Dbq Plessy V. Ferguson

Dbq Plessy V. Ferguson
The landmark case of Plessy v. Ferguson is a Constitutional case in which it had to be decided who
the constitution meant when it said "all men are created equal." This case is very important to our
constitution and to the people being governed by the constitution because it brought up issues that
hadn't been discussed in the U.S before. This case shows the degree of federalism and how much the
government paid attention to it. The amendments in the constitution do not apply to a simple race or
ethnicity. Throughout history laws have been made and destroyed at the cost of colored people, in
the Plessy v. Ferguson case it is shown that due to the thirteenth and fourteenth amendments all
citizens have equal protection under the law. Plessy was denied his right, as well as other colored
people because they belonged to different bathrooms, they belonged to different train cars and they
belonged to different water fountains at this time in history, but Plessy' ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to Thomas Jefferson in a document titled Notes on the State of Virginia, 1787 "it appears
to me, that in memory they are equal to the whites; in reason much inferior, as I think one could
scarcely be found capable of tracing and comprehending the investigations of Euclid" (Document
B). It is not only important that the Constitution of the U.S upholds the amendments that give us our
inalienable rights, but it is just as important that the government doesn't try to separate people based
in skin color. In the 1800's the U.S. government didn't pay attention to how Separate but Equal laws
were a violating two constitution amendments. Plessy challenged the government at that time by
boarding the white train car even though he was 1/8th black. Plessy took this arrest to the court to
get it overturned and said that Louisiana had violated the 14th
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Plessy Vs Ferguson
There has been a long struggle for the equality of races built from blatant racism and the belief that
one race is superior over the other. In some events there has been concern over constitutional rights
being ignored creating inequality favoring whites over blacks. The Supreme Court Case of Plessy v.
Ferguson in 1896 and Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 both dealt with black American citizens
who felt discriminated against based on their race. Plessy v. Ferguson had determined that "separate
but equal" was fair, but Brown v. Board challenged the previous ruling on racial equality and
decided separate could never be equal. The court case of Plessy v. Ferguson was caused by Homer
A. Plessy's arrest. Plessy was an octoroon, meaning one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Separate but equal" took away black children's chance at success because there was not an equal
education opportunity. The doll experiment was used to decide the Supreme Court's decision. In the
experiment, a man showed a group of school aged black children two black dolls and two white
dolls and asked the children a series of questions about the dolls. He asked them to show him the
nice doll and the majority picked a white doll. He asked them to choose the bad doll and most of
them chose a black doll. This was the mindset of these children because it had been enforced by
society and reinforced through segregated school systems. They were led to believe there was
something wrong with them because they had to be separated from the other children.
Unfortunately, people were still racist and resistant even though it had been ruled by the court that
schools could no longer be separate under the constitution. Document 8a shows national guard
troops preventing a group of black children from entering Little Rock Central High School in
Arkansas because the governor had given orders to them to keep them out of the school. It is shown
in Document 8b that the president had to send the military to help the black children enter the school
and keep them safe. The governor tried to close the high school when it

Plessy vs Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. the Topeka Board of Education
In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson the Supreme Court decided that having "separate but equal"
accommodations for Whites and Colored did not violate the 14th Amendment (Wolff, 1997). This
allowed states to continue segregation as they saw fit. The Plessy v. Ferguson case was centered on
the segregation of railroad cars but the final ruling supported that all "separate but equal"
accommodations were allowed by the constitution and was therefore allowed in restaurants, busses,
and even schools.
In 1954 the Supreme Court decided that "separate but equal" was not acceptable in the case of
Brown v. the Topeka Board of Education. They determined that segregation went against the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Board Of Education"). Another compelling argument was of sociological tests that showed how
segregated schools systems could make the black children feel inferior to white children and should
therefore not be legal ("History Of Brown V. Board Of Education").
Between the two hearings of the case Chief Justice Fred Vinson died and was replace by Governor
Earl Warren of California. This is one of the reasons the case was heard a second time. Chief Justice
Warren was finally able to bring all of the Justices to a unanimous decision. This decision was
delivered on May 14, 1954, stating that separate schools are unequal ("History Of Brown V. Board
Of Education").
The Supreme Court did not immediately enact its ruling because of the highly expected opposition.
Instead they decided to let the attorney generals of each state decide how to go about desegregation.
It wouldn't be for many more years that all schools would be fully desegregated ("History Of Brown
V. Board Of Education").
This case was not the beginning of desegregation but it is one of the more notable acts towards that
end. Segregation is one of the biggest hurdles the people of the United States had to get through to
be where we are today. Without a ruling such as this there would not be the amount of diversity as
there is today or in our society in general.
References
Brown

Plessy V Ferguson 1896
The Supreme Court ruling on May 18, 1896 in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson established the
"separate but equal" standard that would legitimize segregation based on race. The ruling would
stand for nearly 58 years when on May 17, 1954 the Supreme Court would rule against segregation
of educational institutions in the case of Brown v. Board of Education. This ruling would end
segregation in the educational system, but left other forms of legalized segregation in place until
July 2, 1964 when President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, ending all
forms of segregation and discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The
court in 1896 felt justified in the ruling to establish the "separate but equal" ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The 1896 ruling further cemented and supported a long history of racism, discrimination, and
violence against minorities in the United States, particularly the southern states. The case was based
on a Louisiana law passed on 1890 called the "Separate Car Act" which created a division of
transportation that required black passengers to ride in a separate car from white passengers. Mr.
Homer Adolph Plessy, who claimed to be 7/8 white and 1/8 black, entered the "whites only"
passenger car of the East Louisiana Railroad. The law considered him black because he was not
"100% white," and therefore ineligible to be a passenger in the "whites only" car. Mr. Plessy's
argument was that the Louisiana law violated his United States Constitution 13th and 14th
Amendment rights providing for freedom from slavery and equal treatment under the law. The case
was tried before Judge John Howard Ferguson who ruled against Mr. Plessy stating that he was
receiving equal treatment under the law by being allowed to be a passenger on the train, although he
was segregated from the white passengers. The appeal was brought before the Supreme Court of
Louisiana where the lower court decision was upheld. The

Alex Ferguson Leadership
Alex Ferguson
Alex Ferguson's leadership style Case study
Introduction
Alexander Chapman Ferguson, known as Alex Ferguson, was born in 1941, in Govan Glasgow
Scotland. As a teenager he was working as a tool's apprentice in his father shipyard then in his 19,
he became a labor union activist and an active member of the "Labor Party". As far as Ferguson's
"the football player" career is concerned, actually, he did not achieve a successful career. In fact, as a
player Ferguson started with a small local football team the "Queens Park and St Johnston" club.
Afterward, he got the chance to join the "Glasgow Ranger" club, yet this union did not last since he
resigned after being responsible for the defeat of his team against its fierce rival ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
What in your reading have you been able to find that supports your view?
Sir Alex Ferguson has been using the charismatic leadership style. In order to understand, Alex
Ferguson style we have to start by defining the "charismatic leadership" style as well as the
charismatic personality treats. Charismatic leadership is defined as a "social influence process that
involves the formulation and articulation of an evocative vision, provides inspiration to motivate
collective action ...and displays unconventional and personal risk–taking behavior" (Sosik, Dinger,
2007). As far as the personality treats as concerned, charismatic leaders are most of the time "being
dominant, having a strong desire to influence others, being self–confident, and having a strong sense
of one's own moral values" (Northouse, 2004).
Concerning Alex Ferguson style, he has been using encouragement and enthusiasm as motivation
methods. In fact, Ferguson has been known as the greatest motivator in the modern football times.
To illustrate his cheerleading feature, in 1999, during the European Cup final, he indicated to his
team "at the end of this game, the European cup will be only three feet away from you and you will
not be able to touch it if we lose" (Alex Ferguson, 1999). Furthermore, as a leader he has been very
demanding and always expecting a 100% from his players since he believes that hard–work is the
key of success: "I think it is important to work and I'm entitled to work, some

Plessy Vs. Ferguson Case Study
This essay will discuss Plessy vs. Ferguson, which was a case within the Unites States Supreme
Court in which the constitutionality of the segregation laws of the South in public facilities was
called into question. The trial stemmed from an incident in 1892 where Homer Plessy took a seat in
the whites only railway car after being asked to move and sit instead in the blacks only car, he
refused and was arrested immediately. In his case his lawyers argued that his Thirteenth and
Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated. Judge John Howard Ferguson ruled that the State of
Louisiana has the right to regulate railway companies while the operated within state lines.
Therefore, Plessy lost the case and was ordered to pay a fine. Plessy's case

How Is Alex Ferguson My Autobiography
'Alex Ferguson My Autobiography' talks about the hardships Alex Ferguson had to face starting
from his childhood all the way to the end of his days as a manager. By conducting an assessment of
the book from a psychologist's perspective one realizes how strong willed Ferguson is and how he
has surmounted one challenge after another in order to get to the position he is in today. Alex
Ferguson was born in Glasgow, Scotland to parents of Scottish decent. As a boy Alex love playing
football and went on to play the role of striker for local club Queen's Park while simultaneously
running a bar. He made his name as a manager when he guided Scottish side Aberdeen FC to
European glory. It was then that he got the call to manage Manchester United FC and accepted the
job in 1986. He also is married to a loving wife named Cathy and has three sons named Darren,
Jason and Mark. This book explains about not only Sir ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He explains that managers or coaches should learn to criticize, but balance out the criticism with
encouragement.
The above are methods employed by managers even today, now we will look at some of the
methods that were employed specifically by Sir Alex.
Every year, when a season was half way through, Sir Alex would convince the media that
Manchester United would do better in the second half of the season. These words not only
convinced the media but also convinced the players at the club. It gave a huge boost in form to the
squad an even at times made the opposition play worse.
Perhaps the most famous of all his mind games was his 'Watch tapping' technique. He used this
technique towards the end of every match Manchester United played. He believed that it put the
feeling of fear in the opposing team and hence there would be a loss in form. It also improved the
overall playing style of his squad. This technique worked more often than

Plessy Vs Ferguson
In the Plessy vs. Ferguson case which occurred in 1896s, the United States Supreme Court had
legalized segregation in public facilities provided that facilities for blacks and whites were equal
Constitutional laws known as "Jim Crow" forbade black–colored people from sharing the same
buses, schools, and other public facilities as whites, creating "separate but equal" doctrine. The term
mean that the black people and white people are racially segregated while maintaining equal
opportunities to both race. Yet, In a social context, they are stills treated differently because access
to services opportunities, public places and legal rights are not the same for the blacks and the
whites. This has been applied for 6 decades. In the early 1950s, the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This doesn't necessarily mean that the government had violated the Equal Protection Clause unless
the group being single out belongs to the "suspect class". In a footnote in the United States v.
Carolene Products Co, a suspect class is the people who are known as "discrete and insular
minority" who are the groups of people who have been historically discriminated. If the plaintiffs
are not covered by this category, the court may consider that there has been no violation of the equal
protection clause. If the government classification single out a "suspect class", the Court can take
action called Strict Scrutiny or in other word, the "Court's least deferential standard of review". The
Court will rely on two aspects to determine whether the classification of the suspect class is an
unconstitutional violation of the equal protection of the law. It will analyze whether the objective of
the classification is sufficiently convincing and whether the measures taken are appropriate and
adapted for this purpose. If the answer to both aspects is negative, then there is a violation. It is clear
that African–Americans belong to the suspect class and discrete and insular minority because they
have been victims of prejudice, inequality, racism and discrimination for hundreds of years.
Therefore, in "Brown v. Board", segregated schools violate the equal protection clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment and the US

Plessy Vs Ferguson
Essay 1 In Plessy v. Ferguson the court gave the power to the states to regulate social interaction
between the races instituting " separate but equal" when it comes to education (Browne–Marshall,
pg 25). In Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education the court challenged the policy of
barring African– Americans from funded high schools. According to the ruling this was enacted
because the county was unable to support another school only for African– Americans. The court
decided that: " the interest and convenience of the White Majority did not require a high school for
blacks" ( Browne–Marshall, pg 26). Section 1 of the Fourteenth amendment gives immunity to
people who are born in United States. They are citizens

Plessy Vs Ferguson
Plessy vs ferguson In 1896 is was a landmark in the constitution law was case by the us Supreme
Court was considered the constitutionality. Plessy vs Ferguson was an unshared in the era of legally
sunctioned of racial segregation. On june 7 of 1892 he purchased a first class ticket for a trip
between New Orleans and Covington La. Which banned in the slaver. In the court of the of
Justice.In the 1892 Pleesy was refuse to sit on a Jim Crow car was breaking a Louisiana law. In
1954 Then fight in 1954 it was Brown vs Board of the education of the capital of kansas is Topeka
in the 1954. When time the Plessy vs the Ferguson is the battle of the Supreme Court of the
Washington Monument. When the plessy won on the first debate. Then his die on

Ferguson Vs Plessy
The U.S is known for its liberty and equality. However, the Supreme Court once had to decide on
the rights for African Americans. Since the abolishment of slavery, one court case before the
Supreme Court sided against the African American plaintiff fighting for equal rights. In this case the
plaintiff, Homer Plessy was arguing his right to ride in a "white only" train car. Unfortunately, he
lost his case in Plessy vs Ferguson. Decades later, another plaintiff, Oliver Brown, also took a case
before the Supreme Court. Conversely, in this case, the Supreme Court sided with the plaintiff in
Brown vs Board of Education. This decision began the integration of schools. Despite the fact that
these two cases took place almost 60 years apart, they both dealt with a similar issue. In 1892 the
Supreme Court ruled 7–1 against Homer Plessy, a one–eighth black man who fought to sit in a train
car reserved for white people in Louisiana 1. Since he was not allowed to ride in said cars, his 14th
amendment right against discrimination of any American citizen was violated 1. The Supreme Court
rejected Plessy's argument that Louisiana law conflicted with the thirteenth amendment and the
fourteenth amendment 1. The justices claimed however, that separation of races does not make
someone feel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Supreme Court ruled that education was extremely important and "the very foundation of good
citizenship" 1. In addition, the Supreme Court said segregation implied inferiority in a child and
made them not want to try as they wouldn't be recognized if they did 1. The court supported good
education as being necessary to succeed in life. They ruled access to a good education was "a right
which must be made available to all on equal terms."

Analysis Of The Plessy V. Ferguson Case
In the late 1800s to the early 1900s segregation was one of the biggest issues in the court of law.
After slavery was finally abolished African Americans were able to have more freedom, but they
were still treated different than any other race. The Jim Crow laws are an example of the law that
affected everyday life in the African American community in the beginning of the 1890s. This law
segregated schools, parks, libraries, drinking fountains, restrooms, buses, trains, and restaurants. The
struggle to achieve equality was made even more difficult by the legislation of racism in the Plessy v
Ferguson case. The Plessy v Ferguson case was a U.S. Supreme Case in 1896 that upheld the
constitution of segregation. This case started when Homer Plessy refused to sit in a Jim Crow Car
therefore breaking a law in Louisiana in the year 1892. He had bought a first class ticket and then
took his seat in a white–only car. Homer Plessy was arrested and imprisoned immediately. In the
court Plessy argued that his Constitutional rights were violated, and he filed a petition against John
H. Ferguson. Plessy argued that the segregation law violated the Equal Protection Clause of the
Fourteenth and Thirteenth amendment. The Fourteenth Amendment keeps states from denying equal
protection of the laws to every person and the Thirteenth Amendment banned slavery. The court
denied Plessy's petition and said that the Thirteenth Amendment only had to deal with slavery and
nothing else.

The Case Plessy V Ferguson Essay
Plessy v Ferguson, 1896 Introduction In 1890, the Separate Car Act was enacted in the state of
Louisiana requiring whites and non–white Americans to travel in separate railway cars. As a result, a
passenger, Homer Adolph Plessy took a seat in a "whites only" car in one of the Louisiana trains and
refused to move to the "blacks only" car and was subsequently arrested despite being only a eighth
black. In the case Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 took place during the era of Jim Crow laws which
advocated for separate but equal laws. Plessy was presumed colored due to the one–eighth black
factor under the Louisiana law. It was held that Plessy was guilty since the race–based Jim Crow
laws, which were applied in his conviction, were not in violation of the Constitution as long as the
State of Louisiana proffered the separate but equal treatment. However, in the ruling, one jury
member chose to dissent by stating that the Constitution is color blind and thus could not allow for
different treatment of classes of citizens based on skin color. Seminal facts of the case The plaintiff,
Plessy was criminally liable under the separate but equal statute for using facilities designated for a
different race. He was thus found guilty under the fact that the statute reasonably exercised the state
police powers with regard to the state's tradition, usage, and custom. Plessy, thus filed a petition
against Justice Ferguson for writs of prohibition and certiorari in the Louisiana Supreme Court on
the

Compare And Contrast Plessy Vs Ferguson
Plessy vs. Ferguson impacted America in both unfortunate and strong ways. It all started in 1892
were a man named Homer Plessy refused to sit in a Jim Crow car that was for blacks only.
According to the laws of Louisiana Homer broke one of their segregation laws. Even though Homer
was 7/8 whites and 1/8 black he was still arrested and taken to jail. Plessy made a compliant that
later on let to a case. Judge Ferguson ruled against his argument that making Plessy sit on a separate
seat violated his constitutional rights. Afterwards Homers lawyer insisted to the Supreme Court that
the Louisiana's separate car act violated the 13 and 14th amendment, which were abolishing slavery
and grand citizenship rights to U.S citizens, unfortunately the Supreme

Plessy V. Ferguson
1. What are the important and relevant faces of the case? 2. What issues is the court addressing?
What is the legal problem? 3. What law is the court applying? 4. What is the court's decision,
analysis, and rationale?
For this week, you need to find a case that deals with Due Process, the Equal Protection Clause or
Delegation.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
What are the important and relevant faces of the case?
The Case is based upon The Equal Protection Clause, in which, this case occurred one hundred and
nineteen years ago, but it was very interesting as to see what has changed during the century. In
1890, Louisiana State passed laws prohibited races to sit together on railroads; something in
common with segregation in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reflecting the common bias of the majority of the country at the time, Brown argued that "If the
civil and political rights of both races be equal, one cannot be inferior to the other civilly or
politically. If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the United States cannot
put them upon the same plane." The Court declared the Louisiana law a reasonable exercise of the
State's "police power," enacted for the promotion of the public good.
In the key passage of the opinion, the Court stated that segregation was legal and constitutional as
long as "facilities were equal." Thus the "separate but equal doctrine" that would keep America
divided along racial lines for over half a century longer came into being.
Somewhat ironically, while Brown, a Northerner, justified the segregation of the races, Justice John
Marshall Harlan, a Southerner from Kentucky, made a lone, resounding, and prophetic dissent. "The
Thirteenth Amendment...struck down the institution of slavery [and]...decreed universal civil
freedom," Harlan declared. "Our Constitution is color–blind and neither knows nor tolerates classes
among citizens." Harlan's dissent became the main theme of the unanimous decision of the Court in
Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
No great national protest followed in the wake of the Plessy decision. Segregation was an

Plessy Vs Ferguson
Before 1954, Americans lived "separate, but equal." This practice was legally established in the
1896 Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson, yet it was overturned as unconstitutional by the
Supreme Court almost 60 years later. In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, Plessy v.
Ferguson was overruled. The Court argued that because the separate facilities (in this case, schools)
were not equal, then it was unconstitutional to separate people by race. "...Separate educational
facilities are inherently unequal, ... Any language in Plessy v. Ferguson contrary to this finding is
rejected..." they ruled. As schools began segregating, the Supreme Court had to make sure that a
school system didn't admit a small few and then deny access to a

The Case Of Plessy V. Ferguson
Segregation is the enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or
establishment. During segregation people of different races had to ride in different rail cars and
attended separate schools. In two cases, Plessy V. Ferguson and Brown V. Bored of Education, the
Fourteenth Amendment was argued. The outcome of these two court cases effected African
Americans and their fight against segregation. These two court case are similar in their fight for a
cause because they challenged the meaning of the same law, but different in their outcome. The
precedent "separate but equal" comes from the case Plessy v. Ferguson. This case had a big effect on
America. The term "separate but equal" means that segregation was ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
" Cited in "Key Excerpts from the Dissenting Opinion" landmarkcases.org. The court had also stated
that the fourteenth amendment dealt with legal equality not social equality. These statements are
talking about how no rights were taken away from the Separate Cars Act so the act of segregation
was legal. Judge Harlan wrote the minority 's opinion stating "But it is difficult to reconcile that
boast with the state of the law which, practically, puts the brand of servitude and degradation upon a
large class of our fellow citizens, our equals before the law. Judge Harlan had also stated "The thin
disguise of "equal" accommodations for passengers in railroad coaches will not mislead anyone, nor
atone for the wrong this day done...." "Judge Harlan 's dissent" chnm.gmu.edu this statement is
talking about how the state of Louisiana was making the Separate Cars Act seem equal when really
the act was degrading to African Americans. This case had set the precedent " separate but equal"
this precedent was used to decide the ruling of many other cases like Brown V. Bored of Education.
The case of Brown V. Bored of Education caused a big change in America's society and how it
functions today. In the 1950s public schools were segregated by race; there were schools for all–
whites and schools for all–blacks. In Topeka, Kansas, Linda Brown and her sister had to walk
through a dangerous railroad switchyard

The Ascent Of Money By Niall Ferguson
Have you ever finished a book and said to yourself "Wow, I am going to reread this book again?"
Unfortunately, The Ascent of Money by Niall Ferguson is not a book where you will likely reread it,
instead you will be saying "Is it finally over?" Ferguson explains how money came to be in our
society by starting off with the first use of currency to the end where money has become something
we cannot even touch. As a person who is not interested in the history of money, but interested in
my net worth going up, I believe The Ascent of Money by Niall Ferguson did a mediocre job on
attempting to persuade us on how money is one of the backbones of human history.
Initially, the first issue of the book I did not like, jumping from place to place on the timeline.
Ferguson begins with how, before money came about, we "primitive peoples chanced upon each
other, it seems, they were more likely to fight over scarce resources (food and fertile women) than to
engage in commercial exchange." (Ferguson 19). Back then we did not need money; instead we just
took what we needed. Then Ferguson jumped right into how the Spanish found gold and silver, then
the Roman Empire, and then Mesopotamia. Ferguson should have followed a timeline and it would
have made the book less confusing to read. In class, I understood what was going on in between
those timelines, however if somebody just picked up the book and started reading it, they would be
confused especially with how we came from the Spanish to

Plessy V. Ferguson Case Study
In 1892, the Plessy v. Ferguson case had emerged from a conflict from Louisiana's Separate Car Act.
The law required that railroads have "separate but equal accommodations," prohibiting African
American and White passengers from entering besides the one they were assigned to based on race.
Homer Plessy, a seven–eighths White and one–eighth African American bought a rail travel ticket in
Louisiana for the White car and took a seat. He was later told to move to the African American car,
after refusing to move he was arrested and charged for not complying with the Separate Car Act. In
the U.S. District Court, Judge John H. Ferguson dismissed Plessy's argument that the act was
unconstitutional. The majority who went with Associate Justice Henry Billings Brown jilted Plessy's
arguments that it opposed the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendment. The dissenting opinion was
with Associate Judge John Marshall Harlan who said that the court was neglecting the purpose of
the Separate Car Act, which said "under the guise of giving equal accommodation for whites and
blacks, to compel the latter to keep to themselves while traveling in railroad passenger coaches."
Plessy was brought before the recorder of the city for preliminary examination and committed for
trial to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His arguments were that it violated the Thirteenth amendment, which prohibited slavery, and the
Fourteenth amendment, which granted equal rights. According to Associate Justice Henry Billing
Brown the Thirteenth amendment did not clash with the Act because it did not in any way restore
slavery. And for the Fourteenth amendment, he argued that the amendment only protected legal
equality, but not social equality. It was said that it was legally equal because accommodations were
provided for both races and it was the racial discrimination by the people it did not simply imply the
inferiority of a

Plessy Vs Ferguson Essay
C. Vann Woodward stated the Jim Crow laws did not come about immediately after the Plessy
decision, but that it took some time. He stated, "In the early years of the twentieth century, it was
becoming clear that the Negro would be effectively disfranchised throughout the South, ... and that
neither equality nor aspiration for equality in any department of life were for him " (6–7). The
Plessy decision was made in 1896, but it took some time before Americans chose to segregate every
aspect of their lives from the African Americans. This shows that Plessy vs. Ferguson had no
immediate impact on the lives of African Americans, but it was a strong factor in contributing to
strongly favored Jim Crow laws in the South and
One historian noted that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Board of Education decision was delivered in 1954. Oliver L. Brown first filed a suit against the
Topeka Board of Education in 1951. He was upset because he attempted to enroll his daughter,
Linda, at Sumner Elementary School, which was a white school, because it was only seven blocks
away. However, because of the segregation laws in the South that required segregation in all public
facilities, including schools, Linda Brown was forced to attend Monroe Elementary School. This
school was four miles away from her home and she had to walk for an hour and twenty minutes
before she reached her school (Urofsky 276). Oliver went to the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for help after Sumner Elementary turned him away. The
NAACP's Legal Defense Fund looked at this case and felt that they were ready to challenge
legalized segregation. They reached the Supreme Court in 1953. The Supreme Court Justices finally
delivered their decision on May 17, 1954 (Urofsky 281). Muse said, "The [Brown] decision ... was a
pronouncement second in importance only to President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation" (1).
However, it brought about "a period of painful awakening, of impulsive resistance, and of tension
and hysteria to the point in many instances of violent convulsion" (1); otherwise known as the
period of Massive

Plessy Vs Ferguson Analysis
PLESSY V. FERGUSON The case between Homer Plessy and Judge John H. Ferguson began when
"Louisiana enacted the Separate Car Act, which required separate railway cars for blacks and
whites," according to the article "Plessy v. Ferguson" by Oyez. Plessy's reaction towards this act was
to challenge it. Encyclopedia Britannica's article "Plessy v. Ferguson" states that, like Plessy, there
was "a group of Creole professionals in New Orleans [who] formed the Citizens' Committee to Test
the Constitutionality of the Separate Car Law." Plessy was approached by this committee and asked
to sit in a white's only railcar. Even though Plessy "was seven–eighths white and one–eighth black,
and had the appearance of a white man," according to the article ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Washington, Marcus Garvey, and Paul Robeson." While working at Atlanta University, Du Bois
publicly opposed Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise," which he believed was a mediocre
strategy to advocate that educational was more valuable than social advantages. In 1909, the
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded due to the
escalated violence against African Americans, of which, Du Bois was a founding member. Years
later, "Du Bois gradually grew disillusioned with the moderate policies of the NAACP and... the
capitalistic system in the United States. When he advocated black autonomy and "non–
discriminatory segregation" in 1934, he was forced to resign from the NAACP." Over time, Du Bois'
nationalism was based on the teaching of Karl Marx, father of Communism. His speeches made him
hated by both whites and blacks alike. Once the Cold War arrived, Du Bois tried to keep peace, but
he also "embraced this controversial position at great personal and professional peril." Du Bois was
then accused for the failure to register as an agent of a foreign principal. His trial led into a spiral of
disarray. Du Bois wanted to travel outside of America but was denied a passport. The only way for
Du Bois to gain a passport was for him to agree on paper that he was not a supporter of the

Ferguson Vs Plessy
Since Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, the criminal justice system of the United States has moved past
racial discrimination greatly. With the election of President Obama in 2008, it would be easier to say
that discrimination no longer exists in the criminal justice system. However, despite the progress
that people of colour have made in society, there still exists a great racial disparity that can be seen
through the rising trends of the sentencing and incarceration of minorities. From Plessy v. Ferguson
to Meyer v. Nebraska, to Korematsu v. United States, the criminal justice system the fight for the
civil rights of minorities has improved greatly. However, when looking at the statistics and rates of
sentencing and incarceration over time, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Michelle Alexander argues that the New Jim Crow exists because, technically, once you're a felon
you lose many of the rights you had, such as employment, housing, voting, and exclusion from the
jury (Alexander, 2011). Many of these rights are the rights that were fought for during the Civil
Rights Movement. Seeing as the majority of the prison population are non–violent minorities that
were arrested for drugs, one can see how the criminal justice system now, despite its better qualities,
is being used to control the minorities.
The War on Drugs created a precedent in the criminal justice system. When the term War on Drugs
is heard, people think that crime was increasing at the time, which is why President Reagan
officially declared the war in 1982. However, contrary to popular belief, crime was actually
decreasing at the time and the idea of civil rights and desegregation was on the rise. The declaration
of the War on Crime was actually part of a Republican strategy that uses "racially coded political
appeals" when it comes to crime to attract white voters that are afraid of, and threatened of, the idea
of desegregation (Alexander,

Plessy V. Ferguson Case
The Plessy v. Ferguson case generated nationwide contention in the United States exclusively
because the outcome would decisively affect every citizen in the country. This case was the spark
that ignited the flame in our nation that led to the desegregation of schools. Plessy vs. Ferguson
elucidated the racial inequality evident in the educational system at that time and brought to light the
standard of the 'separate but equal' and how it affected both races. The struggle to achieve equality
was made even more difficult by the legislation of racism in the Plessy v Ferguson case.
The Plessy v. Ferguson case is a very important part of our history. This 1896 U.S. Supreme Court
case endorsed the legalization of segregation under the doctrine ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Ferguson because of the many protests that occurred. Groups of white people protested that the
segregation laws should remain the same and that they shouldn't be changed. Even after the Plessy v.
Ferguson case, the doctrine 'separate but equal' has been marked throughout history.
Even after the Plessy v. Ferguson case, there were many examples of post racism that occurred
throughout history. In fact, there were so many events going on that an author even used examples
of racism and the events that were happening in the world in her book. An author named Harper Lee
wrote a book called To Kill A Mockingbird. The book was set in the 1930's and during that time,
racism was very strong. During this time, the Jim Crow laws and the Ku Klux Klan were a big part
of the racial activity going on during the 1930's. In To Kill A Mockingbird, there many example that
showed great amounts of racism and the doctrine 'separate but equal.' Some of these examples
include, the Tom Robinson case and how the book shows the separation of African Americans and
whites in many places. The Tom Robinson case shows a great example of 'separate but equal.' In the
book, Tom Robinson is falsely accused for raping a white woman. Throughout the court case, Tom
was told that he was guilty numerous times just because he was black. During the court case, Atticus
says, "Which, gentleman, we know is in itself a lie as black as Tom Robinson's skin, a lie I do not

Plessy Vs Ferguson Essay
The Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson is known for having established the precedent of
"separate but equal." The case originated in Louisiana and was specifically made to the separate
passenger cars that were for the black and white races. The Supreme Court, in this case, upheld the
right of Louisiana to separate the races and "this decision provided the legal foundation to justify
many other actions by state and local governments to socially separate blacks and whites"
(Zimmerman, 1997). It was not until the famous Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954 that the
highest court in the land outlawed the principal of segregation and the concept of "separate but
equal." Homer Plessy was only one eighth African descent and appeared to be white. Despite his
white features, he was arrested for sitting in a white car and refusing to leave the white railroad car.
The case went first to the Criminal District Court of the Parish of Orleans in State of Louisiana v.
Plessy in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It even says it in the US constitution, "No state shall make of enforce any law which shall abridge
the privileges of immunities of citizens of the US." And the arrest of Homer Plessy was enforcing a
law which abridges the privileges of US citizens. All citizens constitutionally are completely equal
before the law. The constitution does not tolerate classes among citizens; it does not tolerate the
splitting of the people it's meant to protect. The constitution was written to bring those separate
classes together. The case "Plessy v. Ferguson" was a test of a Louisiana law's constitutionality. It
took 50 years to realize it, but the constitutionally and morally right way was to end segregation.
This case was never about Plessy not being able to ride on a white only car on a train headed to
Covington, Louisiana. It was about a group of black citizens trying to stop segregation from ever

Research Paper On Plessy V. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson
What were the facts in the case? Homer Plessy was a resident of the State of Louisiana and was of a
mixed decent. Plessy believed that being mostly of a white decent; he was entitled to the rights and
privileges granted to white citizens by the Constitution. On June 7, 1892, he bought a ticket in
Louisiana and boarded a train in New Orleans. Plessy sat in an all–white second onboard the rail car.
After being asked by the conductor to move to the non–white section of the train, he refused. Under
penalty of the law at the time, any person violating this law will be removed from the train and
imprisoned. After refusing to sit in the black railway carriage car, Plessy was arrested for violating
the 1890 Louisiana statute ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Was a State law requiring separate accommodations on a public conveyance for whites and African
Americans a violation of equal protection? Should the State law be ruled unconstitutional and
Plessy's conviction overturned? Or would "separate but equal" ("Plessy v. Ferguson | LII / Legal
Information Institute," n.d.) facilities meet the standard of the 14th Amendment, which was intended
to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law.
How did the Supreme Court decide the case? The Supreme Court ruled that the Louisiana law that
provided separate but equal accommodations for whites and non–whites on train cars was
constitutional. The Supreme Court decided that as long as equal accommodations were being
provided, segregating passengers was not discrimination or unconstitutional. The Louisiana law did
not discriminate or deprive non–whites of equal protection under the 14th amendment. ("Plessy v.
Ferguson | LII / Legal Information Institute," n.d.)
What was the rationale for their decision? What did Justice Harlan say in his dissenting

Massey-Ferguson Case
Massey Ferguson Case
Advanced Corporate Finance
The Company
Massey Ferguson is a multinational producer of farm machinery, industrial machinery and diesel
engines. The company was formed through a merger between Massey–Harris and Harry Fergusson
in 1953. They combined their skills to become the West's largest producer of farm tractors and the
world's largest supplier of diesel engines to original equipment manufacturers.
Massey's farm machinery line consists of tractors, several harvesters and other agricultural
equipment. The industrial machinery line consists mostly of several industrial tractors. Diesel
engines were produced in Coventry, England by the Perkins Engines group. Perkins engines were
used in Massey–Ferguson's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, the expansion in the 1970s was financed by debt, much of it short term. This was the reason
for its high (short–term) debt–value ratio. Although this might have been in line with Massey's
growth strategy, it made Massey sensible for the increase in the interest rates. This increase resulted
in a dramatic rise of cost of Massey's short–term debt.
Second, Massey had an enormous amount of debt outstanding with more than 100 banks around the
world which resulted in numerous covenants related to these loans. These covenants hindered
Massey's free access to the capital market. Hence, Massey couldn't attract equity to finance the
company and was dependent on loans. Finally, most of the borrowing from banks was unsecured.
Because of the higher risk of unsecured debt, the loans were more expensive. That is, unsecured
debt leads to higher interest rates. Thus this was also a reason for high costs of debt.
Together with the decline in demand in North America and depressed markets in Europe and the
Third World, these high costs of debt and inaccessible capital market formed the cause of the
financial distress Massey went through.
Reaction of the competitors
| 1980 | 1979 | 1978 | 1977 | 1976 | Massey–Ferguson | 28.19% | 27.09% | 31.03% | 32.08% | 33.94%
| International Harvester | 22.57% | 27.96% | 24.90% | 26.70% | 27.70% | Deere & Company |

Sir Alex Ferguson Research Paper
Sir Alex Ferguson
Sir Alex Ferguson is a retired player and coach in football. He was born in 1941 in Glasgow,
Scotland. Most people call him the greatest coach that has ever lived. He coached Manchester
Untied from 1986 to 2013, with 38 trophies, including 13 English Premier League and 2 UEFA
Champions League titles.
Before his success as a coach he was an amateur football player until he was signed as a
professional player in 1964. In this time he has shown great courage and leadership. Si Alex
Ferguson found it hard to reach professional football because no team would give him a permanent
spot even though he was a leading goal scorer. At this point he did not give up and kept requesting
transfers to other clubs until someone though he was worthy enough to keep. He was then dropped
from the starting lineup after a bad performance and instead of giving up the next season he showed
leadership and scored 45 goals in 51 games which equalled the top scorer in ... Show more content
The striker of the club, Bobby McCulley said that he had "never been afraid of anyone before but
Ferguson was a frightening bastard from the start." He showed great leadership when he joined St.
Mirren where the team was in second division but Sir Alex Ferguson showed great leadership
qualities and then won the division one title in 1977. When he joined Aberdeen he was called
'Furious Fergie because he was so strict. He then signed with Manchester United and had huge
success in the 26 years he was there.
While at Manchester United he started at the bottom and worked himself up. He has prided himself
on his philosophy to great success as a leader. His leadership style is discipline, he is resoundingly
known for his temper and his way of intimidating others. He is a guy that looks at the long term goal
and plans how he will achieve the goal. His number one philosophy is 'Start with the

Plessy V. Ferguson Case Study
Primary Source Review: Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 US 537 Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 US 537 (1896)
was a case in which Homer Plessy (1862–1925) challenged the Supreme Court. Plessy was an
African American who had sat in the whites only car on a train. When he was told to go to the Jim
Crow car he refused, which broke one of Louisiana's laws, the Separate Car Act. John H. Ferguson
(1838–1915) was the judge of the Criminal Court of New Orleans. The defendant was trying to
uphold the law that was being backed by the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendment. Ferguson was
an American Louisiana judge/lawyer who served in a lot of cases, but Plessy v. Ferguson was his
most well known case. The court case was during the time of racial tension, Jim Crow laws and
fighting for equality. On June 7, 1892, Plessy bought a first class train ticket on the white train car,
but he was supposed to sit on the colored train car. As a result, he broke the Separate Car Act of
1890. He appeared white and was only one–eighth African American, but he was still brought to
court for sitting in the whites only train car. Plessy's trial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He said that the Fourteenth Amendment was more for legal rights like voting, not social affairs.
They both had train cars, which were separate, but also equal. If a white person sat in the Jim Crow
car, they were also in violation of the law and also could be punished by the courts. He also stated
the Thirteenth Amendment was mainly for slavery. He believed segregation laws were based on the
theory that "colored citizens are so inferior and degraded that they cannot be allowed to sit in public
coaches occupied by white citizens." Justice Brown believed whites were superior to the inferior
African

Plessy Vs Ferguson Counterculture
In the 20th century, there were many different controversies in the United State of America, such as
the Cold War, World War II, and Segregation and others. The Supreme Court case Plessy vs.
Ferguson (1896) is widely known to launch the "separate but equal' court ruling; meaning white and
black could not congregate together but each race is equal. In 1954 the famous Brown vs. Board of
Education of Topeka case overturns Plessy vs. Ferguson by the highest court in the land barred the
idea of "separate but equal and the fundamental of segregation. All through the decades, music had
fashioned the world, but in the 20th century affluent communities' leaders and others, were more
controversial, upsetting, and awakening about the music of that era. One of these controversies that
brought fear to parents and commentators was a "counterculture" of rock and roll. Dictionary.com
states that "counterculture is a culture and lifestyle of those people, especially among the young,
who reject or oppose the dominant values and behavior of society (dictionary.com)". Parents and
media commentators like Jeff Greenfield claim that "counterculture" of rock and roll was vile,
elemental, savage and dripping with sex but was that the fact. The audiences got the impression that
the African–American ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was led to believe that affluent white teenagers were listening to this music that causes them to
become defiant, disrespectful to authority and menace to society. Rock and roll is a mixture of a
combined of different sounds of African–American musical harmony and upbeat background. It was
a new blend of music emerging from 1948– 1951 because of the young generations needed to
express their own identity. I, concur with Judge Hilda Schwartz "rock n roll did not cause riots or
juvenile delinquency (Altschuler, p. 5, 2003)"; teenagers riot and juvenile delinquency exist long
before this new music

Plessy Vs Ferguson
The trial of Plessy and Ferguson saw Jim Crow Laws take control of Blacks and slaves of the The
Reconstruction Era, the newly freed slaves of the Reconstruction Era was segregated and abolished
from society. Firstly, it introduced Jim Crow Laws which segregated blacks and targeted them. They
could enforce the Jim Crow laws and if broken they could impose legal actions because of one legal
action and placid thoughts of blacks. One such example of a Jim Crow law in North Carolina
implies, "Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall
continue to be used by the race first using them." It was segregated by race. Secondly, To define who
set in the decision, we all want to forget how Plessy set the laws about ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Even if there weren't Jim Crow laws they would have made laws remotely close to Jim Crow laws
to segregate. Firstly, African Americans were freed from slavery and were working for their own
condition, then those laws were placed and then it was taken away. Next, The case of Plessy vs.
Ferguson and the laws it produced caused police brutality, lynchings, and other violent things. From
lack of protection from governments it caused harassment by state officials, unequal application
from the law, and failure to prosecute violence against African Americans during that time of unfair
justice. In addition, Plessy was successful, and Ferguson was struggling with the case while seeing
colored restrooms, waiting rooms, and other establishments. While I think this reigned true or stay
true for all men separate but equal doctrine it wasn't fair, as many laws were at that time. To think,
do you think that mostly the Jim Crow laws were to protect, hurt or make peace in our country?
While question might have circulated through congress mind but the ultimately made the wrong
decision of those laws. To end, Plessy vs. Ferguson was a very interesting case and brutal the
African Americans and to an extent more races of the Reconstruction Era. To summarize, Plessy and
Ferguson case was being from a racial standpoint then automatically a bad choice and a few
mistakes made sure that it would be a living nightmare for different races but mostly African

Plessy Vs Ferguson
The Supreme Court Case of Plessy versus Ferguson in 1896 is one of the most known cases that
later influenced future decisions of equality, race and freedom. The plaintiff Homer Adolph Plessy
was born March 17, 1862 in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was a successful shoemaker who planned
an act of civil disobedience against the system of racial segregation. Plessy was seventh eights white
and only one eight African American. His great grandmother was from Africa and according to the
state of Louisiana and the law he was classified black regardless of his light skin appearance. John
Howard Ferguson was an American lawyer who was a judge in Louisiana. He was born on June10,
1838 in Chilmark, Massachusetts. Involved in the Knights of Pythias he also ... Show more content
The 13th amendment only applied to slaves which was not the case for Plessy. The 14th amendment
was not intended to give African Americans social equality instead only political and civil. Brown
wrote the majority opinion while Harlan was the only dissenting vote. Harlan believed that the
inequality and segregation had gone too far, becoming natural and socially acceptable. Although
Harlan was conservative from Kentucky, a border state during the Civil War, he realized the harm
segregation was causing. Harlan stated, "Our Constitution in color–blind and neither knows nor
tolerates classes among citizens." Although conservatives thought they were acting according to the
law, they were only twisting it in order to stay at the center of power. On May 18, 1896 the 7–1
decision was reached. The law under the 14th amendment of separate but equal was constitutional.
Since there were car accommodations for both races, it was equal. Although Plessy lost the case, the
separate but equal law was overturned in Brown Vs. Board of Education in

Colin Ferguson Analysis
Cultural variability is evident in history, cross–culturally, and between social groups within in
today's cultures. There are many things that impact cultural variability of norms such as race,
gender, social class, age, subcultural and religious affiliation (Velasquez, Andre, Shanks & Meyers,
1987).
December 7, 1993, Colin Ferguson began to randomly execute the passengers on a New York
commuter train (Who is Colin Ferguson, 2017). After killing six passengers and injuring nineteen
others, he was finally subdued by three of the other passengers (Who is Colin Ferguson, 2017).
Colin Ferguson was born January 14, 1959 in Kingston, Jamaica. His father Von Herman was the
managing director for Hercules Agencies, a large pharmaceutical company. Mr. Herman was highly
regarded and recognized as a prominent businessman in Jamaica (Montaldo, 2017). Ferguson had
four brothers and afforded the privileges that wealth offers in an extreme poverty area. He graduated
from Calabar High School in 1969 with a grade average that was ranked in the top third of his class
(Montaldo, 2017). In 1978 his father was killed in a car crash and a short time later his mother died
from cancer. He would then suffer the loss of the family fortune. At 23 years old Ferguson left
Kingston, Jamaica and moved to the U.S. on a Visitor's Visa (Montaldo, 2017). Ferguson arrived in
America in 1978 into a time when there were mostly white families holding privilege and wealth
and leaving a cultural that was quite the opposite from American. Ferguson also came from a
prominent Jamaican family with wealth and privilege that he would no longer have.
The only jobs Ferguson could get in America were low–paying and menial. He blamed racist
Americans for this problem (Montaldo, 2017). He got married to an American citizen who was also
of Jamaican descent. They soon moved to Long Island but Ferguson continued to be frustrated with
reports of loss of temper, outrage, and racial bigotry toward white people who he felt stood in his
way (Montaldo, 2017). In Jamaica he was born into one of the top families in Kingston;
Government and top military members attended his father's funeral. In America he was not given
this honor which appeared to

Plessy Vs Ferguson 1954
act was a legal doctrine according to racial segregation that did not violate the fourteenth
amendment. The first case plessy vs. ferguson in 1896 held up the legality of segregation of public
facilities. Based on state and local governments legally enforced the racial segregation in public
places. In 1954 the supreme court struck down the racial segregation in public schools in the second
case, brown vs. the board of education. African americans went to the courts to help protect their
rights but the courts challenged earlier civil rights legislation. The courts handed down series of
decisions that permitted states to segregate people of color. It affected people by blacks having to go
to a different bathroom than the whites, a white man

Sir Alex Ferguson Research Paper
Reasons why Sir Alex Ferguson was successful enough to become famous Apart from Ferguson's
status as British's most successful manager with a jaw–dropping haul of 38 trophies, both domestic
and internationally, which had already made him a marque in the footballing world, he is
particularly well–known among his peers and counterparts alike for few other reasons. Fergie Time
Ferguson intimidating referee for additional playing time The term was coined when it was often
seen on the television that Ferguson intimidate referees in the closing stages of the match to obtain
additional playing time for his team to score and win, especially when his team were behind the
score line. This further cemented Manchester United's reputation for winning ... Show more content
The phrase was made popular by his players to describe the dressing room's rages. Whenever a
player makes mistake, it was said that during halftime, he would stand in the middle of the room and
loses it all out on that specific player. He will then get right up at his face and shouts real loud,
which feels akin to putting a head in front of a hairdryer. This treatment was particularly made
famous by a spectacular bust–up between himself and his star player, David Beckham. It was said
that when Ferguson was about to start his hairdryer treatment, he accidentally kicked a boot right
about Beckham's eye. The incident broke when Beckham wore a band to highlight his injury in the
public. Their relationship then turned sour with Beckham moving to Real Madrid in the summer. In
an article entitled "Ferguson's Formula" published by Harvard Business Review in its October 2013
issue by Professor Anita Elberse, it was highlighted that there are 8 main reasons that contributed to
Ferguson's success that led to his fame. In starting with the foundation, Ferguson highlighted that he
built a team that would last for years, not just a winning team for one season, where "Rome wasn't
built in a day". In daring to rebuild his team, he acknowledges that a cycle of a winning team could
only last up to 4 years and he usually rebuilt his team years in

The Plessy Vs. Ferguson Case
Racism has been a part of our country since the early ages. Historically, racism and equality have
been central issues that have divided our country. Many actions from the past such as the decision in
the Plessy versus Ferguson case, and present day actions like The Mississippi school system case
have been the ongoing battle in today 's society. The struggle to achieve equality was made even
more difficult by the legislation that is now considered racist in the Plessy versus Ferguson case.
The Plessy versus Ferguson case started with an incident where an African American passenger on a
train, Homer Plessy, broke Louisiana law by refusing to sit in a Jim Crow car, a separate cart on the
train where African Americans had to sit. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Associate Justice John Marshall Harlan, the lone vote against the ruling, gave the dissenting opinion
of the court. Harlan "insisted that the court had ignored the obvious purpose of the Separate Car Act,
which was, under the guise of giving equal accommodation for whites and blacks, to compel the
latter to keep to themselves while traveling in railroad passenger coaches. Because it presupposed–
and was universally understood to presuppose–the inferiority of African Americans, the act imposed
a badge of servitude upon them in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment." (Duignan). He also
stated, "The sure guaranty of the peace and security of each race is the clear, distinct, unconditional
recognition by our governments, national and state, of every right that inheres in civil freedom, and
of the equality before the law of all citizens of the United States, without regard to race. State
enactments regulating the enjoyment of civil rights upon the basis of race, and cunningly devised to
defeat legitimate results of the war, under the pretense of recognizing equality of rights, can have no
other result than to render permanent peace impossible, and to keep alive a conflict of races, the
continuance of which must do harm to all concerned" (Quotes from Plessy v. Fergusun). Harlan
further explained what the constitution says by stating "Our Constitution is colorblind, and neither
knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In

Plessy V Ferguson Case Study
The two cases that went all the way to the Supreme Court were the Plessy v. Ferguson and the
Brown v. The Board of Education. During these cases there were strong disagreements about racial
segregation and how people shouldn't be based on color. These two cases were based off the 14th
Amendment of how people shouldn't be judged. During the Plessy v. Ferguson case, there was a act
called the Separate Car Act in 1890 which white and blacks had to be separated into different
railroad cars. During the Brown v. Board of Education case, blacks and whites were separated into
different schools. The black schools were mostly poor and the white schools were mostly wealthy.
They finally noticed that there needed to be a change in racial segregation. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Because the segregation had an effect on making classes, he judged, that it was unconstitutional and
the law needed to be changed. In the 7–1 decision, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Ferguson.
The majority of the people rejected Plessy's Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendment arguments, they
decided instead putting its stamp of approval on the doctrine of "separate but equal". During the
Brown v. Board Of Education case there was a strong disagreement by Linda Browns family and
how schools shouldn't be segregated on color. Linda and her sister had to walk to school everyday
pass a dangerous railroad switchyard to get to there bus stop which the bus drove them to there
black designated school. Linda family believed that the segregated school system violated the 14th
Amendment and took the case to court. The schools were different as well as the education. They
though that segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race deprives children,
even though the physical facilities and other factors may be equal. Robert L. Carter the cause of
appellate on the original argument and the argument Thurgood Marshall said. Then the plaintiffs
contend that the segregated public schools are not "equal" and that hence they are deprived with
equal laws. Then the question is whether segregation of children in public schools solely on the
basis of race, affect the way that they are being treated. Then the question came to mind that this
needed to change.

Colin Ferguson Research Paper
December 7, 1993, Colin Ferguson began to execute passengers randomly on a New York commuter
train (Who is Colin Ferguson, 2017). After killing six passengers and injuring nineteen others, he
was finally subdued by three of the other passengers (Who is Colin Ferguson, 2017).
Colin Ferguson was born January 14, 1959 in Kingston, Jamaica. His father Von Herman was the
managing director for Hercules Agencies, a large pharmaceutical company. Mr. Herman was highly
regarded and recognized as a prominent businessman in Jamaica (Montaldo, 2017). Ferguson had
four brothers and afforded the privileges that wealth offers in an extreme poverty area. He graduated
from Calabar High School in 1969 with a grade average that was ranked in the top third of his class
(Montaldo, 2017). In 1978 his father was killed in a car crash and a short time later his mother died
from cancer. He would then suffer the loss of the family fortune. At 23 years old Ferguson left
Kingston, Jamaica and moved to the U.S. on a Visitor's Visa (Montaldo, 2017). Jamaican culture is
different than American cultures. A study completed in 1997 concerning 225 Jamaican adults, it was
found that Jamaican men were considered coarse, reckless, aggressive, lazy, tough, arrogant, stern,
disorderly, robust, rigid, autocratic, courageous, and hard headed (Carpenter & Walters, 2011). The
only job Ferguson could get were low–paying and menial. He blamed racist Americans for this
problem (Montaldo, 2017). He got married to an American citizen who was also of Jamaican
descent. They soon moved to Long Island but Ferguson continued to be frustrated with reports of
loss of temper and outrage and racial bigotry toward white people who he felt stood in his way
(Montaldo, 2017). In Jamaica he was born into one of the top families in Kingston. Government and
top military members attended his father's funeral but in America he was not given this honor which
appeared to cause him to continue his hatred toward white people (Montaldo, 2017). His marriage
did not last due to his violent nature. Shortly after his divorce Ferguson was injured at work and he
started attending Nassau Community College with a strong academic performance. However, one

Plessnessy V Ferguson And His Case: Plessy V. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson The case involving Homer Plessy, who was brought before Judge John H.
Ferguson of the Criminal Court in New Orleans originated in 1892 as a challenge to Louisiana's
Separate Car Act of 1890. The law required that all railroads operating in the state of Louisiana
provide equal but separate accommodations for white and African American passengers and
prohibited passengers from entering accommodations other than those to which they had been
assigned on the basis of their race. It banned whites from sitting in the black cars and blacks in white
cars and penalized employees for violating its terms, with the exception of nurses caring children of
the other race. However there was an exception to this law that the law could not be applied to
interstate travel (Duignan). Homer Plessy, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Plessy v. Ferguson." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 7 Feb. 2018,
www.britannica.com/event/Plessy–v–Ferguson–1896. History.com Staff. "14th Amendment."
History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www. history.com/topics/black–history/fourteenth–
amendment. History.com Staff. "Plessy v. Ferguson." History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009,
www. history.com/topics/black–history/plessy–v–ferguson. History.com Staff. "13th Amendment."
History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www. history.com/topics/black–history/thirteenth–
amendment. "Landmark Cases of the U.S. Supreme Court." Plessy v. Ferguson | Www.streetlaw.org,
landmarkcases.org/en/landmark/cases/plessy_v_ferguson#Tab=Overview. McBride, Alex. "The
Supreme Court . The First Hundred Years . Landmark Cases . Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | PBS."
Thirteen – Media With Impact, www.thirteen.org
/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_plessy.html. "Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)." Our Documents
– Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), www.our documents.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=52. "Plessy v.
Ferguson." LII / Legal Information Institute, www.law.cornell.edu/

Plessy Vs Ferguson Analysis
1. Plessy v. Ferguson was decided after a period of time where African Americans were granted
more rights and freedoms under the law. During Reconstruction (1865–1877), African Americans
were allowed to hold public office and vote. Some areas of the South had African American
communities that were economically sufficient. After reconstruction ended, the "white man's
government" resumed upon the withdrawal of Northern troops and the assistance of the Freedmen's
Bureau. Jim Crow laws were passed that placed African Americans in a second class citizenship.
This "flip–flop" between no rights (slavery), Reconstruction era rights, and no rights again (Jim
Crow) is justifiably frustrating.
The frustration with "separate but equal" 1896 continued until 1954 when the Brown v. BOE. 1954
marks the beginning of the contemporary Civil Rights Movement. During this time conditions in the
South had come to the point of "separate but equal" was blatantly not equal and social justice
organizations like the NAACP were pushing harder for justice not only with segregation but all
aspects of injustice in American life. There hadn't been a legitimate enforcement of the equal
protection clause of the 14th amendment in the South for over 77 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Law and the implication of justice are not out of the reach of everchanging societal conditions. The
changing racial climate of both years did affect the court's decisions. Both cases have an argument
grounded in the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. Is the required use of separate
facilities by members of different races in violation of the 14th amendment of the US Constitution?
African Americans in 1896 were not seen as full citizens but as second class citizens whose facilities
should reflect their second class status. Simply put, the court rationalized the constitutionality of
"separate but equal by saying that legislation cannot change public perception and that the state had
power to do what is best for public

Dbq Plessy V. Ferguson

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Lisa Fields

More from Lisa Fields (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Dbq Plessy V. Ferguson