Lab Report On Biochemical Assessment

Lab Report On Biochemical Assessment
PUID _0026259309_______________________ LAB: Monday Thursday (circle one)
Week 2 Lab Assignment:
Biochemical Assessment
Paper Copy Due in Lab Week of September 12
Submit Electronic Copy on Safe Assign in Blackboard
REFERENCES TO USE:
Nelms Textbook – Appendix E and assigned readings
Read the Case Study posted on Blackboard. Questions #1 to #9 pertain to the Case Study.
1. Define the following terms:
– pancytopenia: deficiency of red cells, white cells, and platelets in the blood
– parathesias: a prickly or tingling sensation known as "pins and needles" as a result of pressure or
damage to peripheral nerves
–diaphoretic: a drug that causes someone to sweat
–auscultation: using a stethoscope to listen to the organs
–percussion: tapping body parts to determine the size and borders of organs, as well as body fluid
presence
–continent: able to retain urine or stool
–antiparietal cell antibodies: a test that indicates pernicious anemia by measuring presence of
antibodies against parietal cells in the stomach
–anti–intrinsic factor antibodies: a test that indicates pernicious anemia by detecting intrinsic factor
antibodies in the blood
–Schilling test: a test used to determine pernicious anemia in patients with a vitamin B12 deficiency

2. Define the following abbreviations:
– NKA: no known allergies
– Gravida 1 para 1: one pregnancy and one birth
– BP: blood pressure
– RRR: regular rate and rhythm
–PERRLA: pupils equal, round, reactive
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Essay on Do Multivitamins Extend your Lifespan?
In our life, the task we do can be tiring, physically as well as emotionally. People who are in
Physical stress is perfect example of stress builders. For example, those who do hard work for long
hours, particularly students who work extensively. On the other hand, those people may face mental
strain such as having personal problem with their family or co–workers. With all of these example
of everyday tense work, multivitamins play a good role, because it helps slow down the effect on
aging and reduce the risk of other diseases. In contrast, multivitamin can also have a toxic affect if
taken too much of it and particular attention at the liver. With the liver absorbing too much of the
multivitamins it can accumulate to reach a toxic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the university of melboure conducted a study2 where multivitamins supplementation
may be associated with beneficial effects for mood and general well–being. An assessed of 8 to 16
weeks were followed, with 138 healthy young adults between the ages of 20 – 50 years old. Also,
people who had high intake of stress were analyzed. The study found that people who were multi–
tasking during stressful condition were able to significantly reduced stress.
Given these points, Multivitamin have improve our daily lifestyle with essential vitamins needed to
live longer and improve our life. Second, with multivitamin here to help improve our lives the side
effect can be very toxic to our bodies. The toxic affects can happen in the long run, where the liver
absorbs too much of the toxic nutrient which can a increase chance of death. Furthermore, Csaky–
Szunyogh, M, Vereczkey, A, Kosa, Z, and Gerencser, B. report on a study3 where the Congenital
heart defect (CHD) assessed by drug treatment and Multivitamins where 38,151 of mothers an out
of them was 598 CTD cases. The results were that people who had CTD had a higher risk of fever.
Therefore, multivitamin can have an after effect on a individual. In addition, Benton, D, and
Donohoe, R.T, report on a study4 that multivitamins that contains magnesium will affect the mood
of people. The results were that people who had multivitamin doses were more likely to have
elevation of mood. To sum up,

A Case Study Of A 67 Year Old Male Patient
The following is a case study of a 67–year–old male patient who has been in good health most of his
life and is not a smoker and was recently having symptoms of fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath,
difficulty sleeping, and frequent headaches. In the past years, he has experienced heartburn, nausea,
and indigestion with certain foods, in which he was eventually diagnosed with chronic atrophic
gastritis. In addition to his symptoms, his doctor noticed a mild tachycardia with his recent visit.
Harold's doctor ordered blood tests including a complete blood count and a microscopic
examination of a peripheral blood smear. Results showed that his red blood cell (RBC) count was
2.6, which was low based on the reference range of 4.7–6.1 million/µl. His hemoglobin (a protein in
RBC that binds oxygen) and hematocrit (the amount of space red blood cells use in a whole blood)
counts were also lower than normal range; hemoglobin was 10.6 with a reference range of 13 – 18
g/dl and hematocrit was 31.6 with a reference range of 42 – 52 %. Furthermore, Harold's white
blood cells count including neutrophils and basophils were measured revealing an elevation in all
three: white blood cells were 12.5 with a reference range of 4.8 – 10.8/µl (x1000), neutrophils were
at 8.5 out of 1.1 – 8.3/µl (x1000), and basophils were 1100 with a reference range of 0 – 200/µl.
Lastly, his platelets were measured revealing normal values, which was 232 out of 150 – 400/µl.
Harold's RBC, hematocrit, and

Speech On Vegans
Is it healthy to be a vegan? Every single day, people decide to adopt a vegan diet. Every person who
adopts this diet usually has a different reason for their change of lifestyle. Whether it be to lose
weight, or to simply just follow a trend. The amount of people who are becoming vegan is
increasing exponentially. Vegan diets are growing in popularity today among teenagers and youth, in
especially females. A nationwide poll conducted in April 2006 by Harris Interactive reported that
1.4% of the American population is vegan, in that they eat no meat, fish, dairy, or eggs. To the naked
eye of society, becoming a vegan is a healthy lifestyle choice, but there are major health advantages
to this trendy way of living that you may have not have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to seek the amazing health benefits from veganism, one must be proper with their diets to
thrive. Firstly, many vegans are potentially at risk for vitamin B–12 deficiency due to the absence of
nutrients from the foods they choose not to eat. In order to avoid this deficiency, vegans should
regularly consume vitamin B–12–fortified foods, such as fortified soy and rice beverages, breakfast
cereals, and B–12–fortified nutritional yeast, or take a daily vitamin B–12 supplement. Secondly, by
becoming a vegan, many lose a lot of the calcium that they usually receive from a non–vegan diet.
In order to make up for this loss of calcium, one should eat green leafy vegetables, tofu, tahini,
calcium–fortified orange and apple juices, soy and rice beverages and soy milk. Thirdly, by
becoming a vegan, one may lose a lot of nutrients from the fatty acid ALA. In order to make up for
this loss, one must eat foods such as ground flaxseed, walnuts, canola oil, soy products and hemp
seed–based beverages. In order to be a vegan that is healthy and beneficial towards the prevention of
disease and illness, one must make sure their diet makes up for the losses of nutrients that one would
gain from a non–vegan

Paleoad Diet Research Paper
I choose the Paleo diet as my "fad diet" to discuss. Currently, this is the lifestyle change I am
choosing to follow in addition to my exercise regime. The theory behind this diet is to eat foods
from the Paleolithic Era. Paleolithic humans were stronger, fitter and leaner than individuals who
follow a modern diet.
Eating paleo focuses on consuming foods such as meat, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, vegetables, eggs,
fruits, mushrooms, and berries. This diet does not include foods with grains, dairy, beans, potatoes
or sugar. The biggest challenge is Paleo dieters do not eat processed foods or refined sugars. Finding
foods on the go is very difficult so most individuals on this diet prepare their food at home to obtain
the highest concentration

Arguementive Essay About Vegan vs. Omnivore Dies
Nicole Rixen, 101B
Argument Essay
December 18, 2012
Rhetorical Situation
Purpose Sentence: The purpose is to infer that a vegan/vegetarian diet is better for the health of
Americans than an omnivorous diet using reasoning, credibility, and emotion.
Writer: Through the use of reasoning, credibility, and emotion, the comparison between a
vegan/vegetarian diet and an omnivorous diet explains why a vegan/vegetarian diet is more
beneficial for the health of Americans and the ethical treatment of animals.
Purpose: The purpose of the argumentative essay is to inform Americans about the benefits of both
diets and the treatment of animals for human consumption while arguing that a vegan/vegetarian
diet is healthier for American's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The type of Iron the body takes in can prevent the intoxication of Iron. High levels Heme Iron,
found in animals and their by–products, can harm the body and increase the chance of chronic
diseases. Nonheme Iron, found in plant–based diets, is healthy even in overconsumption. The intake
of vitamins and nutrients in the body is absorbed through one way: fats (Truesdell). When fat is
carried into the body's digestive system, it is broken down in the small intestine into lipids that are
then broken down into amino acids. The problem that has risen in western diets is the type and
amount of fat an American consumes. The type of fat found in animal products is saturated, which
means that the fat molecule has no chemical that can break down the fat (Disabled). Because of the
body unable to breakdown these fats, saturated fats is a main culprit to the increased amount of
chronic diseases. People should not eliminate all fat from the body or else they can be as
malnourished as someone who overuses those fats. Instead, foods, like plants and grain oils, have
amounts of unsaturated fat that are good for the body's nourishment in vitamins and are easy to
break down through the digestive process (Truesdell).
The injections of chemicals in our meats and dairy have also found a positive correlation in high
amounts of fat, which is another health concern that has started to become a

The Positive Health Factors And Effects Of Vegan Diets
Abstract Over the past few years, vegan diets have become increasingly popular. However, despite
their growing popularity, few in depth investigations have been done about the subject. Three
studies that were done were over Finnish, Danish, and Vietnamese vegans and were by Elorinne,
Kristensen, and Ho–Pham. The objectives of these studies were to find the effects of the vegan diet
on macro– and micronutrient intake, as well as its effect on bone mineral density, rate of bone loss,
and frequency of fractures. The methods between them varied but all consisted of an analysis of
biomarkers in the body and a measure of food intake. The results of each agreed with each other, as
they all showed that vegans had lower levels of key vitamins and ... Show more content on
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Compared to the non–vegan group, the vegans had low concentrations of vitamins B12 (p=0.002)
and D, even though many used supplements. However, few vegans (5%) were deficient in vitamin
B12, suggesting that the use of supplements helped the vegan subjects keep a healthy level of the
vitamin. The vegans also had a lower concentration of vitamin D (including D2 and 3) by 34%
compared to the non–vegans. In spite of this, levels of 25–hydroxyvitamin D2 were higher in the
vegans (p<0.001). Ten percent of the vegans and 78% of non–vegans had vitamin D concentrations
higher than 75 nmol/L, the proposed optimal level for health. Some possible reasons for these
results included lack of, or irregularity of, supplementation and when the samples were taken.
Similar studies done with Finnish, British, and Vietnamese vegans showed similar concentrations.
Every vegan subject and 91% of non–vegans subjects showed mild iodine deficiency when using the
WHO's criteria of <100 micrograms per liter of urine. This result indicates that the non–milk
drinking Finnish population, vegans especially, may not be taking in enough iodine. Past studies
done over vegans have also resulted in low levels of iodine in urine.
In the past, few studies have been done to examine long–term vegans and their nutrition. As such,
this study gives new information on the subject. Some problems with this study exist, however, such
as a small sample size and

Being Vegan Research Papers
Being Vegan Veganism has been around for many, many years since the BC era. It's proven to be
difficult to covert because there are many changes to be made in people's diet. Being vegan is a
person, who does not eat any food that comes from animals and who often does not use animal
products. Many people don't know the meaning of being vegan, who discovered it, the lifestyle, and
the health benefits they are getting out of becoming a vegan. Vegans have been around for many
decades, but never knew exactly what it was. Buddha discovered vegetarian diets with his followers,
but didn't actually take it further to make it more popular and have more people follow. Until it was
discovered and found, in November 1944 by a man named Donald Watson and his five ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The lifestyle reduces heart disease and type 2 diabetes. It prevents a number of diseases like colon
cancer, arthritis, lowers people's blood pressure, and many more. It's proven that being in this
lifestyle it makes the body stronger, more attractive, and more energetic. A vegan diet is not only
because people are passionate about animals, but it gives a healthy, balanced diet. Some vegans
don't always get all the vitamins they need, but it reduces the amount of intake for saturated fat and
cholesterol. The lifestyle is a bit difficult to covert to at first, but it pays off to have a healthy body
and diet. Overall, many people don't understand how veganism was discovered, but it has a good
lifestyle and health benefits to go with being vegan. Vegans don't always get all the nutrients they
are supposed to take because most of them come from fish and meat. They do get a healthy lifestyle
that is proven to lower certain diseases and make them a lower risk of getting sick or getting a health
disease. Veganism wasn't so popular before but now it's shown that many people are converting into
vegans and having a healthier

The Importance Of Folate As A Water Soluble B Vitamin
Folate
Folate is a water–soluble B vitamin that is found in a wide variety of foods such as vegetables
(asparagus and spinach), lentils, dry beans, fruits and whole grain cereals.6 Apart from its traditional
name, folate is also referred to by its many physiologic forms, folic acid, folinic acid (leukovorin) or
5–methyltetrahydrofolate (5–MTHF).20 Once absorbed through the small intestines (specifically
jejunum), folate undergoes several activation reactions within the liver leading to various different
biologically active forms. Chief among these is the formation of 5–MTHF, its circulatory form
within the blood that can freely cross the blood brain barrier and subsequently into the cerebrospinal
fluid. This form goes on to play a crucial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women of childbearing age are recommended to take 600mcg DFE during pregnancy, starting
before conception if possible and 500ug while breastfeeding. However, when adequate physiologic
levels of folate decline it can lead to serious and potentially life–threatening conditions. Children
born to mothers with inadequate intake of supplemental folic acid during pregnancy suffer from
devastating neural tube defects. Adults often present with symptoms of macrocytic or megaloblastic
anemia and increased levels of the amino acid homocystein, which can be potentially neurotoxic.20
Several studies have also linked folate deficiency to increased risk for developing cognitive deficits
and depression.20
Folate deficiency has several different causes. Most apparent among these is inadequate dietary
intake of B vitamins.20 Several drugs that can lead to folate deficiency are oral contraceptives,
antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antacids and alcohol. Also, patients with cancer often experience rapid
depletion of stores due to overactive cellular proliferation.20 Other prominent causes can include
malabsorption through the jejunum due to inborn errors of metabolism, bacterial overgrowth or
intestinal inflammatory conditions (e.g., Atrophic Gastritis, IBD). Finally, people with genetic
polymorphisms of the C677T and A1298C variants of 5, 10–methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
(MTHFR) gene show reduced enzyme activity and lower efficiency of folate

Vegetarian Diets And Its Effects On The Life Cycle
of the life cycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and for
athletes (Craig).
Many studies show that the correct planned vegetarian diet increases longevity and reduces the risk
for major diseases such as cancer, heart diseases, diabetes, and obesity. At the same time, date bases
and researches that can provide reliable facts between differences in other diets, such as semi–
vegetarian, Mediterranean, Paleo diet, etc. are very limited, and often use evidence selectively by
given more credits for supporting argument and omitting less credible evidence. People who
consciously adapt vegetarian lifestyle are usually well–educated, and most of them don't smoke,
don't drink alcohol, and work out regularly; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The biggest concern for all vegetarians is vitamin B12. The studies show that "two in three
vegetarians were vitamin B12 deficient compared to one in twenty meat eaters" (ProCon.org). The
fact is that B12 is contained only in animal products; therefore, vegetarians can obtain adequate
amount of vitamin B12 only from fortified food or supplements. Many proponents of a vegetarian
diet recommend additional supplementation of vitamins and minerals, especially for children, on a
daily basis. However, Lindsay S. Nixon referred to Dr. Campbell, who wrote in his book Whole:
"Recent reductionist research has shown that supplementation doesn't work. As it turns out, an apple
does a lot more inside our bodies than all the known apple nutrients ingested in pill form" (111).
Davis and Melina also pointed out the fact that "supplements rarely contain the complete mix of
protective compounds naturally found in foods...Some evidence suggests that high–dose
supplements could even increase cancer risk" (49). Simultaneously, there are some other problems
with raising a vegetarian child. Young children may not be able to eat large amounts of fruits and
vegetables because their stomachs are simply too small. Also, they may "form strong feed and eating
preferences and are likely to reject unfamiliar foods" (Messina) The next step that often brings
another issues is school. Children may be aware of "alternative" eating options, but still feel
uncomfortable during the lunch time, when

Should Vegetarianism Be A Vegetarian?
Vegetarianism is defined as the practice of having an absence of meat and sometimes by–products of
animal slaughter from one's diet. Typically, vegetarianism consists of not eating anything that has a
beating heart. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, only around five percent of
the United States' population are vegetarians and sustain the meatless diet. The United States
Department of Agriculture states that vegetarian diets can meet the recommended dietary needs of
an average human(Vegetarian ProCon). Becoming a vegetarian has many advantages and depending
on one's point of view, it also has some disadvantages. Due to the fact that eating meat has simply
become a preference rather than a need, vegetarianism is a healthy, kinder choice when it comes to
deciding what to eat. Proponents of vegetarianism point out the advantages of a meatless diet and
that eating meat has many different disadvantages to the human body and the world around it. When
it comes to the human body, what is being eaten is an extremely important thing. People that agree
with vegetarianism point out that the human anatomy has become more suited for a diet with the
absence of meat. Human bodies do not have the build of carnivores – humans do not have large
mouths, long, pointed teeth, or short intestines. The human body is built with smaller mouths, short,
flat teeth, and long intestines. Also, the human liver is not able to detoxify excess vitamin A that a
meat filled diet

Negatives Of Vegetarianism
Cutting off meat from one's diet comes with many benefits. For example, energy matters: eating
meat is "far less energy efficient than relying on a vegetarian diet (and leaves a far greater ecological
footprint)," because in the trophic levels, only 10% of energy moves with each level when an animal
consumes another (Withgott PAGE NUMBER). By the time a human consumes meat, they only
gain about 30% of optimal energy, versus 90% energy in a vegetarian diet (Withgott). Other benefits
include lower cholesterol, lower blood sugar, and lower body mass index than meat eaters
(Sifferlin). Likewise, there is a reduced risk of heart disease and colon, stomach, and prostate cancer
(Beezhold, Le). In a cross–sectional study in Nutrition Journal, Vegetarians have been found to have
less negative emotions than omnivores (Beezhold). With a vegetarian diet, there is less negative
impact on physically and mentally. A few "drawbacks" to vegetarianism are a lack of protein, iron,
and vitamin B12. Despite popular belief, these can all be found in plant–based foods. There are
amino acids in various greens, nuts, and fruits: sprouts, broccoli, almonds, pecans, bananas, dates,
etc. (Freedman). Not to mention, protein from animals can actually cause health issues for humans
such as, osteoporosis and diabetes and cancer (Freedman). Beans and legumes, an assortment of
fresh and dried fruit, almonds, peas, spinach, etc. all have iron (Getting). Then, vitamin B12 can be
found in foods like,

The Effects Of Being Vegetarian On Our Brain Essay
Introduction In this paper I will discuss the effects of being vegetarian on our brain depending on the
amount of vitamins and minerals we consume through this diet, and how it affects the way our brain
functions. Being a vegetarian is a very powerful decision, because it takes into account your moral
standards and beliefs. Putting your morals into your nutrition is very empowering, but it can affect
our bodies in many different ways whether that being positive or negative. The negative side of the
spectrum is that meat and animal products contain so many different vitamins and minerals that
when we take this away it can cause deficiencies in the diet that can affect our bodies in very vast
ways including our brain function.
The Negative Side of the Spectrum Vitamins and minerals are key to the proper function and
development of our brain. Two of the most important nutrients contributing to our brains include
vitamin B12 and the omega–3 fatty acid. Vitamin B12 is a key factor in the development of the
brain, while omega–3 fatty acids contribute to better pregnancy outcome and reduced risk for brain
disorders. Both of these nutrients are low in the vegetarian diet, which means deficiencies are very
common among them. This also means vegetarians are at a higher risk for brain disorders or
impairment. Our nutrient intake also directly correlates with our offspring. In a study it states that
"the offspring from the vitamin B12 deficient group showed impaired cognition as they

Veganism and vegetarianism are becoming a growing trend...
Veganism and vegetarianism are becoming a growing trend; both are advertised in grocery stores
through organic produce, in commercials for juicers, as well as from Physicians promoting more
whole grains, fruits and vegetables. More people are opting for healthier lifestyles. Most choose a
vegan lifestyle to avoid hormone–injected, antibiotics–induced, and genetically–modified food. A
U.S. study in 2008 showed that 0.5 percent and 3.2 percent of the population follow a vegan or
vegetarian diet, respectfully, with 10 percent following a vegetarian–inclined diet ("Vegetarianism in
America," n.d.). Research indicates many positive factors to eating a plant based diet including a
reduced risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes ... Show more content on
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Blood Pressure In 2006, a study in the U.S. revealed that around fifty million people live with high
BP (Craig, 2009). Risk of high BP can be due to heredity or genetics, which aren't controllable, but
other factors include being overweight, a lack of exercise, or high salt intake. Increased BP causes
the heart to work harder putting more pressure on the arteries which can lead to atherosclerosis. This
can lead to heart failure due to the heart over–working. Individuals that consume a plant based diet
experience lower BP. During a 22 week trial 99 diabetics changed their diets, half to a plant based
diet while the others adhered to an American Diabetes Association (ADA) diet (Barnard et al.,
2006). There was a –3.8 systolic/–5.1 diastolic and –3.65/+3.3, respectively. However, not all
studies indicate a significant enough change to BP to denote that a plant based diet will always
reduce BP more than other diets (Mishra et al., 2013).
Total lipid Serum
All research observed indicates that a vegan diet reduces an individual's total serum lipid levels due
to the lack of consumed cholesterol from animal based foods. High levels of total cholesterol and
LDL levels increases plaque build–up within the arteries. On average vegans' LDL and total
cholesterol levels are 44% and 32% lower than meat eaters (Craig, 2009). In an 18 week study,
when a group of 96 participants changed to a vegan diet, a decrease occurred in total cholesterol by
–13.7 mg/dl, in

Critical Analysis Of The Vegucated Documentary
Critical Analysis of the Vegucated Documentary
In 2011, American filmmaker, Marisa Miller Wolfson, made a 76–minute documentary titled,
'Vegucated.' Wolfson, a practicing vegan, cites her research on foods and especially animal–based
foods as her rationale for opting to go vegan. Notably, upon going vegan, she became healthier, lost
weight, and even felt happier because she was no longer contributing to the inhuman treatment of
animals. In her quest to become a vegan, Wolfson made the film after moving to New York City. Her
concurrent idea in the film is the effects of animal diets versus the effects of vegan diets. Evidently,
through its participants, the film illustrates that avoidance of animal products results to weight loss
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Joel Fuhrman, the author of 'Eat to live and the End of Diabetes', who checks the participant's
physical well–being and blood tests. At the beginning of the film, all participants depict high
chances of developing lifestyle diseases such as diabetes and obesity due to increased cholesterol
and blood pressure. Wolfson engages other professionals who understand the vegan diet to assist the
participants in bettering their health.
Journeying with the participants in the vegan practice, she takes them to local stores for shopping
where they analyze the foods on the shelves. By examining the contents of non–vegan foods, the
producer assumes that all vegan foods are healthy. For example, Wolfson holds a can of frosted
Teddy Grahams stating that it is a strictly vegan food. In her opinion, she concludes that all
processed foods that contain no meat provide health benefits for vegans. However, Craig notes that
the chemical content of processed foods is unhealthy for a practicing vegan. Besides, labels on
products do not necessarily provide the right information thus making it essential to engage a
healthy lifestyle for the sake of better living. Stickers such as 'no animal protein' or 'gluten–free'
barely tell the truth about the contents of the product (617). She also notes that most human health
problems arise, in part, due to significant influences by friends and family. In the film, Tesla
struggles to maintain a vegan diet despite her family's

Tumor Induced Disease
Tumor Induced Disease
Another cause of osteomalacia, although very uncommon, is tumor induced, also know as oncogenic
osteomalacia (Kaul et al., 2007). The most common tumor form is phosphaturic mesenchymal and
this tumor releases excess fibroblast growth factor–23 (FGF23). The release of FGF23 results in
hypophosphatemia, or low phosphate levels in the body by decreasing small intestine and renal
resorption of phosphate (William et al., 2011). FGF23 also inhibits 1α–hydroxylase which prevents
the formation of the active form of vitamin D. In normal conditions, the bones increase the release
of FGF23 when phosphate levels are high, so one can imagine how severe osteomalacia can result
from the body being told it has too much phosphate when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Calcium and phosphate are essential in bone development and mineralization. When a growing
animal is deficient in these or vitamin D, it causes poor mineralization and bone deformities like
enlargement of joints and bowed limbs, as well as broken bones and tetany in severe cases
(Lauridsen, 2014). Osteomalacia in developing animals is called rickets, which is classified as
osteomalacia but while the growth plates of the bones are still developing (Dittmer and Thompson,
2011). If the body is absorbing calcium from the bone that is not being replaced, the bones can be
severely weakened which could cause many problems for meat production animals. As previously
mentioned with dairy cattle, females have higher requirements of calcium upon parturition. Another
industry that suffers from osteomalacia is swine production. Studies have shown that vitamin D
deficiency not only impacts the sow by causing poor bone mineralization, but it also decreases their
reproductive capabilities (Lauridsen, 2014). This deficiency is often due to poor diet and the indoor
setting of these facilities with no exposure to sunlight. If a sow is able to have a farrow, a litter of
pigs, they often develop rickets from being in the same sunlight deficient facility and consuming
vitamin D poor

Health Effects Of Vegetarian And Vegan Diets
Health Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diets
Introduction
Vegetarian and Vegan diets are growing in popularity among people around the world, especially
teenagers and youth. The reasons to make that choice are very different and vary from the concerns
about the own health, impact of the animal farming on the global warming, the use without control
of antibiotics and other medicines on animal production and ethical issues about animal care. In
addition the popularity of vegan products such as soy milk has increased due to allergies and lactose
intolerance among those who consumes animal derived products.
So, how is the nutritional and health aspects of those who follow vegan diet? Do they have any
advantage or disadvantage when compared with others vegetarians (e.g. lactoovovegeterians)? Does
the exclusion of eggs and dairy from their diet represent something good or a potential concern? In
general, a vegetarian and vegan diets is normally rich in cereals, nuts, vegetables and fruits. When it
comes to nutrients, vegetarian and vegan diets use to have large amounts of carbohydrates, n–6 fatty
acids, carotenoids, dietary fiber, folic acid, Mg, vitamin E and vitamin D, and little amounts of
protein, vitamin B12, saturated fat, long–chain n–3 fatty acids and Zn. Vegan diets tend to have even
less saturated fat and cholesterol and more dietary fiber. Vegans tend to be thinner, have a lower
blood pressure and lower cholesterol, what contributes to reduce the risk of heart

The Effects Of Pernicious Anemia And Its Treatments
Introduction
In this project, we are trying to explore the history of how discovered the Pernicious anemia and its
treatments in the first part. And learn what techniques and skills are using at the present, and the
resources of the food in the second part. In the third part, we want to discuss how the diet and
treatments will change and improve in the future, according to the techniques and social influences.
In the first part, we will learn how had the pernicious anemia been discovered, and the people that in
some particular countries and people that have specific belief which are easy to get pernicious
anemia. And we will look for the how the special diet for the patient had invented and how it works.
In the second part, we are talking about the production methods, techniques that has been using for
the food of the diet. And find out what kind of food that used in this diet.
In the third part, we are looking for the future of the diet, which is influenced by the technology
improving and social trends. And we will discuss about what new types of food that might use for
this diet in the future, also the applications
Part one: History and Background
History and Background：
Pernicious anemia, or can be called as B12 deficiency anemia, Addison's anemia, Biermer's anemia,
or Addison–Biermer's anemia, which is a human body issue that the human body can't produce
enough healthy red cells because lacking of Vitamin b12.
Vitamin B12 is important element

Vegan Research Paper
Exquisite Vegan Food at the Best Restaurant in Los Angeles Planning to have your lunch outside?
Well, if you are hunting for one of the best vegan restaurant in Los Angeles, then there are plenty of
options available for you. A vegan diet do not include any animal product. People who follow vegan
lifestyle are generally animal rights activists who exclude all animal products for any purpose. Be it
is silk, wool, honey, fur, leather and other dairy products. Generally, people have misconception that
this diet lacks proper nuterients as one can get calcium, proteins, and other minerals through the
animal products only. But, the fact is that the nutritional needs can be covered without consuming
animal products. You can get enough protein with nuts, legumes, seeds, grains, soy products and
cereals. For calcium, include leafy greens, seeds, dried fruits and bread in your die. So, follow your
heart, lead a vegan lifestyle and enjoy the food. The best vegan restaurant Los Angeles can provide
you an assortment of enticing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A reputed restaurant will certainly provide you the most delicious cuisines for all occasions.
Celebrate the occasion with tempting birthday cake and scrumptious dinner menu that would render
your guests charmed, making the celebration unforgettable for days ahead. Best vegan restaurant
Los Angeles CA can provide you the best food experience of all time at minimum prices. The
service staff of the restaurant ensures that your valuable time is well spent in a pleasing ambiance
causing you and your loved ones feel immensely special in experiencing the best cuisine all together
. Also, do not miss the golden opportunity to impart your experiences regarding the food and other
services of the restaurant so that they can serve you in a more effective way on your next

Southern China Research Paper
Southern China is a very different and diverse from America, but why? In this essay I will tell you
how and why the Climate and religion affect food choices and popular foods and table manners.
In Southern China the weather is very humid with up to 75 inches of rain per year. This moist
weather affects the food their by giving the land very fertile soil, witch is perfect for growing crops.
Because of the warm climate the food there can get spoiled very quickly, as a result the people in
south China preserve their vegetables and crops giving the region its "sour" taste. The climate in this
region is subtropical, which means warm climate almost all year round and basically no change in
seasons. Because of the constant climate, farmers and crop ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Fried rice is a dish in China that can be fried with sauces ( brown rice) or plain (white). Jiaozi is a
classic Chinese dish that is commonly called dumplings and can be steamed, fried, or baked.
Shallow fried Jiaozi is a different type of dumplings that is fried in a pan with oil. Some commonly
used spices is sage and Turmeric root, and a common vegetable is Bok Choy.
And lastly China is known very nice and specific table manners and family rules. In China, a circle
table is better for a family so that the family can see each other better.. The guest of honor is always
seated to the right of the host. Guests are seated after the host's invitation, and it is rude to seat
guests at the place where the dishes are served. At a Chinese dinner, there is large plates of food that
is passed coming counterclockwise, and starts at the host. Once everyone is served the table may
start to eat.
So, after I did all my research I concludes that China is a interesting country with many different
customs than America. Such as, manly only eating plants due to religion. Preserving their foods
because of the hot, humid climate. And always using the "scraps" of an animal in any way they

Why Is It Important To Become A Vegan?
Moo! That's the sound of cows being slaughtered for our own nutritional benefit, but some people
intensely dislike that sound which are vegans! Being a vegan is when you are someone that does not
eat meat,fish,eggs or any dairy products. Why you should not be become a Vegan is a very simple
thing. This is very simple because there is no exact way for someone to eat perfectly right all of the
time. This is because most vegans are actually deficient in nutrients. There is also no scientific proof
that being vegan is not any healthier than other diet. Also, it is scientifically proven that our bodies
need a balance of every food even meat and dairy products. This is why you NOT become vegan.
Yes, there are some very good things that go with

Benefits Of Farina
Meta description: What is Farina exactly? This is the common question asked by people thinking
about their diet. In this article, we explain the nutritional benefits of Farina and why it is healthy for
us.
What is Farina? The Healthier Version of Cereals
First, what is Farina? Farina is milled grains of cereal, most typically wheat. "Farina" is a Latin
word which means meal or flour. It comes from the inner portion of wheat kernels and is said to be
the germ and endosperm of the grain. The grains are crushed into a fine granular consistency and
then filtered.
Farina has a very bland taste, which makes it adaptable to a variety of toppings when eaten as a hot
cereal, the classic preparation. Because it has been finely ground, it can be cooked quickly, which
also makes it a popular choice for hot cereal. Due to its mild taste, the cooked cereal is typically
flavored with brown sugar, honey, fruits, maple syrup, butter, chocolate, salt, jams, and cinnamon, or
sometimes several of these toppings combined. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is sometimes white in color, which means it must be processed. Therefore, when buying this type
of Farina, you should check the source as well read the ingredients. Farina can part of the wheat
flour used in baked goods. Given the grain's strong protein value, so when used in this way it
enhances the food's nutritional qualities.
What nutritional qualities is Farina rich in?
Farina is a highly rich source of carbohydrates. If the wheat has been enriched, it becomes the best
food source for nutritional iron. This is especially important for vegetarian diets, with some brands
providing as much as 50% of the recommended daily amount with a single 120–calorie serving.
Unlike commercial cereals, the fiber and best part of the germ are separated, and the germ is
sometimes enriched with Vitamin B and

Research Paper Veganism
Veganism Veganism is a plant–based diet aimed to replace meat, oils, fats and dairies in the normal
omnivorous diet. Vegans, someone who participates in veganism, often turn to veganism due to their
own ideas about animal cruelty, environmental conservation and their own health. The majority of
these people chose to be a vegan for health benefits, but that is not the only reason. The idea of
veganism is helpful for saving suffering animals, keeping the environment cleaner, has many health
benefits for humans, and is less expensive than the traditional omnivorous diet. Veganism is not only
good for the human race, but also the many types of animals that are harvested and exploited for
human use. Many of the large corporations that claim to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The large health food stores such as Whole Foods© and Fresh Market© are infamous for having
expensive food that are deemed healthy. In the world market, however, the price of meat has risen
by 9.45 this year alone while the price of vegetables has risen by only 4.6% (Portlock).The over
glorified health food chains do raise the prices substantially on their foods, but at most stores, the
fresh fruits and vegetable prices are much lower than unhealthy items such as a large bag of chips.
Foods such as tofu are expensive, but cooking a vegan meal at home is much less expensive than
going to a fast food chain and ordering a meal for four

Analysis In Human Mindset About Myths And Facts In...
Analysis in Vegetarian Nutrition
Human Mindset About Myths and Facts in Vegetarianism
According to a 2009 survey by the Vegetarian Resource Group, it is showing that more than 1
million people who currently live in the United States are switching into vegan an. the same survey
found another 5 to 7 millions of Americans consider themselves to be vegetarian. Many people in
the world consume vegetarian foods as they are great nutrition sources. It is rich in fibers which is a
powerful weapon to regulates movements of bowel, prevent constipation, and are low in unhealthy
saturated fats. That weapons give a great role to shift crucial bacteria which also help lower
cholesterol and high blood pressure, aid prevention of heart disease and some

Vitamin B12 In Inorganic Chemistry
Crystal Tran
Dr. Eichhorn
Chemistry 514
21 November 2017
Vitamin B12 in Inorganic Chemistry
Vitamin B12, also known as cyanocobalamin or cobalamin is an important water–soluble organic
compound that aids in many biological functions that are essential for life (Jamil 2015). Vitamin
B12 is one out of eight vitamins, that was discovered by Georg Richard Minot, William Parry
Murphy, and George Whipple in the nineteenth century due to their investigation of the disease
pernicious anemia (Vitamin B12 www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/vitb12/b12.htm). Although they weren't
the first to discover Vitamin B12, Baron Todd and Karl Folkers isolated the compound in 1948 (The
Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica 2014). Vitamin B12 mainly supports in the development of red
blood cell formation in humans and mammals which can later develop a deficiency in older adults
due to poor diet ("Vitamin B–12" 2017). There are many solutions to Vitamin B12 deficiency since
it has become a common illness in the United States.
Vitamin B12 structurally contains a metallic ion Cobalt, with a chemical structure shown in Figure
1.1 with the empirical formula of C61–64H84–90N14O13–14PCo (C63H88CoN14O14P) (The
Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica 2014). Cobalt plays a special role in Vitamin B12 since it aids in
the metabolism in our bodies. Vitamin B12 has two active coenzyme forms which are
methylcobalamin and 5–deoxyadenosylcobalamin that aids with folic acid (folate) in making DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) in the

Vegan Diet Research
How Vegan Diets Can Affect Micronutrient Deficiencies and Bone Health In 2012, a Gallup Poll
showed that 2% of Americans practice a Vegan diet.1 While the global population of people eating
Vegan is unknown, the diet is becoming increasingly popular in developed countries as a way to eat
healthier or lose weight.2 A Vegan diet is a highly restricted Vegetarian diet that refrains from all
animal products, including but not limited to: animal milks, honey, meat, and eggs.2 The health
effects of practicing a Vegan diet are relatively unknown because of a lack of research. In
professions involving nutrition, it is frequently assumed that the health effects of a Vegan diet will
coincide with that of a Vegetarian diet in which dairy and eggs are incorporated. In this paper, five
research articles will be discussed to help explain how a vegan diet may impact people's health and
explore the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2015) used a cross–sectional study.3 Researchers hypothesized that bone–healthy components of
Vegan diets would outweigh the negative effects of low BMI (Body Mass Index) and low intakes of
protein and Calcium on BMD in the Vegan subgroup (28 participants). 3 82 male and female
participants between the ages of 19 and 50 years old, with a BMI of less than 30, and who had
adhered to their diet for over one year were grouped by their diet type to form three groups
consisting of: 28 Vegan, 27 Lacto–Ovo Vegetarian, and 27 Omnivore.3 Diet quality, BMI, urinary
pH levels, and BMD were collected from each participant and averaged within each group.3
Researchers found that the Vegan group did not have significantly lower BMD than the Lacto–Ovo
Vegetarian or Omnivorous groups therefore supporting their hypothesis.3 This research was limited
by its participation size and sample bias in addition to its one day analysis which may render it
irrelevant to other

Write An Essay About Being Vegan
Chasing Compassion
I think "vegan" is a lovely word. It is far more than a simple descriptor for my diet. I envision it as
visible template for an ethical, healthy, compassionate, and responsible life. Because it describes my
character. It pronounces that I do not take the life of another living being merely to satisfy my own
desires. It proclaims that I chose love and kindness as opposed to destruction and death. Despite the
constant mockery and ridicule I endure due to my choices, I've found peace within this
compassionate lifestyle which brings no harm to Earth or her precious creatures.
It all began seven months ago. I do not recall the exact date when it clicked in my mind that animals
were indeed beings and not food. It was a rather ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In my early time of being a vegan, my initial instinct was to be defensive; to defend myself and my
beliefs. I would scornfully respond and attempt to justify my actions to others. This often led to
frustration and disappointment when these conversations ended in a negative manner. I didn't wish
to engage in arguments with people in regard to being vegan because that seemed frivolous. I just
sought acceptance and understanding of my choices. Fortunately, I have since learned how to
approach situations of this matter in a different and more positive manner. Rather than rebuttal their
comments in a pessimistic way, I have learned to be understanding. I believe it is imperative for me
to be understanding and reserve judgment; after all, there was a time when I did not know what I
know today. There was a time when I too, indirectly contributed to the abuse of animals. I have also
learned that I have absolutely no control over others' thoughts and actions. I do not get to decide
how others perceive me, I only get to determine how I will react to that perception. These struggles
have taught me how to react in a kind and loving way. I have found that I can express myself and
my thoughts without demeaning others and their

Vegucated: The Five Types Of Vegetarianism
What is a vegetarian? What is a vegan? What is the difference between the two? Is it really that
healthy to become one? Should I become one? Why should I become one? These are some of the
questions that appeared in my mind after watching the documentary film, Vegucated. I became more
curious about these things so I did some research about Vegetarianism and found out that there are
several types of Vegetarianism. I found a website called vegetarian–nation.com which explains the
types of vegetarianism. I thought that vegetarians and vegans is the same thing but I was proven
wrong by the article that I found in the website.
What are the types of vegetarianism? Well, there are several levels of vegetarianism. The first one is
vegan. While a vegan ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the article, veganism also means respect for life. Studies by behavior experts of
animals living in–situ as opposed to ex–situ "have wide range of behaviors and experience
emotional states that were previously thought to be exclusively human". Vegans also don't support
cosmetic or other companies that have commissioned or conducted test on animals.
The documentary made me more compassionate about animal's life even though I am not sure if I
can become a vegan. It changed my perspective about animals and life. If I would be a vegan, I
would do it for the sake of the animals. I used to think that we really need to eat animals to survive
but after watching the film, I realize that we don't have to eat them. We can eat a plant–based food.
They can be friends and they have their own feelings too. Anyone who has a pet can notice that
animals have their own feelings too. Although it will be really hard for me to do so, I will still try it
to make a

Obamacare Is An Affordable Health Care Plan
Obama had promised to be as honest and open with everything that he could. Sadly, so far he has
not done a good job being honest. For example, with Obamacare everyone was told that they could
keep their doctor if they wanted to, but many people have already lost their doctors because of
Obama care (Navarrette). This may not affect everyone or even seem like a huge deal but if you are
comfortable talking to your doctor and then you are switched to someone new it can be hard. A
single mom with three kids was forced to go to Obamacare because the company she was working
for told her she had to just take her chances with it. Obamacare has had problems since day one.
Before they let it out for public use they should have fixed all the glitches and made sure it was a
good plan and was actually going to do its job to save people money. The purpose of Obamacare is
to give Americans access to an affordable health care plan. The new law in 2014 is that everyone in
the United States must have some type of health care plan. Americans who do not have a health care
will have to pay a price on their tax return. The price is, "one percent higher than your income for
the year or ninety five dollars per person in your household, whichever is higher." (Long) This may
not matter for some people, but others are having problems with that fact the price will also go up
every year. "In 2015 it will be two percent of your income or three hundred and twenty five dollars
per person in your house,

Veganism: What It Means To Become A Vegetarian
Veganism, by definition, is a way of living in which prohibits exploitation and cruelty to animals in
the interest of obtaining food, clothing or for any other purposes that cause harm to an animal (The
Vegan Society, 2016). This essentially means that a person who chooses to be vegan does not
consume or use anything that was created from an animal. To most people, becoming a vegan could
be an unthinkable task because almost everyone is raised consuming meat and dairy, although, this
lifestyle choice is becoming more common recently. Veganism is more restrictive than the popular
dietary constraint of vegetarianism, so it causes many people to question the health hazards
associated with it, and wonder why some would inhibit their food intake ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
34). My prior knowledge of veganism is that most people will consider the lifestyle because it can
help with losing weight. Also, by eating a diet of strictly fruits, vegetables, grains, and protein it
boosts immunity. However, many people can be senseless and do not supply their bodies with the
protein they lack; this is what produces health risks that can make veganism difficult and dangerous.
I also know that while normal meat–eaters will gain their protein through dairy and meat products,
vegans will obtain those essential vitamins and proteins through different sources like soy, beans,
and nuts. Despite the fact that some protein and essential vitamins will be gained from their limited
diet, they will need to take supplements like vitamin B–12 as well. I have learned through friends
that vegans are more prone to osteoporosis and low bone density than omnivores because they are
unable to consume dairy where calcium is normally obtained through, however, these essential
nutrients can be obtained through supplements as well. Another health problem I have heard through
friends is that soy, which is almost essential to a vegans diet, causes cancer. Soy contains chemical
compounds that are almost identical to estrogen, and this can mimic what the

Basic Components Of Your Clinical Study
Many healthy people are taking vitamins daily. What's your opinion? You may design a clinical
study to support your opinion. Please outline those basic components of your clinical study.
Introduction
What are vitamins? Vitamins according to the medical dictionary are organic components in food
that are needed in very small amounts for growth and for maintaining good health. Vitamins are
needed for normal cell function growth and development. There are 13 essential vitamins which are
grouped into two categories, the fat soluble vitamins which are stored in the fatty tissues and water
soluble vitamins. The fat soluble vitamins which are vitamin A, D, E and K are absorbed by the
body in the presence of dietary fat while the water soluble vitamins which include vitamins C,
B1,B2,B3, B6,B7,B12, pantothenic acid and folate are used right away by the body. Leftover water
soluble vitamins leave the body through the urine. Vitamin b12 is the only soluble vitamin that can
be stored in the liver for years. (US nlm 2015)
Each vitamin has different functions in the body; vitamin A helps with maintaining healthy bones,
teeth, soft tissues, skin and mucus membranes. Vitamins B6 and B12 both help with the formation of
red blood cells. Vitamin C promotes healthy teeth, gums, wound healing and also helps the body
absorb iron. Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium which is needed for the development of
healthy teeth and bones. Vitamin E serves as an antioxidant and helps the body form red

Paganism: The Most Common Misconceptions
VEGANISM As humans, we are born with privilege whether we realize it or not. Many of these
rights we take for granted and are ones we don't usually think about in our everyday lives. We didn't
always have these rights as humans though. Let's go back 151 years in the United States, that is
when slaves were finally given the right of freedom. Now, let's go back 96 years, that was when
women got the right to vote in the United States. Again, I would like to go back just 52 years ago,
this is when segregation became abolished. Finally in 2015, just last year, we gave people the right
to marry anyone no matter their sex, yet as humans we act as if we have been decent to each other
for a long time, when in reality decency is a completely new concept ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I am going to debunk some of the most common misconceptions starting of with protein. A popular
misconception about the vegan diet is that you can't get a sufficient amount of protein from a vegan
diet, well that is wrong. The USDA advises that the average women should be getting 46 grams of
protein daily and men that men should be getting 56 grams of protein daily. There are many plant
based foods out there with enough protein to help you meet the daily recommendation of protein.
Just one cup of pinto beans cooked from dried contains 41 grams of protein. Other high protein
vegan foods include Tempeh and Tofu with 15–20 grams of protein in half a cup, Edamame with 8.6
grams per half cup, Hemp seeds with 10 grams of protein in 3 tablespoons, and the list goes on and
on. Another popular misconception about the vegan diet is that you need to supplement B12. Around
40% of the US is already B12 deficient and 99% of people with B12 deficiency are users of animal
products. B12 is a waste product of bacteria that can be found in soil and inside your body, namely
your mucosa and intestines. It's also found in bacteria in the mouth, around the teeth, in the
nasopharynx, around the tonsils and in the tonsilar crypts, in the folds at the base of the tongue, and
in the upper bronchial tree. Animal products contain B12 because the animals eat food from the soil
as well as produce their own B12 just like humans, though the exact process can vary from species
to species. Farmers today actually inject their livestock with B12 in order to be able to say their
animal products contain B12. On average, for someone raised on the Western diet, about 2 to 5
milligrams of B12 are stored, mostly in the liver. Dr. John McDougall says "Most people have at
least a three year reserve of this vital nutrient. Conservation of B12 by the body boosts the time this
supply lasts by 10–fold. After excretion through the bile into the intestines

Folic Acid, Or Liver Enzyme Levels After Isotretinoin Therapy
folic acid, or liver enzyme levels after isotretinoin therapy.9 In the group taking 1 mg/kg/d of
isotretinoin, total cholesterol levels were significantly increased after therapy. In the group taking
0.5 mg/kg/d of isotretinoin, there was no significant change in cholesterol. Triglycerides
significantly increased in both the 0.5 and 1 mg/kg/d treatment groups after the administration of
isotretinoin therapy.9 In Kamal and Polat's study, the small sample size could have resulted in a type
II error.9 Although the length of isotretinoin therapy in this study is similar to that administered in
the general population, the "after treatment" lab work was done on only the 45th day of treatment.
By doing the lab work only 45 days into treatment, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The treatment group consisted of 120 patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris (98 women, 22
men, ages 18–40) and the control group was composed of 100 healthy individuals (79 women, 21
men, ages 18–40).8 Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, nursing, smoking, migraines,
hyperlipidemia, hypervitaminosis A, medication use, vitamin supplementation, and systemic
disease. Individuals in the treatment group underwent isotretinoin therapy for six months at a
starting dose of 0.6–1 mg/kg/d, titrated to reach a total dose of 120 mg/kg.8 In the treatment group,
liver function, hemograms, lipids, B12, and folic acid levels were evaluated both before
administration of isotretinoin and after six months of therapy. In the control group, B12 and folic
acid levels were measured once.8 In this study, there were no statistically significant differences
between the age and sex of the treatment and control groups.8 Pre–treatment vitamin B12 levels
were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group, but there were no
significant

Nutrition During Pregnancy Is Extremely Important During...
It is in human nature to want better for your children than you previously had
Nutrition during pregnancy is extremely important during fetal growth and development
Micronutrients are necessary for normal growth and development of the fetus and deficiencies have
been found to be associated with fetal growth retardation and small for gestational age infants (9).
Even some animal models have shown that micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy can
potentially increase adiposity to the offspring at birth (9).
Epigenetics are a relatively new discovery in the field of genetics. An epigenome literally means
above the genome. An epigenome can be a wide variety of mechansims from what someone eats, to
what someone is exposed to and to even what ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Epigenetic changes may last throughout all cell divisions for the remainder of the cell's life and for
multiple generations (4).
Maternal health and nutrition doesn't stop at the mom
The fetus depends entirely on the mother for the supply of multiple nutrients during the pregnancy
(10).
Maternal health begins encoding and programing the fetus's DNA.
The genes passed from mother to father to child are like a loaded gun and what happens during the
life, including fetal life, instructs to which bullets are fired
Some studies have linked maternal nutrition exposures during pregnancy and later disease risk in
infants with a wide range of birth weights, not just low birth weights (4). Low birth weight or early
gestational age are two of the most common adverse outcomes of negative maternal health. Infants
born low birth weight or preterm are at much higher risk of dying within the first year of life when
compared to larger and older newborns (4). Negative health affects do not just stop after the first
year of life, preterm and low birth weight babies are at a higher risk of developing a large variety of
conditions later in life as well.
Infants born preterm are at greater risk than other infants of death, neurological problems reflected
later in low IQ scores, congenital malformations, and chronic health problems such as cerebral
palsy. Infants born very preterm

Peta Animal Rights
The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals is an animal rights organization that was founded
in March 1980. This organization mainly focuses their efforts on the humane treatment of animals
and operates as a driving force behind the animal rights movement. Their slogan "animals are not
ours to eat, wear, experiment on, use for entertainment, or abuse in any other way" is a testament to
their main focus of rescuing and protecting animals from harmful environments.
This organization is often at the forefront of making often little known topics "mainstream" to its
supporters. For instance, with recent news of issues such as melting ice caps, record high
temperatures, and increasing air pollution, PETA decided to take initiative and educate ... Show
This image relies on and utilizes the audiences' emotions. Most people care about the environment
and the Earth, therefore more people will be willing to switch to a vegan lifestyle. This image
represents another one of PETA's points on the benefits of becoming a vegetarian. According to
PETA, becoming a vegetarian can help save the environment and even affect climate change
because the creation of meat factories causes environmental destruction Although PETA's simple
solution to our complex predicament seems to be an easy fix, requiring a society that is rooted on
the foundation of meat such as beef burgers, hot dogs, and chicken nuggets can be quite a challenge.
PETA states that "typical meat–eaters who switched to a vegan diet reduced their food–related
carbon footprint by 60 percent, saving 1.5 tons of carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere each
year". According to their independent researcher, the study states that "vegans' carbon footprint is 25
percent smaller than that of vegetarians, who still eat dairy products and eggs." Also, PETA states
that the amount of methane produced by the billions of animals "produce enormous amounts of
methane, through the acres of waste "lagoons" that store their feces". According to the
Environmental Protection Agency, "the impact of methane on climate change is 25 times greater
than carbon dioxide over a 100–year period... the digestive processes of animals used for food and
the management of manure together account for more than a third of total methane emissions in the

Comparing Buddhism And Vegetarianism
Buddhist and Vegetarianism
Buddhism, like many religions, has been essential in sorting out the lives of many individuals. One
looks to religion on things such as politics, morals, and values. Among these morals and values,
what one eats may be tied to their religion. Vegetarianism is one of the subsectors attached to
Buddhism for better or for worse. Vegetarianism brings in things such as mercy towards animals,
karmic retribution, and purity of oneself. Some believe it is necessary to become a vegetarian, while
many others do not agree with this necessity.
The first of many debated topics on vegetarianism is mercy or suffrage. Animals suffer more today
than they did in the past. Until the invention of modern farming, animals had a much better ... Show
The destruction of the environment around oneself can take a toll on their spirituality and purity.
There is immense damage caused by energy production and wasteful consumerism. One of the
largest yet least known contributors to global warming and environmental destruction generally is
eating meat. The basic problem is meat is higher on the food chain when compared to plants.
Therefore, more resources are required to produce nutrition in the form of meat. In the past this was
not an issue because animals typically ate things that were not food for humans, like grass. However
in today's world, most food animals live on grains and other resource–intensive products (Sujato,
n.d.). This means that meat requires more energy, water, space, and all other resources than plants.
In addition to the burden on the environment, this creates a range of localized problems. Things that
stem from the use of fertilizers, the disposal of vast amounts of animal waste, etc. are all
contributors to the destruction of the environment. So, as compared with the past, eating meat
involves far more cruelty. It brings harm to innocent animals, creates disease, and damages the
environment. If one were to approach this question as one of weights and balances, they would
quickly see the scales have tipped drastically to the side of not eating

Pernicious Anemia Essay
Anemia is a disorder of the blood. It occurs when your body does not produce enough erythrocytes
or red blood cells (RBCs). Without the erythrocytes oxygen can not be adequately delivered to the
tissues and organs throughout the body. This will cause you to become weak and tired. A person
may also experience headaches, skin pallor, and faintness. Your body may attempt to compensate for
these symptoms by speeding up the heart rate and respiratory rate. This is the body's attempt to
return oxygen levels to normal(Thibodeau and Patton, 2005).
There are several different types of anemia. Some of those are hemorrhagic, iron–deficiency,
aplastic, and pernicious. Pernicious anemia is a type of anemia due to a vitamin B–12 deficiency and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B–12 is abundant in liver and is what made the liver therapy a success (Jacovino, 1998).
The lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach leads to a vitamin B–12 deficiency. Vitamin B–12 is
necessary for production of normal, healthy red blood cells. Without B–12, red blood cells become
to large(macrocytic) and do not carry enough oxygen to supply the body. Without enough oxygen
the body can not function normally and a person is said to be anemic (Pernicious Anemia, n.d.).
There are many different signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia. As mentioned before, the
classic sign is the feeling of being tired and weak at all times. Other signs and symptoms can include
having a bright red, smooth tongue, tingling and numbness in the hands and feet, shortness of breath
(Mary J. Shomon, n.d.) There is also changes in a persons nervous system. Such changes are seen in
the patients vision, taste, and smell. The patient may also have an unsteady gait, become depressed,
confused, have a loss of memory and develop psychosis. Problems can even occur in the digestive
system. This would include bleeding gums, mouth sores, nausea and vomiting. Gas, heartburn,
change in bowel movements (constipation or diarrhea), and weight change are some other
symptoms. Evan hepatomegaly can be part of the disease process. Left untreated pernicious anemia
can lead to heart failure/heart attacks and strokes. The disease also

Treating Pernicious Anemia
To start off this topic I feel like it is necessary to describe what intrinsic factor is. Intrinsic factor is a
protein that is made in the stomach. Intrinsic factor is very important because it helps our bodies
absorb vitamin B12 from food. In the body vitamin B12 combines with intrinsic factor and this
allows the B12 to be absorbed into the intestine into the body. There are several different causes of
lack of intrinsic factor in the body. One is an autoimmune disorder that destroys intrinsic factor. A
second cause is a person who has had part of their stomach removed due to surgery. This causes a
decrease in the number of parietal cells of the stomach which make the intrinsic factor. Thirdly,
children can inherit a disorder (congenital) where their bodies do not make the intrinsic factor.
Without the intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 cannot absorb in the body and that leaves us with a deficit.
Why that is important is because vitamin B12 helps keep the body's nerve and blood cells healthy,
but one of the main reasons B12 is important is because it helps prevent pernicious anemia.
Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disorder that prevents the body from making the intrinsic
factor. It is important to know how this process works. An autoimmune disease is a disease where
the body's own immune system makes antibodies that attack its own body because it recognizes
something in the body (in this case intrinsic factor) as foreign that needs to be destroyed. The
antibodies attack the

Pros And Cons Of A Vegan And Vegetarian Diet
If you have flesh out of the menu, then you are fed – the most common question is addressed to the
supporters of this type of diet. Here's the answer.
The diet is changing for various reasons – for health, religion, spirituality, animal care ... Today,
more and more people in the world adopt the vegan and vegetarian principles of nutrition because
they want to preserve their health or express their views.
These two methods of feeding are often identified, and in spite of differences, the basics are
common to them – there is no meat on the menu. There is plenty of evidence that the menu disposed
of this food brings great benefits to the organism, but some scientists also warn of possible damage.
Our advice is to consult with your nutritionist, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vegetarian diet
Vegetarianism is a less rigorous way of eating and means consuming foods of plant origin (cereals,
legumes, fruits and vegetables) and possibly animal origin (milk, dairy products, eggs), but not
animal meat.
Advantages and disadvantages
There is much evidence of the positive effects of vegetarian nutrition on the body, including a
number of studies that show a significant reduction in the incidence of most diseases (including
cardiovascular), many types of cancer, colds, diabetes, hypertension, and prolonged life expectancy
and lower obesity .
Research has also shown that healthier vegetarians who consume exclusively food of plant origin
than those who eat eggs and dairy products.
Although it is considered healthy, we can not help but mention that this type of diet can be harmful
if the person is not moderate in food and drink, while using white flour and sugar products,
industrial, canned and fried foods.
A well organized vegetarian diet can satisfy all the nutritional needs of the body, including the need
for proteins and

Lab Report On Biochemical Assessment

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