere. Cocci are the plural for cocccus, while a
single coccus bacterium is referred to as a monococcus. While some can benefit from life, by
maintain balance within

Sexually transmitted illness (STI)– Syphilis. Syphilis is caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum
and it is highly contagious disease which spread primarily by sexual activity, including oral and anal
sex. Although this disease is spread from sores, the vast majority of those sores go unrecognized.
The infected person is often unaware of the disease and unknowingly passes it on to his or her
sexual partner or pregnant women with the disease can spread it to the baby. This disease, called
congenital syphilis, can cause abnormalities or even death to the child; therefore, a serologic test for
syphilis should be performed on all pregnant women at the first prenatal visit (Anderson et al.,
2013). Signs and symptoms Symptoms in adults are divided ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The healthcare provider can diagnose syphilis by taking a sample of fluid from a suspicious ulcer
and having that fluid examined under a microscope for the presence of syphilis bacteria; or also can
be easily diagnosed with a quick and inexpensive blood test at the doctor's office or at a public
health clinic. However, a FTA–ABS is commonly used as a confirmatory test following positive
VDRL or RPR test findings. FTA–ABS has a sensitivity of 84% for detecting primary syphilis
infection and almost 100% sensitivity for detecting syphilis infection in other stages. Its specificity
is 96% (Clement et al.,

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
According to the CDC, syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that can have long–term
irreversible complications if it is left untreated. The symptoms of syphilis is categorized into stages,
which are primary, secondary, latent, and late syphilis (CDC). If you are in the late stage of syphilis
your body organs are permanently damaged (Syphilis). If syphilis is caught in the earlier stage it is
easy to cure (CDC). An antibiotic, such as Penicillin is injected into the muscle. According to the
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Injection into the muscle is considered to be
the best treatment for the sexually transmitted disease. If there is an allergy to Penicillin then your
healthcare provider may prescribe you a different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The stir in the community led to an AD Hoc Advisory Panel to analyze the study (About us). Within
this panel were nine members from medicine, law, religion, labor, education, health administration,
and public affairs (CDC). According to Tuskegee University, the members of the panel found that
the men had agreed to be studied and treated. However, with no evidence, the panel discovered that
the researchers never properly informed the participants with all the facts required for proper
consent. The men were never informed of nor given proper treatment when the cure was founded in
1947. Furthermore, the panel saw nothing indicating the participants were ever allowed to leave the
study, even when the highly effective was discovered. After carefully reviewing the results, the
panel had deemed the experiment "ethically unjustified" as of October 1972. One month later the
Tuskegee experiment was over (About us). The study that was only supposed to last for 6 months,
but it ended up lasting for 40 years

The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical...
All behavior and bodily functions are processed though interactions with the brain. In his book The
Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales, Oliver Sacks discusses some of the
ways that behavior is influenced for biological processes. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate a
chapter of this book entitled Cupid's Disease and explain the underlying biological and
psychological processes experienced by Sacks patients. In the case of Cupid's Disease, the behavior
being discussed is affected by a bacterial disease called neurosyphilis. This current paper will
discuss the case in the book, the basics of neurosyphilis, its affected anatomical structures,
diagnosis, and how it can be effectively treated. Through this ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, what these two are experiencing is the "excited stage of neurosyphilis" (Sacks, 1998. p.104).
Neurosyphilis is the last stage of syphilis. Syphilis is an infectious disease that is contacted through
sexual intercourse, therefore neurosyphilis in the infection in the brain and spinal cord that stems
from severe, untreated syphilis. This disease is progressive meaning that it gets worse over time. It
comes from a bacteria called Treponema Pallidum which invades the central nervous system and
affects many organs and systems in the body when contracted (Barbosa et al., 2012).
Many people who contract syphilis are subject to reaching the stage of neurosyphilis if the original
syphilis is left untreated. According to Mehrabian, Raycheva, Petrova, Tsankov, and Traykov (2009)
25–40% of people who are not treated for syphilis contract neurosyphilis.
Once diagnosed with this disease, there are 5 different forms that it may emerge. The earliest two
stages are that of asymptomatic meningitis, which means that the patient shows no symptoms of the
disease, and syphilic meningitis. The last 3 and most severe forms of neurosyphilis is general
paresis (GPI), meniningovascular syphilis, and tabes dorsalis. It is estimated that 20–30% of people
who contracted neurosyphilis have the asymptomatic type (Barbosa et al., 2012).
There are a variety of symptoms that neurosyphilis present

Syphilis: A Sexually Transmitted Disease Essay
Although it is easily preventable, over 36,000 cases of syphilis are reported annually in the United
States alone ("STD Facts–Syphilis" 2010). Treponema pallidum is the bacterium that causes
syphilis. Being one of the most common STDs, syphilis is a bacterial sexually transmitted disease
that acts quite differently from the other common STDs because it acts in stages. Fortunately, there
are antibiotics to cure syphilis; however, there are not cures for the other health related problems
that it causes. Syphilis is a bacterial STD caused by the Treponema pallidum bacteria. Syphilis is
transmitted "through direct contact with a syphilis sore ("STD Facts–Syphilis" 2010)." The
contagious sores can be chancre sores, which occur in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Syphilis cannot be transmitted through contact with "toilet seats, door knobs, swimming pools, hot
tubs, bathtubs, shared clothing, or eating utensils ("Syphilis Facts." 2011)." Syphilis affects the body
in four stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary. The first stage, the primary stage, begins to
show symptoms approximately 3 weeks after contraction ("STD Facts–Syphilis" 2010). The first
stage is marked by the appearance of a chancre sore, which usually appears at the sight of
contraction of the bacteria. A chancre is a "small, hard, circular lesion" and this is where the bacteria
grows and is highly contagious (Shmaefsky, Brian 2009). After about 3 weeks of the presence of the
chancre sores, the sores go away, however, syphilis is still present in the body. Several weeks later,
approximately 3–6 weeks, the secondary stage of syphilis begins to show, the skin rash.
Characteristics of the rash include "rough, red, or reddish brown spots both on the palms of the
hands and the bottoms of the feet", also it can spread to other parts of the body ("STD Facts–
Syphilis" 2010). The symptoms of secondary syphilis will go away in a few weeks, but without
proper treatment, the disease will continue to advance. The next stage of syphilis is the latent stage,
or the "hidden" stage, this stage happens after the primary and secondary stage of syphilis. Without

Organism
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum. T. pallidum has an oddly
small genome and lacks genes that encode numerous metabolic functions and classical virulence
factors. T. pallidum is vastly infectious and lasts for decades in the untreated host. Early syphilis
lesions result from the host's immune response to the treponemes. Treponema pallidum is a
spirochetal bacterium often times are found growing in clusters. This pathogen has a protoplasmic
cylinder bound by a cytoplasmic membrane, a thin layer of peptidoglycan, and an outer membrane
devoid of transmembrane proteins. T. pallidum are spiral shaped, has rapid rotation about its axis,
and two to three flagella at each end which allows a corkscrew like motility. It is microaerophilic
and glucose–dependent; without glucose, oxygen harms motility. T. pallidum contains extremely
small prokaryotic genomes and is accountable for the sexually transmitted disease, syphilis.
Transmission
Syphilis is an extremely contagious disease spread predominantly by sexual activity. Infrequently,
the disease can be passed to another person ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The chancre typically progresses in the genital area. It may also grow on the tongue, lips or rectum
if the area has been exposed to a syphilis chancre on another person during oral or anal sexual
contact. The chancre can appear after the exposure at any time from 10 days to three months. The
chancre heals in one to five weeks. If left untreated, syphilis will progress into a second stage called
secondary syphilis. In this stage the bacteria that causes syphilis spread throughout the body.
Symptoms start to appear after about six weeks after the chancre has resolved and include flu–like
symptoms. These include sore throat, fever, weight loss, fatigue, swollen glands and headache.
Other symptoms include hair loss, skin rashes, and a rash around the

Abstract Paper On Syphilis

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Abstract Paper On Syphilis