Bovine Infertility

Bovine Infertility
Bovine infertility is one of the major economic issues challenging the dairy industry today. Currently in the United States, expenses stemming from
dairy cow infertility are estimated to exceed $350M per year. Several factors contribute to this problem, including, anovulation, the inability to ovulate a
fertilizable egg. Acknowledging that the occurrence of ovulation is facilitated by the actions of the immune system, I'm hypothesizing that impairment
of the immune system will alter the activity of leukocytes, especially macrophage within the ovary. Additionally, Vascular endothelial growth factor
(VEGF) is an endothelial–specific mitogenic agent, which is associated with rapid vascular growth in a variety of physiological and pathological
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Hirsutism Research Paper
Hirsutism In Women:
An Unfortunate Hairy Situation
Hirsutism is excess terminal hair that commonly appears in a male pattern in women. Terminal hair refers to the stiff, pigmented hairs normally seen in
men on the face, chest, abdomen and back, which are not normal for women. The cause of hirsutism can be either an increased number of androgen's in
women, an oversensitivity of hair follicles to natural levels of androgen's in women, adrenal hyperplasia, thyroid dysfunction, Cushing syndrome,
androgen–secreting tumors and certain medications. The most common cause of hirsutism is polycystic ovary syndrome, accounting for every three
out of four cases. In those not related to medication use, evaluation is focused on endocrinopathies and neoplasms. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With medications ruled out, evaluation is focused on testing for endocrinopathies and neoplasms (uncontrolled growth of abnormal tissue/tumor).
Hirsutism can also occur in some premenopausal women and continue for a few years after menopause. This is due to decreased ovarian estrogen
secretion with continuous androgen production. This condition can be first noted in late teens and worsen with age, during menopause or abnormal
onset. Environment, diet, & lifestyle does not seem to play into this condition, yet obesity and some ethnicities have been found to be a factor and/or
may be more prone. Hirsutism in itself is not fatal, yet it may be a potential indication of an underlying medical disorder that may require specific
treatment. These include thyroid dysfunctions, polycystic ovaries, and metabolic

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOSS
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), diabetes mellitus, hyperprolactinemia, luteal phase defects, as well as thyroid antibodies and disease are regularly
encountered endocrine factors that establish a hormonal link between RPL and infertility. Although the exact pathophysiology underlying these
disorders in relation to RPL and infertility is unclear, commonly accepted mechanisms of action have been suggested.
Diabetes mellitus
There are two types of diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). T1D is characterized by the inability to produce adequate
insulin. T2D, which is more prevalent, is characterized by insulin resistance primarily due to fatty diets and sedentary lifestyles72,73. Sufficient insulin
production and/or supplementation is vital to maintaining a healthy female ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It affects 5–10% of women of reproductive age77,78The Rotterdam Criteria are most commonly used to diagnose PCOS. At least two of the following
three criteria must be present before a diagnosis can be made: oligo/anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and the presence of polycystic ovaries.
Women with PCOS exhibit high LH levels and thereby have elevated production of androgens by theca cells. Hyperandrogenism can, in turn, suppress
FSH production, leading to ovarian dysfunction, anovulation and infertility. The prevalence of PCOS in women with RPL runs as high as 56%
79,80,81. Obesity coupled with high LH levels can hinder ovarian folliculogenesis and increase the risk of miscarriage. Studies have also suggested an
association among PCOS and hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance, obesity, and hyperhomocysteinemia. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance can
negatively affect implantation by decreasing activity of cell adhesion proteins. Hyperhomocysteinemia can also result in miscarriage because of its
pro–coagulative nature, similar to cases of thrombophilia

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrine abnormality of reproductive–aged women, occurring between 10 and 21% (March
et al., 2010). Due to its complexity, PCOS is associated with a spectrum of symptoms, including amenorrhea, anovulation, hirsutism, acne, and obesity.
All of which are subjective and do not allow for a definitive diagnosis. Long term complications, such as infertility, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia,
depression, and anxiety require an early diagnosis; but establishing a comprehensive diagnostic criterion has been difficult (Teede et al., 2011).
Historically, Stein and Leventhal first identified PCOS in 1935 when they associated it with hirsutism, chronic anovulation, obesity, and bilateral ovarian
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Clinical signs of PCOS should also be confirmed through biochemical assays for all patients, and instead of only meeting two out of the three criteria,
adolescents should meet four out of the five following criteria: oligo–amenorrhea at least 2 years after menarche, clinical and biochemical
hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance or hyperinsulinemia, and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound with biochemical evidence (Sultan & Paris, 2006).
There have even been numerous task forces calling for a revision of the Rotterdam criteria, particularly with regards to the definition of
hyperandrogenism (Azziz et al., 2009). However, practitioners have endorsed none of these revisions. The purpose of this study was to establish the
importance of biochemical assays in achieving early diagnosis of PCOS. Our results may provide a basis for an amendment of the Rotterdam criterion
to improve diagnosis of PCOS in all patients, but especially

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects approximately seven to eight percent of women of childbearing age. While the cause of PCOS is still
unknown, it is believed to be a genetic disorder. Often a mother or sister of a woman affected will exhibit symptoms similar to PCOS. Due to the
change in the levels of estrogen and progesterone, during ovulation mature eggs are not released which begin to form very small cyst within or on the
ovary. These cysts cause infertility. Women suffering frompolycystic ovary syndrome can overcome infertility through weight loss, laparoscopy
(ovarian drilling), medicinal treatment or in vitro fertilization (IVF). Approximately fifty to sixty percent of women with polycystic ovary syndrome
are obese or somewhat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Letrozole is still being tested to determine whether it improves pregnancy, live–birth rates and causes birth defects. One thing for certain is that
Letrozole is just as effective as Clomiphene in causing ovulation. If the first three aforementioned medicines fail, your doctor may start you on
treatment with Gonadotropins. These hormones are given by injection and causes ovulation. This treatment is more expensive and has a higher risk of
causing multiple pregnancies than Clomiphene. During treatment, your health care provider will have you undergo frequent laboratory tests and
ultrasound exams to monitor how your body responds to the treatment. The second to last resort option for women with polycystic ovary syndrome
after weight loss and fertility medications have proven unsuccessful is laparoscopic ovarian drilling also known as ovarian diathermy. It may also be
referred to as "Band–Aid surgery" because the incisions made during the procedure are so small. Under general anesthesia, parts of the ovaries are
destroyed in order to restore regular ovulation cycles. Laparoscopy can affect the number of eggs you have and cause early menopause. Approximately
fifty percent of women may be able to become pregnant after having the

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Analysis
The ovary is a critical organ of the female reproductive and endocrine system. When preforming in an optimal manner, the ovary functions as a gonad,
by producing mature gametes and by synthesizing and excreting hormones within a set point. It is essential for sexual maturation and reproduction.
When it deviates away from this normal physiology, many serious heath problems can emerge. A principal example of ovarian abnormal physiology is
polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Polycystic ovarian syndrome is one of the most prominent endocrinopathies in the world, affecting anywhere
between 5–10% of the female population (Dunaif, 1995). Although this disease affects so many women, not much is known about the exact origin of it
and all of the shortcomings... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Normally, each ovary is formed by dense tissue encircled by fibrous connective tissue. Starting at age of puberty, the ovaries become fixed with around
300,000 follicles, with each one containing an immature ovum. Through cyclic changes, 1 or 2 of these follicles become mature, releasing an oocyte,
and thus resulting in fertilization or menstruation (Stanfield, 2012, p.646). However, with polycystic ovarian syndrome these cyclic changes are
effected. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is defined by many symptoms, however, numerous cysts on the ovaries and chronic anovulation from hormone
imbalances, normally characterize it. Chronic anovulation is described as infrequent or nonexistent ovulation. This symptom is directly correlated with
infertility and is one of the largest identifying factors of polycystic ovarian syndrome. It is a result of nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia
(NC–CAH), an autosomal disease. This disorder is caused by a CYP21 (21–hyroxylase) gene mutation and thus, is lacked in the body. Due to its
absence, 17–OHP (17–hydroxyprogesterone) amounts climb and the anterior pituitary gland secrets excess amounts of adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH) (Leung, 2004). The adrenocorticotropic hormone controls the amount of steroid hormones, which in return

Infertility Research Paper
Abstract
This paper exhibits various factors that may affect fertility problems over the age of 35 including age, education, nutrition, weight, contraceptive usage
and miscellaneous reproductive concerns. The focus is to illustrate each factor and identify the effects that are imposed on women to prohibit
conception. There are several ways to explain the increasing prevalence of infertility. The most controversial concern is the extend and/or duration of
using contraceptives. In today's society, it is typical for a woman to delay her first pregnancy until the third decade of life which place her at risk for
STD's, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and chronic anovulation. As a result, research has proven that ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Many lifestyle factors such as the age at which to begin a family, nutrition, weight, exercise, psychological stress, environmental and occupational
exposures, and others can have significant effects on fertility. lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking, illicit drug use, and alcohol and caffeine
consumption can negatively influence fertility. Women frequently choose to pursue a career, and wait for the stability of permanent employment
before establishing a family. According to the CDC, many women are waiting until their 30s and 40s to have children. In fact, about 20% of women in
the United States now have their first child after age 35, and this leads to a growing cause of fertility complications. Research has proven that
approximately one–third of couples in which the woman is older than 35 years have fertility problems. Aging not only decreases a woman's chances
of having a baby but also increases her chances of miscarriage and of having a child with a genetic

Functional Hypothalamic Essay
Stress –Induced Anovulation
Functional Hypothalamic (FHA) is a reproductive disorder in which secondary amenorrhea occurs, due to decreased Gonadotropin releasing hormone
(GnRH) pulse secretions. It is characterized by hypercortisolism, hypogonadism, lower leptin levels, and dysregulated thyroid function (Berga and
Loucks 2007). There are three types of FHA categorized as either weight loss–related, psychological stress–related, or exercise–related amenorrhea. In
each, higher than normal levels of cortisol caused diminished functional activity of the ovaries, leading to deficiency in estrogen.
GnRH is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus, and stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CBT is a better treatment alternative to pharmacological treatments because it targets the underlying cause of the disorder by reducing allostatic load
through teaching stress management skills, and prevents other health conditions linked to chronic stress such as cardiovascular disease (Michopoulos,
Mancini, Loucks, & Berga, 2013). Additionally, it prevents potential side effects of HRT and ovulation, and can foster better overall wellbeing and
parenting skills of potential mothers. Given that there is a direct relationship between the psychogenic stress, increased cortisol and neuroendocrine
imbalance, and negative health outcomes, it is important for physicians to be cognizant of the psychological, emotional, and social stressors of their
patients, as they might directly cause their conditions, or may interfere with the patients' ability to comply with their treatments, and recover. Since
there may be many other illnesses that are directly influenced by stress, more research should be done on how stress interacts with other illness.
Physicians should emphasize the importance of mental health and stress management techniques on patients' health

Cushing Syndrome: A Case Study
List of differential diagnoses:
1.Hypothyroidism a common endocrine disorder resulting from deficiency of thyroid hormone which can cause symptoms such as fatigue, hair loss,
and menstrual disturbances ("Hypothyroidism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology," 2017).
2.Hyperprolactinemia a condition of elevated prolactin levels in blood which could be physiological, pathological, or idiopathic in origin, more
commonly seen in women and the symptoms includes oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, galactorrhea, decreased libido, infertility, and decreased bone
mass (Majumdar & Mangal, 2013, p. 168).
3.Cushing's disease is a disease in which there is an increased amount of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH), which can affect the hypothalamic–pituitary secretion of Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) can also be
the cause of anovulation and presenting symptoms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2014). Cushing Syndrome. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 81(2), 158. doi:10.1007/s12098–013–1203–8
Hypothyroidism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology. (2017). Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393–overview
Loriaux, D. L. (2017). Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(15), 1451–1459.
doi:10.1056/nejmra1505550
Majumdar, A., & Mangal, N. (2013). Hyperprolactinemia. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 6(3), 168. doi:10.4103/0974–1208.121400
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Medication: Hypoglycemic Agents, Antiandrogens, Topical Hair
–Removal Agents, Oral Contraceptives, Selective
Estrogen Receptor Modulators, Acne Agents, Topical. (2017). Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256806–medication#5
Yasmin (drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol) dose, indications, adverse effects, interactions... from PDR.net. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.pdr.net
/drug–summary/Yasmin–drospirenone–ethinyl–

Self Reflection Paper
To be strong is to strive to be the most formidable person you can be without hesitation. It also means to know you're not actually strong, that it's
okay to rely on people. All of my experiences in my short sixteen years of life taught me this. When asked who made me the person I am, I cannot
simply tell you one person helped me to turn out this way. Every person I have ever met, every experience I've had with them has contributed.
However, I can tell you who I relied on when I knew I wasn't as tough as I'd like to be. I can tell you of my beloved mother who taught me some of
the most important things in my life and is still encouraging and influencing me.
Growing up, I was always a small girl. I prided myself on always being healthy and active. I was in gymnastics and I only ate when I was hungry.
When I was around twelve, I started having issues with my body. Around that time, I was just starting to get periods, but not actual ones. Months
would skip and my periods were irregular in length or how heavy they were. After a year and a half or so of struggling with not getting periods at all
and then bleeding for an entire thirty days, my mother and I decided to see a gynecologist. To help balance my hormones, they decided to put me on
birth control hoping it would help my body get on a regular schedule. I only ended up taking birth control for about three weeks. While on it, I gained
forty pounds and developed several other issues. With such a fast paced change, I

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Case Study
"Adolescent female with polycystic ovary syndrome manifested as depression"
To the Editor: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder affecting 5–10% of women in the reproductive age group
(5,13). PCOS is diagnosed according to Rotterdam criteria, when at least two out of three criteria are met: presence of polycystic ovaries, anovulation
and/or oligoovulation and excess androgen activity not associated with another endocrine pathology (11,12).
Risk Factors/Pathogenesis: The pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome is not known, and potential etiologies are explored in a recent review (8).
PCOS is currently identified as a "complex multi–genetic disorder". It has a strong genetic component as evidenced by familial ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Mother and patient denies any current environmental stressors, but does report that for last 1.5 years, minor was having growth of unwanted hairs
on chin and weight gain, which has resulted in isolation and avoiding social settings. Minor was in a usual state of mental health about 2 years ago
with satisfactory academic performance and social lifestyle. Minor was described by her parents as an average student, but currently her performance
has been declining gradually and working below her potential. Her depressive symptoms consisted of anhedonia, lack of motivation, guilt, tearfulness,
shame, embarrassment, hypersomnia, and difficulties in concentration. Denies any symptoms of mania, psychosis or emotional trauma or any other
psychosocial stressors. Minor denies any substance abuse or use of medications such as Valproic acid. Denies any deaths or losses in immediate
family. Family history is significant for diabetes mellitus in mother. On mental status examination she appeared obese. She seemed dysphoric. She
answers questions slowly and thoughtfully and does not speak spontaneously. Her affect was constricted and sad. She described her mood as
"depressed for as long as I can remember." She reports feeling tired with heaviness in her arms and legs. Patient endorses suicidal thoughts with a plan
to overdose. She denied auditory and visual hallucinations. Her judgement and insight was poor, as she mentioned that she wanted to die to get out of
her miserable mood. The psychiatrist send the minor to her pediatrician for work–up for hirsutism. The workup done showed cysts in the ovary and
elevated testosterone, LH, LH/FSH ratio, DHEAS. The pediatrician in collaboration with the endocrinologist diagnosed minor with Polycystic ovary
syndrome

Essay On Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a medical condition that caused by the abnormalities in the sex hormone (progesterone and estrogen) level in
a woman. It is commonly associated with the reduced and infrequent menstrual flow, high BMI (Body Mass Index), and at times, subfertility. Many
women suffering from PCOS may have a higher level of Luteinizing Hormone (male hormone) along with variable degrees of the Insulin resistance.
PCOS may lead to the development of ovarian cysts and may conflict with the women's cardiac function, appearance, menstrual cycle, and fertility.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Causes
Even though the exact cause of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is not known, it is believed that genetics (family ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Pelvic laparoscopy: In this procedure, a doctor creates a small incision in the abdomen to insert a camera and check abnormal growth on the ovaries.
What Are the Plausible Issues Related To PCOS?
вќ– Irregular menstrual cycle: Frequently, women suffering from PCOS complaint about low menstrual flow. In other cases, heavy menstruation is
observed after a delayed period of missing menstruation.
вќ– Endometrial Hyperplasia: Many studies have corroborated that the chances of disarranged womb lining along with irregular and chronic
menstruation in women affected by PCOS is nearly five times
вќ–Infertility & Anovulation: It is caused by abnormal hormone levels and irregular menstruation
вќ–Pregnancy Risks: Many doctors have reported that PCOS prompts to miscarriage together with hypertension and diabetes in pregnancy
вќ–Metabolic Disturbances: Females longstanding PCOS are known to run a higher risk of developing diabetes, raised cholesterol, and hypertension.

PCOS Research Paper
PCOS is also known as polycystic ovarian syndrome. It is the most common en– docrine disorder of females. The rate of being diagnosed with this
disorder is be– tween 5–10 percent. It is a disorder in which there are an abnormal number of hor– mones in the body. It affects the entire body to some
degree. Its origins are unclear but it is believed to be related to insulin resistance or what is sometimes called "in– sulin insensitivity syndrome." Once
thought to be a disease of thirty some year old women, PCOS has also been identified in children as young as 8 years of age and up through women
in menopause. PCOS is considered one of the leading causes of infertility. The repro– ductive part of polycystic ovarian syndrome is secondary to the...
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The blood sugar, glucose, goes straight to fat and isn't available to the cells for energy. The person will feel chronic fatigue and under–nourishment
even though they look overweight. In fact, about 40 percent of women who have PCOS are of normal to low weight. There is no cure for PCOS. We
will later discuss available treatments. Diet, exercise and medicines in many cases can help eliminate some of the symptoms. If it is not well treated, it
can lead to certain forms of cancer and diabetes. With dietary man– agement, symptoms can be close to completely resolved. PCOS used to be called
Stein–Leventhal syndrome. It was named after two Amer– ican gynecological specialists, Irving F Stein and Michael L Leventhal of the Michael Reese
Hospital in 1935. Larger than normal ovaries had been

Anorexia Nervosa Essay
Anorexia nervosa is a complex eating disorder when someone is obsessed with the weight, the body shape and the amount of food eaten to the point of
self starvation. It primarily affects adolescent girls and young women. It is considered rare among males (Mandy G. Katz, 2000). Anorexia nervosa has
both short and long term consequences for the reproductive, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and skeletal systems (Blazej M Czekalski, 2013). Three
major harmful consequences will be discussed here: endocrine mechanism of amenorrhea, osteoporosis, and fertility problems
One harmful consequence is an endocrine mechanism of amenorrhea. Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive
age. A weight loss of 10% to 15% of normal... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a disease characterised by low bone mass leading to an increased occurrence of fractures with minimal stress. Adolescence is the critical time
for bone mineral accretion as more than half of the bone calcium in an individual is normally laid down during these years, with bone development
continuing into the next decade of life. Failure to attain sufficient bone density during the adolescent years results in osteopenia which refers to a
bone density of below the average for young adults and is a risk factor for osteoporosis (Mandy G. Katz, 2000).
Finally fertility problems and pregnancy complications are expected. This is due to a combination of anovulation and a rejection of sexual activity.
Restricting anorexics are predominantly sexually passive. This may be due to their low self esteem but may also be due to reduced libido resulting
from low concentrations of circulating sex hormones (Mandy G. Katz, 2000). As for pregnancy, findings suggest that women suffers fromanorexia
nervosa have more miscarriages, and also that the mean weight of their embryo is significantly lower. Furthermore, women with history of anorexia
experience considerably more premature births and cesarean deliveries (Bulik cited at Deborah L. Finfgeld, p.181).
In conclusion, anorexia nervosa is a very dangerous eating disorder with severe implications. Apart from the implications discussed above, it can be life
threatening causing brain damage, heart

Infertility, Insulin Resistance, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome...
Polycystic ovary syndrome is an endocrine disorder that affects at least 10% of women living in the United States. Insulin Resistance plays a large
part in fertility for women who have polycystic ovary syndrome. Myo–Inositol improves fertility, and alleviates many of the symptoms associated with
polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance.
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a condition that affects many different parts of the body, not just the ovaries. The list of ailments associated with
polycystic ovary syndrome is long, ranging from skin tags, dark skin patches, and hirsutism (male patterned hair growth) to liver disease, obesity, and
insulin resistance. The symptoms that contribute to infertility are irregular menstrual cycles, an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Radiologic abnormalities on an ultrasound would show polycystic ovaries. Polycystic ovaries are the formation of clusters of pearl–sized cysts
containing immature eggs in the ovaries. In healthy women, a follicle grows and at the time of ovulation, an egg is released into the Fallopian tube. In
women with polycystic ovary syndrome, the development of the follicle is arrested and the egg does not burst forth. Therefore, the egg dies and the
follicle becomes a cyst that remains in the ovary (Banning 635–636).
A clinical feature of polycystic ovary syndrome is anovulation. Anovulation is the absence of ovulation. Ovulation is the process in which the ovary
releases an egg into the Fallopian tube. If an egg is not present to meet the sperm in the Fallopian tube, then conception cannot take place. If a woman is
not ovulating then she is not able to conceive. Therefore, anovulation is the most common cause of infertility (Raffone, Rizzo and Benedetto 275).
Anovulation is a symptom of insulin resistance.
Insulin resistance is when the body's cells do not respond to insulin. When this happens the level of glucose in the blood increases. Insulin resistance
may also cause more insulin to be produced as the body tries to move glucose into cells (Sedwick 1). High insulin levels may cause the appetite to
increase and lead to imbalances in other hormones. Insulin resistance is considered an early form of diabetes.
Insulin Resistance affects both men and

Personal Narrative : My Family History
I have always been mature for my age, growing up an only child kind of does that to you. I had to watch over my little cousins quite often and at
that time in my life, I dreaded babysitting. The crying, the screaming, the tantrums; they annoyed me to no end. Olivia, being the youngest, would
say, "your not the boss of me!" Umm, actually I am while your parents are away, so please just listen to what I ask of you. After two long years of
babysitting, I had decided I really did not like kids, that I would never have any of my own. But when I turned fifteen, I regretted ever saying that,
seeing as my family history was about to catch up to me. I always knew there was something "off" when it came to genetics in my family. I watched
my mom go... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Well, I knew all to well what my body was going through. It scared me to the core. I watched my mom go through this, now it is happening to me.
I do not want surgery; I am way to young for this! The thoughts I kept having were the worst. I decided to Google some of my symptoms; which
was the wrong thing to do. I have cancer? I am dying? Google, although very handy at times, was my worst enemy that night. I finally decided to
talk to my mom; she had been through this, she would know what to do. She told me that she had already noticed what was going on and had
scheduled an appointment at a gynecologist for me. Oh no, I am not going there. Mom, you know what they do to women there, right? Within the
next couple of weeks I was sitting on a cold, hard doctors bed, wearing a paper vest, looking down at the foot stirrups, shaking to my core, just
waiting for the doctor to tell me the inevitable. I know he is going to tell me I am sick that I am going through everything my mom went through.
Or worst. Once he walked in, he tried to make jokes. Sorry doc, but your jokes are not helping so just please stop trying to be funny. I know what
your about to do to me, those jokes are just going to make it even more awkward. And they did. During the exam, my doctor scarred me for life; he
talked to me about dating his stepson, all because he knew I was a virgin. What the.... Are you kidding me you weirdo! When he finished, he said,
"everything looks good, but lets set up an

Infertility: Menstrual Cycle and Cell Nuclear Transfer
Infertility is the inability or failure to conceive after a year of regular intercourse without contraception. There are two categories to classify infertility,
primary and secondary. Primary infertility occurs in women who have never conceived while secondary infertility occurs in women who had a previous
conception. Affecting about one in six couples, there are many causes of infertility. A little more than half of cases of infertility are attributed to female
conditions. Female conditions include ovulatory dysfunction, tubal or pelvic factors, cervical problems and uterine factors. However, that does not rule
out other conditions as well. These include the male factors and unexplained infertility. Male factors are pretesticular causes,... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The most effective way of treating ovulation dysfunction is to find the cause of it, but medication to help restore the balance of hormones is also
available. This includes clomiphene citrate, an oral medication, to help stimulate and increase the amount of FSH and LH released. It helps to induce
ovulation and also regulate periods. Another medication is gonadotropins, an injectable medication, consisting of pure FSH and LH. It causes multiple
fertilizable eggs, sometimes resulting in the woman becoming pregnant with more than one child and the success of this treatment depends on the
woman's age. To find the cause of anovulation is the best way to treat it as medication is available to treat some of the causes. One way which can be
considered to solve infertility problem is human cloning. The definition of cloning is the creation of genetically identical copy of an individual. One
way of doing that is through somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT), stem cell–based cloning. In performing SCNT, the nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell
is removed in a process called enucleation under a microscope with micromanipulators. Secondly, the nucleus of a somatic cell which can be obtained
from skin, heart, brain and many other areas is implanted into the enucleated egg cell. In order to activite embryonic development in the cell, an
electric pulse is applied. There are two possible outcomes, the now developing cell is

PCOS Essay
Introduction
In the world of healthcare women's health has taken a front row seat in recent years as we look for ways to help educate, and empower them to take
more control over their health. One disease that has surfaced in recent years that effects women's health is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS).
For more women to become knowledgeable about this disease health professionals need to educate women about what PCOS is, we need to
recognize what ecological factors play a role in PCOS, and what can be done to help women manage their PCOS disease.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Approximately, eight to twenty percent of women worldwide suffer from Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome worldwide
(National Institute of child health and human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is due to the way their bodies suffer from insulin resistance which causes an increase in weight gain. Researchers discovered that "hepatic insulin
resistance, characterized by both increased post absorptive glucose production and reduced sensitivity to insulin mediated suppression of endogenous
glucose production, is present only in obese women with PCOS compared to control women of comparable body weight" (Sam, 2007). So, a woman
whose body that cannot process insulin properly or produces to much insulin runs the risk of obesity and increases their chance of having PCOS.
Infertility is another issue that women face due to having PCOS. Research indicates that "PCOS accounts for 75% of anovulatory infertility.
Additionally, if/when pregnancies do occur, the first trimester miscarriage rate is as high as 30% to 50%" (Sheehan, 2004). In a normalmenstrual cycle
if fertility does not occur a woman will have her period every twenty–eight to thirty days. According to the advanced fertility center of Chicago, in the
case of PCOS, the egg on the ovary fails to mature and release at the time of a women's ovulation cycle. Without this release of an egg fertility cannot
take place, and since the egg never fully matures it does not get released during a menstrual cycle, thus leading to missed periods (Shbreahn, 2017).
Solutions to Handling PCOS
After women are diagnosed with PCOS it is important that they seek the right medical advice to manage the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Primary Infertility
As James Austen quoted Infertility messes with your mind and life in various forms until you become hopeful and change your mind beliefs and make
new choices.
Infertility is "a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected
sexual intercourse (1)also with the criteria that evaluation must be initiated sooner in patients who have risk factors for infertility or if the female partner
is older than 35 years.(2) Infertility varies across regions globally and WHO estimated it to affect 8 to 12 per cent of couples worldwide(3).
Underlying these numbers exists unknown cases, estimated to be 3 to 5 per cent. It tends to be highest in countries with high fertility ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women in group II include those with polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperprolactinemia. Women in group III can conceive only with oocyte donation
and in vitro fertilization.(10)
Terminology in reproductive medicine is indeed confusing and misleading (11). Another term Subfertility is described as any form of reduced fertility
with prolonged time of wanted conception.(12).There has been immense development and advancement in treatment modalities in the field of
infertility over the years . Also it has been seen that most of the infertile cases in a long run conceives after several attempts hence categorizing a
couple as infertile or sterile would be ruthless hence, a subtle term has been coined to represent couples with hope of

Symptoms And Treatment Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Imagine a syndrome that can cause you, or a woman you know, to be infertile, depressed, anxious, obese, or hirsute, along with many others.
Polycystic ovary syndrome can cause all of these issues in a woman who is affected by the condition. If it is not treated properly or on time, it could
lead to other serious medical issues that could even be life threatening. Polycystic ovary syndrome, otherwise known as PCOS, is not a commonly
known syndrome and many women affected by it are not diagnosed or treated for it. PCOS is a major medical problem that is affecting five to ten
percent of the female population in the U.S. and many more across the globe (American Diabetes Association, 2014). This syndrome must become
better known in the near future so that women with PCOS can take better control and care of their own body.
DEFINITION: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is a common endocrine disorder that can affect many women. It is also "an incurable disorder that
affects 1 in 10 women and over 50% do not know they have it" (PCOS Awareness Association, 2014). An ultrasound exam can reveal that women with
PCOS have a collection of follicles on enlarged ovaries. The particular cause of polycystic ovary syndrome is unknown. It could be connected to
long–term complications; therefore, doctors recommend weight loss to reduce this risk. Also, early diagnosis and treatment can have an impact on
deciphering if a woman will have long–term complications. Such complications include type 2

A Brief Article On Ovary Syndrome ( Pcos )
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
By Navodita Maurice | Submitted On September 01, 2011
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Expert Author Navodita Maurice
The endocrine disorders among females are of various types but the most common one is the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) which is basically an
inherited disorder and can be received from either parent. The chances of occurrence of this disorder vary from 5–10% among the females of age
group of 12–45 resulting in female sub–fertility. This endocrine disorder can be identified by anovulation which is diagnosed by irregular menstruation,
amenorrhea, polycystic ovaries, ovulation–related infertility, excessive secretion of androgenic hormones that cause hirsutism and acne. High
cholesterol level, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance are other known symptoms. All these symptoms vary among different individuals. The disorder is
known by a number of other names like polycystic ovary disease, functional ovarian hyperandrogenism, ovarian hyperthecosis and Stein–Leventhal
syndrome. A polycystic ovary has abnormal number of eggs that can be viewed near its surface resembling cysts.
Polycystic ovary syndrome is generally described by two

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Analysis
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine condition arising from the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis that presents in women of
reproductive ages due to factors such as obesity, excessive insulin production and genetics. This condition often present with irregular periods, excess
androgen production and polycystic ovaries (enlarged ovaries that contain small amounts of fluid). Due to the increased in androgen production
physical changes such as acne, excessive body and facial hair (Hirsutism) baldness, obesity and ovulation problems occurs (Legro, Arslanian, Ehrmann,
Hoeger, Murad, Pasquali, & Welt, 2013). Also with PCOS there is an abnormal increase in production of insulin, which leads to even greater
production of androgen (Legro... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Symptoms among women with PCOS can varies, but often times presenting symptoms are as mention above, which are increased hair growth on
face, chest, back, stomach and toes (Hirsutism), excessive weight gain, pelvic pain, skin discoloration, inability to get pregnant ( Infertility) sleep
apnea, male pattern baldness and menstrual irregularities ( Legro et al., 2013). To manage the complications associated with PCOS, advanced nurse
practitioners should promote life style changes, which includes healthier eating habits, increased exercise and weight loss as a priority in women
with PCOS (Bates & Legro, 2013). PCOS is associated with excess weight gain, especially in the abdominal area, with this increase weight gain
(obesity) there come increased risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, certain cancers and also reproductive problems (
Bates & Legro, 2013). Therefore if advanced nurse practitioner can help patients with PCOS control their weight through lifestyle modification, their
risk for certain conditions as mentation above will be decreased, overall health and wellness will be improve, in turn improving their PCOS (Bates &
Legro,

Pcos Research Paper
A health condition that is generally unfamiliar to many people, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), is where some women's hormones get out of
balance due to any one of several issues including extreme chronic stress and the natural process of menstrual changes in the body. Typically, women
with PCOS grow small cysts on their ovaries, and while not in themselves harmful, the cysts may lead to more serious health problems such as in
diabetes and heart disease. (1) On average, Americans in particular consume 1/3 of a pound of sugar daily. Half of that amount is fructose. In that
amount of sugar, fructose is 300 percent more than is needed to trigger biochemical havoc throughout the body. Incredibly, some Americans easily
consume more than twice... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After fructose, grains are the most excessively consumed food that promotes weight gain and chronic disease. (2) How Then Can Women Best Manage
PCOS And Its Symptoms? Well, by essentially using food as a medicine. Fruit: A Two
–Edge Sword For Those With PCOS Being that different health
authorities and nutritionists class sugar in a different category than let's say fructose, as found in fruit, or sucrose, as found in desserts, some health
experts recommend that people get to know their fruit well as to their glycemic index count. That being said, there is no doubt that fruit with its vast
storehouse of minerals, vitamins, fiber and nutrients is good for individuals––if they do not have a health issue to deal with such as insulin resistance,
diabetes or PCOS. (3) Know Your Sugars Simply put, when you eat sugar in the form of sucrose, there is a fast entry into the blood stream that
causes a sharp spike in one's blood sugar and insulin levels. Not a good thing. In contrast, fruit being composed of fructose and full of good fiber
content, takes longer to digest. Fruit juices, even without additional sugar, are carte blanc to sugar spikes faster and higher than those caused by eating
a fruit

Pcos Research Paper
According to PubMed Health, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a condition in which women possess abnormally high level of male hormones.
The high hormone levels lead to risks of irregular or absent menstrual cycles, insulin resistance, ovarian cysts, issues related to the circulatory system,
obesity, heart disease, diabetes and etc. Symptoms differ between each woman therefore, despite research data collected showing that PCOS affects
5–10% of women between the age of 18–44, there are many women who live their lives unaware that they have PCOS. The most common symptoms
include: absences of ovulation, high levels of androgen present, and abnormal hair growth. The cause of PCOS is still unknown as more research is
much–needed to better understand the disorder.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because athletes practice and train under strenuous intensity, the symptoms of PCOS are often disregarded. Female athletes in general have shown a
higher percent of irregular and absent menstruation due to various factors such as diets, body fat, overtraining etc., compared to females of the general
population. I am professionally interested in this topic because most female athletes that experience symptoms presented as a warning for PCOS, pass
off their condition as something they should accept due to the nature of their active lifestyles and dietary habits. Although not all female athletes who
exhibit these symptoms have PCOS, the hormonal imbalance can potentially lead to PCOS if they continue to ignore the symptoms and forgo attempts
at lifestyle changes. These changes are fairly simple but can be viewed as tedious for

The Effects Of Hormones On The Body
Especially in this present time and an increase in technology, people are unknowingly exposing themselves to harmful mutagens and agents that can
cause a variety of health problems. This has become an increasing problem regarding reproductive health in men and women. Xenoestrogens are
synthetic chemicals that mimic estrogen in the body. (Fertility–Health.com, 2008–2015). What is interesting about estrogen in the body is that it is
present in the male and female body, but usually only associated with female hormones. Xenoestrogens disrupt hormone regulation causing a variety of
health problems. It is even starting to be found in babies at birth, proving that there are outside sources of this agent getting into our bodies and causing
harm (Fertility–Health.com, 2008–2015). In men, an overload of estrogen, produced in excess because of the presence of xenoestrogens, can cause
infertility by a low sperm count and erectile dysfunction. Not only can it cause infertility, but it can also cause an enlargement of the prostate and even
prostate cancer. The extra hormone production can also cause female–like breast growth (Fertility–Health.com, 2008–2015). Xenoestrogens are
especially dangerous for men because it is not expected and causes completely unnatural effects, but that also makes for easier detection. In women,
xenoestrogen causes "ovulation disorders, ovarian cysts, breast cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis" (Fertility–Health.com,
2008–2015). Breast

Infertility : A Common Endocrine System Disorder Among...
Infertility due to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Infertility affects close to 6.1 Million US women during the reproductive age (7). What is
infertility? Infertility is generally defined as "the inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected sex. After the age of 35 pregnancy becomes
more difficult and if infertility persist a shorter timeframe of six months is recommended (2). Infertility is not an illness it is a disease. This disease
may not always be painful physically but the pain is inside, it mentally hurts and emotionally hurts. Lack of ovulation called anovulation is the main
reason for infertility in these women, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is a main contributor to anovulation (2). Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome will be
further referenced as PCOS. Women experiencing infertility and diagnosed with PCOS may be asking what is POCS, what are the symptoms of
PCOS, are there any treatments for PCOS?
What is PCOS?
The Mayo Clinic (2016) defines PCOS as a common endocrine system disorder among women of reproductive age (p1). In short, the syndrome is a
hormonal malfunction in a woman's body. Physicians and scientists are unsure of a cause but seem to shift towards a genetic glitch (1). Normally the
pituitary gland in the brain releases two hormones, Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone which stimulates the pancreases to increase
insulin production (9). The Follicle Stimulating Hormone [FSH] does just that, it stimulated the follicles in the

The Effect Of Eating On Eating And Exercise ( Qol Ed )
Abstract
Aim: We compared the quality of life related to eating and exercise (QOL ED) in women seeking fertility treatment with and without PCOS
controlling for age and BMI Body Mass Index (BMI).
Method: Twenty–one women with and 132 women without PCOS attending IVF clinics completed a questionnaire containing the QOL ED global
score consisting of five eating disorder subscores.
Results: Women with PCOS had a poorer QOL ED and were almost three times more likely to obtain a score suggestive of the presence of an eating
disorder (47.6%) than women without PCOS (16.7%, p<0.005). Women with PCOS had poorer QOL ED global scores (p<0.005), generally poorer
eating disorder subscores, and increased anxiety and preoccupation with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women with PCOS are at increased risk of metabolic problems (impaired insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and
cardiovascular disease),3 reproductive abnormalities (infertility, hyperandrogenism and hirsutism)4 and psychiatric illness (anxiety, depression and
poorer quality of life)5,6. It is postulated that decreased fertility in women with PCOS results from ovarian hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia
secondary to insulin resistance and altered intraovarian paracrine signalling, which disrupt the growth of ovarian follicles. Arrested follicular
development results in menstrual irregularity, polycystic ovaries, further hyperinsulinaemia and excess androgen production2,7. Anovulation is the
predominant cause of infertility in PCOS8, with fewer women experiencing impaired oocyte development resulting in miscarriages9.
The optimal treatment for infertile women with PCOS is not well established. In 2011 a team of specialists developed evidence based guidelines for the
assessment and management of PCOS based on current literature10. The guidelines suggest preconceptional counselling, lifestyle modifications
including weight reduction and exercise, cessation of smoking, and a reduction in alcohol consumption10. After these modifications, ovulation
induction with anti–estrogen clomiphenes citrate, metformin or a combination of both may be trialled10.
Approximately 50

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Research Paper
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome When it comes to the reproductive system there are a book full, from A to Z of diseases that affect both men and
women. Some genetically inherited, and others that are sexual transmitted, and of course those that are so rare you can see the name of them and
ask yourself, "Wait, what?" because of the more then difficult spelling of the names of the disease and the areas that the diseases affect or their
symptoms, they can be quite a shock to some. Now, there are a few diseases of the reproductive system that are also very common, but are found in
woman only. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is one of those diseases. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome also known as PCOS affatreround 5 million
women in the United States alone; among those women affected are girls as young as 11 years old. This disease primarily affects women who are in
their childbearing ages. PCOS, although is being researched, is still unknown on how something like this can happen. However researchers believe that
because there is usually a high level of insulin in the women who are diagnosed with... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome occurs when the ovaries produce more androgen hormones or male hormones than progesterone hormones or the female
hormones. When there is a high level of the androgen hormone this decreases the release of the eggs during regular ovulation, causing the infertility
as well as some of the common signs of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, that is infertility or the inability to get pregnant, in which PCOS is actually the
leading cause to women with infertility, acne, Hirsutism which is the increase of body hair in specific parts of the body, and weight gain or

My Weakgth And Strengths Characterize My Identity
My strengths and weaknesses characterize my identity. My strengths help me improve as a better person and my weakness keep me battling to be that
better individual. By knowing my own individual strengths, I am able to expand on them and utilize them to my advantage. Everyone has their own
strengths and weaknesses. Life is a learning process to me, therefore recognizing and knowing our qualities and shortcomings can help us learn,
enhance, and develop. It does not make a difference in the event that they are certain or negative experience. Knowing our positive abilities can help
us in fulfilling our objectives, and knowing our negative capacities can help us make improve. It is important to know yourself and your capability,
since it can help you express ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I can lose ten pounds now and somehow gained twelve pound back, I always do my best when it comes to keep a healthy lifestyle I have spend so
much money on trying products that can help me lose weight or buying healthy foods and honestly nothing seems to work as I be hopping they would.
I work out at least three times a week but, I just do not know how to control my hunger sometimes. I am also diagnosed with Polycystic Ovary
Syndrome (PCOS) since I was at least eight years old, which has caused me to continuously gain weight. I hope that in the long run I can somehow
learn and know how to control my weight. Another weakness of mine is self–confidence; self–confidence is a state of mind that you hold about
yourself that permits you to push ahead and accomplish your goal. I feel that I need to work on my self–confidence. I always seems to doubt myself
whether I am doing good or bad and oftentimes find myself thinking that I am not good enough at certain things that I do. Which is extremely bad but,
lately I have noticed that I made a few improvements on myself and stop being so harsh on

What Are Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome ( Pcos ) Is The Most...
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder diagnosed in women of reproductive age. The disease manifests itself
with varying symptoms and has long term consequences of heart disease, diabetes, and infertility. PCOS has no clear etiology or pathophysiology, and
as new information is being contributed, the mechanism and components of the disease is being updated. Presented here are the most understood and
accepted components of PCOS, and its pathology as a reproductive disorder along with its endocrine and metabolic relationships. PCOS
pathophysiology exhibits itself mainly through increased androgen synthesis through ovaries and adrenal glands causing follicle growth to halt in the
antral stage. Its etiology has been determined to be multifactorial with both genetic and environmental factors causing or increasing effects. Genetics of
PCOS have shown its transmission to be in autosomal dominant fashion while environmental factors such as obesity, insulin resistance, and intrauterine
environment contributes to its phenotype. Relationships between the factors are discussed and how they contribute to the overall phenotype.
Introduction
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal endocrine disorder that causes an increase in androgen production primarily from the ovaries.
Affecting 10% of women between the ages of eighteen through forty–four, it is one of the leading causes of infertility in women and one of the most

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome is an endocrine disorder that affects at least 10% of women living in the United States. Insulin Resistance plays a large
part in fertility for women who have polycystic ovary syndrome. Myo–Inositol improves fertility, and alleviates many of the symptoms associated with
polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance. Case findings of women with polycystic ovary syndrome were first documented in 1935 by
American gynecologists Irving F. Stein, Sr., and Michael L. Leventhal (Hoyt and Schmidt 156). For many years, polycystic ovary syndrome was called
the "Stein–Leventhal syndrome". Once insulin resistance was added to the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome the name of the syndrome then
changed to "Syndrome X" (Bhathena 106). Polycystic ovary syndrome is a condition that affects many different parts of the body, not just the ovaries.
The list of ailments associated with polycystic ovary syndrome is long, ranging from skin tags, dark skin patches, and hirsutism (male patterned hair
growth) to liver disease, obesity, and insulin resistance. The symptoms that contribute to infertility are irregular menstrual cycles, an excess of
androgens, and chronic anovulation (Genazzani, Lanzoni and Riccieri 139). Polycystic ovary syndrome is shortened to its acronym of PCOS by the
medical community and the women who have been diagnosed with it. Polycystic ovary syndrome is predominant among reproductive women between
the ages of 12 and 45 (Banning 635).

Infertility : Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Infertility: Polycystic ovary syndrome is probably the most common cause of anovulatory infertility (11), associated with an increased risk of
miscarriage after either spontaneous or assisted conception (1) and the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in assisted
conception (12). A higher incidence of first trimester spontaneous abortions (25–73%) has been reported in women with polycystic ovaries or PCOS
(13). Abnormalities in LH secretion were found in 81% of women with recurrent fetal loss, and higher androgen levels were observed in women who
had recurrent miscarriages, both with and without PCOS. Anovulatory infertility, due to arrested folliculogenesis in PCOS, is frequently found in
association with insulin resistance (IR) and obesity (14).
A series of intraovarian growth factors [insulin–like growth factors (IGF), AMH, growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF–9) and inhibin] and
extra–ovarian factors (GH, IGF–1 and insulin) seem to act together in a process that triggers anovulation or early pregnancy loss through the
impairment of folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation, steroidogenesis and endometrial receptivity but whether these abnormalities are the direct cause of
anovulation and pregnancy loss, or the consequence of deranged steroidogenesis has to be determined (15). Whereas underweight is associated with
poor fetal growth and increased pregnancy loss, overweight is more strongly associated with diseases in pregnancy, pregnancy loss, stillbirth and

There are many chronic health conditions, which affect my...
There are many chronic health conditions, which affect my family. I believe that mother may have Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, but there is little
evidence to support this syndrome is genetic. However, I choose to research Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, because I have many of the symptoms
listed. I also felt that it was necessary to further researcher this condition, because it affects both my health and personal life. My own personal
relationship to this syndrome is that it affects me as a woman. As a woman, I am expected to have children, but with PCOS a common problem is
infertility. Also, PCOs affects my overall health. There are many other different health conditions that are associated with PCOs. The medical definition
of polycystic ovarian... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The researchers study is important, because it shows women may feel different, because of their condition and there needs to be an increase of
support for women living with PCOS. Researchers, Pastor, Patrie, Morris, Dalal, and Bray (2011), examined how depression and body dissatisfaction
maybe common among women living with PCOS. Pastore et al. (2011) conducted their study on another study to see if they could get the same
results. The purpose of the current study is to see if it was possible to duplicate the past study. The past study, tested if that lower body satisfaction and
education were independent predictors of depression in women with PCOS. In 2011, Pastore et al. study used different instruments and added
androgen levels to the model. The methods of the current research were questionnaires and serum androgens from a community cohort. In the current
study, researchers measured the subject's body satisfaction, by having them answering a 35 questionnaire. Furthermore the researchers gave the
participants another 35 questionnaire to fill out based on their depression symptoms. Pastore et al. (2011), found that women with PCOS were more
likely to show depressive symptoms. Also, women with PCOS and who are obese are less satisfied with their body and more likely to be depressed.
The next article discusses, the association between women's psychological symptoms and PCOS, which is important because living with a medical
condition may

PCOS: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
I chose to write about PCOS because I myself suffer from this disease. PCOS is short for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. PCOS is a type of disease
where your ovaries fill up with follicles filled with fluid (cyst). It causes mainly infertility and type 2 diabetes. This disease is more common in
women who are in the reproductive stage. Not only can it cause the infertility and type 2 diabetes, but it can also cause an irregular menstrual cycle and
can cause your body to produce more of a male hormone called androgen. Some other things it may cause is depression, anxiety, high blood pressure,
sleep apnea, high blood sugar and many other health problems. The cause of this disease has not been yet identified, but it is said one of the ways
could be

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine system disorder, also a hormonal condition in which the ovaries are enlarged with very small
cysts on the outer edges. The hormonal imbalance creates problems in the ovaries. The ovaries make the egg that is released each month as part of a
healthy menstrual cycle. With PCOS, the egg may not develop as it should or it may not be released during ovulation as it should be. The enlarged
ovaries may be filled with small collections of fluid called follicles that can be detected through a thorough ultrasound. PCOS causes a woman's
hormones to be out of balance. It can also cause problems with a woman's monthly period and it can even contribute to the difficulty for a woman to
get pregnant. Knowing... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of these can worsen with obesity. Every woman with PCOS may be affected a little differently. To be diagnosed with PCOS a woman's doctor
looks for at least two of the following conditions; irregular periods, excess androgen, or polycystic ovaries. Polycystic ovary syndrome signs and
symptoms often start soon after a woman first begins having periods. In some cases, PCOS develops later during the reproductive years. Symptoms of
PCOS start gradually over time. Symptoms can include several menstrual problems. These can include few or no menstrual periods or heavy, irregular
bleeding. Hair loss from the scalp and hair growth on the face, chest, back, stomach, thumbs, or toes. Acne and oily skin. Fertility problems, such as not
releasing an egg or repeat miscarriages. Insulin resistance and too much insulin, which can cause things like upper body obesity and skin tags.
Depression or mood swings. Breathing problems while sleeping. Polycystic ovary syndrome treatment focuses on management of woman's main
concerns such as infertility, hirsutism, acne or obesity. Most treatments are medicines prescribed by a woman's doctor. To regulate amenstrual cycle, a
doctor may recommend combination birth control pills, pills that contain both estrogen and progestin. These birth control pills decrease androgen
production and give your body a break from the effects of continuous estrogen, lowering your risk of endometrial

Infertility In The Handmaid's Tale By Margaret Atwood
Infertility is the incapability or failure conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse or due to an impairment a person's capacity to
reproduce either as an individual or with his/her partner. While infertility can cause issues in men and women, women are more susceptible to having
issues conceiving naturally. 1 in 8 women (or 12% of married couples) have trouble getting pregnant or sustaining a pregnancy (2006–2010 National
Survey of Family Growth, CDC). There is a process in which three stages such as ovulation, fertilization, and implantation that a women's body must go
through to get pregnant. When there are issues in these stages, infertility is diagnosed and examined by a doctor therefore, making it hard to conceive
a baby naturally. Throughout this paper, I will explain three common causes of infertility in females like endometriosis, sexual transmitted diseases,
and poor nutrition. In the story The Handmaid's Tale, by Margaret Atwood, women are infertile because of pollution, STD's, and radiation. If in fact,
radiation caused the women of Gilead to be infertile it could possible because the radiation caused a chemical or hormonal imbalance. With that being
said, the world we live in today, the leading causes of infertility in the U.S. is endometriosis. Infertile women are 6 to 8 times more likely to have
endometriosis than fertile women (Verkauf BS). This syndrome is found mostly in women because this is where the endometrial tissue grows outside of

Metformin Research Paper
It's important to visit a healthcare facility once an individual encounters signs of polycystic ovary syndrome and the physician may prescribe
Metformin to treat PCOS.
Metformin for PCOS isn't a cure for the ailment. So, what does Metformin do for PCOS? Before tackling the question, let's learn more about the
Metformin. It's an oral prescription drug used mainly to treat type II diabetes. If belongs to a category of medications known as biguanides. It also has
some off–label uses which haven't been approved by the FDA for example to treat infertility, aid in weight loss, treat or manage PCOS and it has
gained popularity as an anti–aging drug. It's a highly effective medication and has helped many people (both men and women) deal with the ailments
the medication is prescribed for. What is important is to take the drug as instructed; don't take an overdose nor an under dose.
How does Metformin work for PCOS? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The drug works in a number of ways for a woman with the condition. The therapy controls the symptoms and manages the condition to hinder
complications. As earlier mentioned, PCOS is a cause of anovulation and infertility; a patient doesn't ovulate regularly, thus irregular periods. It's
obvious without ovulation a woman can't conceive. Thus, treating PCOS with Metformin regulates the menstrual cycle and this is an advantage if you
are trying to conceive. The medicine induces ovulation and a pregnancy may occur. Hormonal imbalance is thought to be one cause of PCOS.
Hormones are substances produced by the glands and absorbed into the bloodstream. They are ferried to different body tissues and aid in body
functions. There are numerous types of hormones; the following are the hormones mainly affected by

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Research Paper
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Women, ever wonder what all you inherited from your parents? One condition that women can inherit is polycystic
ovarian syndrome. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a complex genetic condition common among women, especially those in reproductive ages.
Polycystic ovary syndrome is defined as ovarian dysfunction with polycystic ovaries (Goodarzi et al., 2011). I was diagnosed with polycystic
ovarian syndrome (PCOS) at the age of twelve. It was hard for me to understand at that age what was truly going on with my body, so I just listened
to the doctors and did what they said. So, I did this research to learn more about PCOS and learn how I can prevent long term consequences from
occurring. This research includes what PCOS is and the symptoms seen with it, causes, how to diagnose it, prevention, treatment and long–term
consequences if not treated. The biggest... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One study done on one hundred patients with PCOS showed that administration of metformin and pioglitazone shows 50 percent effectiveness in
helping menstrual cycle irregularities by the end of six–months of treatment. Both medications also showed a decrease in LDL and an increase in HDL
overall, but this was seen more in the pioglitazone group. This study showed that 64% of women with PCOS also had hyperinsulinism. HOMA–IR,
used to assess insulin resistance, was shown to have a 15% decrease with metformin and a 50% decrease in patients who used pioglitazone. Thus, for
protection from diabetes pioglitazone may be the better treatment. Ovulation was shown to be restored in up to 56% of patients on metformin and
pioglitazone. This study showed that pioglitazone may be a new and better option for treatment of PCOS since it can delay onset of type II diabetes,
help with signs of hyperandrogenism, and regulate menstrual cycles (sangeeta,

infertility Essay
Infertility is the inability or failure to conceive after a year of regular intercourse without contraception. There are two categories to classify infertility,
primary and secondary. Primary infertility occurs in women who have never conceived while secondary infertility occurs in women who had a
previous conception. Affecting about one in six couples, there are many causes of infertility. A little more than half of cases of infertility are attributed
to female conditions. Female conditions include ovulatory dysfunction, tubal or pelvic factors, cervical problems and uterine factors. However, that
does not rule out other conditions as well. These include the male factors and unexplained infertility. Male factors are pretesticular causes, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Any changes in the function of the glands would affect ovulation and therefore, many causes of the dysfunction affect the glands in some way.
Premature ovarian failure, a cause of ovulatory dysfunction, is a disorder believed to be due to genetic abnormalies which leads to the faster
depletion of eggs in an ovary. Women who have this disorder lose more eggs during menstruation than normal women, eventually leading to early
menopause. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are diseases of the thyroid gland, also are causes of ovulatory dysfunction though it is not very
clear how. Hypothyroidism is when the woman does not produce enough thyroid hormone while hyperthyroidism is where too much thyroid
hormone is produced. These abnormalies lead to higher amounts of estrogen in a woman, and therefore interfere with the growth of the follicle and
affect the amount of FSH and LH that is required for the release of the egg. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a disease which follicles don't mature,
causing them to sometimes become ovarian cysts. Women with this disease don't ovulate for periods of time. A suggested theory is that high levels of
LH found in these women cause ovulatory dysfunction. Hyperprolactinema is the too much prolactin in a woman's body. Prolactin is a hormone that
is needed to produce breast milk and too much of it would cause a decrease in FSH and LH, affecting the maturing of a follicle. It would also disrupt
the amount of other hormones needed

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